Lecture 11
Lecture 11
Lecture 11
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Angle Modulation
FM, PM
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Note
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Learning Objectives: At the end of this topic you will be able to;
• sketch, recognise and analyse the resulting waveforms for a sinusoidal
carrier being frequency modulated by a single frequency audio signal;
• recall that an FM-modulated carrier produces an infinite number of
sidebands;
4-3-3 Frequency Modulation. • recall that frequency deviation fc is the maximum change in
frequency of the carrier from its base value fc ;
• recall that the modulation index is the FM equivalent to the depth of
modulation;
•use the formula , where fi is the maximum frequency of the
modulation signal;
• appreciate that almost all the power of a transmitted FM signal is
contained within a bandwidth of 2(1+) fi;
• recognise the frequency spectrum diagram for a sinusoidal carrier
being frequency modulated by a single audio signal for < 1, = 1 and =
3.
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Frequency Modulation Notice that as the amplitude of the information signal increases above
0 volts, the frequency of the carrier increases, and as the amplitude of
In Frequency Modulation (FM) the instantaneous value of the information signal decreases below 0 volts, the frequency of the
the information signal controls the frequency of the carrier decreases.
carrier wave. This is illustrated in the following diagrams.
The frequency fi of the information signal controls the rate at which
Information Signal the carrier frequency increases and decreases. As with AM, fi must be
less than fc. The amplitude of the carrier remains constant throughout
this process.
When the information voltage reaches its maximum value then the
Un-modulated carrier
change in frequency of the carrier will have also reached its maximum
deviation above the nominal value. Similarly when the information
reaches a minimum the carrier will be at its lowest frequency below the
nominal carrier frequency value. When the information signal is zero,
then no deviation of the carrier will occur.
Modulated carrier
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Worked Example:
A 400kHz sinusoidal carrier of amplitude 5V is frequency modulated by a
3kHz sinusoidal information signal of amplitude 3V. The behaviour of the
The maximum change in frequency that can occur to the carrier is governed by the frequency deviation per volt and for this
system is 25kHz per volt. Describe how the resulting FM signal changes
carrier from its base value fc is called the frequency
with time.
deviation, and is given the symbol fc. This sets the
dynamic range (i.e. voltage range) of the transmission. Solution:
The FM carrier will change in frequency from 400kHz to 475kHz to
400kHz to 325kHz and back to 400kHz, 3000 times per second. This
The dynamic range is the ratio of the largest and smallest is because the frequency deviation fc = 3 x 25kHz = 75kHz. The
analogue information signals that can be transmitted. amplitude of the carrier will remain fixed at 5V.
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If the same system were used and the amplitude of the information
signal decreased to 1V, how would this affect the resulting FM signal?
Describe the changes in the space below, including any relevant
calculations.
Solution:
The FM carrier will change in frequency from 400kHz to
425kHz to 400kHz to 375kHz and back to 400kHz, 3000
times per second. This is because the frequency deviation
fc = 1x 25kHz = 25kHz. The amplitude of the carrier will
remain fixed at 5V.
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