Database Management System II

DATABASE
Simply put, a database is a computerized record keeping system. More completely, it is a
system involving:
1 the data
2 the hardware that physically stores that data
3 the software that utilizes the hardware's file system in order to
1) store the data and
2) to provide a standardized method for retrieving or changing the data
4 the users who turn the data into information.

Let's examine each type.

Analytic Databases
Analytic databases (a.k.a. OLAP- On Line Analytical Processing) are primarily static,
read-only databases which store archived, historical data used for analysis. For example,
a company might store sales records over the last ten years in an analytic database and
use that database to analyze marketing strategies in relationship to demographics.

Operational Databases
Operational databases (a.k.a. OLTP On Line Transaction Processing), on the other hand,
are used to manage more dynamic bits of data. These types of databases allow you to do
more than simply view archived data. Operational databases allow you to modify that
data (add, change or delete data).

These types of databases are usually used to track real-time information. For example, a
company might have an operational database used to track warehouse/stock quantities.

Database Models
Besides differentiating databases according to function, databases can also be
differentiated according to how they model the data.

What is a data model?

Well, essentially a data model is a "description" of both a container for data and a
methodology for storing and retrieving data from that container. Actually, there isn't
really a data model "thing". Data models are abstractions, oftentimes mathematical
algorithms and concepts. You cannot really touch a data model. But nevertheless, they
are very useful. The analysis and design of data models has been the cornerstone of the
evolution of databases. As models have advanced so has database efficiency.

Before the 1980's, the two most commonly used Database Models were the hierarchical
and network systems. Let's take a quick look at these two models and then move on to the
more current models.

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Hierarchical Databases
As its name implies, the Hierarchical Database Model defines hierarchically arranged
data. Perhaps the most intuitive way to visualize this type of relationship is by
visualizing an upside down tree of data. In this tree, a single table acts as the "root" of the
database from which other tables "branch" out.
You will be instantly familiar with this relationship because that is how all windows-
based directory management systems (like Windows Explorer) work these days.
Relationships in such a system are thought of in terms of children and parents such that a
child may only have one parent but a parent can have multiple children.

The Relational Database Model

Of course in the 80's the "Relational Database Model" became the rage. The Relational
Model developed out of the work done by Dr. E. F. Codd at IBM in the late 1960s who
was looking for ways to solve the problems with the existing models.
Because he was a mathematician, he naturally built the model on mathematical concepts
which he expounded in the famous work called "A Relational Model of Data for Large
Shared Databanks".

At the core of the relational model is the concept of a table (also called a relation) in
which all data is stored. Each table is made up of records (horizontal rows also known as
tuples) and fields (vertical columns also known as attributes).

It is important to note that how or where the tables of data are stored makes no difference.
Each table can be identified by a unique name and that name can be used by the database
to find the table behind the scenes. As a user, all you need to know is the table name in
order to use it. You do not need to worry about the complexities of how the data is stored
on the hard drive.

This is quite different from the hierarchical and network models in which the user had to
have an understanding of how the data was structured within the database in order to
retrieve, insert, update, or delete records from the database.

Thus, if you wish to retrieve a row from a table for example, you do so by comparing the
value stored within a particular column for that row to some search criteria.
For example, you might say "Give me all the rows from the 'STUDENTS' table which
have 'Selena' in the 'FIRST_NAME' column."
The database might return a list which looks essentially like this:
Selena Sol SID-001 213-456-7890
Selena Roberts SID-268 818-934-5069
Selena Smith SID-991 310-234-6475

Client/Server Databases
As we said before, most databases that you will come across these days will be relational
databases. However, there are many types of relational databases. A client/server
database works like this: A database server is left running 24 hours a day, and 7 days a
week. Thus, the server can handle database requests at any hour. Database requests come

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in from "clients" who access the database through its command line interface or by
connecting to a database socket. Requests are handled as they come in and multiple
requests can be handled at one time.

Bibliographic Databases
This provide a descriptive record of an item, but the item itself is not provided in the
database. Information about the item is provided, including such things as author, title,
subject, publisher, etc. The information provided is called a citation. Sometimes a short
summary or abstract of the item is provided as well. Examples of bibliographic databases
include the GALILEO database Social Sciences Abstracts, or the Internet Movie
Database on the World Wide Web.

Full-text Database
This provides the full-text of a publication. For instance, Research Library in GALILEO
provides not only the citation to a journal article, but often the entire text of the article as
well. "CollegeSource Online" offers full-text of 20,000 college catalogs, so rather than
having to request a catalog from several colleges to make comparisons, you can gather
information from all colleges you're interested in at one time.

Meta-Databases
These are databases that allow one to search for content that is indexed by other
databases. JAKE and GOLD are examples of this kind of database. If you find a citation
for an article in one of the bibliographic databases and want to determine if the article is
available in full-text in another database, you could do a search for the journal in JAKE
to get a list of all the databases that index that specific publication and whether those
databases include it in full-text.

Object Oriented Database

An object database is a database in which information is represented in the form of
objects. The database management system for an object database is referred to variously
as an object database management system ODBMS or OODBMS.
There are two main factors that lead users to adopt object database technology. Firstly, a
relational database becomes cumbersome to use with complex data. Secondly, data is
generally manipulated by application software written using object-oriented
programming languages such as C++, Java, Delphi and C#, and the code needed to
translate between this representation of the data. The tuples of a relational database can
be tedious to write, and time-consuming to execute. This mismatch between the models
used to represent information in the application programs and the database is sometimes
referred to as an impedance mismatch.

Impedance mismatch: is a term in systems analysis which describes an inadequate or

excessive ability of one system to accommodate input from another.

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Components of a Database System

• Hardware
o Physical devices
• Software
o Operating System, DBMS, application, utilities
• People
o System admins, database admins, designers, analysts and programmers,
end users
• Procedures
o Instructions and rules governing the design and use
• Data
o The raw facts in the database

Selecting components and applications for a solution

1. Select the specific version and release of each component and application early in
the planning process. In addition, consider any manual tasks, customized code,
operating system commands, or application data that might be needed to complete
the solution.
2. Determine if your solution requires components and applications that run on
different operating systems.
3. Consider whether you will need multiple installation images.
4. Beyond the individual component and application configuration, determine if
there is any integration required between applications for the solution to work
properly.
5. After you determine all of the components and applications to include as part of
the solution, decide the best order for deploying them.
6. Identify any post-deployment configuration that you want to provide with the
solution.

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 Microsoft Access Tutotial

Introduction into Microsoft Access

Starting Up Microsoft Access
Creating New, and Opening Existing Databases
Creating a database using a wizard
Creating a database without using a wizard
Tables - What they are and how they work
Create a table from scratch in Design view
Primary Keys
Switching Views
Entering Data
Manipulating Data
Advanced Table Feature Examples
Relationships - How to link multiple tables together
Forms - What they are and how they work
Creating A Form Using A Wizard
Reports - What they are and how they work
Creating A Report Using A Wizard
Creating Mail Merge Labels using A Wizard

Microsoft Access Description

Microsoft Access is a powerful program to create and manage your databases. It has
many built in features to assist you in constructing and viewing your information.

This tutorial will help you get started with Microsoft Access but it is a very good idea to
use the Help Files that come with the program.

First of all you need to understand how Microsoft Access breaks down a database. Some
keywords involved in this process are: Database File, Table, Record, Field, Data-type.

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Here is the Hierarchy that Microsoft Access uses in breaking down a database.
Database File: This is your main file that encompasses
the entire database and that is saved to your hard-drive
or floppy disk.
Example) StudentDatabase.mdb
Table:A table is a collection of data about a specific
topic. There can be multiple tables in a database.
Example #1) Students
Example #2) Teachers
Field:Fields are the different categories within a Table.
Tables usually contain multiple fields.
Example #1) Student LastName
Example #2) Student FirstName

Datatypes:Datatypes are the properties of each field. A

field only has 1 datatype.
FieldName) Student LastName
Datatype) Text

Starting Microsoft Access

• Two Ways
1. Double click on the Microsoft Access icon on the desktop.

2. Click on Start --> Programs --> Microsoft Access

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Creating New, and Opening Existing Databases

The above picture gives you the option to:

• Create a New Database from scratch
• Use the wizard to create a New Database
• Open an existing database
o The white box gives you the most recent databases you have used. If you
do not see the one you had created, choose the More Files option and hit

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 OK. Otherwise choose the database you had previously used and click
OK.

Create a database using the Database Wizard

1. When Microsoft Access first starts up, a dialog box is automatically displayed
with options to create a new database or open an existing one. If this dialog box is
displayed, click Access Database Wizards, pages, and projects and then click
OK.

If you have already opened a database or closed the dialog box that displays when
Microsoft Access starts up, click New Database on the toolbar.
2. On the Databases tab, double-click the icon for the kind of database you want to
create.
3. Specify a name and location for the database.
4. Click Create to start defining your new database

Create a database without using the Database Wizard

1. When Microsoft Access first starts up, a dialog box is automatically displayed
with options to create a new database or open an existing one. If this dialog box is
displayed, click Blank Access Database, and then click OK.

If you have already opened a database or closed the dialog box that displays when
Microsoft Access starts up, click New Database on the toolbar, and then double-
click the Blank Database icon on the General tab.
2. Specify a name and location for the database and click Create. (Below is the
screen that shows up following this step)

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Tables
A table is a collection of data about a specific topic, such as students or contacts. Using a
separate table for each topic means that you store that data only once, which makes your
database more efficient, and reduces data-entry errors.

Tables organize data into columns (called fields) and rows (called records).

Create a Table from scratch in Design view

1. If you haven't already done so, switch to the Database Window You can press F11
to switch to the Database window from any other window.

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 2. Double-Click on "Create table in Design view".
(DESIGN VIEW)

3. Define each of the fields in your table.

o Under the Field Name column, enter the categories of your table.
o Under Data Type column, enter the type you want for you categories.
 The attribute of a variable or field that determines what kind of
data it can hold. For example, in a Microsoft Access database, the
Text and Memo field data types allow the field to store either text
or numbers, but the Number data type will allow the field to store
numbers only. Number data type fields store numerical data that
will be used in mathematical calculations. Use the Currency data
type to display or calculate currency values. Other data types are
Date/Time, Yes/No, Auto Number, and OLE object (Picture).
o Under the Description column, enter the text that describes what you field
is. (This field is optional).
o For our tutorial enter the following items:

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Primary Key
• One or more fields (columns) whose value or values uniquely identify each record
in a table. A primary key does not allow Null values and must always have a
unique value. A primary key is used to relate a table to foreign keys in other
tables.
• NOTE: You do not have to define a primary key, but it's usually a good idea. If
you don't define a primary key, Microsoft Access asks you if you would like to
create one when you save the table.
• For our tutorial, make the Soc Sec # field the primary key, meaning that every
student has a social security number and no 2 numbers are the same.
o To do this, simply select the Soc Sec # field and select the primary key
button

o After you do this, Save the table

Switching Views
• To switch views form the datasheet (spreadsheet view) and the design view,
simply click the button in the top-left hand corner of the Access program.
Datasheet View Design View

Displays the view, which allows Displays the view, which allows you to enter
you to enter raw data into your fields, data-types, and descriptions into your
database table. database table.

Entering Data
• Click on the Datasheet View and simply start "chugging" away by entering the
data into each field. NOTE: Before starting a new record, the Soc Sec # field
must have something in it, because it is the Primary Key.

Manipulating Data

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 • Adding a new row
o Simply drop down to a new line and enter the information
• Updating a record
o Simply select the record and field you want to update, and change its data
to what it should be
• Deleting a record
o Simply select the entire row and hit the Delete Key on the keyboard

Advanced Table Features w/Microsoft Access

• Assigning a field a specific set of characters
o Example) Making a Social Security Number to accept only 9 characters.
1. Switch to Design View
2. Select the field you want to alter
3. At the bottom select the General Tab

4. Select Field Size

5. Enter the number of characters you want this field to have
• Formatting a field to look a specific way (HINT: You do not need to assign a
field a specific set of characters if you do this)
o Example) Formatting Phone Number w/ Area Code (xxx) xxx-xxxx
1. Switch to Design View
2. Select the field you want to format
3. At the bottom select the General Tab
4. Select Input Mask Box and click on the ... button at the right.
5. Select Phone Number option

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 6. Click on Next
7. Leave !(999) 000-0000 the way it is. This is a default.
8. Click Next
9. Select which option you want it to look like
10. Click Next
11. Click Finish
• Selecting a value from a dropdown box with a set of values that you assign to
it. This saves you from retyping the value each time
o Example) Choosing a city that is either Auburn, Bay City, Flint, Midland,
or Saginaw
1. Switch to Design View
2. Select the field you want to alter (City)
3. At the bottom select the Lookup Tab
4. In the Display Control box, select Combo Box
5. Under Row Source Type, select Value List
6. Under Row Source, enter the values how you want them
displayed, separated by a comma. (Auburn, Bay City, Flint,
Midland, Saginaw)
 NOTE:This will not alphabetize them for you, so you will
have to do that yourself. It should look something like this:

7. Select in the datasheet view and you should see the change when
you go to the city field.

Relationships
After you've set up multiple tables in your Microsoft Access database, you need a way of
telling Access how to bring that information back together again. The first step in this
process is to define relationships between your tables. After you've done that, you can
create queries, forms, and reports to display information from several tables at once.

A relationship works by matching data in key fields - usually a field with the same name
in both tables. In most cases, these matching fields are the primary key from one table,
which provides a unique identifier for each record, and a foreign key in the other table.

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For example, teachers can be associated with the students they're responsible for by
creating a relationship between the teacher's table and the student's table using the
TeacherID fields.

Having met the criteria above, follow these steps for creating relationships between
tables.
1. In the database window view, at the top, click on Tools ---> Relationships
2. Select the Tables you want to link together, by clicking on them and selecting the
Add Button
3. Drag the primary key of the Parent table (Teacher in this case), and drop it into
the same field in the Child table (Student in this case.)

4. Select Enforce Referential Integrity

When the Cascade Update Related Fields check box is set, changing a
o
primary key value in the primary table automatically updates the matching
value in all related records.
o When the Cascade Delete Related Records check box is set, deleting a
record in the primary table deletes any related records in the related table
5. Click Create and Save the Relationship

Forms
A form is nothing more than a graphical representation of a table. You can add, update,
and delete records in your table by using a form. NOTE: Although a form can be named
different from a table, they both still manipulate the same information and the exact data.
Hence, if you change a record in a form, it will be changed in the table also.

A form is very good to use when you have numerous fields in a table. This way you can

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see all the fields in one screen, whereas if you were in the table view (datasheet) you
would have to keep scrolling to get the field you desire.

Create a Form using the Wizard

It is a very good idea to create a form using the wizard, unless you are an advanced user
and know what you are doing. Microsoft Access does a very good job of creating a form
using the wizard. The following steps are needed to create a basic form:
1. Switch to the Database Window. You can do this by pressing F11 on the
keyboard.
2. Click on the Forms button under Objects on the left side of screen
3. Double click on Create Form Using Wizard
4. On the next screen select the fields you want to view on your form. Most of the
time you would select all of them.
5. Click Next
6. Select the layout you wish
7. Click Next
8. Select the style you desire...HINT: if you plan on printing your form, I suggest
you use a light background to save on printer toner and ink
9. Click Next
10. Give your form a name, and select Open the Form and enter information
11. Select Finish
12. You should see your form. To adjust the design of your form, simply hit the
design button (same as with the tables), and adjust your form accordingly

Reports
A report is an effective way to present your data in a printed format. Because you have
control over the size and appearance of everything on a report, you can display the
information the way you want to see it.

Create a Report using the Wizard

As with the Form, it is a very good idea to create a report using the wizard, unless you are
an advanced user. Microsoft Access does a very good job using the wizard to create
reports.
1. Switch to the Database Window. You can do this by pressing F11 on the
keyboard.
2. Click on the Reports button under Objects on the left side of the screen
3. Double click on Create Report Using Wizard
4. On the next screen select the fields you want to view on your form. Most of the
time you would select all of them.
5. Click Next
6. Select if you would like to group your files. Keep repeating this step for as many
groupings as you would like.
7. Click Next
8. Select the layout and the paper orientation you desire
9. Click Next

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 10. Select the style you desire...HINT: if you plan on printing your report, I suggest
you use a light background to save on printer toner and ink
11. Click Next
12. Give your report a name, and select Preview the Report
13. Select Finish
14. You should see your report. To adjust the design of your report, simply hit the
design button (same as with the tables), and adjust your report accordingly

Creating Mail Merge Labels using a Wizard

Microsoft Access lets you create Mailing Labels for your database that you have. To do
this you would do the following:
1. Switch to the Database Window. You can do this by pressing F11 on the
keyboard.
2. Click on the Reports button under Objects on the left side of screen
3. Click on New

4. Select Label Wizard and the table you would like to get your information from.

5. Click OK
6. Select the layout of your labels
7. Click Next
8. Select the font size and color you want on each label
9. Click Next
10. Select how you want your label to look
11. Click Next
12. Select how you want your labels sorted
13. Give your label report a name and preview it

Installing Microsoft Access

Due to its widespread availability and flexible functionality, Microsoft Access is arguably
the most popular database software in use today.
Difficulty: Average

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Time Required: 60 minutes

Here's How:
1. Verify that your system meets the basic requirements for Access. You'll need at
least a 233MHz or faster Pentium processor with 128MB of RAM. You'll also
need at least 180MB of free hard disk space.
2. Ensure that your operating system is up-to-date. It's a good idea to apply all
security updates and hot fixes to your system before installing access by visiting
http://windowsupdate.microsoft.com/
3. Insert the Office CD into your CD-ROM drive. The installation process will begin
automatically and ask you to wait while the system prepares the Installation
Wizard.
4. The next step of the process will prompt you to enter your name, your
organization's name and the product key found on your CD case. Once you've
completed this, click Next to continue.
5. The next screen will prompt you to accept the terms of the End User License
Agreement (EULA) by clicking the check box. Once you've done so, click Next
to continue.
6. If you'd like to install the entire Office suite choose "Install Now" on the next
screen. If you'd like to customize your installation, you may do so at this stage.
7. The next screen summarizes the installation. After you've reviewed the
comments, click the Install button to begin the installation.
8. When the installation completes, you may be prompted to restart your computer.
Go ahead and do so.
9. When your comptuer restarts, the first thing you should do is to visit the Office
Update site at http://officeupdate.microsoft.com to download any security patches
for Access. This is a critical step.

Installing MySQL (Windows Version)

1 Ask the lecturer for the MySQL file.
2 Unzip file and run setup.exe
- select typical installation
- install server and supply password for user root
- be sure to make MySQL a service on Windows
- add anonymous user
- Go to Start -> Programs files -> MySQL -> MySQL Server 4.1
(Copy MySQL Command Line Client and put on Desktop)
- Double click on shortcut to run
3 Make sure to download the employee.dat file also

The difference between MySQL and mysql

MySQL is used to refer to the entire MySQL distribution package or the MySQL server,
while mysql refers to a client program.

Why have client and server programs?

The server and client programs are different entities. Thus, you can use client programs

46650880.doc 17
on your system to access data on a MySQL server running on another computer. Dividing
the package into a server and clients separates the actual data from the interface.

Windows System - MySQL Tutorial

MySQL Primer - Creating a Database

In this section of the MySQL primer we will learn how to create a database.
The commands for creating a database in Windows and Linux are the same. However, the
preliminary commands in Linux are slightly more complex.

We'll create a database called employees that contains details of employees of our
company Bignet. The details we plan to store would be names, salaries, age, addresses,
emails, birth dates, hobbies, phone numbers etc.
1. Start the MySQL server (this step is not necessary if MySQL is set up as a service
during installation)
2. Invoke the mysql client program by double-clicking on the shortcut icon created
earlier
3. A DOS window is presented with this mysql> prompt.
4. Type: create database employees;
(Note: The command ends with a semi-colon).
5. The MySQL server responds with something like:
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
6. This means that you have successfully created the database. Now, let's see how
many databases you have on your system. Issue the following command.
show databases;
The server responds with the list of databases.
+----------------+
| Database |
+----------------+
| employees |
| mysql |
| test |
+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Here we have three databases, two created by MySQL during installation and our
employees database.
7. To come back to the DOS prompt, type quit at the mysql prompt.

MySQL Training - Creating Tables

In this section of the mysql training we will explore the MySQL commands to create
database tables and selecting the database.

Databases store data in tables. So what are these tables?

In simplest terms, tables consist of rows and columns. Each column defines data of a
particular type. Rows contain individual records.
Consider the following:

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 Name Age Country Email
Manish Sharma 28 India manish@simplygraphix.com
John Doe 32 Australia j.dow@nowhere.com
John Wayne 48 U.S.A. jw@oldwesterns.com
Alexander 19 Greece alex@conqueror.com
The table above contains four columns that store the name, age, country and email. Each
row contains data for one individual. This is called a record. To find the country and
email of Alexander, you'd first pick the name from the first column and then look in the
third and fourth columns of the same row.

A database can have many tables; it is tables that contain the actual data. Hence, we can
segregate related (or unrelated) data in different tables. For our employees database we'll
have one table that stores company details of the employees. The other table would
contain personal information. Let's make the first table.

The SQL command for creating tables looks complex when you view it for the first time.
Don't worry if you get confused, we'll be discussing this in more detail in later sessions.

CREATE TABLE employee_data

(
emp_id int unsigned not null auto_increment primary key,
f_name varchar(20),
l_name varchar(20),
title varchar(30),
age int,
yos int,
salary int,
perks int,
email varchar(60)
);
Note: In MySQL, commands and column names are not case-sensitive; however, table
and database names might be sensitive to case depending on the platform (as in Linux).
You can thus, use create table instead of CREATE TABLE.

The CREATE TABLE keywords are followed by the name of the table we want to
create, employee_data. Each line inside the parenthesis represents one column. These
columns store the employee id, first name, last name, title, age, years of service with the
company, salary, perks and emails of our employees and are given descriptive names
emp_id, f_name, l_name, title, age, yos, salary, perks and email, respectively.
Each column name is followed by the column type. Column types define the type of data
the column is set to contain. In our example, columns, f_name, l_name, title and email

46650880.doc 19
would contain small text strings, so we set the column type to varchar, which means
variable characters. The maximum number of characters for varchar columns is
specified by a number enclosed in parenthesis immediately following the column name.
Columns age, yos, salary and perks would contain numbers (integers), so we set the
column type to int.

Our first column (emp_id) contains an employee id. Its column type looks really mean,
yeh? Let's break it down.
int: specifies that the column type is an integer (a number).
unsigned: determines that the number will be unsigned (positive integer).
not null: specifies that the value cannot be null (empty); that is, each row in the column
would have a value.
auto_increment: When MySQL comes across a column with an auto_increment
attribute, it generates a new value that is one greater than the largest value in the column.
Thus we don't need to supply values for this column. Also, it follows that each value in
this column would be unique. (We'll discuss the benefits of having unique values very
shortly).
primary key: helps in indexing the column that contribute to faster searches. Each value
has to be unique.

Why have a column with unique values?

Our company Bignet has grown tremendously over the past two years. We've recruited
thousands. Don't you think there is a fair chance that two employees might have the same
name? Now, when that happens, how can we distinguish the records of these two
employees unless we give them unique identification numbers? If we have a column with
unique values, we can easily distinguish the two records. The best way to assign unique
numbers is to let MySQL do it!

Using a Database
We've already created our employees database. Now let's start the mysql client program
and select our database. Once at the mysql prompt, issue the command:
SELECT DATABASE();

The system responds with

mysql> SELECT DATABASE();
+------------+
| DATABASE() |
+------------+
| |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
The above shows that no database has been selected. Actually, everytime we work with
mysql client, we have to specify which database we plan to use. There are several ways
of doing it.

Specifying the database name at the start; type the following at the system prompt:

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mysql employees

Specifying the database with the USE statement at the mysql prompt:
mysql>USE employees;

Specifying the database with \u at the mysql prompt:

mysql>\u employees;

Creating Tables
Once you've selected the employees database, issue the CREATE TABLE command at
the mysql prompt.
CREATE TABLE employee_data
(
emp_id int unsigned not null auto_increment primary key,
f_name varchar(20),
l_name varchar(20),
title varchar(30),
age int,
yos int,
salary int,
perks int,
email varchar(60)
);
Note: When you press the enter key after typing the first line, the mysql prompt changes
to a ->. This means that mysql understands that the command is not complete and
prompts you for additional statements. Remember, each mysql command ends with a
semi-colon and each column declaration is separated by a comma. Also, you can type the
entire command on one line if you so want.

Your screen should look similar to:

mysql> CREATE TABLE employee_data
-> (
-> emp_id int unsigned not null auto_increment primary key,
-> f_name varchar(20),
-> l_name varchar(20),
-> title varchar(30),
-> age int,
-> yos int,
-> salary int,
-> perks int,
-> email varchar(60)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

Okay, we just made our first table.

46650880.doc 21
MySQL Lesson - MySQL Tables
Now that we've created our employee_data table, let's check its listing.
Type SHOW TABLES; at the mysql prompt. This should present you with the following
display:
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+---------------------+
| Tables in employees |
+---------------------+
| employee_data |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Describing Tables
MySQL provides us with a command that displays the column details of the tables.
Issue the following command at the mysql prompt:
DESCRIBE employee_data;

The display would be as follows:

mysql> DESCRIBE employee_data;
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| emp_id | int(10) unsigned | | PRI | 0 | auto_increment |
| f_name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| l_name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| title | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
| age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| yos | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| salary | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| perks | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| email | varchar(60) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
DESCRIBE lists all the column names along with their column types of the table.

MySQL Course - Inserting Data into MySQL Tables

Inserting data into tables
The INSERT SQL statement impregnates our table with data. Here is a general form of
INSERT.
INSERT into table_name (column1, column2....)
values (value1, value2...);
where table_name is the name of the table into which we want to insert data; column1,
column2 etc. are column names and value1, value2 etc. are values for the respective
columns. This is quite simple, isn't it?

The following statement inserts the first record in employee_data table.

46650880.doc 22
INSERT INTO employee_data
(f_name, l_name, title, age, yos, salary, perks, email)
values
("Manish", "Sharma", "CEO", 28, 4, 200000,
50000, "manish@bignet.com");
As with other MySQL statements, you can enter this command on one line or span it in
multiple lines.
Some important points:
• The table name is employee_data
• The values for columns f_name, l_name, title and email are text strings and
surrounded with quotes.
• Values for age, yos, salary and perks are numbers (intergers) and without quotes.
• You'll notice that we've inserted data in all columns except emp_id. This is
because, we leave this job to MySQL, which will check the column for the largest
value, increment it by one and insert the new value.
Once you type the above command correctly in the mysql client, it displays a success
message.
mysql> INSERT INTO employee_data
-> (f_name, l_name, title, age, yos, salary, perks, email)
-> values
-> ("Manish", "Sharma", "CEO", 28, 4, 200000,
-> 50000, "manish@bignet.com");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Inserting additional records requires separate INSERT statements. In order to make life
easy, I've packed all INSERT statements into the employee.dat file.

Inserting data into employee_data table with employee.dat file

1). Move the file to "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1\bin"
2). Make sure MySQL is running.
3). Issue the following command
mysql employees <employee.dat

Our table contains 21 entries (20 from employee.dat file and one from the INSERT
statement we issued at the beginning).

MySQL Guide - Querying MySQL Tables

Our employee_data table now contains enough data for us to work with. Let us see how
we can extract (query) it. Querying involves the use of the MySQL SELECT command.
Data is extracted from the table using the SELECT SQL command. Here is the format of
a SELECT statement:
SELECT column_names from table_name [WHERE ...conditions];
The conditions part of the statement is optional (we'll go through this later). Basically,
you are required to know the column names and the table name from which to extract the
data.
For example, in order to extract the first and last names of all employees, issue the
following command.

46650880.doc 23
SELECT f_name, l_name from employee_data;
The statement tells MySQL to list all the rows from columns f_name and l_name.

mysql> SELECT f_name, l_name from employee_data;

+---------+------------+
| f_name | l_name |
+---------+------------+
| Manish | Sharma |
| John | Hagan |
| Ganesh | Pillai |
| Anamika | Pandit |
| Mary | Anchor |
| Fred | Kruger |
| John | MacFarland |
| Edward | Sakamuro |
| Alok | Nanda |
| Hassan | Rajabi |
| Paul | Simon |
| Arthur | Hoopla |
| Kim | Hunter |
| Roger | Lewis |
| Danny | Gibson |
| Mike | Harper |
| Monica | Sehgal |
| Hal | Simlai |
| Joseph | Irvine |
| Shahida | Ali |
| Peter | Champion |
+---------+------------+
21 rows in set (0.00 sec)

On close examination, you'll find that the display is in the order in which the data was
inserted. Furthermore, the last line indicates the number of rows our table has (21).
To display the entire table, we can either enter all the column names or use a simpler
form of the SELECT statement.
SELECT * from employee_data;
Some of you might recognize the * in the above statement as the wildcard. Though we
don't use that term for the character here, it serves a very similar function. The * means
'ALL columns'. Thus, the above statement lists all the rows of all columns.
Another example
SELECT f_name, l_name, age from employee_data;
Selecting f_name, l_name and age columns would display something like:
mysql> SELECT f_name, l_name, age from employee_data;
+---------+------------+------+
| f_name | l_name | age |
+---------+------------+------+

46650880.doc 24
| Manish | Sharma | 28 |
| John | Hagan | 32 |
| Ganesh | Pillai | 32 |
| Anamika | Pandit | 27 |
| Mary | Anchor | 26 |
| Fred | Kruger | 31 |
| John | MacFarland | 34 |
| Edward | Sakamuro | 25 |
| Alok | Nanda | 32 |
| Hassan | Rajabi | 33 |
| Paul | Simon | 43 |
| Arthur | Hoopla | 32 |
| Kim | Hunter | 32 |
| Roger | Lewis | 35 |
| Danny | Gibson | 34 |
| Mike | Harper | 36 |
| Monica | Sehgal | 30 |
| Hal | Simlai | 27 |
| Joseph | Irvine | 27 |
| Shahida | Ali | 32 |
| Peter | Champion | 36 |
+---------+------------+------+
21 rows in set (0.00 sec)
I
1. Write the complete SQL statement for creating a new database called
addressbook
2. Which statement is used to list the information about a table? How do you use this
statement?
3. How would you list all the databases available on the system?
4. Write the statement for inserting the following data in employee_data table
First name: Rudolf
Last name: Reindeer
Title: Business Analyst
Age: 34
Years of service: 2
Salary: 95000
Perks: 17000
email: rudolf@bugnet.com
5. Give two forms of the SELECT statement that will list all the data in
employee_data table.
6. What will select f_name, email from employee_data; display?
7. Write the statement for listing data from salary, perks and yos columns of
employee_data table.
8. How can you find the number of rows in a table using the SELECT statement?
9. What will select salary, l_name from employee_data; display?

46650880.doc 25
MySQL Tutorial - Selecting Data Using Conditions
In this section of the MySQL tutorial we'll look at the format of a SELECT statement we
met in the last session in detail. We will learn how to use the select statement using the
WHERE clause.
SELECT column_names from table_name [WHERE ...conditions];
Now, we know that the conditions are optional (we've seen several examples in the last
session... and you would have encountered them in the assignments too).
The SELECT statement without conditions lists all the data in the specified columns. The
strength of RDBMS lies in letting you retrieve data based on certain specified conditions.
In this session we'll look at the SQL Comparison Operators.

The = and != Comparison Operators

SELECT f_name, l_name from employee_data where f_name = 'John';

+--------+------------+
| f_name | l_name |
+--------+------------+
| John | Hagan |
| John | MacFarland |
+--------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
This displays the first and last names of all employees whose first names are John. Note
that the word John in the condition is surrounded by single quotes. You can also use
double quotes. The quotes are important since MySQL will throw an error if they are
missing. Also, MySQL comparisons are case insensitive; which means "john", "John" or
even "JoHn" would work!
SELECT f_name,l_name from employee_data where title="Programmer";

+--------+------------+
| f_name | l_name |
+--------+------------+
| Fred | Kruger |
| John | MacFarland |
| Edward | Sakamuro |
| Alok | Nanda |
+--------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Selects the first and last names of all employees who are programmers.
SELECT f_name, l_name from employee_data where age = 32;
+---------+--------+
| f_name | l_name |
+---------+--------+
| John | Hagan |

46650880.doc 26
| Ganesh | Pillai |
| Alok | Nanda |
| Arthur | Hoopla |
| Kim | Hunter |
| Shahida | Ali |
+---------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

This lists the first and last names of all empoyees 32 years of age. Remember that the
column type of age was int, hence it's not necessary to surround 32 with quotes. This is a
subtle difference between text and integer column types.
The != means 'not equal to' and is the opposite of the equality operator.

The Greater Than and Less Than Operators

Okay, let's retrieve the first names of all employees who are older than 32.
SELECT f_name, l_name from employee_data where age > 32;
+--------+------------+
| f_name | l_name |
+--------+------------+
| John | MacFarland |
| Hassan | Rajabi |
| Paul | Simon |
| Roger | Lewis |
| Danny | Gibson |
| Mike | Harper |
| Peter | Champion |
+--------+------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

How about employees who draw more than $120000 as salary...

SELECT f_name, l_name from employee_data where salary > 120000;
+--------+--------+
| f_name | l_name |
+--------+--------+
| Manish | Sharma |
+--------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Now, let's list all employees who have had less than 3 years of service in the company.
SELECT f_name, l_name from employee_data where yos < 3;
+--------+----------+
| f_name | l_name |
+--------+----------+
| Mary | Anchor |
| Edward | Sakamuro |
| Paul | Simon |

46650880.doc 27
| Arthur | Hoopla |
| Kim | Hunter |
| Roger | Lewis |
| Danny | Gibson |
| Mike | Harper |
| Hal | Simlai |
| Joseph | Irvine |
+--------+----------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

The <= and >= Operators

Used primarily with integer data, the less than equal (<=) and greater than equal (>=)
operators provide additional functionality.
select f_name, l_name, age, salary
from employee_data where age >= 33;

+--------+------------+------+--------+
| f_name | l_name | age | salary |
+--------+------------+------+--------+
| John | MacFarland | 34 | 80000 |
| Hassan | Rajabi | 33 | 90000 |
| Paul | Simon | 43 | 85000 |
| Roger | Lewis | 35 | 100000 |
| Danny | Gibson | 34 | 90000 |
| Mike | Harper | 36 | 120000 |
| Peter | Champion | 36 | 120000 |
+--------+------------+------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Selects the names, ages and salaries of employees who are more than or equal to 33 years
of age.
select f_name, l_name from employee_data where yos <= 2;
+--------+----------+
| f_name | l_name |
+--------+----------+
| Mary | Anchor |
| Edward | Sakamuro |
| Paul | Simon |
| Arthur | Hoopla |
| Kim | Hunter |
| Roger | Lewis |
| Danny | Gibson |
| Mike | Harper |
| Hal | Simlai |
| Joseph | Irvine |
+--------+----------+

46650880.doc 28
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Displays employee names who have less than or equal to 2 years of service in the
company.

II
1. Write the SELECT statement to extract the ids of employees who are more than
30 years of age.
2. Write the SELECT statement to extract the first and last names of all web
designers.
3. What will the following SELECT statement display:
SELECT * from employee_data where salary <=100000;
4. How will you display the salaries and perks for employees who have more than
$16000 as perks?
5. List all employee names (last name followed by first name) that hold the title of
Marketing Executive.

MySQL Reference Guide - Pattern Matching With Text Data

We will now learn how to match text patterns using the where clause and the LIKE
operator in this section of the MySQL reference guide.
The equal to (=) comparision operator helps is selecting strings that are identical. Thus,
to list the names of employees whose first names are John; we can use the following
SELECT statement.
select f_name, l_name from employee_data where f_name = "John";

+--------+------------+
| f_name | l_name |
+--------+------------+
| John | Hagan |
| John | MacFarland |
+--------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

What if we wanted to display employees whose first names begin with the alphabet J?
SQL allows for some pattern matching with string data. Here is how it works.
select f_name, l_name from employee_data where f_name LIKE "J%";

+--------+------------+
| f_name | l_name |
+--------+------------+
| John | Hagan |
| John | MacFarland |
| Joseph | Irvine |
+--------+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

46650880.doc 29
You'll notice that we've replaced the Equal To sign with LIKE and we've used a
percentage sign (%) in the condition.
The % sign functions as a wildcard (similar to the usage of * in DOS and Linux systems).
It signifies any character. Thus, "J%" means all strings that begin with the alphabet J.
Similarly "%S" selects strings that end with S and "%H%", strings that contain the
alphabet H.

Okay, let's list all the employees that have Senior in their titles.
select f_name, l_name, title from employee_data
where title like '%senior%';

+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| f_name | l_name | title |
+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| John | Hagan | Senior Programmer |
| Ganesh | Pillai | Senior Programmer |
| Kim | Hunter | Senior Web Designer |
| Mike | Harper | Senior Marketing Executive |
+--------+--------+----------------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Listing all employees whose last names end with A is very simple
mysql> select f_name, l_name from employee_data
where l_name like '%a';
+--------+--------+
| f_name | l_name |
+--------+--------+
| Manish | Sharma |
| Alok | Nanda |
| Arthur | Hoopla |
+--------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

III
1. List all employees whose last names begin with P.
2. Display the names of all employees in the marketing division.
3. What will the following statement display
SELECT f_name, l_name, salary from
employee_data where f_name like '%k%';
4. List the last names and titles of all programmers

SQL Primer - Logical Operators

In this section of the SQL primer we look at how to select data based on certain
conditions presented through MySQL logical operators.
SQL conditions can also contain Boolean (logical) operators. They are
1). AND

46650880.doc 30
2). OR
3). NOT
Their usage is quite simple. Here is a SELECT statement that lists the names of
employees who draw more than $70000 but less than $90000.
SELECT f_name, l_name from employee_data
where salary > 70000 AND salary < 90000;

+--------+------------+
| f_name | l_name |
+--------+------------+
| Mary | Anchor |
| Fred | Kruger |
| John | MacFarland |
| Edward | Sakamuro |
| Paul | Simon |
| Arthur | Hoopla |
| Joseph | Irvine |
+--------+------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Let's display the last names of employees whose last names start with the alphabet S or
A.
SELECT l_name from employee_data where
l_name like 'S%' OR l_name like 'A%';
+----------+
| l_name |
+----------+
| Sharma |
| Anchor |
| Sakamuro |
| Simon |
| Sehgal |
| Simlai |
| Ali |
+----------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Okay here is a more complex example... listing the names and ages of employees whose
last names begin with S or P and who are less than 30 years of age.
SELECT f_name, l_name , age from employee_data
where (l_name like 'S%' OR l_name like 'A%') AND
age < 30;

+--------+----------+------+
| f_name | l_name | age |
+--------+----------+------+

46650880.doc 31
| Manish | Sharma | 28 |
| Mary | Anchor | 26 |
| Edward | Sakamuro | 25 |
| Hal | Simlai | 27 |
+--------+----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Note the usage of parenthesis in the statement above. The parenthesis is meant to separate
the various logical conditions and remove any ambiguity.
The NOT operator helps in listing all non-programmers. (Programmers include Senior
programmers, Multimedia Programmers and Programmers).
SELECT f_name, l_name, title from employee_data
where title NOT LIKE "%programmer%";

+---------+----------+----------------------------+
| f_name | l_name | title |
+---------+----------+----------------------------+
| Manish | Sharma | CEO |
| Anamika | Pandit | Web Designer |
| Mary | Anchor | Web Designer |
| Kim | Hunter | Senior Web Designer |
| Roger | Lewis | System Administrator |
| Danny | Gibson | System Administrator |
| Mike | Harper | Senior Marketing Executive |
| Monica | Sehgal | Marketing Executive |
| Hal | Simlai | Marketing Executive |
| Joseph | Irvine | Marketing Executive |
| Shahida | Ali | Customer Service Manager |
| Peter | Champion | Finance Manager |
+---------+----------+----------------------------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

A final example before we proceed to the assignments.

Displaying all employees with more than 3 years of service and more than 30 years old.
select f_name, l_name from employee_data
where yos > 3 AND age > 30;

+--------+------------+
| f_name | l_name |
+--------+------------+
| John | Hagan |
| Ganesh | Pillai |
| John | MacFarland |
| Peter | Champion |
+--------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

46650880.doc 32
 IV
1. List the first and last names of all employees who draw less than or equal to
$90000 and are not Programmes, Senior programmers or Multimedia
programmers.
2. What does the following statement display?
SELECT l_name, f_name from employee_data
where title NOT LIKE '%marketing%'
AND age < 30;
3. List all ids and names of all employees between 32 and 40 years of age.
4. Select names of all employees who are 32 years of age and are not programmers.

Tutorial MySQL - IN and BETWEEN

This section of the tutorial MySQL looks at the IN and BETWEEN operators.
To list employees who are Web Designers and System Administrators, we use a
SELECT statement as
SELECT f_name, l_name, title from
-> employee_data where
-> title = 'Web Designer' OR
-> title = 'System Administrator';

+---------+--------+----------------------+
| f_name | l_name | title |
+---------+--------+----------------------+
| Anamika | Pandit | Web Designer |
| Mary | Anchor | Web Designer |
| Roger | Lewis | System Administrator |
| Danny | Gibson | System Administrator |
+---------+--------+----------------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

SQL also provides an easier method with IN. Its usage is quite simple.
SELECT f_name, l_name, title from
-> employee_data where title
-> IN ('Web Designer', 'System Administrator');

+---------+--------+----------------------+
| f_name | l_name | title |
+---------+--------+----------------------+
| Anamika | Pandit | Web Designer |
| Mary | Anchor | Web Designer |
| Roger | Lewis | System Administrator |
| Danny | Gibson | System Administrator |
+---------+--------+----------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

46650880.doc 33
Suffixing NOT to IN will display data that is NOT found IN the condition. The following
lists employees who hold titles other than Programmer and Marketing Executive.
SELECT f_name, l_name, title from
-> employee_data where title NOT IN
-> ('Programmer', 'Marketing Executive');
+---------+----------+----------------------------+
| f_name | l_name | title |
+---------+----------+----------------------------+
| Manish | Sharma | CEO |
| John | Hagan | Senior Programmer |
| Ganesh | Pillai | Senior Programmer |
| Anamika | Pandit | Web Designer |
| Mary | Anchor | Web Designer |
| Hassan | Rajabi | Multimedia Programmer |
| Paul | Simon | Multimedia Programmer |
| Arthur | Hoopla | Multimedia Programmer |
| Kim | Hunter | Senior Web Designer |
| Roger | Lewis | System Administrator |
| Danny | Gibson | System Administrator |
| Mike | Harper | Senior Marketing Executive |
| Shahida | Ali | Customer Service Manager |
| Peter | Champion | Finance Manager |
+---------+----------+----------------------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
BETWEEN is employed to specify integer ranges. Thus instead of age >= 32 AND age
<= 40, we can use age BETWEEN 32 and 40.
select f_name, l_name, age from
-> employee_data where age BETWEEN
-> 32 AND 40;

+---------+------------+------+
| f_name | l_name | age |
+---------+------------+------+
| John | Hagan | 32 |
| Ganesh | Pillai | 32 |
| John | MacFarland | 34 |
| Alok | Nanda | 32 |
| Hassan | Rajabi | 33 |
| Arthur | Hoopla | 32 |
| Kim | Hunter | 32 |
| Roger | Lewis | 35 |
| Danny | Gibson | 34 |
| Mike | Harper | 36 |
| Shahida | Ali | 32 |
| Peter | Champion | 36 |
+---------+------------+------+

46650880.doc 34
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

You can use NOT with BETWEEN as in the following statement that lists employees
who draw salaries less than $90000 and more than $150000.
select f_name, l_name, salary
-> from employee_data where salary
-> NOT BETWEEN
-> 90000 AND 150000;
+---------+------------+--------+
| f_name | l_name | salary |
+---------+------------+--------+
| Manish | Sharma | 200000 |
| Mary | Anchor | 85000 |
| Fred | Kruger | 75000 |
| John | MacFarland | 80000 |
| Edward | Sakamuro | 75000 |
| Alok | Nanda | 70000 |
| Paul | Simon | 85000 |
| Arthur | Hoopla | 75000 |
| Hal | Simlai | 70000 |
| Joseph | Irvine | 72000 |
| Shahida | Ali | 70000 |
+---------+------------+--------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
V
1. List all employees who hold the titles of "Senior Programmer" and "Multimedia
Programmer".
2. List all employee names with salaries for employees who draw between $70000
and $90000.
3. What will the following statement display?
SELECT f_name, l_name, title from
employee_data where title NOT IN
('Programmer', 'Senior Programmer',
'Multimedia Programmer');
4. Here is a more complex statement that combines both BETWEEN and IN. What
will it display?
SELECT f_name, l_name, title, age
from employee_data where
title NOT IN
('Programmer', 'Senior Programmer',
'Multimedia Programmer') AND age
NOT BETWEEN 28 and 32;

46650880.doc 35
MySQL Tutorial - Ordering Data
This section of the MySQL tutorial looks at how we can change the display order of the
data extracted from MySQL tables using the ORDER BY clause of the SELECT
statement.
The data that we have retrieved so far was always displayed in the order in which it was
stored in the table. Actually, SQL allows for the sorting of retrieved data with the
ORDER BY clause. This clause requires the column name based on which the data will
be sorted. Let's see how to display employee names with last names sorted alphabetically
(in ascending order).
SELECT l_name, f_name from
employee_data ORDER BY l_name;

+------------+---------+
| l_name | f_name |
+------------+---------+
| Ali | Shahida |
| Anchor | Mary |
| Champion | Peter |
| Gibson | Danny |
| Hagan | John |
| Harper | Mike |
| Hoopla | Arthur |
| Hunter | Kim |
| Irvine | Joseph |
| Kruger | Fred |
| Lewis | Roger |
| MacFarland | John |
| Nanda | Alok |
| Pandit | Anamika |
| Pillai | Ganesh |
| Rajabi | Hassan |
| Sakamuro | Edward |
| Sehgal | Monica |
| Sharma | Manish |
| Simlai | Hal |
| Simon | Paul |
+------------+---------+
21 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Here are employees sorted by age.

SELECT f_name, l_name, age
from employee_data
ORDER BY age;

+---------+------------+------+

46650880.doc 36
| f_name | l_name | age |
+---------+------------+------+
| Edward | Sakamuro | 25 |
| Mary | Anchor | 26 |
| Anamika | Pandit | 27 |
| Hal | Simlai | 27 |
| Joseph | Irvine | 27 |
| Manish | Sharma | 28 |
| Monica | Sehgal | 30 |
| Fred | Kruger | 31 |
| John | Hagan | 32 |
| Ganesh | Pillai | 32 |
| Alok | Nanda | 32 |
| Arthur | Hoopla | 32 |
| Kim | Hunter | 32 |
| Shahida | Ali | 32 |
| Hassan | Rajabi | 33 |
| John | MacFarland | 34 |
| Danny | Gibson | 34 |
| Roger | Lewis | 35 |
| Mike | Harper | 36 |
| Peter | Champion | 36 |
| Paul | Simon | 43 |
+---------+------------+------+
21 rows in set (0.00 sec)

The ORDER BY clause can sort in an ASCENDING (ASC) or DESCENDING (DESC)

order depending upon the argument supplied.
To list employee first names in descending order, we'll use the statement below.
SELECT f_name from employee_data
ORDER by f_name DESC;

+---------+
| f_name |
+---------+
| Shahida |
| Roger |
| Peter |
| Paul |
| Monica |
| Mike |
| Mary |
| Manish |
| Kim |
| Joseph |
| John |

46650880.doc 37
| John |
| Hassan |
| Hal |
| Ganesh |
| Fred |
| Edward |
| Danny |
| Arthur |
| Anamika |
| Alok |
+---------+
21 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Note: The ascending (ASC) order is the default.

VI
1. Order all employees on the basis of the salary they draw.
2. List all employees in descending order of their years of service.
3. What does the following statement display?
SELECT emp_id, l_name, title, age
from employee_data ORDER BY
title DESC, age ASC;
4. Display employees (last names followed by first names) who hold the title of
either "Programmer" or "Web Designer" and sort their last names alphabetically.

MySQL Lesson - Limiting Data Retrieval

This section of the MySQL lesson looks at how to limit the number of records displayed
by the SELECT statement.
As your tables grow, you'll find a need to display only a subset of data. This can be
achieved with the LIMIT clause.
For example, to list only the names of the first 5 employees in our table, we use LIMIT
with 5 as the argument.
SELECT f_name, l_name from
employee_data LIMIT 5;

+---------+--------+
| f_name | l_name |
+---------+--------+
| Manish | Sharma |
| John | Hagan |
| Ganesh | Pillai |
| Anamika | Pandit |
| Mary | Anchor |
+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

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These are the first five entries in our table.
You can couple LIMIT with ORDER BY. Thus, the following displays the 4 senior
most employees.
SELECT f_name, l_name, age from
employee_data ORDER BY age DESC
LIMIT 4;

+--------+----------+------+
| f_name | l_name | age |
+--------+----------+------+
| Paul | Simon | 43 |
| Mike | Harper | 36 |
| Peter | Champion | 36 |
| Roger | Lewis | 35 |
+--------+----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Cool, eh?
Similarly, we can list the two youngest employees.
SELECT f_name, l_name, age from
employee_data ORDER BY age
LIMIT 2;

+--------+----------+------+
| f_name | l_name | age |
+--------+----------+------+
| Edward | Sakamuro | 25 |
| Mary | Anchor | 26 |
+--------+----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

Extracting Subsets
Limit can also be used to extract a subset of data by providing an additional argument.
The general form of this LIMIT is:
SELECT (whatever) from table LIMIT starting row, Number to extract;
SELECT f_name, l_name from
employee_data LIMIT 6,3;

+--------+------------+
| f_name | l_name |
+--------+------------+
| John | MacFarland |
| Edward | Sakamuro |
| Alok | Nanda |
+--------+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

46650880.doc 39
This extracts 3 rows starting from the sixth row.

VII
1. List the names of the 5 youngest employees in the company.
2. Extract the next 5 entries starting with the 10th row.
3. Display the names and salary of the employee who draws the largest salary.
4. What does the following statement display?
SELECT emp_id, age, perks
from employee_data ORDER BY
perks DESC LIMIT 10;

MySQL Guide - The DISTINCT Keyword

In this section of the MySQL guide, we will look at how to select and display records
from MySQL tables using the DISTINCT keyword that eliminates the occurrences of the
same data.
To list all titles in our company database, we can throw a statement as:
select title from employee_data;

+----------------------------+
| title |
+----------------------------+
| CEO |
| Senior Programmer |
| Senior Programmer |
| Web Designer |
| Web Designer |
| Programmer |
| Programmer |
| Programmer |
| Programmer |
| Multimedia Programmer |
| Multimedia Programmer |
| Multimedia Programmer |
| Senior Web Designer |
| System Administrator |
| System Administrator |
| Senior Marketing Executive |
| Marketing Executive |
| Marketing Executive |
| Marketing Executive |
| Customer Service Manager |
| Finance Manager |
+----------------------------+
21 rows in set (0.00 sec)

46650880.doc 40
You'll notice that the display contains multiple occurrences of certain data. The SQL
DISTINCT clause lists only unique data. Here is how you use it.
select DISTINCT title from employee_data;

+----------------------------+
| title |
+----------------------------+
| CEO |
| Customer Service Manager |
| Finance Manager |
| Marketing Executive |
| Multimedia Programmer |
| Programmer |
| Senior Marketing Executive |
| Senior Programmer |
| Senior Web Designer |
| System Administrator |
| Web Designer |
+----------------------------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

This shows we have 11 unique titles in the company.

Also, you can sort the unique entries using ORDER BY.
select DISTINCT age from employee_data
ORDER BY age;

+------+
| age |
+------+
| 25 |
| 26 |
| 27 |
| 28 |
| 30 |
| 31 |
| 32 |
| 33 |
| 34 |
| 35 |
| 36 |
| 43 |
+------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)
DISTINCT is often used with the COUNT aggregate function, which we'll meet in later
sessions.

46650880.doc 41
 VIII
1. How many unique salary packages does our company, Bignet, offer? List them is
descending order.
2. How many distinct first names do we have in our database?

MySQL Course - Finding The Minimum And Maximum Values

MySQL provides inbuilt functions to find the minimum and maximum values.
SQL provides 5 aggregate functions. They are:
1). MIN(): Minimum value
2). MAX(): Maximum value
3). SUM(): The sum of values
4). AVG(): The average values
5). COUNT(): Counts the number of entries.
In this session of the MySQL tutorial, we'll look at finding the minimum and maximum
values in a column.

Minimum Value
select MIN(salary) from employee_data;

+-------------+
| MIN(salary) |
+-------------+
| 70000 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Maximum Value
select MAX(salary) from employee_data;

+-------------+
| MAX(salary) |
+-------------+
| 200000 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

IX
1. List the minimum perks package.
2. List the maximum salary given to a "Programmer".
3. Display the age of the oldest "Marketing Executive".
4. (Tricky!) Find the first and last names of the oldest employee.

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SQL Tutorial - Finding The Average And Sum
Totalling column values with SUM
The SUM() aggregate function calculates the total of values in a column. You require to
give the column name, which should be placed inside parenthesis.
Let's see how much Bignet spends on salaries.
select SUM(salary) from employee_data;
+-------------+
| SUM(salary) |
+-------------+
| 1997000 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Similarly, we can display the total perks given to employees.

select SUM(perks) from employee_data;
+------------+
| SUM(perks) |
+------------+
| 390000 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

How about finding the total of salaries and perks?

select sum(salary) + sum(perks) from employee_data;
+-------------------------+
| sum(salary)+ sum(perks) |
+-------------------------+
| 2387000 |
+-------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
This shows a hidden gem of the SELECT command. You can add, subtract, multiply or
divide values. Actually, you can write full-blown arithmetic expressions. Cool!

Finding Averages
The AVG() aggregate function is employed for calculating averages of data in columns.
select avg(age) from employee_data;
+----------+
| avg(age) |
+----------+
| 31.6190 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

This displays the average age of employees in Bignet and the following displays the
average salary.
select avg(salary) from employee_data;

46650880.doc 43
+-------------+
| avg(salary) |
+-------------+
| 95095.2381 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

X
1. Display the sum of ages of employees working at Bignet.
2. How would you calculate the total of years of service the employees of Bignet
have in the company?
3. Calculate the sum of salaries and the average age of employees who hold
"Programmer" title.
4. What do you understand from the following statement?
select (SUM(perks)/SUM(salary) * 100)
from employee_data;

SQL Lessons - Naming Columns

MySQL allows you to name the displayed columns. So instead of f_name or l_name etc.
you can use more descriptive terms. This is achieved with AS.
select avg(salary) AS
'Average Salary' from
employee_data;

+----------------+
| Average Salary |
+----------------+
| 95095.2381 |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Such pseudo names will make the display names more clear to users. The important thing
to remember here is that if you assign pseudo names that contain spaces, enclose the
names in quotes. Here is another example:
select (SUM(perks)/SUM(salary) * 100)
AS 'Perk Percentage' from
employee_data;

+-----------------+
| Perk Percentage |
+-----------------+
| 19.53 |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

46650880.doc 44
MySQL Training - Counting
The COUNT() aggregate functions counts and displays the total number of entries. For
example, to count the total number of entries in the table, issue the command below.
select COUNT(*) from employee_data;

+----------+
| COUNT(*) |
+----------+
| 21 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

As you have learnt, the * sign means "all data"

Now, let's count the total number of employees who hold the "Programmer" title.
select COUNT(*) from employee_data
where title = 'Programmer';
+----------+
| COUNT(*) |
+----------+
| 4|
+----------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

The GROUP BY Clause

The GROUP BY clause allows us to group similar data. Thus, to list all unique titles in
our table we can issue
select title from employee_data
GROUP BY title;

+----------------------------+
| title |
+----------------------------+
| CEO |
| Customer Service Manager |
| Finance Manager |
| Marketing Executive |
| Multimedia Programmer |
| Programmer |
| Senior Marketing Executive |
| Senior Programmer |
| Senior Web Designer |
| System Administrator |
| Web Designer |
+----------------------------+
11 rows in set (0.01 sec)

46650880.doc 45
You'll notice that this is similar to the usage of DISTINCT, which we encountered in a
previous session.
Okay, here is how you can count the number of employees with different titles.
select title, count(*)
from employee_data GROUP BY title;

+----------------------------+----------+
| title | count(*) |
+----------------------------+----------+
| CEO | 1|
| Customer Service Manager | 1|
| Finance Manager | 1|
| Marketing Executive | 3|
| Multimedia Programmer | 3|
| Programmer | 4|
| Senior Marketing Executive | 1|
| Senior Programmer | 2|
| Senior Web Designer | 1|
| System Administrator | 2|
| Web Designer | 2|
+----------------------------+----------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
For the command above, MySQL first groups different titles and then executes count on
each group.

Sorting The Data

Now, let's find and list the number of employees holding different titles and sort them
using ORDER BY.
select title, count(*) AS Number
from employee_data
GROUP BY title
ORDER BY Number;

+----------------------------+--------+
| title | Number |
+----------------------------+--------+
| CEO | 1|
| Customer Service Manager | 1 |
| Finance Manager | 1|
| Senior Marketing Executive | 1|
| Senior Web Designer | 1|
| Senior Programmer | 2|
| System Administrator | 2|
| Web Designer | 2|
| Marketing Executive | 3|
| Multimedia Programmer | 3|

46650880.doc 46
| Programmer | 4|
+----------------------------+--------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

XI
1. Count the number of employees who have been with Bignet for four or more
years.
2. Count employees based on their ages.
3. Modify the above so that the ages are listed in a descending order.
4. Find the average age of employees in different departments (titles).
5. Change the above statement so that the data is displayed in a descending order of
average ages.
6. Find and list the percentage perk (perk/salary X 100) for each employee with the
% perks sorted in a descending order.

MySQL Development Tutorial - HAVING Clause

To list the average salary of employees in different departments (titles), we use the
GROUP BY clause, as in:
select title, AVG(salary)
from employee_data
GROUP BY title;

+----------------------------+-------------+
| title | AVG(salary) |
+----------------------------+-------------+
| CEO | 200000.0000 |
| Customer Service Manager | 70000.0000 |
| Finance Manager | 120000.0000 |
| Marketing Executive | 77333.3333 |
| Multimedia Programmer | 83333.3333 |
| Programmer | 75000.0000 |
| Senior Marketing Executive | 120000.0000 |
| Senior Programmer | 115000.0000 |
| Senior Web Designer | 110000.0000 |
| System Administrator | 95000.0000 |
| Web Designer | 87500.0000 |
+----------------------------+-------------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Now, suppose you want to list only the departments where the average salary is more
than $100000, you can't do it, even if you assign a pseudo name to AVG(salary) column.
Here, the HAVING clause comes to our rescue.
select title, AVG(salary)
from employee_data
GROUP BY title
HAVING AVG(salary) > 100000;

46650880.doc 47
+----------------------------+-------------+
| title | AVG(salary) |
+----------------------------+-------------+
| CEO | 200000.0000 |
| Finance Manager | 120000.0000 |
| Senior Marketing Executive | 120000.0000 |
| Senior Programmer | 115000.0000 |
| Senior Web Designer | 110000.0000 |
+----------------------------+-------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

A Little More On The MySQL SELECT Statement

The MySQL SELECT command is something like a print or write command of other
languages. You can ask it to display text strings, numeric data, the results of
mathematical expressions etc.
Displaying the MySQL version number
select version();

+-----------+
| version() |
+-----------+
| 3.22.32 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Displaying the current date and time

select now();

+---------------------+
| now() |
+---------------------+
| 2001-05-31 00:36:24 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Displaying the current Day, Month and Year

SELECT DAYOFMONTH(CURRENT_DATE);
+--------------------------+
| DAYOFMONTH(CURRENT_DATE) |
+--------------------------+
| 28 |
+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

SELECT MONTH(CURRENT_DATE);

46650880.doc 48
+---------------------+
| MONTH(CURRENT_DATE) |
+---------------------+
| 1|
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

SELECT YEAR(CURRENT_DATE);
+--------------------+
| YEAR(CURRENT_DATE) |
+--------------------+
| 2001 |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

My SQL Tutorial - Updating Records

The SQL UPDATE command updates the data in tables. Its format is quite simple.
UPDATE table_name SET
column_name1 = value1,
column_name2 = value2,
column_name3 = value3 ...
[WHERE conditions];

Let's look at some examples.

Bignet has been doing good business, the CEO increases his salary by $20000 and perks
by $5000. His previous salary was $200000 and perks were $50000.
UPDATE employee_data SET
salary=220000, perks=55000
WHERE title='CEO';

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

46650880.doc 49