International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2017; 5(5): 402-407

E-ISSN: 2347-5129
P-ISSN: 2394-0506
(ICV-Poland) Impact Value: 5.62 A new species of Garra (Cyprinidae: Cyprinifomes)
(GIF) Impact Factor: 0.549
IJFAS 2017; 5(5): 402-407 from Western Nepal
© 2017 IJFAS
www.fisheriesjournal.com
Received: 11-07-2017 Asha Rayamajhi and Arunachalam M
Accepted: 12-08-2017

Asha Rayamajhi Abstract

Fisheries Research Division, Seven species of Garra have been reported from Nepal, and recently a collection of fishes from Mardi
Godawari, Nepal Agricultural River (Kaligandaki River basin), Mardi village, Kaski district, Western Nepal showed that there is an
Research Council, Kathmandu, undescribed species of Garra and hereby described as Garra nepalensis sp. nov. It is distinguished from
Nepal its sympatric congeners (except Garra rupecula) by having a greater number of lateral line scales (35-36
vs. 31-34). It can be further distinct from G. rupecula by the absence of a W-shaped band on the caudal
Arunachalam M fin. G. nepalensis sp. nov. is distinguished from G. khawbungi a closely related species by having snout
(A). Sri Paramakalyani Centre tip not marked off by a transverse groove (vs. snout with weakly developed transverse groove) and the
for Environmental Sciences, absence of W-shaped band on caudal fin (vs. present).
Manonmaniam Sundaranar
University, Alwarkurichi, Tamil Keywords: freshwater fish, cyprinidae, Garra, taxonomic study, Nepal, Asia
Nadu, India.
(B). Current address:
Department of Animal Science, Introduction
School of Biological Sciences, The cyprinid fish genus Garra Hamilton 1822 (Garrinae subfamily) is widely distributed in
Central University of Kerala, fresh waters of the world usually found in fast flowing streams. Its high diversity in Asia may
Riverside Transit Campu, be due to its affinity for swift waters, which are incredibly abundant throughout the Himalaya
Nileshwar, Kasargod, Kerala,
and its foothills, where populations can potentially become isolated, enabling divergence
India
(Kangrang et al, 2016) [1]. Most species of Garra are uniformly brownish to blackish, with
sparse, insignificant markings. The genus Garra can be diagnosed by the presence of a
suctorial disc of semi-cartilaginous pad on the chin as well as lateral line complete with 30-40
scales. The genus Garra is widely distributed in southern China, Nepal, India, across
Southeast Asia and the Middle East to northern and central Africa (Getahun, 2000) [2]. Within
Asia about 40 species of Garra are reported (Kullander and Fang, 2004) [3]. Menon (1964) [4]
recogniged 38 species. In India, the genus Garra Hamilton (1822) contains 36 species (Talwar
and Jhingran, 1991) [5]. Diversity of Garra is particularly high in India and Southeast Asia
(Kangrang et al, 2016) [1]. Though till date seven species of Garra listed from Nepal were G.
lissorhynchus, G. annandalei, G. gotyla, G. mullya, G. lamta, G. nasuta and G. rupecula
(Rajbanshi, 2012) [6] of which two species; G. annandalei and G. lamta were reported from
Eastern Nepal (Talwar and Jhingran, 1991) [5] as well as reported in central, mid-western and
far-western Nepal (Shrestha, 2008) [7]. Moreover, Shrestha (2008) [7] has reported G. gotyla, G.
mullya and G. rupecula from central and eastern Nepal. Recently an additional species Garra
khawbungi was described from Mizoram India (Arunachalam et al., 2014) [8]. It appears to be a
close relative of Garra species collected during present study.
During the present inventory survey to collecting fishes from the Mardi River (Kaligandaki
Correspondence River basin) Kaski district, specimens of Garra were obtained and determined to be a new
Asha Rayamajhi species based on several morphometric and meristic characters and this new species is
(A). Sri Paramakalyani Centre formally described herein as Garra nepalensis.
for Environmental Sciences,
Manonmaniam Sundaranar
University, Alwarkurichi-627 Materials and methods
412, Tamil Nadu, India. Abbreviation used herein include SL=standard length, HL=head length, FRDFM= Fisheries
(B). Current address: Research Division Fish Museum in Godawari, Kathmandu Nepal, MSUMNH=Manonmanium
Department of Animal Science, Sundaranar University Museum of Natural History, in Alwarkurichi, India and CMA=
School of Biological Sciences,
Central University of Kerala, collections of M. Arunachalam.
Riverside Transit Campu, Morphometric measurements were made point to point using digital caliper (0.01 mm
Nileshwar, Kasargod- 671 314, accuracy). Counts and measurements were made on the left side of specimens. Measurements
Kerala, India
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taken followed by Hubbs and Lagler [9], with additional Description

characters of disc length, disc width, central-pad length and Counts and measurements are from 7 specimens (Table 1,
central-pad width are from Kullander and Fang (2004) [3]. Table 2). Images of G. nepalensis sp. nov. are shown in Fig. 1
Disc width is measured as the widest portion of the lower lip and a line drawing is provided in Fig. 2.
and disk length is taken from the corneous margin of the Body is elongate and cylindrical. Dorsal profile convex from
lower jaw to the posterior margin of the lower lip. Central-pad nape to dorsal-fin origin and body deeper between occiput to
length and central-pad width are taken as the greatest dorsal fin origin then gradually decreases from dorsal fin
distances obtainable. origin toward caudal fin base. Ventral profile from pectoral-
Pre-anal scales were counted from anus to isthmus [3]. Body fin origin to pelvic-fin origin is slightly convex. Body depth is
measurements are expressed as percentage of standard length 18.76-21.73 %SL (7). Head ventrally flattened and
(%SL) and head measurements as percentage of head length moderately short, its length 20.60-25.01 %SL (7) and width
(%HL). Comparison materials were from MSUMHH and 67.07-79.43 %HL (7). Head width at nostril 35.90-39.79
CMA. %HL (7), at pupil 50.99-59.39 %HL (7) and at occiput 61.19-
At collection site, temperature (oC), pH, dissolved oxygen 67.49 %HL (7). Inter-orbital space is somewhat convex; its
(mg/l), conductivity (ms) and total dissolved solids (ppt) were width broader than nasal width. Width of interorbital is 44.40-
measured using mercury thermometerr, pH meter, dissolved 48.31 %HL (7) and inter nasal width 15.30-33.30 %SL (7).
oxygen meter, conductivity meter and TDS meter Snout is smooth with rounded tip, its length 38.48-48.00 %HL
respectively. Altitude, latitude are measured with GPS (7). Tip of snout not marked off by a transverse groove.
recorder. Tubercles small and soft arranged in two rows; one from
snout tip to under orbit beyond crossing end of orbit but not
Garra nepalensis sp. nov. reaching interorbital space, 2ndrow from snout tip to under
(Figures 1-4, Tables 1-2) nostril beyond nostril but not reaching inter-nostril space.
Holotype: FRDFM-3, 93.45 mm SL; Western Nepal, Kaski Orbit is in middle of head, its width 15.33-22.57 %HL (7).
District, Mardi Village, Hemja Village Development Two nostril pores separated by a curved nostril flap. Two
Committee, Mardi River upstream from Kaligandaki River, pairs of barbels; rostral barbel located antero-laterally,
near hanging foot bridge (N 28o 17. 847' E 083o 55. 826', maxillary barbel located at corner of mouth, both barbels are
1040 msl), collected by Asha Rayamajhi 11 April 2014. almost equal in length. Length of maxillary barbel is 5.19-
9.14 %HL (7) and length of rostral barbel is 7.64-10.13 %HL
Paratypes: FRDFM-3, 2 ex. 70.18-72.37 mm SL deposited at (7). Rostral cap well-developed and covered by numerous tiny
Fisheries Research Division Fish Museum in Godawari, papillae; curved ventrally and connected with lower lip at the
Kathmandu Nepal; FRDFM-3, 4 ex. 59.84-67.54 mm SL corners of mouth. Upper jaw entirely covered by rostral cap.
deposited in Natural History Museum of Nepal. All other Central-pad elliptical; its width greater than length. Width of
details same as holotype. central pad is 24.68-27.74 %HL (7) and length of central pad
15.64-17.14 %HL (7). Disc width is greater than its length;
Diagnosis width of disc is 38.48-45.66 %HL (7) and length of disc is
Garra nepalensis can be distinguished from G. lissorhynchus 25.77-29.10 %HL (7) (Table 1).
in having more lateral line scales (35-36 vs. 33-34), more pre- Fin counts: dorsal fin rays ii-8 (7); anal fin rays ii-5 (7);
anal scales (anus to ishthamus) (20-22 vs. 9-12), and absence pelvic fin rays i-8 (7); pectoral fin rays i-13 (7); caudal fin
of a W-shaped band on the caudal fin (vs. presence). G. rays 10+9 (7) including principal rays (Table 2). Dorsal fin
nepalensis is distinct from G. annandalei in having a greater inserted anterior to pelvic fin. First and second branched rays
number of lateral line scales (35-36 vs. 33), a greater number of dorsal fin longer, extending slightly beyond its last ray and
of pre-dorsal scale rows (11-12 vs. 9-10) and greater number posterior margin of dorsal fin slightly concave. Pectoral-fin
of pre anal scale rows (20-22 vs. 18),. G. nepalensis is with rounded tips, its fifth branched ray is longest but not
distinguished from G. gotyla in having a greater number of extending to the base of pelvic-fin origin. Pectoral-fin
separated from pelvic-fin insertion by 8 scales. Posterior tip of
lateral-line scales (35-36 vs. 31-32) and shorter disk (26.09-
pelvic-fin is extending beyond anus but not reaching anal-fin
29.10 vs. 36.9-42.6 % HL), shorter disk width (38.48- 45.66
origin, pelvic fin separated from anal fin by a distance of 4
vs. 48.7-60.9) and its central pad (15.64-17.17 vs. 21.0-25.8
scales and third branched pelvic-fin rays greatest in length.
%HL).. G. nepalensis is distinguished from G. mullya in Anal-fin short with rounded tip and having straight posterior
having more lateral line scales (35-36 vs. 32-34) and a shorter margin. Posterior terminus of anal-fin is not reaching base of
dorsal-fin base (11.17-13.47 vs. 15.2-18.6 %SL). G. caudal fin. A distance of five scales between vent and pelvic
nepalensis is distinguished from G. lamta in having a greater fin insertion and 4-5 scales between vent and anal fin. Caudal
number of lateral line scales rows (35-36 vs. 33), a greater fin rays forked and both lobes are rounded and equal in
interorbital width (44.40-48.31 vs. 38.7-43.3 %SL) and a length. Distance between pectoral-fin and vent is 42.89-47.98
longer head (20.60-25.01 vs. 10.0-15.3 %SL). G. nepalensis %SL and distance between pelvic-fin and vent is 12.87-29.06
is distinguished from G. nasuta in lacking a proboscis (vs. %SL.
presence of a prominent trilobed proboscis) and having more Lateral-line distinct and complete, lateral line scales 35 (4),
lateral line scales (35-36 vs. 33-34). G. nepalensis is distinct 36 (3); upper transverse scale rows 4.5 (7); scale rows from
from G. rupecula in the absence of a W-shaped band on the lateral-line to pelvic fin 3.5 (7); scale rows between lateral-
caudal fin (vs. presence). G. nepalensis is distinguished from line to anal-fin origin 4.5 (7); circumpeduncular scale rows 16
G. khawbungi in having a smooth snout (vs. weakly (7); circumferential scale rows 20 (3), 21 (3), 22 (1); pre-
developed transverse groove on snout), a shorter snout (38.48- dorsal scales 11 (4), 12 (3); transverse breast rows (7); anal-
48.00 vs. 49.2-59.8 %HL) and more pre dorsal scales (11-12 scales (anus to anal fin origin) 4 (4), 5 (3); pre anal scales
vs. 10). (anus to isthamus) 20 (2), 21 (4), 22 (1) (Table 2). Body fully

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covered with well-developed large-sized scale rows except Color in life: Dorsum of head and body brownish olive;
breast scale rows, scales between pectoral fin insertion and ventrally white from outer margin of central disk to anus,
outer margin of adhesive apparatus having deeply embedded afterwards cream-brown up to caudal fin base. Some lateral
scales in skin (subcutaneous scales) (Figs. 1 and 2). line scales (9-11 scales) having reddish tinge on brownish-
olive ground scales between operculum and caudal fin base
Coloration (Fig. 1) and 2-4 scales just above and below lateral line with
Color in 10% formalin: Dorsum of head and body brown, reddish tinge on brownish-olive ground scales. Fins brownish-
ventrally light brown. Fins are hyline with dark brown rays. red with pinkish tinge; outer margin of fin tips are hyaline.
Central disc is pale brown.

Table 1: Morphometric data of Garra nepalensis sp. nov. from the Mardi River, Mardi village, Kaski District, western Nepal (n=7).
No Holotype Range Mean ± SD
Standard length (SL) 93.45 59.84-93.45 70.68±10.81
% Standard Length
1 Snout to urocentrum 93.24 89.78-93.24 91.70±1.26
2 Pre anal length 72.34 71.74-76.73 74.03±1.76
3 Pre dorsal-fin length 47.33 45.92-49.38 47.42±1.25
4 Pre pelvic-fin length 49.91 47.13-53.97 51.87±2.53
5 Pre pectoral-fin length 19.54 19.54-22.41 21.41±1.05
6 Peduncle length 14.06 10.82-15.24 13.18±1.67
7 Dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin insertion 20.39 18.60-22.01 20.58±1.11
8 Anal-fin height 15.55 14.79-18.19 16.31±1.09
9 Peduncle depth 11.04 11.04-11.99 11.55±0.35
10 Caudal-fin length 24.37 24.37-28.46 26.89±1.26
11 Dorsal-fin height 19.91 19.88-22.44 20.89±0.89
12 Pectoral-fin length 17.90 17.90-20.91 19.47±1.03
13 Pelvic-fin length 16.03 16.03-18.42 17.43±0.79
14 Occiput to dorsal-fin origin 29.50 24.74-29.50 27.10±1.80
15 Occiput to pectoral-fin insertion 15.48 15.48-18.47 17.06±1.18
16 Occiput to pelvic-fin insertion 39.54 38.55-41.08 39.81±1.05
17 Dorsal-fin insertion to pelvic-fin insertion 16.96 16.01-17.95 16.91±0.66
18 Dorsal-fin origin to pectoral-fin insertion 29.23 25.53-29.23 26.92±1.13
19 Dorsal-fin origin to anal-fin origin 30.39 30.39-34.47 32.18±1.60
20 Dorsal-fin insertion to caudal-fin base 43.01 37.87-43.01 40.07±1.88
21 Dorsal-fin insertion to anal-fin origin 21.07 19.44-23.84 21.40±1.42
22 Dorsal-fin insertion to anal-fin insertion 24.63 13.28-30.13 23.68±5.10
23 Dorsal-fin base length 11.17 11.17-13.47 12.10±0.70
24 Anal-fin base length 7.32 6.57-7.75 7.22±0.41
25 Pectoral-fin insertion to pelvic insertion 30.19 29.01-31.62 30.07±0.83
26 Pectoral-fin insertion to anal-fin origin 48.05 43.63-51.69 48.22±2.55
27 Pelvic-fin insertion to anal-fin origin 19.99 16.43-20.30 19.08±1.61
28 Head length 20.60 20.60-25.01 23.86±1.54
29 Post dorsal length 47.74 36.03-47.74 42.76±3.90
30 Body depth 18.96 18.76-21.73 20.22±1.18
31 Distance between pectoral-fin to vent 46.14 42.89-47.98 45.77±2.02
32 Distance between pelvic-fin to vent 22 12.87-29.06 18.76±5.99
% Head Length
33 Pre occipital length 90.29 79.83-90.29 83.43 ±3.56
34 Snout to opercle 99.84 90.23-99.84 95.44±3.01
35 Upper jaw length 35.25 27.46-35.86 32.18±3.17
36 Snout length 48.00 38.48-48.00 45.21±3.84
37 Pre nasal length 28.83 28.00-32.15 30.12±1.41
38 Orbit width 17.09 15.33-22.57 18.42±2.35
39 Inter orbital width 48.31 44.40-48.31 46.14±1.34
40 Inter nasal width 33.30 15.30-33.30 27.63±6.27
41 Head width 79.43 67.07-79.43 73.11±3.71
42 Head depth at nostril 39.79 35.90-39.79 37.54±1.22
43 Head depth at pupil 58.03 50.99-59.39 55.29±2.93
44 Head depth at occiput 64.88 61.19-67.49 63.81±2.0
45 Maxillary barbel length 7.74 5.19-9.14 7.35±1.37
46 Rostral barbel length 10.13 7.64-10.13 8.28±0.88
47 Disc length 28.36 25.77-29.10 27.17±1.17
48 Disc width 45.66 38.48-45.66 41.51±2.28
49 Central pad length 15.84 15.64-17.14 16.20±0.60
50 Central pad width 26.60 24.68-27.74 25.86±1.01

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Table 2: Meristic characters of Garra nepalensis sp. nov. from the Mardi River, Mardi village, Kaski District, western Nepal (n-7).
No Meristic counts Holotype Paratypes (n=6)
1 Unbranched dorsal fin rays 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 Branched dorsal fin rays 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
3 Unbranched anal fin rays 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 Branched anal fin rays 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 Unbranched pelvic fin rays 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
6 Branched pelvic fin rays 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
7 Unbranched pectoral fin rays 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 Branched pectoral fin rays 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
9 Caudal fin rays in upper lobe 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10 Caudal fin rays in lower lobe 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
11 Lateral line- scales 36 35 36 35 35 35 36
12 Pre- dorsal scales 12 11 11 11 11 12 12
13 Upper transverse scale rows 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
14 Lateral line to pelvic scales 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
15 Lower transverse rows (anus) 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
16 Circumpeduncular scales 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
17 Circumferential scales 20 20 22 21 20 21 21
18 Anal scale row (anus to anal fin) 4 5 4 5 4 5 4
19 Pre- anal scales 21 20 22 21 21 20 21
20 Transverse breast rows 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
21 Anus to pelvic fin- insertion scales 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Distribution and Habitat

G. nepalensis is represented by one population collected from
Mardi River (Kaligandaki River basin) situated at Mardi
village, near the hanging foot bridge, Hemja village
development committee, Kaski District, 12 km away from
Pokhara city, western Nepal (N 28o, 17. 847' E 83o 55. 826' at
1040 msl) (Figs. 3 and 4). The Mardi River drains into the
Kaligandaki River which join with Trishuli River at Dev
Ghat, Chitwan District, Narayani Zone, Central Nepal and the
junction of these two Rivers are the origin point of Narayani
River (Gandak River) which receives numerous tributaries of
high mountainous areas with glaciers and snow melt finally
drain into Ganges River.
The locality where the holotype and paratypes were collected
had clear, bluish, moderately flowing water (0.61 mean depth
and average width 10 meter) with a mixed substrate of sand,
Fig 1: Lateral and ventral view of Garra nepalensis sp. nov.; silt, gravel, pebbles, boulders and bedrock. The river appeared
Holotype, FRDFM- 3, 93.45 mm SL; Mardi River, Kaski District, to be relatively undisturbed and unpolluted. During fish
western, Nepal. sampling, other fish species were also collected namely
Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray), Barilius bendelisis
(Hamilton), Naziritor cheilynoides (McClelland) and Tor tor
(Hamilton). In the site (11 April 2014), air temperature was
20ºC, water temperature 23ºC, pH 7.2, dissolved oxygen 7.9
mg/l, conductivity 021 µs, and total dissolved solids 163 ppm
in 2 pm at noon.

Etymology
Named after the country (Nepal) where it was collected.

Fig 2: Line drawings; ventral view and head of Garra nepalensis sp.
nov. Holotype, FRDFM-3, 93.45 mm SL; Mardi River, western Fig 3: Type locality of Garra nepalensis Mardi River, Kaski
Nepal. District, western Nepal
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Fig 4: Map showing Mardi River (marked as star) in Kaski District, western Nepal.

Discussion and differentiating the Garra nepalensis from sympatric

Lip and mouth structure are considered to be important congeners (except Garra rupecula) namely G. lissorhynchus,
diagnostic tools for phylogenetic analyses (Kullander and G. annandalei, G. gotyla, G. mullya, G. lamta and G. nasuta
Fang, 2004) [3] and during diagnosis of new species of Garra by having greater number of lateral line scales (35-36 vs. 31-
nepalensis snout structure, absence of groove on snout, colour 34) and it is also distinguished from Garra rupecula by lack
pattern, fin ray and lateral line scale rows as well as other of W-shaped band on caudal fin.Further some additional
morphomatric and meristic characters were considered characters differentiating the Garra nepalensis from its
important. congeners such as it is distinct with G. lissorhynchus by
Recently, Arunachalam, et al. (2014) [8] diagnosed the India absence of a transverse groove on the snout (vs. presence of a
species of Garra khaubnagi from type locality Tuipui River, deep transverse groove on the snout) and distinguished from
Khawbung Village-Champhai District, Mizoram, India (N 22º G. nasuta in lacking a proboscis. Further G. nepalensis is
38'14.8" E 94º 07' 44.0") based on some of considerable distinguished from G. gotyla in absence of a proboscis on the
characters such as snout rounded in dorsal profile with weakly snout (vs. presence of a well-developed median proboscis).
developed transverse groove; and lateral-line scale rows 36-
37 and more recently new species of Garra of Nepal shows Comparison Materials
similarity with Garra khubangi in its snout structure and 1. G. khawbungi : MSUMNH 63, 4 ex., 77.86-98.32 mm
having overlapping lateral line scale rows (35-36 vs. 36-37). SL; CMA 21, 3 ex., 75.07-88.65 mm SL, Collectors:
But G. nepalensis was distinctly different from G. khawbungi Arunachalam M, Raja M, Vijayakumar C, Nandagopal S.
with the absence of a W-shaped band on the caudal fin (vs. 11 May 2012.
caudal-fin with indistinct “W”-shaped band). Lateral line 2. G. annandalei: MSUMNH-C16: 4 ex., 61.41-79.28 mm
scale rows was the most considerable character for diagnosis SL, Kaljani River, Tabsiktha village, West Bengal, India,

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collected by Arunachalam M and team, 8 Mar. 2013.

3. G. gotyla: MSUMNH-C13, 10 ex., 66.6-99.5 mm SL, old
Sarawathi River, Punjab, India, collected by
Arunachalam M and team, 6 Oct. 2011
4. G. mullya: MSUMNH-C2: 19 ex., 62.6-145.9 mm SL,
Gadana River, Tamiraparani River basin, Tamil Nadu,
India, collected by Arunachalam M and team, 2 Feb.
2007.
5. G. nasuta: Data from Arunachalam et al. 2014.
6. G. lamta: MSUMNH-C15, 10 ex., 38.1-57.6 mm SL,
Darbanda River, Pasidava village, New Jalpaguri, West
Bengal, India, collected by Arunachalam M and team, 29
Nov. 2012.
7. G. rupecula: Data from Arunachalam M, Nandagopal S,
Mayden RL (2014).
8. G. lissorhynchus: MSUMNH-C14, 14 ex., 35.81–66.61
mm SL, Ranga River at Betapul colony, Lower Subanshri
District, Arunachal Pradesh, India, collected by
Arunachalam M and team. 17 Jun. 2011.

Acknowledgment
The authors acknowledge the help of Mr. S. Mariappan,
temporary draughtsman, Sri Paramkalyani Centre for
Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar
University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tamil Nadu, India for line
drawings of G. nepalensis.

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