Biology Score Biodiversity Part I
Biology Score Biodiversity Part I
Biology Score Biodiversity Part I
BIOLOGY SCORE
CHAPTER 1.0 : BIODIVERSITY
SUBTOPIC : 1.1 Biodiversity and classification
LEARNING OUTCOME:
(a) State the types of biodiversity (genetic, species and ecosystem).
(b) State hierarchical classification
(c) Explain briefly the classification systems:-
- Five-kingdom system (Robert Harding Whittaker, 1969)based on level of cell
organization, types of organism and modes of nutrition.
- Three-domain system ( Carl Woese, 1977) Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya) based on
rRNA base sequence.
MAIN IDEAS
EXPLANATION NOTES
/KEY POINT
What is • Short for biological diversity
Biodiversity? • Greek “ bios ” means life , “logos” means study so the
general meaning of biology is the study of living things.
• Diversity means the state of being diverse or a range of
different things.
• refers to the variation of life forms within a given area.
• Malaysia have not less than:
15,000 plants species 140 snakes species
150 frogs species 80 lizards species
600 birds species 150 frogs species
210 mammals species 140 snakes species
80 lizards species
•
Ecosystem diversity
- Variety of ecosystem or throughout the entire
biosphere
Species diversity
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- Diversity among species in an ecosystem
Genetic diversity
- Diversity of genes within a species.
State
hierarchical
classification.
2) Type Of Organisms
- Unicellular
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- Multicellular
3) Mode of nutrition
- Saprophytic
- Photosynthetic
- Holozoic
State the • Classification system is based on three-domain system
classification
systems
• Three-domai
n system
(Bacteria,
Archaea and
Eukarya)
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BIOLOGY SCORE
CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY
SUBTOPIC : 1.2 Domain Bacteria and Archaea
LEARNING OUTCOME:
(a) State the TWO domain of prokaryotes, bacteria (E.coli) and Archaea (Sulfolobus sp.)
(b) Differentiate between the two domain of prokaryotes, bacteria (E.coli) and Archaea
(Sulfolobus sp.) based on :-
a. Cell wall structure
b. Association of histon to DNA
c. Structure of membrane lipids.
(c) Describe the diversity of bacteria (based on cell shapes and Gram-stain)
(d) State the importance of bacteria
MAIN IDEAS
EXPLANATION NOTES
/KEY POINT
Domain of
prokaryotes
Differences
between
Bacteria and
Archaea
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● Gram-staining
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Cell wall with a less peptidoglycan Cell wall with a large amount
of peptidoglycan
Importance of
bacteria
• Pathogenic
– Bacteria that can cause diseases in humans, animals, and
plants
– Example:
E.coli – diarrhea, Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
BIOLOGY SCORE
CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY
SUBTOPIC : 1.4 Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista/Protoctista
LEARNING OUTCOME:
a) State the unique characteristics of Protista
b) State the classification of Protista based on the unique feature:
a. Two major phyla of algae (photosynthetic pigment):
i. Chlorophyta (Chlamydomonas sp.)
ii. Phaeophyta (Fucus sp.)
b. Four major phyla of Protozoa (locomotioa):
i. Euglenophyta (Euglena sp.)
ii. Rhizopoda (Amoeba sp.)
iii. Ciliophora (Paramecium sp.)
iv. Apicomplexa (Plasmodium sp.)
c) Explain the importance of Protista:
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MAIN IDEAS
EXPLANATION NOTES
/KEY POINT
Unique • Eukaryotes
characteristics • Most are unicellular and some multicellular
of Protista • Most are microscopic, but some are large
• Heterotrophic or autotrophic
• Reproduce asexually or sexually
State
classification i. Chlorophyta (Chlamydomonas sp.)
of Protista
● phyla of
algae:
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Unique ● Photosynthetic
characteristics
a. Chlorophyll a + other photosynthetic pigments
of Algae
● Habitat
a. Water or on very damp surfaces
● Vegetative reproduction
i. In colonial algae,
- Colonies fragment to produce separate, smaller
colonies
- In larger thalloid algae (Fucus)
- New thalli develop from main thallus and break off
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ii. Fragmentation
- In filamentous algae (Eg: Spirogyra)
- Filament breaks forming two filaments
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iv. Zoospores
- Motile flagellate spores produced by many algae
- Eg: Chlamydomonas
a.Sexual
● Isogamy
- Fusion of two identical in shape and size gametes
- Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas
● Anisogamy
- One gamete is less motile and larger than the other
● Oogamy
- One gamete is large and stationary
- One gamete is small and motile
- Known as male and female gametes respectively
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Unique • Animal-like
characteristics • Locomotion by pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, and direct cell
of Protozoa movements; some sessile
• Unicellular :
- Some colonial
- Some with multicellular stages in the life cycle
• Modes of nutrition (heterotrophic, autotrophic , parasites)
• Cause serious human diseases
• Examples:
- Plasmodium - malaria
- Trypanosoma – sleeping sickness
• Live in many different environments
- Aquatic or terrestrial habitat
• Free-living or symbiotic mode of life
• Reproduction
udding, Cysts)
- Asexual (Binary fission, B
- Sexual (Conjugation , Syngamy )
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- the depletion of oxygen in the water, which induces reductions
in specific fish and other animal populations
MAIN IDEAS
EXPLANATION NOTES
/KEY POINT
Unique • Eukaryotic
characteristics • Do not contain chlorophyll
of Fungi • Nonphotosynthetic
• Absorptive heterotrophs - digest food first & then absorb it into their
bodies
• Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their
host
• Store food energy as glycogen
• Most are saprophytic – live on other dead organisms
• Heterotrophic
- Parasitic
- Saprophytic
- Mutualist
• Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
• Most are multicellular, but some unicellular like yeast
• Cell walls are made of chitin (a complex polysaccharide)
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Structural
organization
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The • Decomposers
importance of - Saprophytic fungi
Fungi - Feed on dead and decaying organisms
- Help to recycle nutrients
- e.g: phosphates, ammonia, sulphates
• Symbionts
- e.g: Lichens (Fungi + algae)
- Algae photosynthesize and provides organic food
- Fungus receives food in exchange for housing, water, and
minerals
- Commonly encrusted on rocks and tree trunks
• Pathogen
- Some of fungal species are parasites mostly of plants
- Cause huge economic effects
BIOLOGY SCORE
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CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY
SUBTOPIC : 1.6 Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Plantae
LEARNING OUTCOME: (a) Describe alternatioan of generation as the unique characteristics of Plantae.
(b) State the classification of Plantae into four groups :-
i. Bryophytes iii. Gymnosperms
ii. Pteridophytes iv. Angiosperms
MAIN
IDEAS /KEY EXPLANATION NOTES
POINT
Unique • Multicellular
characteristic • Autotrophic
s of Plantae - Photosynthesis
• Alternation of generations
• Two multicellular individuals alternate, each producing the other.
• sporophyte diploid (2n) generation
– Produces haploid spores by meiosis
• gametophyte haploid (n) generation
– Produces gametes
ii) vascular
• Have vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients
- xylem transports water
- phloem transport dissolved substances
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Classify
Plantae into
four groups
BIOLOGY SCORE
CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY
SUBTOPIC : 1.6.1 Kingdom Plantae: Bryophytes
LEARNING OUTCOME: (a) Describe the unique characteristics of Bryophytes.
(b) State the classification of Bryophytes into 3 phyla :-
i. Phylum Bryophyta (Polytrichum sp.)
ii. Phylum Hepatophyta (Marchantia sp.)
iii. Phylum Anthocerophyta (Anthoceros sp.)
(c) State the terrestrial adaptation for bryophyte
MAIN
IDEAS /KEY EXPLANATION NOTES
POINT
Unique • Simplest group of land plants
characteristic • Live in damp, shady places
s of • Restricted in size
Bryophytes - Very small (1-2 cm in height)
➢ Make sure all cells could obtain enough nutrients
• Non-vascular plants
- Lack specialized vascular tissues
➢ Rely on diffusion and osmosis
➢ Whole surface of the plant can absorb needed nutrients
• Seedless plants
- Produce haploid spores
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- Anchored by rhizoids
➢ Tiny, hair-like structures
➢ Not composed of tissues
➢ Lack specialized conducting cells
➢ Do not play a primary role in water and mineral
absorption
- Have flat, broad tissues that function like leaves
➢ contain chloroplast for photosynthesis
• Alternation of generations
- Gametophyte
➢ Dominant
➢ Male gametophyte : antheridia
➢ Female gametophyte : archegonia
- Sporophyte
➢ Attached and dependent upon the gametophyte for
nutrition
➢ Smaller and shorter-lived
➢ The smallest and simplest sporophytes
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● Drying out
Terrestrial - A sterile jacket developed around antheridia and archegonia
adaptations which prevent them from drying out.
of bryophytes
● Reproduction
- Delicate sex cells must be protected by gametangium.
● Gaseous exchange
- Presence of stomata facilitate the movement of gasses such as
CO2 and O2 in and out through the cuticle
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BIOLOGY SCORE
CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY
SUBTOPIC : 1.6.2 Kingdom Plantae: Pteridophytes
LEARNING OUTCOME: (a) Describe the unique characteristics of Pteridophytes.
(b) State the classification of Pteridophytes into 2 phyla :-
i. Phylum Lycophyta (Lycopodium sp., Selaginella sp.)
ii. Phylum Pterophyta (Dryopteris sp.)
MAIN
IDEAS /KEY EXPLANATION NOTES
POINT
Unique • Vascular plants
characteristic - Lignified vascular tissues
s of - Tracheids and sieve tube only
Pteridophytes ● Transport system
● Support
• Seedless
- Produce spores
• Has true roots, stems and leaves
• Non-flowering plants
• Photosynthetic – can make their own food
• Alternation of generations
- Sporophyte is dominant
- Gametophyte is reduced to a small, simple structure
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Type of • Homosporous
spores - Plants producing one type of spores
- The spores are equal in size
- The spores are produced from the same sporangia.
- The spores developed one kind of gametophyte.
- Spores germinates in soil and produce independent gametophyte.
- Eg: Lycopodium s p.
• Heterosporous
- Plants producing 2 types of spores
➢ Megaspores (large spores) ----- female gametophyte
➢ Microspores (small spores) ----- male gametophyte
- The microspores are produces from the microsporangia and
megaspores are produced from the megasporangia.
- The microspores develops into male gametophyte wheres the
megaspore develops into female gametophyte.
- Spores germinate within sporangia and produce dependent
gametophyte.
- Eg: Selaginella sp.
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Lycopodium sp.
Selaginella sp.
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ii. Phylum Pterophyta
Dryopteris sp.
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BIOLOGY SCORE
CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY
SUBTOPIC : 1.6.4 Kingdom Plantae: Gymnosperm
LEARNING OUTCOME: (a) Describe the unique characteristics of Gymnosperms.
(b) State the classification of Gymnosperms into 4 phyla :-
i. Phylum Cycadophyta (Cycas sp.)
ii. Phylum Coniferophyta (Pinus sp.)
iii. Phylum Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo biloba)
iv. Phylum Gnetophyta (Gnetum sp.)
MAIN IDEAS
EXPLANATION NOTES
/KEY POINT
Unique • Non-flowering plants
characteristics • Have true roots, leaves and stems
of
Gymnosperms • Naked seed
- Seeds are exposed on the surface of spore producing structures:
● Sporophylls
• Heterosporous
- Microspores
- Megaspores
Alternation of generations
- Sporophyte dominant
- Gametophyte very much reduced
✓ Depends entirely on the sporophyte
✓ No free living gametophyte
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BIOLOGY SCORE
CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY
SUBTOPIC : 1.6.5 Kingdom Plantae: Angiosperm
LEARNING OUTCOME: (a) Describe the unique characteristics of Angiosperms (Phylum Anthophyta)
MAIN
IDEAS /KEY EXPLANATION NOTES
POINT
Unique • Flowering plants
characteristic - Produce flowers and fruits
s of • True roots, stems, leaves and flowers.
Angiosperms • Seed plants
- seed enclosed in fruit
• The most diverse and geographically widespread
- Herbaceous and woody plant
• Complete vascular tissue
- xylem
✓ Tracheids
✓ Vessels : in most species
✓ Fiber cells : support
✓ Efficient water transport
- phloem
✓ Sieve tubes
✓ Companion cells
• Heterosporous
• Reproduce asexually and sexually
• Reproduction involves double fertilization.
• Alternation of generations
➢ sporophyte
✓ Dominant
✓ The plant body
➢ Gametophyte
✓ Very much reduced
✓ male gametophyte : Pollen grains
✓ female gametophyte : Embryo sac
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Classification
of i. Class Dicotyledonae (Mangifera indica)
Angiosperms
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BIOLOGY SCORE
CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY
SUBTOPIC : 1.6.6 Evolutionary relationship in plant kingdom
LEARNING OUTCOME: (a) Explain the evolutionary relationships among groups in the plant
kingdom (bryophytes to angiosperms)
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