PSG Two Marks Q and A PDF
PSG Two Marks Q and A PDF
PSG Two Marks Q and A PDF
1. How does the over voltage surge affect the power system?
The over voltage of the power system leads to insulation breakdown of the equipments.
It causes the line insulation to flash over and may also damage the nearby transformer, generators
and the other equipment connected to the line.
11. What are the various faults that would affect an alternator?
i)Phase to phase faults ii) Phase to earth faults iii) Inter turn faults iv) Earth faults v)Fault
between turns vi) Loss of excitation due to fuel failure vii) Over speed viii) Loss of drive ix)
Vacuum failure resulting in condenser pressure rise, resulting in shattering of the turbine low
pressure casing.
22. What is surge absorber? How do they differ from surge diverter?
Surge absorber is a device designed to protect electrical equipment from transient high
voltage to limit the duration and amplitude of the following current. Surge diverter discharges the
impulse surge to the earth and dissipates energy in the form of heat.
Part A
5. What is the need for shading ring provided in an induction type disc relay?
To split the total flux into two fluxes displace in time and space
16. What are the advantages of static relay over electromagnetic relay?
i) Low power consumption as low as 1mW ii) No moving contacts; hence associated
problems of arcing, contact bounce, erosion, replacement of contacts iii) No gravity effect on
operation of static relays. Hence can be used in vessels ie, ships, aircrafts etc. iv) A single relay
can perform several functions like over current, under voltage, single phasing protection by
incorporating respective functional blocks. This is not possible in electromagnetic relays v) Static
relay is compact vi) Superior operating characteristics and accuracy vii) Static relay can think ,
programmable operation is possible with static relay viii) Effect of vibration is nil, hence can be
used in earthquake-prone areas ix) Simplified testing and servicing.
31. A relay is connected to 400/5 ratio current transformer with current setting of 150%.
Calculate the plug setting multiplier when circuit carries a fault current of 4000A.
Fault Current = 4000A
C.T. ratio = 400/5
Fault current in the relay coil = 4000 * (5/400) = 50A
Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) = Fault Current in the relay coil / (Rated secondary C.T.
Current * Current setting)
Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) = 50 / (5*1.5) = 6.667
7. What are the problems arising in differential protection in power transformer and how are they
overcome?
i) Difference in lengths of pilot wires on either sides of the relay. This is overcome by connecting
adjustable resistors to pilot wires to get equipotential points on the pilot wires. ii) Difference in CT ratio
error difference at high values of short circuit currents that makes the relay to operate even for external or
through faults. This is overcome by introducing bias coil.iii) Tap changing alters the ratio of voltage and
currents between HV and LV sides and the relay will sense this and act. Bias coil will solve this. iv)
Magnetizing inrush current appears wherever a transformer is energized on its primary side producing
harmonics. No current will be seen by the secondary. CT’s as there is no load in the circuit. This difference
in current will actuate the differential relay. A harmonic restraining unit is added to the relay which will
block it when the transformer is energized.
13. How does the over voltage surge affect the power system?
The over voltage of the power system leads to insulation breakdown of the equipments. It causes the
line insulation to flash over and may also damage the nearby transformer, generators and the other
equipment connected to the line.
14. What is the general connection rule for Current transformers in differential protection?
If the windings of the power transformer are delta connected then the current transformers are star
connected and if the windings of the power transformer are star connected then the current transformers are
delta connected.
4. What is CPMC?
It is combined protection, monitoring and control system incorporated in the static system.
5. What are the advantages of static relay over electromagnetic relay?
Low power consumption as low as 1mW
No moving contacts; hence associated problems of arcing, contact bounce, erosion,
replacement of contacts
No gravity effect on operation of static relays. Hence can be used in vessels ie, ships,
aircrafts etc.
A single relay can perform several functions like over current, under voltage, single
phasing protection by incorporating respective functional blocks. This is not possible in
electromagnetic relays
Static relay is compact. Superior operating characteristics and accuracy
Static relay can think , programmable operation is possible with static relay
Effect of vibration is nil, hence can be used in earthquake-prone areas
Simplified testing and servicing. Can convert even non-electrical quantities to electrical in
conjunction with transducers.
6. What is pick up value?
It is the minimum current in the relay coil at which the relay starts to operate.
7. Define target.
It is the indicator used for showing the operation of the relay.
8. Define blocking.
It means preventing the relay from tripping due to its own characteristics or due to additional
relays.
9. What are the advantages of numerical relays over conventional relays?
No moving parts and therefore no friction
Easy to replace and service.
Numeric relays are not affected by gravity
Are compact and has modular arrangement
Various characteristics can be obtained.
10. What are the drawbacks of analogue and active analogue filters?
They are bulky, especially inductors require large space
High precision components are needed making them expensive
Their characteristics drift with respect to time and temperature
Filters for very low frequencies need impracticably high component values
They are not programmable and adaptable
7. Give the advantage of SF6 circuit breaker over air blast circuit breaker
High electro negativity, compactness, reduced switching over voltages, reduced insulation
time, superior arc interruption and increased safety.
10. What are the advantages of air blast circuit breaker over oil circuit breaker?
i) The risk of fire is diminished ii)The arcing time is very small due to rapid buildup of
dielectric strength between contacts iii)The arcing products are completely removed by the blast
whereas oil deteriorates with successive operations
11. What are the types of air blast circuit breaker?
i) Arial-blast type ii) Cross blast iii) Radial-blast
12. What are the disadvantages of MOCB over a bulk oil circuit breaker?
i) The degree of carbonization is increased due to smaller quantity of oil ii) There is difficulty
of removing the gases from the contact space in time iii)The dielectric strength of the oil
deteriorates rapidly due to high degree of carbonization.
13. What are the advantages of MOCB over a bulk oil circuit breaker?
i) It requires lesser quantity of oil ii)It requires smaller space iii)There is a reduced risk of fire
iv) Maintenance problem are reduced.
18. What are the advantages of using vacuum as an arc interrupting medium?
High insulation strength and interruption occurs in the first current zero
19. Write any two properties of contact material used in vacuum circuit breaker?
i) Good electrical conductivity to pass normal load currents without over heating.
ii)Good thermal conductivity to dissipate rapidly the large heat generated during arcing
34. What are the factors the ARC phenomenon depends upon?
i) The nature and pressure of the medium ii) The external ionizing and de-ionizing agent
present
iii) Voltage across the electrodes and its variation with time iv) The nature shape & separation of
electrodes v) The nature and shape of vessel and its position in relation to the electrodes
35. What are the factors the arc resistance depends upon?
i) Degree of ionization ii)Length of the arc iii) Cross section area of the arc
37. What are the two theories explaining current zero interruption?
i) Recovery rate theory or voltage race theory or slepain’s theory. ii) Energy balance theory
or Cassie’s theory.
38. What are the factors the recovery voltage depends upon?
i) Power factor, ii) Armature reaction &iii) Circuit condition
49. Name the materials used for contacts of vacuum circuit breakers.
Compounds of copper and Chromium are used most widely for making the contacts of circuit
breakers.
50. What is the difference between re-striking voltage and recovery voltage?
Re-striking voltage: It is the transient voltage appearing across the breaker contacts at the
instant of arc being extinguished.
Recovery voltage: The power frequency RMS voltage appearing across the breaker contacts after
the arc is extinguished and transient oscillations die out is called recovery voltage.
51. State the difference between D.C. and A.C. circuit breaking.
DC circuit breaker, like their name suggests, is used for the protection of electrical devices
that operate with direct current. The main difference between direct current and alternating
current is that in DC the voltage output is constant, while in AC it cycles several times per second.
Prepared By Approved by
G. V. Chidambarathanu HOD/EEE