EE2036 Flexible AC Transmission Systems Two Mark Question and Answers
EE2036 Flexible AC Transmission Systems Two Mark Question and Answers
EE2036 Flexible AC Transmission Systems Two Mark Question and Answers
COM
UNIT I- Introduction
1. What is the necessity of compensation?
The reactive power through the system can significantly improve the performance /
parameters of the power system as follows
Voltage profile
Power angle characteristics
Stability margin
Damping to power oscillations
2. What are the objectives of line compensation?
To increase the power transmission capacity of the line
To keep the voltage profile of the line along its length within acceptable bounds to
ensure the quality of supply to the connected customer as well as to minimize the
line insulation costs
3. How is the reactive power controlled, using FACTS devices?
The SVC is a shunt device of the FACTS group, regulates voltage at its terminals by
controlling the amount of reactive power injected in to or absorbed from the power system.
When a system voltage is low, the SVC generates reactive power (SVC Capacitive). When a
system voltage is high, it absorbs reactive power (SVC inductive)
4. How is reactive power controlled in electrical network?
Traditionally, rotating synchronous condensers and fixed or mechanically switched
capacitors or inductors have been used for reactive power compensation. However, in recent
years static VAR compensators are used to provide or absorb the required reactive power have
been developed.
5. Explain the objectives of FACTS controllers in the power system network.
Better the control of power flow (Real and Reactive) in transmission lines.
Limits SC current
Increase the load ability of the system
Increase dynamic and transient stability of power system
Load compensation
Power quality improvement
6. What are the adv. of FACTS controllers?
The flow of power is ordered. It may be as per the contract or as per the
requirements of the utilities
It increases the loading capability of the lines to the thermal capability
It improves the stability of the system and thus make the system secure
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Provides secure Tie Line connection to the neighboring utilities and
regions , thereby decreasing overall generation reserve requirements on
both sides
Upgrade of lines
Reduce loop flow
7. List the disadvantage of fixed series compensation.
It is effective only during heavy loads
Whenever an outage occurs on a line, with series compensation, the series
compensation is removed. This may cause overloading of other parallel lines
If series compensation is added to an existing system, it is generally necessary to
have it on all the lines in parallel.
One major drawback in the series capacitance compensation is that special
productive devices are required to protect the capacitors and bypass the high
current produced when a SC occurs
8. What is meant by thyristor switched capacitor?
TCSC is a capacitive reactance compensator, which consists of series capacitor bank
shunted by a thyristor-controlled reactor.
9. Define the term Static VAR compensator.
The SVC is a shunt device of FACTS group using power electronics to control power
flow and improve transient stability on power grids. The SVC regulates voltage at its terminals
by controlling the amount of reactive power injected into or absorbed from the power system.
10. What are the diff types of compensation schemes?
Mainly two types of compensation are carried out,
Load compensation
Line compensation
11. What are the diff power electronic switching devices?
SCR
MOSFET
GTO
IGBT
DOIDE
BJT
12. Define the term FACTS.
Flexible AC Transmission System
Alternating current transmission system incorporating power electronics based
and other static controllers to enhance controllability and increase power transfer
capability
13. What is best location for SVC?
Location of SVC strongly affects controllability of swing modes.
In general the best location is at a point where voltage swings are greatest.
Normally, the midpoint of a transmission line between the two areas is a good
location.
14. Compare fixed series compensation and fixed shunt compensation.
Voltage boost due to shunt compensators is uniform throughout the line.
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Power factor will be improved by the shunt capacitor whereas, series compensator
improves power system stability limit
Protection required for the series compensator is more compared to shunt
compensator.
Amount of voltage boost by the series capacitor is more
15. What are the main areas of application of FACTS devices?
FACTS mainly find application in following areas,
Power transmission
Power Quality
Railway Grid Connection
Wind power grid Connection
Cable Systems
16. What is load compensation?
Load compensation is a management of reactive power to improve the quality of supply
especially the voltage and power factor levels
Three main objectives of the load compensation are
Better voltage profile
Power factor correction
Load balancing
17. Define VAR compensation.
It is defined as the management of reactive power to improve the performance of AC
power systems: Maximizing stability by increasing flow of active power.
18. List the generation of facts controllers.
The following generation of FACTS controllers for the development of FACTS controllers
First Generation of FACTS controllers:
Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
Second Generation of FACTS controllers:
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)
Third Generation of FACTS Controllers:
It is designed by combining the features of previous generations Series and shunt compensation
FACTS controllers.
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)
19. What are various categories of FACTS controllers?
Series FACTS controllers
Shunt FACTS controllers
Combined series series FACTS controllers
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Combined series shunt FACTS controllers
20. What is IPFC?
Interline power Flow Controller is a combination of two or more independently
controllable static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) which are solid state voltage source
converters which inject an almost sinusoidal voltage at variable magnitude and couples via a
common DC link.
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Higher capacity
Faster and more reliable
Simple operation
Improves steady state stability and transient stability
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Very fast control response time
Feasibility of individual phase control
Diminished losses
High reliability
Lack of contribution to system short circuit capacity
Generation of harmonics by SVCs except thyristor switched capacitor
Variation of SVC reactive power generation as the square of terminal voltage
when it is operating outside the linear controllable range, leading to a substantial
in reactive power support at a lower voltage
33. Give the applications of synchronous condensers.
Control of large voltage excursions
Dynamic reactive power support at HVDC terminals
34. Give the applications of saturated reactor.
The control of the large voltage excursions
The alleviation of flicker
The reactive compensation HVDC terminal
35. What are the advantages of the slope in the SVC dynamic characteristics?
Substantially reduces the reactive power rating of the SVC for achieving
nearly the same control objectives
Prevents the SVC from reaching its reactive power limits too frequency
Facilitates the sharing of reactive power among multiple compensators
operating in parallel
36. Draw the power angle curve of SVC compensated SMIB system?
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Dynamic control of power flow
Damping of the power swings from local and inter area oscillations
Suppression of synchronous oscillations
Decreasing dc offset voltage
Enhanced level of protection for series capacitors
Voltage support
Reduction of the short circuit current
60. Draw the VI capability characteristics for a two module TCSC.
61. Draw a block diagram of the variable reactance model of the TCSC.
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The TCSC should be located in lines that experience limiting power oscillations
The swing of voltage on each side of the TCSC must be within acceptable limits
otherwise multiple sides may be necessary
The control action of the TCSC in one transmission path should not cause undue
power swing in a parallel path
Sometimes it may be advisable to distribute the control action among multiple
TCSCs rather than confining the control action to one large rating TCSC
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A STATCOM is a controlled reactive power source. It provides the desired reactive power
generation and absorption entirely by means of electronic processing of the voltage and current
waveforms in a voltage source converter
69. List the modes of operation of STATCOM
The STATCOM can be operated in two different modes:
Voltage regulation mode under this mode it has 3 sub divisions. There are,
Over excited mode of operation
Under excited mode of operation
Normal(floating) excited mode of operation
Var control mode
70. Draw VI characteristics of STATCOM.
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Second component is Synchronous: Analogous to an ideal synchronous machine with
3 sinusoidal phase voltages at fundamental frequency;
Third component is compensator: rendered with reactive compensation.
74. List the advantages/benefits of STATCOM.
The STATCOM offers following advantages:
Superior voltage supporting capability
Fast response
Large reactive power generation under low system voltage condition
Less harmonics generation
Smaller filter capacity
Less space requirement
75. What is UPFC?
The UPFC is a device which can control simultaneously all three parameters of line power
flow(line impedence, voltage and phase angle).Such “new” FACTS device combines together
the features of two “old” FACTS devices” the Static Synchronous Compensator(STATCOM)
and the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). It is proposed by Gyugyi in 1991.
76. What is role of dc link in UPFC?
The real power is supplied from, or absorbed by, the DC energy storage device called dc link.
77. List the application of UPFC.
Power flow control
Power swing damping
Voltage dips compensation
Fault Current Limiting
78. State the salient features of UPFC.
The UPFC is versatile and multifunction power flow controller with capabilities of
terminal voltage regulation , series line compensation and phase angle regulation
Minimization of power losses with out generator rescheduling
Regulating power flow through a transmission line
More reliable
Provides dynamic security
Acts as harmonic isolator
79. What are the parameters that can be improved using STATCOM in power system?
The dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribution system
The power oscillation damping in power transmission system
The transient stability
The voltage flicker control
The control of not only reactive power but also active power in the connected
line, requiring a Dc energy source
80. What are the different constraints for operating UPFC?
The series injected voltage magnitude
The line current through series converter
The shunt converter current
The minimum line side voltage of the UPFC
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The maximum line side voltage of the UPFC
The real power transfer between the series converter and the shunt converter
81. What are the operating modes of UPFC?
VAR Control Mode
Automatic Voltage Control Mode
Direct Voltage Injection Mode
Phase Angle Shifter Emulation Mode
Line Impedance Emulation Mode
Automatic Power Flow Control Mode
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Multiple FACTS controllers of a similar kind
Multiple FACTS controllers of a dissimilar kind
Multiple FACTS controllers and HVDC converter controllers
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