Poptronics 1974 12 PDF

1975 SPECIAL REPORT ON H1 -FI EQUIPMENT
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WORLD'S LARGEST- SELLING ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE DECEMBER 1974/ 60¢
Ltu res :
=Build a Low -Cost
Computer Terminal to 1.!oI
How SWR Affects CB
& Ham Communications ero
Cable & Pay TV
In Your Living Room
Christmas Sift i1nete

The Executive Digital r
Temper Countdowner
n#er
¶et ,Reorts:
ESS 200 Stereo
Power Amplifier
Sylvania RS -4744
Stereo Receiver
Realistic TRC-24B
CB Transceiver
Wavetek Model 30
Function Generator 4r.
Mura 250-M Multimeter

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PLUS: 1974 Annual 6.ziGb 350f NYS
Cumulative Article Index 000M31114nW 0119, ,
110
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According to Audio Times, a leading it you can't enjoy the increasing
publication devoted to audio manu- number of CD -4 discrete discs (the CO-4-4CH
2CH RM-i
facturing and retailing: "No piece of
audio equipment is as eagerly awaited
as the 'one four -channel unit that
true four.-ohannelrecord)from leading
recording companies like RCA,
Warner, Atlantic,, Elektra, and others.
\ SO
-
does everything i.e., the receiver
with built-in circuitry for SQ, RM and
CD -4 is a 'must' fcr optimum quadra-
phonic listening enjoyment.
CD -4 record decoding.' " Since the CD -4 circuit incor-
porates FET's and IC's, continuous,.
It's here!
stable performance is assured. In
Pioneer has taken another giant step addition, it uses a 30KHz subcarrier
forward. Our new collection of similar to that used in FM multiplex
quadraphonic receivers QX-949,
-
QX-747, QX-646 has this total
- broadcasting.. The subcarrier is
Total Capability Mode Switch Fingertip' -
demodulated by a Phase Lock Loop
capabilit1, They reproduce CD -4, SQ, switching to CD -4, SO, RM quadraphonic
(PLL) circuit for each:channel. The
sources, as well as two -channel stereo.
RM and discrete four -channel sound result is optimum channel separation
without adaptors, add-on decoders
or demodulators. And they're specifi-
- absolutely necessary to achieve
the full, rich impact of;quadraphbnic
cally des gned to fully meet all of the Matchless performance with
reproduction. Convenient and simple -
standards established for these powerhouse capabilities
to -use front rear left and right
matrix and discrete program sources. separation controls are on the front As is traditional with all Pioneer
Bearing in mind that two -channel panels.otall three models. 1- =receivers, these quádraphoniá'units
is, and will continue to be, a hávepower to spare. For example, th
tremendcus source of listening SQ and RM decoding bring to life top model, QX-949.has a power outpl
pleasure for manyyears to come, the hidden ambience of matrixed in four-channel Operation, of 40 watts
these new units are designed for it, and stereo records per channel, minimum continuous
along with their total quadraphonic With búilt-in RM circuitry,you can,... power, 20Hz-20,000Hz, with maxi-
capabilities. The QX-949 and QX-747 .. experience new br Iliance from your mum total harmonic distortion 0.3%
reproduce two -channel with '-present collection of two -channel at 8 ohms.
augmented power due to Pioneer's stereo records and tapes. FM broad- Switching to two -channel
new Power Boosting. circuitry. casts, too. Also, new vistas of. operation, the Pioneer Power
A whole new world of discrete sound enjoyment unfold when you play the '
Boosting circuit delivers 6.0 watts per
with the built-in CD -4 demodulator new four-channel SQ matrix records. channel, minimum continuous power,
being released by Columbia, Capitol, 20Hz-20,000Hz,.maximum total
While.many quadraphonic receivers Epic and Vanguard, to mention just a harmonic distortion 0.3%.at 8 ohms.
have limited degrees of four-channel few of the prominent SQ record By using super-size power
capabilities, Pioneer offers maximum producers. No matter what the transformers in the QX-949, in
versatility with built-in CD -4. Without quadraphonic program source. combination with four 10,000 micro- '
or the record label., Pioneer's. farad electrolytic capacitors, this .
Il1t!{li11mlt}]t11<141~A~.\1i1+.1" new quadra phonic receivers high power output is obtained at very.
flawlessl' reproduce low frequency. And it's further insurea
them all. by direct -coupling in the output stage
No overload with a
speaker protector circuit

Sincedirect-coupling feeds the signal
directly to the speakers, an automatic
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= a a e' éttw find out hów welt a re-
ceiver performs is to listen to
it. The next pest `way is to listen to the'opinions:of`°qualified critics who
to-
have listened to" it. -Pioneer quadraphonic =receivers -have earnéd the
unanimous oraíse of the critics. Visit a Pioneer dealer and listén to these.
° receivers. Oñceyou've heard Them yourself; we'reconfident you'll agree..
o .
STEREO REVIEW: "The, . 9 MODERN H1=FI & STEREO

QX-949 has built-in' GUIDE: Iyhe,QX-949 is
decóding circuits for all the P
commensurate with all the
major types of four-channel fine receivers we have
records SQ, RM and CD -4 -
. , . electrical performance
learned to expect from
Pioneer and it stands as the
of its tuner and amplifier model for present-day
rivals some of he finest quadraphonic receivers."
separate component
systems."
8 POPULAR ELECTRONIICS:
"The Pioneer Model QX-747
receiver is clearly a superb HIGH FIDELITY: "The tuner
AUDIO: "(The OX -949 is) -- unit when judged by ail
o
one of the most impressive. section is one of the best

normal performance we've seen in a quadriphonic
receivers (visually and "
standards. In fact, its power,
technically) we have ever " receiver ... All told, the
capabilities in the 2 -channel
tested ... It would be very mode make it a fine value
QX-949 strikes us as typical
diffiicult to come up with any of Pioneer's relatively
even as a stereo -only
features in a four -channel uncompromising approach
receiver.y' to receiver design."
receiver that Pioneer hasn't
already thought of in this
powerful unit." Review
viT.O a.a awNt_In.
-Y49
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Cornplete reprints available upon request.
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source is in operation, the sound controls for front and rear channels,.
level cf each channel can be function and mode selector -with
monitored by viewing the large scope - multi -colored indicator lights. Further:
type level indicator on the top two refinement .is offered with the .
models. Left and right front/rear OX -949's multiplex., noise and high/
controls permit instant adjustment. low filters, plus signal strength and
Indicator sensitivity controls allow for center tuning meters,jn.one housing.
a maximum of -30dB adjustments Admittedly, these new Pioneer
at ary sound level. The level indicator
may also be used to view CD -4
charnel separation adjustments made
quadraphonic receivers, like fine : -
sports cars or cameras, are not
inexpensive. However, they represent
- .
with tie CD -4 separation controls. the high ficelity industry's most
outstandinc value: We have built
-
Four -Channel Level Indicator See what Inputs/Outputs for total versatility them with,the same quality, precision
you. hear. Make instant adjustments with and performance you've come to
left/right, front/rear level controls. Pioneer 'has endowed these models
with terrninals for a wide range of expect from Pioneer stereo equip=
program sources. The only limitation ment. We offer them to you with the
same pride and conviction that has
electronic trigge- relay system is
used to protect the speakers from DC
is your cwn listening interests and
your capability to experiment with always compelled you to say - .
"Pioneer, the very best."

QX-949 - $749.95; QX-747 -
leakage or overload.
sound.
Convenient features increase $649.95; QX 646 - $499.95. Prices
New and exclusive listening enjoyment include walnut cabinets.
Power Boosting circuit -
Along with the total capability of U.S. Pioneer Electronics Corp.,
When switching from four-channel to these receivers, Pioneer has incor- 75 Oxford Crive, Moonachie,
two -channel reproduction, power s porated a wide array of additional, New Jersey 07074
substantially increased with the new meaningful features. All three West 13300. S. Estrella, Los Angeles
and advanced Power Boosting circuit, instrJnents include: loudness 90248 / Micwest: 1'500 Greenleaf.:
as described above. This exclusive contour. FM muting, an extra wide Elk Grove Village, Ill. 60007 -
circuit is built into both the QX-949 tuning dial, two sets of bass/treble Canada: S.H. Parker Co.
and QX-747 models.
Another plus feature attributable Specifications
to the Power Boosting circuit is Amplifier OX -949 OX -747 OX -646
simplified switch ng from four -channel 40 watts/ 20 watts/' 9 watts/
to two -channel operation. It can be 4-ch. minimum continuous channel channel channel
instantly achieved without the. usual power per channel, 8 ohms (20Hz-20kHz: (20P-20kHz) (40Hz-20kHz).
re -connecting of speaker wires. This,
too, is a Pioneer exclusive. 60 watts/ 40 watts/ 13 watts/
2-ch. miliaum continuous channel channel channel
A tuner section the equal of power per channel, 8 ohms (20Hz-20kHz: (2011z-20k11z) (40Hí-20kHzp
separate components
Maximum total harmonic 0.3% 0.5% 10/0
The FM tuner section of tt-e OX -949 distortion .(20Hz-20kHz) (20Hz-40kHz) C40Hz-20kHz)
is truly an engineering accomplish-
ment. It incorporates two dual -gate FM Tuner
FM Sensitivity (IHF) 1.8uV 1.9uV 2.2uV.
MOS FET's in the front end, plus (the lower the.better)
three ceramic filters and 6-stage Selectivity 80dB 60dB 40dB
limiters in a monolithic IC in the IF (the higher he better)
stage. The result is superb sensitivity Captu e Ratio 1dB 1dB 3dB
and selectivity, and excellent signal (the lower the better)
to noise ratio. S/N Ratio 70dB 70dB 65dB
(the higher he better)
Advanced circuitry includes Dolby
adaptor input/output and 4 -channel Inputs
Phono 2 1
broadcasting mu tiplex output terminal

Tape Moni-or 2 (4-ch.) 1 (4-ch.) 1 (4-ch.)
In anticipation of the future use of 1 (2-ch.) 1(2-ch.) 1( 2-ch.)
discrete quadraphonic broadcasting, Dolbyacaptor input 1 (4-ch.) 1, (4-ch.)
the QX-949 and OX -747 include a
Auxiliary 1
quadraphonic multiplex output 1 .1
terminal. Depending on the system Outpu s

Speakers 2 (Front) (Front) (Front)
finally approved, all that Bier will be 2 (Rear)
1
2 (Rear)
1
2 (Rear),
required is a simple adaptor unit.
And speaking of adaptor units, both Headset 1 1 . 1
(Front/Rear) (Front/Rear) (Front)

the QX-949 and QX-747 highlight an
input/output for a Dolby noise Dolby adaptor output 1 (4-ch.) 1 (4-:,h.)
reduction adaptor unit. Tape Rec. 2 (4-ch.) 1 (4-ch.)
1 (2-ch.) 1 )
Unique 4 -channel level indicator 4-ch. MP9( zutput 1
if Regardless which quadraphonic In accordance with F.T.C. regulations w
eU? PIONEER*
when you want something better
.
CIRCLE NO. 43 ON READER SERVICE CARD

üI
Fl cartridge in a pear trame.
A gift of the Shure V-15 Type 111 stereo phono cartridge will earn you the
eternal endearment of the discriminating audiophile who receives it. What
makes the V-15 such a predictable Yuletime success, of course, is its ability
tiM
to extract the real sound of pipers piping, drummers drumming, rings ringing,
14 - et cetera, et cetera. In test reports that express more superlatives than -a
Christmas dinner, the performance of the V-15 Type Ill has been described
as "... a virtually flat frequency response ...
Its sound is as neutral and
uncolored as can be desired." All of which means that if you're the giver,
you can make a hi-fi enthusiast deliriously happy. (If you'd like to receive it
yourself, keep your fingers crossed!)
Shure Brothers Inc.
222 Hartrey Ave., Evanston, IL 60204
In Canada: A. C. Simmonds & Sons Limited SHURE ®
Manufacturers of high fidelity components, microphones, sound systems and related circuitry.
2 CIRCLE NO. 38 ON READER SERVICE CARD
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
DECEMBER 1974 VOLUME 6, NUMBER 6
u al': ectronics
1,1
WORLD'S LARGEST- SELLING ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE
FEATURE ARTICLES
PAY TV-PRESENT AND FUTURE Shel Kagan 44
Will it be by cable or over -the -air?
A SPECIAL REPORT ON HI-FI 51
RECEIVERS, AMPLIFIERS, AND TUNERS Leonard Feldman 51
FOUR -CHANNEL DISC SYSTEMS Julian D. Hirsch 53
RECORD PLAYING EQUIPMENT Julian D. Hirsch 55
TAPE RECORDERS Julian D. Hirsch 57
SPEAKER SYSTEMS George W. Tillet 59
DIGITAL FILTERING Leslie Solomon 63
A new technique with many uses.
STANDING WAVE RATIO Carl C. Drumeller 69
What it is and how to deal with it.
CONSTRUCTION STORIES
BUILD AN AUTO POLARITY, AUTO ZERO
DIGITAL MULTIMETER FOR UNDER $100 W. L. Green 33
Pocket -Size instrument with 3t/2 -digit readout.
BASIC DIGITAL LOGIC COURSE H. Edward Roberts & David Bunnell 38
Part 3: Flip-flops and how to build a very low cost computer terminal.
LOW-COST, EASY-TO -BUILD POWER SUPPLY Craig Anderton 78
12 -V/6 -A supply for mobile and portable equipment.
THE EXECUTIVE DIGITAL TEMPER COUNTDOWNER Robert D. Pascoe 92
Lets you know when to blow your top.
COLUMNS
STEREO SCENE Ralph Hodges 22
Reflections on a session at AES.
HOBBY SCENE Editorial Staff 68
SOLID STATE Lou Garner 79
Some projects for hoiday giving.
TEST SCENE Leslie Solomon 94
Uses for your multimeter.
ART's TV SHOP Art Margolis 96
The case of the booby -trapped tube.
CB SCENE Len Buckwalter 98
New antenna rules.
PRODUCT TEST REPORTS

ESS MODEL 200 STEREO POWER AMPLIFIER 73
SYLVANIA MODEL RS-4744 STEREO RECEIVER 74
REALISTIC MODEL TRC-24B CB TRANSCEIVER 75
WAVETEK MODEL 30 AUDIO SWEEP GENERATOR 76
MURA MODEL 250-M MULTIMETER 77
DEPARTMENTS
EDITORIAL Art Salsberg 4
Salt in the Wound
LETTERS 6
NEW PRODUCTS 12
NEW LITERATURE 16
NEWS HIGHLIGHTS 26
ELECTRONICS LIBRARY 105
EDITORIAL INDEX TO VOLUMES 5 AND 6 (1974) 107
POPULAR ELECTRONICS, December 1974, Volume 6, Number 6 Pub- Ziff -Davis also publishes Boating, Car and Driver, Cycle, Flying. Mod-
lished monthly at One Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016. One year sub- ern Bride, Popular Photography, Skiing and Stereo Review.
scription rate for U.S., Possessions and Canada, $6.98; all other countries. Forms 3579 and all subscription correspondence should be addressed
$8.98. Second class Postage paid at New York, NY and at additional to POPULAR ELECTRONICS, Circulation Dept., P. O. Box 2774, Boulder.
mailing offices. Authorized as second class mail by the Post Office De- CO 80302. Please allow at least eight weeks for change of address. In-
partment, Ottawa, Canada and for payment of postage in cash. Subscrip- clude your old address, as well as new-enclosing, if possible, an ad-
tion service and Forms 3579; P.O. Box 2774, Boulder, CO 80302. dress label from a recent issue
POPULAR ELECTRONICS Including ELECTRONICS WORLD, Trade Editorial contributions must be accompanied by return postage and
Mark Registered. Indexed in the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature. will be handled with reasonable care: however publisher assumes no
COPYRIGHT 01974 BY ZIFF-DAVIS PUBLISHING COMPANY. ALL responsibility for return or safety of art work, photographs, models, or
RIGHTS RESERVED. manuscripts.
DECEMBER 1974 3
Popular Electronics
EDGAR W. HOPPER
Publisher
ARTHUR P. SALSBERG
Editorial Director
LESLIE SOLOMON
Technical Editor
Editorial
JOHN R. RIGGS
Managing Editor
EDWARD I. BUXBAUM
Art Director SALT IN THE WOUND
ALEXANDER W. BURAWA
Associate Editor Love/hate reactions to an article we publish are rare. That's why reader
response to Art Margolis's August article, "How to Set Up a Home TV
JOHN McVEIGH
Assistant Editor
Service Shop," was so interesting. Readers who yearned for such
guidelines were especially pleased by the article; professional full-time
ANDRE DUZANT service technicians were less than enchanted.
Technical Illustrator
The latter's displeasure had to do with two areas of concern: the
LEN BUCKWALTER unleashing of unqualified TV technicians on the public and the
LOU GARNER
JULIAN D. HIRSCH encouragement of competition. Concerning the former, the article was
RALPH HODGES directed to readers who are trained in electronics and have a satisfactory
WALTER G. JUNG
MILTON S. SNITZER knowledge of TV servicing through experience and/or training.
Contributing Editors There would have been less distress, I believe, if there were a greater
JOSEPH E. HALLORAN
awareness of just who our readers are. For example, about 52% are
Advertising Director engaged full time in electronics -related employment. Based on a reader
JOHN J. CORTON
study made last year, some 150,C00 of our readers repaired a TV set within
Advertising Sales the past 60 days, excluding installing picture tubes and TV antennas. The
average number of sets serviced was eight per respondent.
LINDA BLUM
Advertising Service Manager Of equal interest is the vast number and types of test equipment owned
by 82% of our readers. The total investment here was $236.8 million(!) or
PEGI McENEANEY
Executive Assistant
an average of $740 per owner. Of these, 12.9% (50,000) own color bar/dot
generators; 41.3% (161,000) own scopes; 68.9% (269,000) own VOM's;
STANLEY NEUFELD 52.4% (204,000) own VTVM's; 33.5% (131,000) own tube testers; 28.6%
Associate Publisher
(112,000) own transistor testers; 34.3% (134,000) own r -f signal generators;
FURMAN H. HEBB and 32.5% (127,000) own audio signal generators. Additionally, the study
Croup VP, Electronics & Photo
showed that 121,290 readers planned to spend over $52 million ($430 per
ZIFF-DAVIS PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. buyer) on test equipment in the next 12 months.. From the above figures,
Popular Electronics
Editorial and Executive Offices
it's clear that POPULAR ELECTRONICS readers are not largely electronics
One Park Avenue New York, New York 10016 neophytes. And that we were not addressing. the article to the "general
212-725-3500
Hershel B. Sarbin, President
public."
Furman Hebb, Executive Vice President and Treasurer I fully share the professional TV service technicians' concern about the
Phillip T. Heffernan, Senior Vice President, Marketing
Edward D. Muhlfeld, Senior Vice President, Sports Division
possibility of an incompetent servicer ruining a receiver and blackening
Philip Sine, Senior Vice President the eye of an industry. Certainly, TV circuitry is becoming increasingly
Frank Pomerantz, Vice President, Creative Services complex, often challenging the technical acumen of the most experienced
Arthur W. Butzow, Vice President, Production
Lawrence Sporn, Vice President, Circulation technician. Furthermore, the equipment investment to maintain a full-time
George Morrissey, Vice President service shop is enormous, not to mention store rental and expenses for
Sydney H. Rogers, Vice President
Sidney Holtz, Vice President
such things as a business phone, a car or truck, advertising, taxes, et al.
Charles B. Seton, Secretary For this investment in money and experience, one generally obtains
Edgar W. Hopper, Vice President, Electronics Div. efficient, reliable TV service at a fair price.
William Ziff, Chairman Doubtlessly, the article was salt in the wound to professionals who are
W. Bradford Briggs, Vice Chairman already smarting as a result of unfair pricing tactics, botched chassis
Midwestern Office
repairs, etc., by tyros. However, since our readers now probably own close
The Pettis Group, 4761 West Touhy Ave., to $1/3 billion worth of test equipment, we hardly expect much botching
Lincolnwood, Illinois 60644, 312 679-1100 from TV -service -trained readers who enter the field. As for unfair pricing,
GERALD WOLFE, GEORGE B. MANNION
E.
DAVID ALLEN the choice of servicer will necessarily -have to rest with the set owner,
Western Office unless a stringent licensing law is instituted. With the assistance of fine TV
9025 Wilshire Boulevard, Beverly Hills, CA 90211
213 273-8050; BRadshaw 2-1161 service associations, the many benefits of using the services of full-time
Western Advertising Manager, BUD DEAN shops are being brought to the attention of the public.
Japan: James Yagi
Oji Palace Aoyama; 6-25, Minami Aoyama
6 Chome, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 407-1930/6821.
582-2851
.0f Af
Member Audit Bureau
of Circulations
The publisher has no knowledge of any proprietary

eat Jíil1jeg for a 3opou9 jOotítiap'eagon
rights which will be violated by the making or using of any
Items disclosed in this issue. anti a kappp Attu gear
4
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
Radio Shack FIRST!
New Realistic Microphone with
Switchable jr B393))
Sound Like thé\Pro's!
Create Your` Own
Reverb and Echo
,
G ), With Desk Stand,

vt Floor Stand Adapter,
20' Cable and
1/4" Phone Plug
------J
FREE New 1975

Radio Shack Catalog
OVER 2000 PRODUCTS only
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2995
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Kits Recorders Tape Tools
Auto Tune-Up Electronic Parts One of the Biggest
Test Instruments More! Mike Developments in Years
164 pages of the finest in
home and hobby electronics. Now you can create studio -type audio effects at the flick
Respected brand names like of a microphone switch-as you talk, sing or play. No
Realistic, Micronta, Archer,
Science Fair - and they're special, expensive equipment is required. The Realistic®
available only at Radio reverb mike has dual dynamic elements that produce a
Shack stores and dealers 1.5 -second time delay for the echo effect. And you get
nationwide! See what's really
new in electronics by getting a wide 50-10,000 Hz response in both reverb and normal
this catalog now. modes. It's "the" mike for vocalists, musicians, standup
comedians, all kinds of recording and public address work.
SEND FOR YOURS TODAY! In the normal mode you've got a high -quality omnidirec-
FILL OUT COUPON BELOW tional, dynamic mike for everyday use, too. Lightweight
non -reflective housing, Reverb In -Out switch, 200 ohms
1975 Mail to Radio Shack, P. O. Box 1052, impedance, -80 dB output level. Fully self contained,
Catalog Ft. Worth, Texas 76101. (Please print.)
no batteries required. 8" long x 1Y2"diameter. Fitted vinyl
Name Apt. No carrying case included. #33-1049. There's only one place
you can find it ... Radio Snack!
Street
City
I
;Waster ..
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Master Charge or
ftadio IhaeK
A TANGY CORPORATION COMPANY
L
Stale ZIP
-- _-J BankAmericard at
participating stores
OVER 3000 STORES 50 STATES 7 COUNTRIES
Retail prices may vary at individual stores.
5
DECEMBER 1974
root, and convert the result to the proper
number with the aid of antilog tables. For
example, if you want to find the 8th root of
458, look up the common log (2.66086)
and divide it by 8 (0.33261), and look up
the antilog (2.151). If you were to raise
JRG.E-LARG.E 2.151 to the 8th power, you would obtain
Letters 458.27196, which is very close' to your

k
' *DISCOUNTS .
starting point.
WHAT EVER HAPPENED TO "LOW-COST"?
LOW - TOW During the past three or four years,

have seen construction plans published in
I
ANOTHER FILM FOR CB'ERS

PRICES POPULAR ELECTRONICS for some great IC
Len Buckwalter's coverage of films for projects. Unfortunately, every time see a I
NATIONALLY
CB Club viewing (CB Scene, September phrase like "Build ... for under $40," just I
ADVERTISED STEREO EQUIPMENT 1974) omitted what is possibly the only keep on dreaming. remember the pro-
I
AT LOWEST PRICES!
16 -mm sound film about CB Radio. It is all jects of the 1950's when prices were more
TURNTABLES SPEAKERS' RECEIVERS about REACT and is titled "Where Sec- in line with the experimenter's budget.
AMPLIFIECS TAPE RECORDERS
WRITE FOR QUOTE OM
onds Count." What ever happened to those low-cost
NATIONALLY ADVERTISED BRANDS OF STEREO The film runs 12 minutes and includes projects?
COMPONENTS. SATISFACTION
.
' .
general information about CB, with em- KEITH SCHAEFER
phasis on emergency communication. A Fenton, Mo.
`GUARANTEED!
variety of base and mobile equipment is The unfortunate thing about this situation
d shown operated by actual REACT team is that inflation has hit all areas of the
members. The film is available on free loan economy-including electronics experi-
HI-FI WHOLESALERS . from: General Motors Film Library. Gen- menting. On the positive side is the fact
231 W, COURT ST. eral Motors Bldg., Detroit, MI 48202. that today's projects are easier to build,
Kankakee, Illinois 60901 GERALD H. REESE smaller in size, more sophisticated in de-
(815)-939-7868 Managing Director sign and performance, and less power
REACT National Headquarters hungry than projects of the 1950's. They
Chicago, Ill. may be more expensive to build, but they
CI CLE NO. 8 ON READER SERVICE CARD
are dirt cheap for what you ultimately get.
ORCHIDS AND ONIONS
Orchids to you for your new larger for- 555 TIMER IC AND ITS ENDLESS USES
mat. feel sure that you will now bg able to Thank you for introducing me to thé 555
BUILD
I
explain things in greater detail and will IC timer ("The IC Time Machine,"
1
1 CDC
as _
YOUR .
have more room for full-size etching and
drilling printed circuit board guides. But
November 1973). am including the
I
schematic diagram of my latest 555

onions to you for timing! keep a library of
I
application-a delayed -action wind-
i OWN POPULAR ELECTRONICS that goes back
about five years. Your size change in the
IIOFEEDBACK MONITOR -. middle of a publishing year is going to
make a mess of my filing system. I wish
BioFeedback Training (BFT) has you had made the change to the new for-
unexplored potential. Our low mat at the beginning of 1974 or held off
cost Brain Wave Monitor kit EDC- until the January 1975 issue.
1 (featured in Jan. '73 Pop. Elect.)
WILLIAM C. RICHTER
has been praised by amateurs
Palo Alto, Calif.
Ind researchers. IC design per-
formance exceeds cost. Corn- WANTS TO DO Nth ROOTS
)lete with .stainless steel and dis-
posable electrodes, contact gel, I enjoyed the article on the use. of the shield -wiper control. originally planned
I
basic four-function calculator (Mac's Ser- on using transistor switching, but too
and instructions; $68.95, guaran-
t eed, postpaid.
vice Shop, May 1974) very much. The much power was wasted in base current.
comments given were meaningful, par- So, opted for relay switching.
4 pole filter I
. Alpha, Beta, Theta bandswitch

ticularly the square -root formula. Now, I DAVID R. MCKEEN
Direct or integrated feedback mode would like to know if you have a workable Wallingford, Conn.
Permanent Ag/AgCl electrodes as formula for finding the cube root-or, for
illustrated available @ $14.95
Complete Line of BioFeedback ' that matter, any root-of a number on a THE AVAILABILITY PROBLEM
supplies, kits
Extended Digital Concepts, Box 9161E,
basic four-function calculator. It seems that every time decide to build
I
lerkeley, CA 94709 ROBERT J. WUEST an electronic project featured in POPULAR

] $68.95 enclosed, ship EDC-1
BioFeedback Monitor Kit. APO New York ELECTRONICS-and most other magazines
$14.95 enclosed; ship Ag/AgCI as well-I have considerable difficulty in
permanent electrodes. You will either have to trade your four - locating stores that sell the parts for them.
banger in for a calculator with nth -root or Years ago, would go into a local elec-
I
Name
log/antilog capability or get your hands on tronics store and be able to buy just about
Street a set of logarithm. tables. Assuming you anything wanted. Today, the situation
I
are using log tables and your four -banger, has changed drastically. Even the big out-
City
the procedure is to look up the log of the lets seem to have veered away from the
State Zip number for which you want to find the experimenter market. Therefore, when
Caiif. Res. add Sales Tax.
root, divide the log by the number of the you publish construction plans, it would
6
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
be greatly appreciated if you also indicate to "Build a Large -Port Speaker System" in given as 1.43/(R2C1), which is incorrect.
where exact parts can be obtained. the August 1974 issue. Once again, POPU- The correct equation is F-1.43/(2R2C1).
FRANK BERNSTEIN LAR ELECTRONICS has taken the lead, giving ALFRED GNAEDIG
Maspeth, N.Y. the metric system the recognition it de- Mexico City, Mexico
serves. That alone made our first 21 -cm by
Most solid-state devices and a great 27.6 -cm issue worthwhile. Keep the new
The author replies: "Asume t1 to be the
many .passive components (resistors, size and the metrics, and you have a per-
time during which the signal is at 'high'
capacitors, etc.) can be obtained from the manent subscriber.
and t2 the time during which it is at 'low.'
various mail -Order houses whose ads ap- ARTHUR YASSUR
Then, ti = 0.7(R1 + R2)C1 and t2= 0.7R2C1.
pear in the back of this magazine. For Palo Alto, Calif.
If R1«R2,t1=t2=0.7R2C1 and T=tl+t2
parts that could not be substituted and are
= 2(0.7R2C1). Therefore f = 1/T =
available from only one or two sources, it EQUATION WRONG, VALUES RIGHT
1 f0.7(2R2C1) or 1.431(2R2C1) exactly as Mr.
has been our policy to indicate the In "Applications For the IC 'Time Gnaedig states. The f and T expressions
sources. Machine'," there appears to be an error. In on page 74 of the article are incorrect, but
the SW oscillator circuit on page 74, the the values in the example are correct for
ELECTRONIC MUSIC BOOSTER
equation for the operating frequency was 100 Hz as given."
I must commend Mr. Lancaster on the
excellent presentation he made in his
"How to Select Electronic Music Key-
This Christmas give your car
t
boards" (July 1974). This article aroused
a Mark Teri B Capacitive

my interest because over the past year, I
have been engaged in designing and build-,

ing my own rather unique synthesizer.
You may wish to pass on to your readers
that a very good source of conventional
Discharge -Ignition. You and
keyboards for electronic music is the elec-
tronic organ service repairman. Most
your cll. will enDoy it" all .year.
music stores that deal in electronic organs + .. _ ..? %- p' """'
-;'
.
have service departments that can usually

provide new or used keyboards at very
reasonable cost.
DAN SCHREIBER
Cedar Lake, Ind.
;
8 -TRACK CARTRIDGES AND DOLBY
9
In "4 -Channel Tape Machines" (July

1974), it was stated Dolby processing has
not been used on pre-recorded 8 -track car-
tridge tapes. believe this statement to be
I
incorrect, have in my 8 -tack cartridge li-

I
brary five Columbia cartridges mastered to

the Dolby B Standard.
TOMMY FRANKLIN
Nashville, Tenn.
HEARTILY SUPPORTS METRICATION
Congratulations on being one of the

first-ifnot the first-American hobby The Mark Ten B keeps your
car in tune. That means increased
magazines to metricate. refer specifically
I
mileage, less maintenance
and a better running car.
A well -tuned car also decreases
emission contaminants. All
this adds up to more driving
enjoyment for you. Mark Ten B,
the perfect gift-for cars-
and théir owners.
1
[
411 P.O. Box 1147, Dept. PE
DELTA PRODUCTS, INC. Grand Junction, Colo. 81501

(303) 242-9000
Here's my Christmas order. Please rush!
Out of Tune O Please send me free literature.

Enclosed is $
Flease send:
Ship ppd. O Ship C.O.D.
Mark Ten B assembled @ $64.95 ppd. Mark Ten B Kit @ $49.95
_6
ppd. 12 volt negative ground only
Ground
Volt: Neg. Ground Only
_Standard
Standard Mark Ten, assembled, @ $49.95 ppd.
12 Volt: Specify Pos. Ground Neg.
Mark Ten Deltakit" @ $34.95 ppd. (12 Volt Positive or Negative
In "Build a Versatile Nickel -Cadmium Bat-
Ground Only)
tery Charger" (October 194), the schematic Car Year Make
should be modified as follows: The bottom Name
of the secondary of Tl should be connected Address
to the Bl-BP1-negative node, rather than City/State Zip
R1-S2A.
DECEMBER 1974 7
Prepare for a high -paying career in
Complete Communications.
Including CB design, installation
and maintenance... in actual practice
4.
~
Get 2 -way radio training with this solid-state

23 -channel transceiver and power supply!
The field of communications is bursting out

all over. In Citizens Band alone, estimates
predict a growth in equipment sales from
$514 million in 1973 to $1.2 billion dollars in
1982 That means a lot of openings in service
!
and maintenance jobs. NRI can train you at

home to fill one of those openings ... including
your FCC license and solid-state 2 -way radio 41;;,-¡-1:3111111/1
service. Your CB training
will be up-to-the-
NRI's Complete Communications Course minute when you experiment with this solid-state
will qualify you for a First Class Commercial transceiver unit. Mount it in your car or use it
with your AC power as a base station. You get
License or you get your money back ! It covers "hands-on" experience that puts your course theory
AM and FM Transmission Systems, Tele- into practice the practical way.
type, Radar Principles, Marine Electronics,
Mobile Communications, and Aircraft your spare time. You get 8 training kits, in-
Electronics. cluding your own 31/2 digit digital multimeter
You will learn to service and/or adjust CB for digital experiments and precise measure-
equipment ... using your own 23 -channel ments. You'll learn from bite -size lessons,
Johnson Transceiver and AC power supply progressing at your
for hands-on experience as well as your own own speed to your FCC :
personal use.
With NRI's training program, you can
license and then into the,r1.8"1
communications field of
i y
learn this important skill easily, at home in your choice.

8 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
Only NRI offers five choices Step into the digital age
in TV/Audio Servicing with NRI's Complete Computer
Electronics Course
r F; ..r
.:ufflidK
.
..
Digital electronics is
the career area of the
'1.;..1:1-, future ... and the best
way to learn it is with
NRI's Complete Com-
puter Electronics
Course. You can be-
come a computer or
L_.
111,"-7111 digital technician
with NRI's unique
NRI can train you at
home to service and
and fascinating home training
- °
while you
build and use a real digital computer in your
...
repair commercially- home This is no beginner's "logic trainer". It's
!
-. built color and black- a complete programmable digital computer. And
white TV, hi-fi equip- it's just one of ten kits you receive, including a
ment, AM -FM radios professional digital multimeter for experiments
and sound systems. and precise measurement. It's the quickest and
You can choose from 5 best way to learn digital logic, and computer
courses, starting with a basic servicing course operation.
with 65 lessons ... up to a Master Color TV
course, complete with 25" diagonal solid state NEARLY ONE MILLION STUDENTS IN 60 YEARS
color TV in handsome woodgrain cabinet. All HAVE LEARNED AT HOME THE NRI WAY ...
courses are available with low down payments
and convenient monthly payments to fit your Mail the insert card and discover for yourself
budget. And all courses provide professional why NRI is the recognized leader in home study
equipment along with NRI-designed kits for training. No salesman will call. Do it today and
hands-on training. With the Master Course, for get started on that new career.
instance, you receive your own 5" wide band, APPROVED UNDER GI BILL
solid-state triggered sweep oscilloscope, TV pat- For the career minded, we are approved for vet-
erans benefits. Check box on card for details.
tern generator, 31/2 digit digital multimeter, and
a high quality NRI 25" diagonal solid state tele - MAIL THE INSERT CARD FOR
on receiver expressly designed for color TV
raining. YOUR FREE NRI CATALOG
No salesman will call
YOU PAY LESS WITH NRI TRAINING
AND YOU GET MORE FOR YOUR MONEY
NRI employs no salesmen, pays no commissions.
We pass the savings on to you in reduced tuition NRI r
NRI SCHOOLS
McGraw-Hill Continuing Education Center
costs and extras in the way of professional equip- 3939 Avenue,
ment, testing instruments, etc. You can pay more, I' Washington, D.C. 20016
but you can't get better training. 9Wisconsin
DECEMBER 1974 11
using a motor for channel selection, the
TRC-12 uses a varactor-diode-controlled
oscillator to govern a heterodyne mixer.
The system consists of a converter and the
remote control, both interconnected by a
25 -ft (7.62-m) control cable. By means of 12
pushbutton switches, the remote -control
New Products
Additional information on new products
unit can be used to select discrete voltages
that bias the varactor diode and cause the
oscillator to produce various output signal
covered in this section is available from frequencies. The incoming signal is mixed
the manufacturers. Either circle the item's with the oscillator's output to produce the
code number on the Reader Service Card proper channel, frequency translated for
inside the back cover or write to the man- display on channel 2 or 3 (whichever is not
346 ufacturer at the address given. in use in your area). Aside from channel
selection, the system fine tunes and turns
on and off receiver power. Price is $100.
To SaveWaysn GENAVE 2 -METER FM TRANSCEIVER CIRCLE NO. 72 ON READER SERVICE CARD
General Aviation Electronics has intro-

PACE PORTABLE VHF MONITOR
Instruments, duced the GTX-2 amateur transceiver,

featuring a dual -gate MOSFET front-end
for high sensitivity and immunity from over-
The Scanmate 150, produced by Pace
Communications, is a miniature scanning
Burglar Alarms, load. The transmitting section of the GTX-2

is rated at 30 watts output, nominal, @ 14 V
monitor covering the 144 -to -174 -MHz
band. FM communications may be moni-
tored with the Scan mate 150, and any four
Automotive & channels within a 10 -MHz band can be

scanned at a rate of 10 to 12 channels per
second. It measures 21/2" x 6" x 1", and
Hobby weighs pound. Circuitry is all solid-state,
1
and can be powered by either 110 V ac, an

internal 9-V battery supply, or a mobile
Electronics! power source by use of an optional
cigarette -lighter adapter.
The more you know about
electronics, the more you'll dc input. Ten pushbutton switches are
PIONEER BELT -DRIVE TURNTABLE
mounted on the front panel for channel
appreciate EICO. We have a wide selection. Eight -pole second -f filters are
i The PL-10 belt-drive turntable by Pioneer
range of products for you to incorporated for selectivity, and r-f output employs a four -pole synchronous motor
choose from, each designed to devices are VSWR-protected. The GTX-2 and belt drive for stable speed rotation. An
comes with quick -disconnect power cable, anti -skating control independent of the
provide you with the most
S0239 antenna connector, a mobile S-shaped tonearm provides accurate ad-
pleasure and quality performance mounting bracket and a ceramic plug-in justment without disturbing tonearm
for your money. The fact that microphone. Optional accessories include
the TE -1 tone pad for autopatching, a vari-
more than 3 million EICO products
ety of power supplies, antennas, receiver
are in use attests to their quality preamp, and auxiliary speaker.
and performance. CIRCLE NO. 70 ON READER SERVICE CARD
"Build -it -Yourself" and save RCA XL -100 COMPONENTS KIT
up to 50% with our famous Parts Kit No. 199006 from RCA is designed
to aid service technicians who are called
electronic kits. upon to repair XL -100 color TV receivers. It
contains 29 of the most frequently replaced
For latest EICO Catalog on Test components (a variety of transistors,
Instruments, Automotive and Hobby diodes, and resistors) to facilitate fast, effi-
cient receiver service. A tube of silicone parameters. A direct -reading stylus force
Electronics, Eicocraft Project kits,
heat -sink compound is included for trans- scale is incorporated on the adjustable
Burglar -Fire Alarm Systems and name
istor and diode protection while soldering. counterweight to provide accurate track-
of nearest EICO Distributor, check reader The kit contains a parts location diagram ing of cartridges weighing from 4 to 8
service card or send 500 for fast first and crossreference chart. Price of the kit is grams with a 0.61" stylus overhang. The
class mail service. $59.60. tubular tonearm has an oil -damped cueing
CIRCLE NO. 71 ON READER SERVICE CARD mechanism, and low -capacitance shielded
EICO-283 Malta Street, cables allow CD -4 cartridges to be used.
Brooklyn, N.Y. 11207 The wood -grain cabinet of the PL -10 is
JERROLD TV REMOTE CONTROL
Leadership in creative electronics lined with aluminum foil to shield the unit
since 1945. Jerrold Electronics is marketing a new type from electrical noise, and a spring suspen-
of remote control system that works with sion inhibits vibration. A removable,
9EICIY; any TV receiver. Called the Model TRC-12,
it is all -solid-state in design. Instead of
hinged dust cover can be closed during
CIRCLE NO. 16 ON READER SERVICE CARD record play. The PL -10 operates on 117 V,
12
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
OLGERING+
DESOLDERING +
60 Hz and consumes 10 watts. The unit Voltages can be measured on scales as low RESOLDERING =
measures 16-15/16" x 6-17/32" x 13-11/32" as 100 V (ac or dc). The included high- SOLDERA6y
and weighs 14 Ib, 12 oz. Retail price is voltage probe extends the voltage -
$99.95. measuring limit to 20 kV. A two -range con- A NEWANO UNIQUE METHOD OF
VISUAL EDUCATION- ITS FAN TO LEARNT
CIRCLE NO. 74 ON READER SERVICE CARD ductance function permits leakages as low
as 10-12 mho to be measured. A built-in bias VISUAL OF THE CCUA
supply allows measurement of three `,APPLICATIONS
A/M P2aet d"%i SOLD©R HANDLING TOOLS
DYNASCAN 31/2 -DIGIT,
ranges of leakage currents, with a sensitiv-
AUTOMATIC-POLARITY DMM
ity of 10-" amperes on the lowest range. SO/DAPdLLT :
3DESOLOERING TOOLS
al
ea
The B&K Model 282 by Dynascan features a Other features include interlocked range
claimed dc accuracy of 0.5%, automatic and function pushbutton selection, input
UNIVERSAL :w
polarity, automatically positioned decimal protection to 848 V p -p, and a thumb -wheel
TIP,
point, positive out-of-range indication, and zero-compensation control. U5140
'-f,
100% overrange capability on all ranges. CIRCLE NO. 77 ON READER SERVICE CARD ATMOSCOPE® -
llOp -
'
VACUUM
GC PRINTED CIRCUIT KIT AV14
The Professional Printed Circuit Kit by GC `/` -

-
Electronics, Cat. No. 22-297, contains
everything needed to make high -quality
pc boards. Included are drafting aids, a LONER
SDLD?RING
. _..,,.
ENERGY
tray set, etch -resist sensitizer, etch -resist INSTReMENT
rn I v50 SRYERI ,
- air"
Q
e
lacquer, developing solution, stripping ro- idlerest ® e

-
` °:" -
solution, layout film (2 sheets -81" x 111"), /
HOLDER
IRDB9
contact frames and two copper -clad .

.
:.
boards (3" x 5" x 1/16" and 4" x 6" x 1/16").
GC also offers a complete line of pc sd IDA I/A,:
DESOLOERINOTOOLS -
'
-
-
The totally solid-state circuitry of the 282
incorporates overload protection on all
materials-tools, chemicals, boards and
drafting aids. STANDARD SV026
.
-
" ;:t
P
` _. +
-
ranges, -mV resolution, and the unit pre- CIRCLE NO. 78 ON READER SERVICE CARD
1
- 'r - 2:1e --
sents a 10-megohm input impedance on rm
TW,O8 e
both ac and dc volts. Large (0.55"), non -
112rn .
LAFAYETTE 4 -CHANNEL STEREO RECEIVER AT FINGER TIP31

.
,. -
blinking Beckman -Sperry gas -discharge
The LR-111 is a 4 -channel AM/FM 30 -watt - .
seven -segment red displays are used. The
282 measures ac and dc volts up to 1000 V, rms "SC)" stereo receiver. It has four am-
. S>iEer
el
`
dc and ac current to 1000 mA, and resis-
tance to 10 megohms. Included with the
plifiers for SO, discrete, and derived quad-
raphonic program material, through use of
1iztat «=nt
M''
282 DMM are a three -position handle an optional CD -4 demodulator and the in-
PEECT
tWork Rated
SOLDERING TIPS
. ,
,.eL
`"'
...nerr::=
.
which also serves as a stand, and the B&K corporated "Composer" circuitry. The rear
PR -21 probe, with a switchable 100 kilohm
isolation resistor to prevent capacitive
panel has 2- and 4 -channel speaker out-
puts, auxiliary and phono inputs with ad-
.,...15.48,.® :-. At' .
loading when measuring dc in r -f circuits.

The unit measures 31/2" x 7" x 9", operates
on 105 to 125 V ac, 50 to 60 Hz, and costs
justable sensitivity, and an FM detector
output for discrete FM reception hardware
should transmissions be approved. Am-
~Sake
IND®\'ppSww
SOLDERING TOOL
ERI40 PitT\
7r :
"
plifier frequency response is 20 to 20,000 =
$200. r
CIRCLE NO. 75 ON READER SERVICE CARD Hz± 1.5 dB@1 watt, THD less than 1%@1
watt. Tuner sensitivity is 5 µV (IHF) and 35 -
.44 rs .
VACUUM PUMP
dB stereo separation at 400 Hz. The LR-111 SN104
BEYER "OPEN AIRE" HEADPHONES is packaged in a walnut -finish wood
A new, light -weight stereophone has been cabinet, and measures 16" x 41/4" x 12". 11.JO
p. MINI
added to the Beyer line. The DT302, dis- Weight is 15 Ib. and it costs $229.95. VACUUM PUMP
tributed by Revox, features wide -range re- CIRCLE NO. 79 ON READER SERVICE CARD
sponse (20 to 20,000 Hz) and has soft
acoustical -sponge ear cushions. Imped- COURIER BASE MIKE WITH PREAMP SOLDAS/12
RESOLDERING WICK
ance is 600 ohms per transducer, and the swo9,lw..
phones may be connected directly to high - Fanon/Courier has introduced a new base
or low -impedance outputs. The DT302 station microphone, the Model BTM-4. It
weighs only 2.3 ounces (less cord). Rated feaures a dynamic element with cardioid NEW.,eredI,USenII,rehnPatenlund Pending Rppliuthn5
power is 7 mW (2.1 V for 600 ohms). The response to minimize background noise ,/ , 144 PAGEILLUSTRATIONS
once
TRAINING MANUAL
phones come with a cord terminated in a and an acoustical damper to preserve

stereo plug. Price is $29.95. voice quality. A solid-state preamp with an EDSVN pioneer iie SolderABILITV, presents
-ANOVISION -graphic motion in a training
CIRCLE NO. 76 ON READER SERVICE CARD adjustable output of 0-30 dB gain provides -nanualidesigned to stimulate the mind to
SAVE TIME on the Tine. Available at $7.9S
enough drive to satisfy the requirements of -- AT PARTICIPATING DISTRIBUTORS ONLY
M
TEKELEC DIGITAL MULTIMETER most transceivers. A slide switch on the El Send FREE information on EDSYN, Products
Send FANOVISION..Manual ($7.95)
underside of the base permits selection of *NOTE: FANOVISION Manual will be sent FREE with pur.
A low-cost ($179) digital multimeter, intro- relay or electronic switching. The push -to - chase of $7.95 (or more) of any EDSYN Products. Limit
one FREE MANUAL to a customer.
duced by Tekelec, Inc., as its Multex Model talk bar can be locked in the TALK position. Name
TA357, features a liquid -crystal display, Frequency response is 100-8000 Hz, and Address
seven functions, 27 ranges, automatic po- output impedance is 1000 ohms. A six-foot City State Zip
larity, and automatic decimal positioning. (1.83-m) coiled cable, with a three conduc- SEND TO: EDSYN, Inc.
91406
The claimed basic dc accuracy is 0.05 per- tor plug, is included. 15958 ARMINTA STREET, VAN NUYS, CALIFORNIA
cent of full scale, plus 0.1 percent of range. CIRCLE NO. 80 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE NO. 20 ON READER SERVICE CARD
DECEMBER 1974 13
'
4.41111
_ +JI
- f r
to
T
eGso '"E
their reasons for choosing

159,090 owners had
a TEAC 1200/2300 series over any other tape deck.
Universities, record companies, audiophiles,
musicians, audio testing labs and recording studios all -
with different reasons.
Yet all with the same reason: Reliability.
The innovation behind this unparalleled performance record?
TEAC's 3-motor/3-head tape transport system. (Three heads for
the individual functions of erase, record and playback. And three
motors, driving feed and takeup reels, and the capstan.)
Our 1230 became the yardstick of the industry.
Our 2300S is the same but
better, with significant
electronic improvements.
o~
Total touch -button control
with logic circuitry
now enables you to shift instantly i'
from fast forward to fast rewind, and
to record from pause or directly
from playback. With total remote capability.
Bias and EQ switches adjust for the
new tapes. And there's more.
Check out the classic 2300S. And if you decide
that it is unbeatable in performance and
price, just remember you're not alone. -
the classic 23'

T E AC®
The leader. Always has been.
TEAC Corporation of America- Headquarters: Dept. A-23, 7733 Telegraph Road, Montebello,
©TEAC 1973
California 90640-TEAC offices in principal cities in the United States, Canada. Europe, Mexico and Japan.
CIRCLE NO. 41 ON READER SERVICE CARD 15
DECEMBER 1974
ree
The "NEW LOOK"
The important do's and don'ts in the care
and feeding of loudspeakers are pre-
sented. Address: Altec Corp., 1515 S. Man-
chester, Anaheim, CA 92803.
INTRODUCTION TO HOLOGRAPHY
This 34-page booklet, published by Met-
1975 New Literature rologic Instruments, is designed to be an

instruction manual for the use of its holo-
graphy systems. Seven pages are devoted
LAFAYETTE to the theory of holograms, and 15 dia-
Radio Electronics CORNELL-DUBILIER ROTOR DATA SHEETS
grams and three pictures of basic setups
for recording three-dimensional images
CATALOG Cornell-Dubilier has issued a 4 -page data are included. The two basic types of holo-
sheet describing their new Amateur Beam grams are discussed-planar holograms,
catalog no. 750 Antenna Rotor Systems. Control features, 3-D images viewed as if from a window, and
1975'elechonics
such as clockwise, counterclockwise, and round holograms, which can be viewed at
brake release governors, are described
Lafayette°nft1°--
5
any angle. Introduction to Holography is
padt go wrong.
and operating hints are given which will included in each of the company's holo-
Listen to us ,you
extend the life span of the rotor and the graphic system outfits, but is also available
supporting system. An exploded view of separately for $3.00 from Metrologic In-
each unit is shown and complete mechani- struments, 143 Harding Avenue, Bellmawr,
cal and electrical specifications are given. NJ 08030.
Address: Cornell-Dubilier, 150 Avenue L,
Newark, NJ INCANDESCENT FLATPACK DISPLAY
LITERATURE
FACTS ABOUT F.A.C.T.
Industrial Electronic Engineers, Inc. an-
The Electronics Division of Kurz-Kasch,
nounces the availability of their IEE-
Inc. has published a brochure describing
AURORA Product Profile. This detailed
their Failure Analysis by Color Tracing sys-
technical catalog enables prospective
tem (F.A.C.T.). This troubleshooting sys-
The ONLY Nationally Distrib- users to evaluate and/or specify and order
uted Full -line Catalog with a tem for digital circuits is based on the use
units of this series of slim -line profile, flat -
Major Showing of the Newest of athree -color code to specify states
pack digital displays. They are suited for
NAME -BRAND electronics -logic one, zero, and transition. Color
applications where panel depth, wide-
products for 1975. overlays are placed on the pc board cor- angle readability, and high brightness are
responding to the logic states at the vari-
FREE ous nodes. Test probes equipped with
major design criteria. There is a choice of
character sizes and they may be easily
SEND TODAY three lamps may be used to check the
adapted to a full range of colors through
equipment. This procedure becomes a the use of filters. The IEE-AURORA series is
simple task of comparing the color of the designed to operate with a wide variety of
SAVE on exclusive Lafayette overlay to the color of the indicator which
Products plus MAJOR BRANDS standard driver decoders. Address: Opto -
is activated. Address: Kurz-Kasch, Elec-
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Equipment Car Stereo CB and Ham tronics Division, 2876 Culver Avenue, Day- Avenue, Van Nuys, CA. 91405.
Gear Police/Public Service Receivers ton, OH 45429.
Antennas Cameras TV PA and Test
Equipment Musical Instruments and
Amplifiers Books Electronic Calcula- BUCKEYE KNOB CATALOG
tors Security Systems PLUS PARTS, RCA'S "UNDERSTANDING CMOS"'
TUBES, BATTERIES, HARDWARE, MORE! A complete listing of the various types of
An 80 -page programmed text, entitled
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"Understanding CMOS," publication No.
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tured as a self-teaching aid to familiarize
i
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- The six chapters of the text deal_ with such
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tures, basic circuit configurations and
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1 111 Jericho Tpke., Syosset, L.I., N.Y. 11791
characteristics, packaging and specifica-
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tions, design considerations, and custom
circuits and LSI. Price is $2.00. Address:
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RCA Solid State Division, Box 3200,
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Audio Research Corporation has intro-
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The Altec Corporation's Sound Products describes five different speaker models
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The loudspeakers incorporate several
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fail, and how this failure may be avoided. MN 55406.
16
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
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the mitScflpe is designed to hañdle this requirement. The MS-416
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DECEMBER 1974 17
You gain new skills as an
electronics troubleshooter in a
fascinating learn -at-home
program from Bell & Howell
Schools. It includes building
and experimenting with the new
generation color TV.
5
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18
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
If you're like most men, deep down inside there's
you'll build:
still a bit of the boy who loved to go exploring ... and who'd 1. A design console, for setting up and examining circuits.
love to go again. Well, now you can.
2. A digital multimeter for measuring voltage, resistance and
Only this time you'll explore the expanding world of
current (it displays its findings in big, clear numbers like a
electronics ... a world more fascinating than any you ever
't digital clock).
dreamed of as a boy.
3. A solid-state "triggered sweep" oscilloscope-similar in
Learn by exploring ... Bell & Howell Schools principle to the kind used in hospital operating rooms to
offers an exciting way for you to gain new occupational monitor heartbeats. You'll use it to monitor the
Y
skills in electronics. "heartbeats" of tiny integrated circuits. The "triggered
Everybody enjoys learning something new, but why sweep" feature locks in signals for easier observation.
learn it the old way? Classes to go to. Lectures to sit through.
Step-by-step you'll build and experiment with
And only a bunch of books to keep you interested.
Bell & Howell's new generation color TV-investigating
Bell & Howell Schools' adventure in learning is a far
digital features you've probably never seen before!
cry from all that.
You can probe into electronics and learn exciting This 25" diagonal color TV has digital features that
are likely to appear on all TV's of the future. As you build it
new occupational skills right in your own home, in your spare
time. On whatever days and whatever hours you choose. So you'll probe into the technology behind all -electronic tuning.
there's no need to give up your present job and paycheck And into the digital circuitry of channel numbers that appear
just because you want to learn something new: right on the screen! You'll also build in a remarkable on -the -
What's more, when you're exploring a field as screen digital clock, that flashes the time in hours, minutes
fascinating as electronics, reading about it is just not enough. and seconds. Your new skills will enable you to program a
That's why throughout this program you'll get lots of "hands special automatic channel selector to skip over "dead"
on" experience with some of today's latest electronic channels and go directly to the channels of your choice.
You'll also gain a better understanding of the
training tools.
exceptional color clarity of the Black Matrix picture tube, as
You'll be stimulated for hours on end as you well as a working knowledge of "state of the art" integrated
build, experiment and learn while using the latest ideas circuitry and the 100% solid-state chassis.
and techniques in this fascinating field. After building and experimenting with this TV, you'll
As part of the program you'll actually learn to build be equipped with the skills that could put you ahead of the
and work with your own electronics laboratory. Using it to put field in electronics know-how.
many of today's most dynamic electronic discoveries to the
We try to give more personal attention than
test ... including electronic miniaturization.
other learn -at-home programs.
Among the things you'll discover is how the
1. Toll -free phone-in assistance. Should you ever run into a
development of tiny integrated circuits has made possible an
shirt pocket! rough spot during the program, we'll be there to help.
electronic calculator small enough to fit into a
While many schools make you mail in your questions, we
And a wristwatch that flashes the time with the push of a button.
You'll investigate the concept of "logic circuits." An have a toll -free line for questions that can't wait.
2. In -person "help sessions." These are held in 50 major
idea that has been with us for centuries but only in recent
years put to use as the "brain" behind all the new digital cities at various times throughout the year where you can
consumer appliances we see today. talk shop witi your instructors and fellow students.
But more important than No electronics background needed.
anything else is the new occupa- What you really need is the thing
tional skills you'll develop in elec-
you've never lost. A boy's love for
tronics troubleshooting. While no 2 39 03
exploring. Now you can go again,
assurance of income opportunities
r'a only this time learning new
can be offered, you'll develop skills
occupational skills all along the way.
that could lead you in exciting new
directions. Use your training: Mal the postage -paid card today
1. To seek out a job in the +
for more details, free!
electronics industry. 111 P Taken for vocational
2. To upgrade your current job. purposes, this program is
3. As a foundation for advanced approved by the state approval
programs in electronics. agency for Veterans' Benefits.
_ 1
You build and perform If card has been removed, write:

many exciting experiments with Simulated TV picture/test pattern.
An Electronics Home Study School
DEVHV InSTITUTE OF TECHOOIDGY
Bell & Howell's Electro -Lab© ONE OF DE
An exclusive electronics training system. ÈJectro-Lab' Is amgisteredtrademarkLI BELL s HOWELL SCHOOLS

of the Bell & Howell Company. 0141 Belmont. Chicago. Illinois 60641
Using our successful step-by-step method,
692R2
DECEMBER 1974 21
response curves taken with one
preamp/amp combination. What ac-
counts for this difference? Curve A
was made with the amp's gain con-
trols turned up fully, presenting a load
of 10 kilohms to the preamp. Curve B
11 Stereo Scene was taken with the controls at half ro-

tation, resulting in about a 50-kilohm
input impedance for Y. It's obvious
that the preamp in question, despite
By Ralph Hodges its undisputed merits, cannot suc-
cessfully drive a 10-kilohm load; the
low frequency response of the
amp/preamp combination rolls off.
REFLECTIONS ON A SESSION AT AES The difference would, think, be quite
I
audible to anyone. So would the dif-

ference in sound between amps X and
Y with this preamp, X having a some-
what higher minimum input impe-
dance.
THE concluding event of this evaluations for magazines, I'm in no This situation is by no means unique
year's Audio Engineering Society position to offer any. with these equipment combinations,
convention in New York was a panel which is why refrain from naming the
I
discussion entitled "How Valid Are Question. It is commonly known (at products involved. Provided have I
Hi -Fi Equipment Tests?" A fitting sub- least in my circles) that amplifiers X diagnosed his problem correctly, I
title, to judge from the composition of and Y sound distinctly different in the think the poser of the question was
the panel, would have been "How help- bass region. What accounts for this, quite astute in isolating the differ-
ful (or necessary) are the numbers and why have none of the major ences between X and Y to the bass
now being derived from test instru- magazines taken on this issue? region. Many listeners in similar straits
ments in predicting the audible per- Comment. By now it must be obvious would have accused Y of having a
formance of sound equipment?" Rep- to every reader of the U.S. audio "hard" top end, since the lows were
resenting the faction that uses tests magazines that the reviewers who use not there to round out the overall bal-
extensively in published product re- test instruments extensively almost ance.
ports were: Julian Hirsch of Hirsch - never cite audible differences be- It would be meaningful if reviewers
Houck Labs (which prepares the audio tween good amplifiers, while the sub - would go a bit deeper in considering
test reports for this magazine and such equipment mismatch possi-
Stereo Review); Leonard Feldman, +20 bilities in their product reports. Obvi-
whose product evaluations appear in ously, a reveiwer cannot test a product
several magazines; Edward Foster +10 in tandem with every component with
and Emil Torick, both of whom are or which it might be used. However, he
have been associated with the CBS B could establish the range of satisfac-
Labs' testing program; and long-time
hi-fi writer J. Gordon Holt, who was the
o
Á tory load impedances for a pream-
plifier, and the limitations of a power
advocate for "subjective" (by ear) 10
amplifier in driving highly reactive
evaluation. Larry Klein of Stereo Re- speaker loads (as some reviewers at-
view moderated. tempt to do). Specs of good separate
-20
A good show was in prospect it 20 50 00 200 500 1000 preamps and amps may also alert one
FREQUENCY (Hz)
seemed. Unfortunately, in short order, to possible mismatch problems. But
the proceedings got diverted into Fig. 1. Curve A shows frequency the adequacy of specs in predicting
other matters-subjects that were response with amplifier adjusted how a component will sound is some-
stimulating, to be sure, but somewhat for 10-kilohm input impedance; times open to question, particularly in
afield of the panel's proper business. while B is response with 50-kilohm the case of speakers. To paraphrase
After the meeting ended, had a I impedance. Julian Hirsch, the only way you can
chance to look at the written ques- find out how a speaker sounds is to
tions submitted by the audience, and jective testers rarely do anything but. listen to it.
was immediately sorry that more Interestingly, information I've gath-
didn't receive their due in the debate. ered indicates that both may be cor- Question. J. Gordon Holt states he
So I'm going to take the liberty of reviv- rect in some instances. suspect the I can hear the difference between am-
ing some of them here, and appending fellow who hears differences between plifiers having very low measured
a few remarks of my own just to get the amps X and Y could be right. He may harmonic distortion. Listening tests
discussion started. Look upon what very well hear them! have this feeling
I by Stereo Review appear to disprove
follows as a Question and Comment because, for several months, had I this possibility. Comments?
(Q & C) rather than a Question and amplifier Y in my home. also had on I Question. What about a weighted
Answer (Q & A) dialogue. Heaven hand several preamplifiers commonly total harmonic distortion test to com-
knows don't have any answers, and
I used in conjunction with it. Figure 1 pensate for masking phenomena?
since don't prepare component
I reveals two differing low -frequency Ideally, high frequencies would be
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DECEMBER 1974
boosted to emphasize high -order dis- that low -order products constituted
tortion products. much of the distortion, which opens
HINGE GS ÁR Comment. put these two questions
I
together because they may be related..

the door to the possibility of masking
effects. In fact, Bob Carver of Phase
As a participant in the mentioned dis- Linear, who designed the test and re-
oMp tortion listening tests, can describe in
I ported on the results, attributed much
some detail the conditions and re- of their significance to masking.
SMINSIEREO sults. The distortion, which we were Figure 2 illustrates the operation of
trying to categorize in terms of its masking, in which sounds can be ren-
smallest audible amounts, was in- dered inaudible by louder sounds of
DISCOUNTS jected by a rigged amplifier that intro - lower frequency. Note that masking is
ON NATIONALLY ADVERTISED generally less effective as the masked
90
TURNTABLES CARTRIDGES sound gets higher in frequency. tend I
COMPACTS RECEIVERS
2
Bo to conclude, then, that high-order dis-
AMPLIFIERS TAPE RECORDERS rYy, 70 10odB tortion products, as they move out of
Wholesale Prices! Audio Warehouse Sales, the masking region, may be more au-
One of the Capitols largest stereo whole- 60
salers will fill and deliver all your mail : dible than low -order products still well
orders promptly in factory sealed cartons, 4 50, within it.
5-
at prices that will amaze you.
< 40 Boda Another piece of data may have rel-
Write for quote on Famous Brand, evance here. In his book Modern
Stereo Components. We guarantee u30
satisfaction.
W
2
Sound Reproduction, Harry F. Olson
60de
id 20 describes tests conducted with a lis-
>
tening panel to determine the
AUDIO t0
1100 1600
40dB
FREQUENCY
2400
(Hz)
3200 4000
threshold, clear audibility, and even
the objectionability of various distor-
tion levels. To do this he varied both
SALES
.:.WAREHOUSE N.E. the percentage of distortion and the
NEW YORK bandwidth of the reproduced sound,
20002 Fig. 2. For 1200 -Hz tones at the
ASHINGTON, D.C. levels indicated (100, 80, 60, 40
and determined his parameters
through measurement of the entire
(202) 832-1616 and 20 dB), the curves show the
reproduction system. Figure 3 shows
levels any other tones have
CIRCLE NO. 4 ON READER SERVICE CARD to achieve before they are "unmasked" the spectral distribution of the har-
(that is, heard). Data according monic distortion introduced, and fig -
to Moir in High Quality Sound
Reproduction.
INCREASE GAS MILEAGE duced known increments of so-called J 2 1
10-20% "notch" or "crossover" distortion. 61

u
4 )
fltl1ltl
INSTALL A The gain of the amplifier had to be ó 6
BAY
CAPACITIVE carefully adjusted so that the distor- 8 '
2 3 4 5 6 7
DISCHARGE tion percentage was "as calibrated" ) I B 9 10 I I 12
IGNITION HARMONIC COMPONENTS

` "1 - SYSTEM!
for all inputs, and this process was
carried out very systematically. The
529.88 with
By-Pass Switch as Pictured
$23.88 tests began with a single sine -wave
Fig. 3. The distribution and relative
strengths of harmonic -distortion
tone, on which the listeners were able products introduced by Olson during
FIELD-TESTED FOR 5 YEARS!
to hear as little as 0.2 per cent distor- his listening tests. Relative
Increase Engine Power
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tion. Then a second sine-wave was to fundamental, a level of
Instant Starting in All Climates added, and a third. With the addition 12 percent THD is shown here.
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NO FINER CD SYSTEM AVAILABLE! distortion became much less audible. ure 4 presents the results. Note that
Completely wired, ready-to -install (not a kit)
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Distributor points last lifetime of car of perception was 2.5 per cent. With tion products present in his signal,
Spark Plugs last 3 to 10 times longer
For 12 -volt negative ground systems only three it was 4 per cent. And on pro- and also that, as he extends band-
1 -year written guarantee
Write For Quantity Purchase Prices

gram material it was much higher -6 width to the highest audible frequen-
rag/ PRODUCTS Division of
to 12 per cent. cies (so that high -order products are
Y-1 Products, Inc.
P.O. BOX 9562, HOUSTON. TEXAS 71011 What we couldn't really determine brought out), any distortion that is
Please send ...-__._.._ Model 115 CD Ignition
Systems with By -Pass Switch @S28.813. was the spectral (frequency) content audible is almost equally objection-
Please send Model SW101 CD Ignition
Systems without By-Pass Switch @ $23.88. of the distortion at any particular mo- able. Note also that on full -range pro-
Enclosed is
for shipping.
5 plus 51 per unit ment during the tests. In my recollec- gram material Olson's listeners heard
Name tion, although the distortion heard I much smaller amounts of distortion
Address frequently had a buzzy, bristly quality than we.
L
City/State 21p
J
suggesting high -order products, I was On the basis of this evidence, con- I
mostly aware of it as a spurious tone cur with the gentleman who recom-
-something like the difference tone mends frequency -weighted distortion
you get from the intermodulation of measurements. Or at least feel that I
two fundamentals. This might indicate the proposal deserves prompt further
24
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
study. On the other hand, if you con- which he stated that no current four- 1
sider Olson's results across most of channel system-discrete or other-

the audio spectrum, you'll notice that wise-is capable of producing a satis-
the percentage of distortion deemed factory "side" stereo image. (i.e.,
audible is the same order of mag- effectively localizing a sound source
nitude as the SR tests. When we get between the left -front and left -rear
down to distortion levels approaching speaker pairs, or the right-front and
right -rear). All attempts to localize
sources in those areas sound "very
unnatural", according to Nakabay-
ashi, and I, if correctly grasp his
I
.!E I
o
meaning, tend to agree.
Again, can't provide details on the
I
content of this paper, since the pre-

Catalog WITH
I
T
sentation level was so technically VALUE PACKED II
complex. However, the "fix" proposed

THOUSANDSAR
BARGAINS
by NHK involved complex and various ELECTRONIC
P
O2 3 4 6 IO 15
adjustments of amplitude and phase We Will Send You The
CUTOFF FREQUENCY OM throughout the frequency spectrum to Next 7 Issues FREE! FREE
achieve the desired side imaging. Per- You'll Find The Best
Fig. 4. Results of Olson's sonally, I'm anxious to hear the result.
Of the Name Brands
Plus Exclusive
Send.
distortion listening tests on music.
For the three curves, P means just I'm half convinced already because I
Olson Products at Today,
can recall reading a carefully doc- Low, Low Prices!
perceptible; T is tolerable; and
0 is objectionable. Horizontal umented paper from some years back Olson Electronics Dept.I2
calibrations show the various (I can't recall where), in which phase 260 S. Forge St., Akron, Ohio 44327
high frequency cutoffs used. manipulation of signals going to a Name
mere two front speakers successfully
Street
one tenth of one per cent (and most located sound images to the side of
high -quality amplifiers do), have toI and behind volunteer listeners. City
be a little skeptical about claims as- There's really no doubt that certain State Zip
serting the gross audibility thereof ,to phase effects are audible, and there- i
those with educated ears. prefer I fore significant. A problem remains in
\ Apt. No
Olson's figures. fully qualifying and quantifying the ef- CIRCLE NO. 31 ON READER SERVICE CARD
fects. For example, it appears that an
Question. Has anyone found any con- abrupt, narrow -band frequency re-
Now...the most enjoyable,
clusive correlation between mea- sponse aberration is not particularly
sured phase "distortion" and subjec- disturbing to listeners. But many au- do-it-yourself project of your
tive effects? thorities seem to feel that an abrupt, life-a SchoberlElectronic Organ!'
Comment. think the answer to this
I narrow -band phase shift (as might
question has to be yes. Phase distor- provoke such a frequency -response You'll never reap
greater reward, more
tion (or "time -delay" distortion, which aberration) is. So, while some hard fun and proud
refers to the same thing, but which correlation between phase and sub- accomplishment, more
benefit for the whole
many authorities feel is closer to de- jective effects has been demonstrated family,than by
scribing what it really is that offends to the satisfaction of most, you've got assembling your own
Schober Electronic Organ.
the ear) has received some concen- to pity those unfortunates who will try You need no knowledge of electronics, woodwork
trated study of late. Recently, the to work out all the details of the matter, or music. Schober's complete kits and crystal-
highly respected E.R. Madsen of and the reviewers who will try to test clear instructions show you -
whoever you are,
whatever your skill (or lack of it) -
how to turn
Denmark devised a test signal that for it. the hundreds of quality parts into one of the
I've got several more questions, but world's most beautiful, most musical organs,
could be phase shifted without alter- worth up to twice the cost of the kit.
ing its spectral (frequency balance) no space in which to deal with them. Five superb models, with kit prices from $575
to around S2,300, each an authentic musical Instru-
characteristics. Tests with listening Perhaps, if the response to the forego- ment actually superior to most you see in stores.
panels gave evidence that the phase ing is overwhelming,,l'II put them into Join the thousands of Schober Organ builder -
owners who live in every state of the Union. Often
shifts were audible-sometimes quite a later column. starting without technical or music skills, they
surprisingly so. In conversations with As for the AES panel discussion, I have the time of their lives-first assembling, then
learning to play the modern King of Instruments
me and others, he has said he believes don't think there was anyone present through our superlative instructions and playing
that phase distortion is a primary fac- who really doubted the validity of courses.
Get the full story FREE by mailing the coupon
tor in the listening quality of a speaker measurements in evaluating hi-fi. In- TODAY for the big Schober color catalog, with
stead, the doubts were whether we all the fascinating details!
system. And further listening tests
conducted by one of his colleagues, might, in effect, be peeking through Fs
The t/e,O e2 Organ Corp., Dept. PE -57
Henrik Staffeldt, indicate a correlation the wrong keyholes into the wrong 43 West 61st Street, New York, N. Y. 10023
between the phase integrity and lis- rooms. Could be, because the real na- Please send me Schober Organ Catalog.
ture of a room is maddeningly difficult Enclosed please find $1.00 for 12 -inch L.P.
tener preference in loudspeakers. record of Schober Organ music.
There is further evidence. At this same to judge through a keyhole. But at I NAME_--_.
AES convention, Mr. K. Nakabayashi, least we're fairly sure that the keyholes I ADDRESS
of NHK Technical Research Labora- we're investigating do not give entry to ' CITY STATE ZIP
tories in Japan, presented a paper in rooms in the wrong house!
25
DECEMBER 1974
HIGHLIGHTS
Chip Manufacturers on the Move "True Hi -Fi" Cassettes?
Two more major manufacturers have introduced BASF expects true high-fidelity reproduction from its
lines of consumer products utilizing the MSI and LSI still experimental Unisette 1 -in. tape cassette, assum-
chips they previously sold only to assemblers. Rockwell ing there are tape decks to handle it. The Unisette looks
International announces its "Answer" line of cal- like an oversized compact cassette, measuirng 5.82 in.
culators, ranging from basic four -function units to sci- x 3.7 in. x 0.77 in. (148 x 94 x 19.5 mm) -1.4 in.
entific slide rule, universal conversion, and desk-top longer and wider and slightly thicker than the conven-
printout models. tional compact cassette to accommodate the wider
At the same time, National Semiconductor's Con- tape....Cassettes have always suffered in a direct
sumer Products division has entered the electronic comparison with open -reel tape, requiring special tape
timepiece market with its Novus line of six quartz formulations and noise -reduction systems to overcome
crystal/digital wristwatches and three digital alarm deficiencies. Their poorer audio qualities are due to:
clocks. The Novus watches use LED displays to show reduction of tape speed, reduction of tape width and
hours, minutes, and seconds on push-button command. base and magnetic coating thickness, and tape guid-
Novus 4- and 6 -digit alarm clocks and a 6 -digit execu- ance and tape run influenced by the cassette casing.
tive desk model will also be produced by the Company. These tend to cause a reduction of dynamic range,
The heart of each watch is a new ceramic hybrid IC. especially in the highs; reduction of S/N; jamming
problems; reduced high -frequency response; azimuth
Computer -Monitored Solar Home difficulties that reduce interchangeability; and wow
and flutter from frictional forces.
A solar -heated home has been built by the
Homewood Corporation and Ohio State University,
under a grant from the National Science Foundation. Electronic Music Tutor
Incorporated into the house is an IBM System/7 compu-
ter, which compiles data obtained from sensors located Warner Communications has unveiled a new means
of learning musical instruments, called the Music
throughout the house. The computer takes readings Learning System. MLS was developed by Dr. Peter
every 15 minutes of such data as weather, ground
temperature, heat flow through walls, the number of Goldmark, who invented the long-playing phonograph
times the doors are opened and closed, and air tempera- record. A compact, 4 -track tape -cassette system enables
ture in the attic, crawl spaces, and slab. The four- one to play along with recorded musical groups, while
bedroom, one-story home will be occupied by a typical substituting his own instrument for one in the group.
family for two to three years. Solar panels (37) on the Accompanying sheet music is synchronized with elec-
roof collect and transfer energy from the sun to a tronic voice signals and beat instructions from the tape.
water -antifreeze solution, which will heat the home The cassette tracks include an Ensemble track (pre-
through a forced -air system, provide hot water, and recorded without the instrument the student is study-
drive a heat-exchange air conditioning system. ing), a Soloist track (with the sound of the instrument,
but minus the rest of the group), an Index Voice track
(containing voice instructions and beats), and the Stu-
New TV Developments dent track for recording alone to compare with the pro-
Sharp Electronics has demonstrated a new, flat elec- fessional artist.
troluminescent panel (thinner than a pane of glass) that A library of MLS tapes and sheet music is being as-
is capable of' reproducing a television picture. Sharp's sembled to bring into the classroom or home a wide
"Thin Film Electroluminescent Television Panel" is variety of famous bands and orchestras, performing
constructed of three layers of crisscrossing conductors. classical, popular, and rock music.
When an impulse is sent to a point on the matrix, that
area emits a bright glow. The panel is directly compati-
ble with digital circuitry, and will probably be applied Unaware of Electricity's Sources
first in computer terminal displays. Although Americans use the lion's share of the
A second development heralds the return of Earl world's electrical power, many of us have an incredible
"Madman" Muntz to the television industry, in which lack of knowledge about the sources of electricity. A
he was a prominent figure in its infancy. He has national sampling among Americans over age 18, com-
brought with him a self-contained giant (1200 square missioned b\ the National Electrical Manufactueres
inches) home screen projection television set. The Association during last winter's energy crisis, noted the
Muntz Home Television Theatre is 68 inches high and following: (a) One out of three people questioned can-
25 inches deep. Muntz's system joins in competition not name a single fuel used to generate electricity; (b)
with two other projection systems being marketed- Six out of 10 failed to mention coal; (c) Less than two
the Advent Videobeam system, which uses a three - out of 10 mentioned nuclear power as a fuel; (d) Three
color projection unit and a 4 x 5 -foot screen, and the out of 10 mention oil, in spite of the fact that oil -fired
Sony Color Video Projection system, which uses a generators account for only 17 percent of the electrical
Trinitron'm projection unit and a 30 x 40 -inch screen. power generated in the U.S.
Ir
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Available thru
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DECEMBER 1974 CIRCLE NO. 10 ON READER SERVICE CARD 27
One ofo.
most success .' dents
wrote .
Harry Remmert decided he .r
needed more electronics

training to get ahead. He
carefully "shopped around".
for the best training he could
find. His detailed report on why
he chose CIE and how it worked
out makes a better "ad" than
anything we could tell you.
Here's his story, as he wrote it
to us in his own words.
_
R
.0-
_ r.
. `t
. A
i
By Harry Remmert Harry Remmert gives his CIE Electronics course much of the credit for
starting him on a rewarding career. He tells his own story on these pages.
44 A FTER SEVEN YEARS in my present position, I was made neccessary. If I feel tired, stay late at work, or just feel lazy,
painfully aware of the fact that I had gotten just about I can skip school for a night or two and never fall behind.
all the on-the-job training available. When I asked my The total absence of all pressure helps me to learn more
supervisor for an increase in pay, he said, "In what way than I'd be able to grasp if 1 were just cramming it in to
are you a more valuable employee now than when you meet an exam deadline schedule. For me, these points
received your last raise?" Fortunately, I did receive the give home study courses an overwhelming advantage over
raise that time, but I realized that my pay was approach- scheduled classroom instruction.
ing the maximum for a person with my limited training. "Having decided on home study, why did I choose CIE?
"Education was the obvious answer, but I had enrolled I had catalogs from six different schools offering home
in three different night school courses over the years and study courses. The CIE catalog arrived in less than one
had not completed any of them. I'd be tired, or want to week (four days before I received any of the other cata-
do something else on class night, and would miss so many logs). This indicated (correctly) that from CIE I could
classes that I'd fall behind, lose interest, and drop out. expect fast service on grades, questions, etc. I eliminated
those schools which were slow in sending catalogs.
The Advantages of Home Study FCC License Warranty Important
"Therefore, it was easy to decide that home study was the "The First Class FCC Warranty* was also an attractive
answer for someone like me, who doesn't want to be tied point. I had seen "O" and "A" manuals for the FCC exams,
down. With home study there is no schedule. I am the and the material had always seemed just a little beyond
boss and I set the pace. There is no cramming for exams my grasp. Score another point for CIE.
because I decide when I am ready, and only then do I 'CIE backs its courses with this famous Money -Back Warranty: when you
take the exam. I never miss a point in the lecture because complete a CIE license preparation course, you'll be able to pass your FCC
exam or be entitled to a full refund of all tuition paid. Warranty is valid
it is right there in print for as many re -readings as I find during completion time allowed for your course.
"Another thing that CIE offered a complete package:
is times over, both in increased wages and in personal
FCC License and technical school diploma. Completion satisfaction."
time was reasonably short, and I could attain something
definite without dragging it out over an interminable num-
Perhaps you too, like Harry Remmert, have realized that
ber of years. Here I eliminated those schools which gave
to get ahead in Electronics today, you need to know much
college credits instead of graduation diplomas. I work in
more than the "screwdriver mechanics." They're limited
the R and D department of a large company and it's been
to "thinking with their hands" ... learning by taking
my observation that technical school graduates generally
things apart and putting them back together ... soldering
hold better positions than men with a few college credits.
connections, testing circuits, and replacing components.
A college degree is one thing, but I'm 32 years old, and
Understandably, their pay is limited-and their future, too.
10 or 15 years of part-time college just isn't for me. No,
But for men like Harry Remmert, who have gotten the
I wanted to graduate in a year or two, not just start.
training they need in the fundamentals of Electronics, there
"When a school offers both resident and correspondence
are no such limitations. He was recently promoted, with
training, it's my feeling that the correspondence men are
a good increase in income, to the salaried position of Senior
sort of on the outside of things. I wanted to be a full-fledged
Engineering Assistant working in the design of systems to
student instead of just a tag -a -long, so CIE's exclusive
silence submarines. For trained technicians, the future is
home -study program naturally attracted me.
bright. Thousands of men will be needed in virtually every
"Then, too, it's the men who know their theory who
field of Electronics from two-way mobile radio to computer
are moving ahead where I work. They can read schematics
testing and troubleshooting.
and understand circuit operation. I want to be a good
theory man.
"From the foregoing, you can see I did not select CIE Send for Complete Information - FREE
in any haphazard fashion. I knew what I was looking for, Many men who are advancing their Electronics career
and only CIE had all the things I wanted. started by reading our illustrated school catalog, "Succeed
in Electronics." It tells of the many electronics careers
open to men with the proper training. And it tells which
Two Pay Raises in Less Than a Year
courses of study best prepare you for the work you want.
"Only eleven months after I enrolled with CIE, I passed if you're "shopping around" for the training you need
the FCC exams for First Class Radiotelephone License to move up in Electronics, this interesting book may have
with Radar Endorsement. I had a pay increase even before the answers you want. We'll send it to you FREE. With it,
I got my license and another only ten months later. we'll also include our other helpful book, "How To Get A
"These are the tangible results. But just as important are Commercial FCC License."
the things I've learned. I am smarter now than I had ever To get both FREE books, just fill out and mail the
thought I would be. It feels good to know that I know what reply card. For your convenience, we will try to have a
I know now. Schematics that used to confuse me completely representative call. If card is missing, use coupon below.
are now easy for me to read and interpret. Yes, it is nice to
be smarter, and that's probably the most satisfying result APPROVED UNDER G.I. BILL
of my CIE experience. All CIE career courses are approved for educational ben-
efits under the G.I. Bill. If you are a Veteran or in service
now, check box for G.I. Bill information.
Praise for Student Service
Cleveland Institute
"In closing, I'd like to get in a compliment for my Corre-
spondent Counselor who has faithfully seen to it that my
supervisor knows I'm studying. think the monthly reports
1
to my supervisor and generally flattering commentary have

C IE of Ellectronics, Inc.
1776 East 17th Street, Cleveland, Ohio 44114
Accredited Member National Home Study Council
been in large part responsible for my pay increases. My
Counselor has given me much more student service than r
"the contract calls for," and I certainly owe him a sincere Cleveland Institute of Electronics, Inc.
debt of gratitude. 1776 East 17th Street, Cleveland, Ohio 44114
"And finally, there is Mr. Tom Duffy, my instructor. I Please send me your two FREE books:
don't believe I've ever had the. individual attention in any 1. Your school catalog, "Succeed in Electronics."
classroom that I've received from Mr. Duffy. He is clear, 2. Your book on "How To Get A Commercial FCC License."
authoritative, and spared no time or effort to answer my I am especially interested in:

every question. In Mr. Duffy, I've received everything I Electronics Technology Electronic Communications
Broadcast Engineering Industrial Electronics
could have expected from a full-time private tutor.
First Class FCC License Electronics Engineering
"1'm very, very satisfied with the whole CIE experience. o Electronics Technology with Laboratory
Every penny I spent for my course was returned many
Name
(Please Print)
For men with prior electronics training ... Address
Electronics Engineering Course City

...Covers steady-state and transient network theory, solid-state
physics and circuitry, pulse techniques, computer logic and mathe- State Zip Age
matics through calculus. A college -level course for men already
Veterans & Servicemen: Check here for G. I. Bill information
working in Electronics. PE -69
L
DECEMBER 1974 31
POWERLad -
FROM -25 TO 250 WATTS
No matter what your power require- lamp and power switch on the front output level meter, input level control,
ments. No matter what your budget. panel. Parts are our usual name brand etc.
Now there is a Sóuthwest Technical first quality stuff. In this kit you will 71 275 Amplifier Kit $64.50 PPD
power amplifier that will fit your re- find things like RCA, and Motorola
quirements. transistors, Sprague capacitors and like
NEW -41215 Stereo Amplifier that. The kit comes with the usual
pictorial wiring diagrams, wiring tables
and step-by-step instructions.
##207 Amplifier Kit $77.50 PPD
`
Tigersaurus is our answer to those who
want, or need tremendous amounts of
power, but insist on it being clean. This
Now those who don't need the power
amplifier uses the same basic circuit as
output of our famous "Tiger .01" can S
"Tiger .01", but uses stacked parallel
have the same super low distortion in a
output devices and of course a higher
25 Watt per channel amplifier. This
supply voltage. This amplifier can sup-
amplifier has all of the features of New-#275 Tiger B
ply 200 Watts continuous sine wave
"Tiger .01". Our unique cross coupled, Our latest version of the amplifier that
power into 8.0 Ohms and 250 Watts
complementary differential input sys- started it all, the faithful old "Univer-
into 4.0 Ohms at less than .05% dis-
tem; an output triple and M distortion
I sal Tiger". We have switched to our
tortion. Below 100 Watts distortion is
of less than .01% i,p to rated output. new complementary differential input
typically less than .01%. Output at
It also has the s.:,ie beautiful bronze circuit and put him in a fancy new
clipping is typically 300 Watts. Band-
annodized chassis with a perforated chassis, but this is still the most econo-
width is the same as our other ampli-
metal cover and two meters to indicate mical, low distortion power you can
fiers. The eight output transistors are
the output level. Frequency response get. Rated at 75 Watt with an 8.0 Ohm
mounted. on over 500 square inches of
is -3.0 dB at 0.1 Hz and 250 KHz. load, or 90 Watts with a 4.0 Ohm load
heat sink for cool reliable operation
Rise time is less than a microsecond. with IM distortion less than 0.1% up
even at these power levels. There is a
As usual nothing but first quality parts to rated output. Typically less than
large illuminated meter. to indicate
and fibreglass circuit boards are used .02% at low power levels. Frequency
power output on the front panel and
in the kit. Wiring pictorials and step- response is -3.0 dB at 0.1 Hz and 250
the entire case is finished in a bronze
by-step instructions are provided. KHz and rise time is less than 1.0
annodized finish for durability and
0215 Stereo Amplifier Kit $69.50 PPD microsecond. "Tiger B" is the ideal
scratch resistance. If you need "beast-
BASIC amplifier for all type of appli-
The first of the super- low distortion
ly" amounts of power this is the am-
cations Hi -Fi system, public address,
amplifiers, our famous "Tiger .01".
plifier for you.
instrument amplifier; you name it. As ##210 Tigersaurus
The first amplifier to be designed with in all of our amplifiers, we have pro-
Amplifier Kit $154.50 PPD
our complementary differential input vided all of the protection that we
system. Rated at 60 Watts continuous know how to put into a circuit. The
sine wave output into either 4.0 or 8.0 outputs stages have volt -amp limiting
Ohms, "Tiger .01" is 3.0 dB clown at systems, there are two supply fuses, a
0.1 Hz and 250 KHz. Power band- line fuse, a speaker fuse and a thermal
width is 10 Hz to 75 KHz; and IM dis- cutout. "Tiger B" comes in the same
tortion is of course less than .01% up chassis as our #207, but the finish is
I'
to rated output. The circuit is housed alodine instead of annodize. For those
in a bronze annodized chassis and has of you who insist on guilding the lilly,
an output meter, overheat indicator we will have an accessory kit to add an
SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL
W o PRODUCTS CORPORATION
219 W. RHAPSODY - SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78216

Popular Electronics
Build an DECEMBER 1974
Auto Polarity,
Auto Zero
Digital.
Multimeter
for
Under $l00 rEC ED
111
BY W. L. GREEN
THERE are many advantages to are shown in the table. Other features be measured and create an analog -
be gained from using digitally include automatic zeroing and polar- to -digital (A/D) conversion for a
generated decimal readouts in test ity indication on dc volts, automatic binary -coded -decimal (BCD),outputto
and measurement equipment. Be- zeroing on ohms and an accuracy of the decoder and driver IC's, /C3 and
sides being inherently more accurate 0.1 percent on most ranges. IC4.
than meter movements, decimal read- Ordinarily, this DMM would cost The circuit uses a modified dual -
outs are unambiguous to read and in- several hundred dollars. However, you slope integrating conversion tech-
terpret and do not suffer from "paral- can assemble it for less than $100. nique that gives the basic A/D conver-
lax" error. Also, the circuits used in ter an accuracy of 0.05 percent. Al-
digital instruments have long-term About the Circuit. The complete though 1 -percent tolerance resistors
stability, and tests performed using schematic diagram of the DMM is are used in the input voltage divider,
them are easily repeatable. shown in Fig. 1. The heart of the in- the design employed in this instru-
All of these advantages are available strument is contained in /C1 and IC2, a ment improves the accuracy on the 3 -
in the pocket-size digital multimeter pair of new PMOS LSI integrated cir- and 30 -volt ranges to close to 0.05
(DMM) described here. It has a bright cuits. The first is a monolithic Dipolar percent, or as close as your calibration
yellow 31/2 -digit display and is analog processor, while the latter is a standards and care in calibration will
battery -powered. The resistance and digital processor. These two IC's pro- allow. The resistance -range accuracy
ac and dc voltage and current ranges vide input buffering of the voltage to is limited to about 0.1 percent under
any conditions without redesigning
the resistance current source to im-
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS prove linearity.
Dc volts: 1 mV to 300 volts in three Resistance: 1 ohm to 3 megohms in
Accuracy on the current ranges is 1
ranges. Accuracy better than 0.1 three ranges. Accuracy is 0.1 per- percent for the 3- and 30-mA ranges
percent on 3- and 30 -volt ranges, 1 cent on all ranges. and 5 percent on the 300-mA range.
percent on 300 -volt range. Input re- Current (ac and dc): For ac, 1 mA to This accuracy can be improved by
sistance 10 megohms on all ranges. 300 mA in three ranges, with accu- judicious selection of input shunt re-
Ac volts: Ranges and input impedance racy and frequency the same as for sistors R8, R7, and R6.
same as on dc. 0 to full-scale voltage ac volts, except 5 -percent accuracy The instrument's full-scale range is
between 40 and 100 Hz; 0 to 2.4 volts on 300-mA range. For dc, ranges 31/2 digits with a 50 -percent overrange.
between 100 and 10,000 Hz; 0 to 1.5 same as for alternating current, with The overrange is indicated by the dis-
volts between 10,000 and 50,000 Hz. accuracy percent on 3- and 30-mA
1
play digits blinking on and off. Dis-
Accuracy within these limits is 1 per- ranges and 5 percent on 300-mA
cent. range. crete light -emitting diode LEDI,
located on the extreme left of the dis-
DECEMBER 1974 33
PARTS LIST
BI-Five AA, nickel -cadmium cells

CI to C5-10-µF, l6 -V electrolytic ' R22
IOOK
AC CAL
capacitor +12V 1N914
C6 -0.I -µF, I5 -V polyester capacitor +
ICS
C7-0.01-µF, 15- V polyester capacitor 530
C8, C10-0.0027-µF; 15-V polycarbonate

capacitor
cé 1
.0027yF +12V 12V
C9-5-p F ceramic capacitor RI6 116
DIS' to DIS4-Seven-segment LED 14

numeric readout'(Monsantó MAN -8)
D1 -1N4001 silicon rectifier SIA
D2- Diode (Siliconix E507, no substitute) IN RI RI7

4.22 82K
D3 to D8-1N914 diode M 4
2N4400
IC 1-Integrated circuit (Siliconix LD111) IC I
LDIII
IC2-Integrated circuit (Siliconix LD110)
C7i
IC3-7416 TTL hex inverter,IC
IC4-Seven-segment driver (Fairchild
9368)
13
(CS-Op amp (Signetícs N5308). R19 R20
106-Timer IC (Motorola MC1455) 265
LO' DC
686
J1-Miniature phone jack CAL
LEDI-Light-emitting 'diode (Motorola +12V

MLED50 or Monsanto MV50) 62C
01 02
R16
R6 185
Ql-Transistor (Motorola MPF161) MPF161 E507
-
K S
300 +12V
- Q2-Transistor (National 2N4274-do a
02
2N4274
i
not substitute) R8 R7 6
- Q3-Transistor (Motorola MPSDO5) 1n 10
n
100
n +
Q4 -2N4400 transistor . . . .
Q5-2N5139 transistor R9 RIO IOyF .IyF
IM
R1-4.22-megohm, 1% resistor IK
M CAL
R2-4.87-megohm, 1% resistor
R3 -909,000 -ohm 1% resistor Fig. 1. Schematic and Parts List.
D. CAL
R4, R25 -100,000 -ohm, 1% resistor RII The DMM uses state-of-the-art
10K
RS--1000-ohm, 1% resistor IC's (IC1 and IC2) for complete
R6 -100 -ohm, I% resistor AID conversion and processing.
R7-10 -ohm, 1% resistor
R8- I -ohm, 5% resistor
R9, R28-1000-ohm, 10% resistor S28i
ABOUT THE A/D CONVERTER

The LD110 and LD111 PMOS LSI cir- sential component of the quantized -2.000 volts to +2.000 volts).
cuits used in this digital multimeter feedback technique, provides a drift - The two new IC's utilize advanced
project were developed by Siliconix. resistant conversion scheme that is LSI processing techniques. The LD111
Inc. to create a complete analog -to - highly immune to temperature effects. combines bipolar npn and pnp transis-
digital (A/D) converter in two directly The zero is automatically established tors with p -channel MOSFET's in a
interfacing chips. The A/D technique, prior to each conversion, and no exter- single monolithic IC. the MOSFET's
called "quantized .feedback" by nal zeroing adjustment is required. provide the high input impedance
Siliconix, is an integrating scheme in A further refinement offered by this (greater than 1000 megohms) neces-
which two sets of charges are technique is that an input voltage of sary to prevent loading the signal
summed-the charge supplied by the either polarity can be applied to the source. The MOSFET's are also used
analog input voltage and the discrete instrument and the circuit will automat- as switches within the integrated cir-
(quantized) units of charge provided by ically determine and display the proper cuit.
the digital feedback system. This tech- polarity. Ordinarily, this would require The LD110 IC uses approximately
nique, while providing high accuracy complex switching systems, two refer- 1400 p -channel MOSFET's combined
(±0.05 percent of the reading ±1 ence voltages, and two full-scale ad- into logic elements to provide count-
count), has excellent noise rejection justments. In this new approach, only ing, storage, multiplexing, and control
due to the noise -averaging property of one reference voltage and one full- operations. The digital output of this
integration. scale adjustment is used to cover the chip is multiplexed for use by the LED
Automatic -zeroing circuitry, an es - range from -200 mV to +200 mV (or readouts.
34' POPULAR ELECTRONICS
R10, R12-1-megohm mini-pot
R11-10,000 -ohm mini -pot
R13-5.6-megohm, 10% resistor
R14, R29, R30 -150-ohm, 10% resistor,
R23
2.7 K R15-1-megohm, 10% resistor
+5V " NANA1A,
R16 -18.000-ohm, 10% resistor
R31"'
5K
R17-82.000 -ohm, 10% resistor
(SET TO
40.96kH=)
R18 -100,000 -ohm, 10% resistor
+5V R19-25,000 -ohm mini -pot
7 IS l4 8 716151
13
R20 -68,000-ohm, 10% resistor
13
R21 -27,000 -ohm, 10% resistor
I
IC6
12 4 MC1455 R24
3 9 6
3.3K= R22-100,000-ohm mini -pot
R23 -2700-ohm; 10% resistor
.
IC3
10
9
IC2
LDI10
4
I
7416
Z -77 2 5
IC4
16
+5V
e
11
Z.1R26
ÒCIO
R24 -3300 -ohm, 10% resistor
R26 -250,000-ohm mini-pot
e 6+SV 9368 .00276F R27-10,000 -ohm, 1% resistor
2 10 B
R31-5,000 -ohm mini -pot
14
12 3 14 16 I
16 I I I
-6
Si, S2 -pole, 3 -position slide switch
RGIVERSMENT
S3-Dpdt slide switch
+SV~MMti
R30
ISOA
15011
150a
R29
- 1
1
1
1
0
i
1
1
1
e
1
1
A
1
1
IL,
1
1 1
1 FIpÍB
El IC
S4-Spst slide switch
T1 -10,000-ohm to 2000 -ohm miniature
transformer (see text for modification)
Misc.-Suitable instrument case; plastic
0151
filter for display; main and display
06
2N5139 printed circuit boards; battery charger
DIG 4
(plus' current -limiting resistor if
DIG 3
needed); insulated test leads e'ith
LEDI DIG 2 probes (one red, one black); dry -
(-) 1
DISPLAY BOARD DIG I transfer lettering kit; etc.

DI
IN4001 Note: The following items are available
L DP2
DP4 +5V from Alpha Electronics, P.O. Box
S4
DP3 CURRENT 1005, Merritt Island, FL 32952: com-
LIMITER
3
300
MAY BE
I.
plete kit of parts, including case but less
JI NEEDED
M DECIMAL POINT 3
SELECTION
CHARGER Et batteries and test leads (No. DMM-l)
---...6 -6.75V
S2E for $99.95 plus $2 shipping and handl-
ing; set of printed circuit boards (No.
DM- PC) , $10 postpaid; one each
1
LD110 and LD111 integrated"circuits,

SIC R14 $49.90 postpaid; one case, $10.00 post-
ISon
+5V paid.
play, shows when the voltage is nega- The multimeter then measures the Construction. Because of the com-
tive. voltage drop across the test resistor. plexity of the circuit and the packag-
Ac -to -dc conversion is performed Current is measured by taking the ing density required of a pocket -sized
by an active half -wave rectifier formed voltage drop across the selected multimeter, the use of a printed circuit
by operational amplifier IC5. This rec- shunt resistor (R6 through R8). The board is mandatory (see Fig. 2).
tifier differs from the classic half -wave sensitivity of the A/D converter is Start construction by cementing the
rectifier in that the ac signal is applied changed from 2V full scale to 0.2 V full amber -colored plastic window in the
to the noninverting (+) input of the op' scale when measuring current to display cutout in the top half of the
amp instead of the inverting (-) input. allow the use of shunt resistors of case. Bend the lugs of S3 and S4 flat as
This permits the input impedance to smaller values, which lowers the volt- shown in Fig. 3. Install the switches in
be more than 30 megohms. age drop. The full-scale voltage drop their respective locations and, using a
The clock generator (IC6) is set to is 0.19 volt. soldering iron, melt down the plastic
40,960 Hz ±200 Hz (by R31) for max- Because ICI, IC2, and IC5 require a posts to hold the switches firmly.
imum up -converter efficiency and to dual -polarity supply in excess of the Next, carefully cut the slots for the
reduce normal mode rejection when nominal 6 volts supplied by battery 81, switches in the metal front panel of the
measuring ac voltages. The operating the positive and negative voltages instrument. Then use a dry -transfer
frequency was selected to be 2048 are generated in an "up -converter" lettering kit to label the switches and
times the nominal 60 -Hz line fre- formed by Q3 and its associated com- their positions as shown in the lead
quency, then dividing by three. ponents. The output of clock gen- photograph. Epoxy the prepared front
Constant current for the resistance erator IC6 provides the base drive panel to the top of the case.
mode is supplied by p -channel field for Q3, whose collector load is the Now, referring to Fig. 4, solder a
effect transistor Q1. Range resistors primary of transformer T1. The 5 -in. (12.7 -cm) length of insulated
R9 through R13 determine the mag- secondary of Ti feeds a voltage - hookup wire to each of the four
nitude of the constant current sup- doubling network to generate the cathode pads and each of the three
plied, which is 1 mA for ohms, 10 µA positive and negative 12 volts needed decimal point pads. Install displays
for kilohms, and µA for megohms. 1 for the three IC's. DIS1-DIS4 in their respective loca -
DECEMBER 1974 35
Fig. 3. Photo shows
installation of S3 and S4.
any but the foil conductors shown.

Before mounting Si and S2 in their
respective locations on the board, cut
off the four mounting tabs. Install the
Fig. 2. Actual -size switches and solder their lugs to the
foil patterns for
foil pattern.
display (top) and
main (below) boards. Referring back to Fig: 3, install the
display board in the top half of the
instrument case, dressing the leads as
shown. The board mounts in place in a
manner similar to that used forS3 and
S4. Use a soldering iron to melt the
plastic bosses on the case down over
the right and left edges of the board,
taking care to avoid damaging the
case.
Place the main board in position in
the case, and wire and solder the nine
insulated digit, decimal -point, minus-
sign, and +5-volt leads coming from
the display board to the appropriate
points on the main board. Route the
leads carefully to allow the main board
i
EDC BAG F
5111
tions. (Note: The displays have three Insulate the winding with electrical
semicircular notches on their faces. tape. The primary will be the 3 -ft long
The edges with the two notches iden- winding and the secondary the 4 -ft
tify the tops, while the single -notch long winding. Cut the windings at the
edges are the bottoms. Make sure you fold, scrape away the enamel coating
install these displays in the proper from the ends of the wire, and use col-
orientation on the board.) or -coded (for example, red for the
Install and solder into place on the primary and black for the secondary
display board LED1 (the wider lead windings) stranded hookup wire for
Fig. 4. Component layout
identifies the cathode), Q5, R29, and connections. Insulate the connections
R3O. Solder tin the seven pads, iden- with tape or heat -shrinkable tubing. for the display board.
tified with the letters A through G, on Reassemble transformer.
the upper edge of the board. Solder a As can be seen in Fig. 5, compo-
R29
2 -in. (5.1 -cm) length of bare wire to nents are mounted on both sides of Q5
0154 D183 D $2 D
each of these pads. Finally, connect the main board. Mount and solder into
and solder a 4 -in. (10.2 -cm) length of
insulated hookup wire to the +5 -volt
place the components exactly as
shown, taking care to observe
LED1----
`K
1! ÍJ
and - sign pads. polarities and orientations. Also, use R30
ISINC
I,
ON1
-
¡ NOT H
Transformer Ti must be disassem- soldering heat sparingly, and be par- MAIN
SIGN,
bled and rewound. When you disas- ticularly careful to avoid solder BOARD +5V
0154 SDI 3 D 2 DIGI
semble it, save the wire. Then use a 7 -ft bridges between closely spaced con- DP4
yy
D43 II DP2
(2.14-m) length of the wire and fold it 3 ductors. When you mount Ti, make OS
ft (0.915 m) from one end and bifiiar absolutely certain that the trans-
wind it on the transformer's bobbin. former's metal frame does not contact 151"7 LE
36 POPULAR ELECTRONICS.
to sit against its mounting bosses the seven (segment) pads at the upper tery pack. If necessary, connect a
without pinching them. left of the main board. Slide thin in- current -limiting resistor in series with
Drill a small hole in the top of the sulating sleeving over the seven bare J1 to maintain the charging current at
case and pass the two insulated test wire leads on the display board and a safe level. (See Fig. 1 for installation
leads through. Use a red lead for the solder their free ends to their respec- detai Is.)
"hot" and a black lead for the "com- tive pads on the main board. Trim Carefully recheck the entire assem-
mon" lines. Connect these leads to away any excess from these leads. bly for correct wiring-and component
their respective pads on the main Connect the battery pack, which installation and orientation. Check
board. consists of five rechargeable AA -size also for solder bridges and bits of wire.
Drill a second hole and mount nickel -cadmium cells, to the charger
charger jackJl in place. Use insulated jack. Then wrap the battery pack with Calibration. The calibration proce-
wire to interconnect power switch S4, electrical tape to completely insulate dure for the DMM should be accom-
J1, and the main board and to wire S3 it. Position the battery pack against plished exactly as follows, since ad-
to the main board. the foil side of the main board and justments of R19 and R26 will affect
With four small screws, mount the lower the bottom cover of the instru- the accuracy and calibration of the en-
main board in place, making sure that ment into place. If the fit is satisfac- tire instrument.
the range and function switches pro- tory, remove the bottom of the case Turn on the power and observe the
trude through their holes in the front and temporarily set it aside. display. There should be some indica-
panel and can be moved from position Select a battery charger that has a tion that the system is working. Set SI
to position without binding. Solder tin recharging rate suitable for your bat- to VOLTS, S2 to position 3, and S3 to oc.
CALIBRATION Apply any known accurate source of
CONTROLS
1.5 volts do to the test leads and adjust
K11 f1 HIGH DC
RI2 RII R26 R19 for an exact reading on the dis-
e fi :
play.
.3
P) 4 .
- C3
+
+..
D
n
ì ID
: E Set S3 to 30. Now, apply a known
" ,C2o accurate 15 -volt dc source to the
y
ü
1(
.1'. 3h0, , .a C
B
DP4 DP2 DP3
TI ' i ljD3
3
- G
DMM's test prods. Adjust R26 for an
exact reading on the display. The
-)
F
f:
.-- n..'
F
C4
..,,,
t
C5
K
I - r' +5V ON
300 -volt range requires no calibration.
r DISPLAY Prior to calibrating the ac ranges, it
SIGN BOARD
ONO
LEAD_.----......+-
" A?_ _V09 ,rc is necessary to adjust the frequency
of clock oscillator IC6 to 40,960 Hz
o
t ±200 Hz) with the aid of a frequency
/ t.,/f w
'
,, counter connected to pin 3 of the IC,

iéñó 40 3 ..'> adjusting R31. If you do not have ac-
o
4-
I ti
li' cess to a frequency counter, set S1 to
VOLTS, S2 to 3, and S3 to AC. Connect
the test leads to a -volt or so 60 -Hz
C
1
, a! . Ca 9
`'_ source, which you can derive from a

filament transformer with a potentio-
R31
OSC (CLOCK) A C2 CAL
R19
LOW DC CAL meter voltage divider. Observe the
ADJ
display while adjusting R31 for a sta-
C ble reading, noting that the wiper of
R31 will be clockwise of its center pos-
Fig. 5. Components mount on both sides of
main board -foil side above, blank side below. ition.
Connect the DM M's test leads to a
1 -volt rms, 1000 -Hz sinewave source
IC5 K
''Aka - and adjust R22 for the correct reading
z
R231, DBti4 RI7
D7 R4r
16¡q.1jtj,,, cn the display.
un,8
R
R24 119A/Il K t411, I
SetSl tO OHMS, S2toO, and S3toDC.

r.f
_
R21 ,
RI5 ' r
rhR20 Connect a known accurate resistor of
iC6
C6
©
R14 41)1...
Q5
Q4 t Arik about 1000 ohms across the test leads
1:1-7
SI e ICI
plyj
,CI AO, RED
DOT and adjust R11 for the correct reading
RI
J
' C7_ C8 J+ ih-D2 on the display. SetS2 to K and, using a
gsj knowniaccu rate 100,000 -ohm resistor,
L R2
R4 R5 _
J
`
Ica..
.1;1-La -- adjust R12 for the correct reading.
R6--e: `0 f J '! Then use a known accurate
ÍCr.tlt r, K
1-megohm resistor to calibrate the
- R7 R3 J(a)
as " e DI IC 3 megohm range with R13.
S2 D103-4. p
r
Once the calibration procedure has
QI RI3
AM' R251 ,R28
DIG 2-- '- D
been performed, tighten down any
DIG loose hardware, position the battery
R27 pack, and attach the bottom half of
Q3
DIG 4
IC4 the instrument case with flathead
S4+-- _
machine screws.
DECEMBER 1974 37
.I;j.
..b.;a;;-. . :On:r
o By H. Edward Roberts
a.;Ó.
-
A:O
_a
.
ocS2Ó
-.,J. g-0:.
b 'p0: r
.o C:é: b'. {i
and David Bunnell
'''iQ
.b.- C :o:"::..o: ro.. O: .O .. .: p .:
'OKiC78:C
.
. !;. . o.:. °'

-. .-..o:...: º:Q:0,
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PART 3:
FLIP-FLOPS
AND HOW TO BUILD A VERY LOW COST COMPUTER TERMINAL
Parts 1 and 2 of our short course
N month we will talk about flip-flops and input indicates that, to toggle the flip-
in digital logic, published in describe the design and construction flop, the input must go from "high"
October and November, we discussed of a very low cost terminal (VLCT) for (logic 1) to "low" (logic 0). The other
number systems, principles of logic, use with computers. two inputs are labelled P for preset
and some basic logic circuits. This Once you understand the material and C for clear. These allow the flip-
presented here, you should find that flop to be set to a specified condition
designing digital circuits-even com- no matter what was the previous con-
plex ones-is mostly a matter of com- dition. For example, if a 0 is applied to
mon sense and familiarity with what the P input, the Q output would be 0.
each element does. Bear in mind that the two outputs are
SWITCH
CONTROL complementary; that is, if Q is at 0, Q
Flip -Flops. The flip-flop is the basic will be at 1.
+5V memory circuit used in digital elec- Semicónductor manufacturers
(A) tronics. It has two stable states that make at least 50 different types of
can be simulated by the two -switch flip-flops. Do not be intimidated by this
analogy shown in Fig. 1A. The number. The flip-flops are still flip-
0 switches are arranged in such a way flops, and all you need to understand
that, if one is closed, the other must be any specific one is its data sheet,
(CLEAR) (PRESET)D-
(TOGGLE)
open, with control circuits determin- which you can obtain from the man-
ing the states. ufacturer.
I
The logic diagram of a toggle flip-
(B) flop is shown in Fig. 1B. When a pulse Designing a Computer Terminal.
appears at the toggle, or T, input, the Q Combining what you now know about
Fig. 1. Switch analogy (A) and and Q (said "not -Q") outputs will flip-flops with what you learned in
logic (B) of a flip-flop. change state. The small circle at the T Parts 1 and 2, you have the knowledge
BINARY
pressed. When this happens, one of
DATA
TO
the inputs of NG1 and NG2 is placed at
OUTPUT
IKEYBOARD ENCODER REGISTER DEVICÉNAL logic 0 by grounding. This forces both
of these gates to have a logic at their
1
ACTIVITY_ SELECT
outputs. (A 0 output of a NAND gate can
occur only when all its inputs are a
TRANS.
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
SELECTOR
DISPLAY
logic 1.) Keyboard output lines BO, 81,
and 82 then have the following condi-
CLEAR tions:
1 DATA
f
" READY_
TRANSMITTER BO B1 B2
0 1 1 =3K=3,,,.
DECODER DISPLAY As you can see, the octal input has
DATA INPUT
IN LATCH been converted to a binary code. Note
DECODER DISPLAY
also that the output of NG4 has gone
DECODER DISPLAY to a 1, signalling that keyboard activity
has occurred.
RECEIVER
Depressing key switch 0 causes the
Fig. 2. _Logic flow diagrams of transmitter and receiver. output of NG4 to go to 1, indicating
that keyboard activity has occurred.
However, this signal will have no effect
on NG1, NG2, or NG3, all of whose
needed for designing a VLCT. In the planation of how a typical TTL NAND outputs remain at O. If you were to read
following pages, we will design a gate works is on page 00. the binary number at 80, 81, and 82, it
VLCT that will allow you to convert would still be 000 (binary zero). But
from octal to binary and back to octal, Keyboard Encoder. In Fig. 3 the key there would be a signal from activity
decimal, or hexadecimal logic. Not switches labelled through 7 are
1 gate NG4 to indicate that a switch
only will the VLCT prove instructive in grouped together at the upper left, closure has occurred.
terms of digital logic, it will also be while the 0 key is located in the center
invaluable for interfacing with other of the diagram. NAND gates NG1, NG2, Debounce Circuit. The problem
digital devices. (In particular, it can be and NG3 provide the encoding for key with many keyboard switches is that
used with the POPULAR ELECTRONICS switches through 7, while NG4 de-
1 they have a mechanical "bounce."
minicomputer that will be introduced tects the activation of any key. This bounce must be allowed enough
in the January 1975 issue.) Before any key switch is depressed, time to damp out before attempting to
The VLCT performs seven func- note that NG1, NG2, and NG3 have a 0 load data into the output -register flip-
tions: (1) converts the operator's octal output due to the being applied to
1 flops (FF3 through FF10). This delay is
input to binary format; (2) eliminates each of the four inputs. Note also that accomplished in the debounce circuit
any bounce that might be present in NG4 has a 0 output as a result of the in which NG5 and NG6 form an RS
the key switches; (3) loads the binary 1 -level signals applied to its four in- flip-flop-the simplest form of flip-
data into and retrieves it from a regis- puts. flops.To understand its operation, you
ter and stores it until transmission; (4) Now, to understand the logic used, need to realize that only one input at a
determines where each piece of data assume that key switch 3 has been de - time can be activated by a 0. If a 0 is
goes in the output register; (5) trans- Front view of the computer terminal.
mits a "ready" signal after the third
octal number is entered; (6) receives
and stores binary data from the com-
puter; and (7) decodes this computer
data in either octal, decimal, or hex-
adecimal display format. The overall
block diagram of the terminal shown
in Fig. 2 should be consulted when-
ever any question concerning func- "r;
tions arises. o
The complete logic diagram for the
.3
transmitter portion of the terminal is
shown in Fig. 3. The terminal employs
transistor -transistor -logic, or TTL, de-
vices-by far the most widely used
logic family. It has the following basic
characteristics: a logic 1 is any poten- T
tial level between 2.4 and 5 volts, and a

logic 0 is any potential between 0 and
0.4 volt. A detailed discussion of TTL
can be found in a number of books
devoted to the subject, but a brief ex -
DECEMBER 1974 39
+5V t 1 I MI I
1 BO OUTPUT REGISTER
07
RI R2 R3 4
2K 2K RIS
2K PR 36011
2 5
6 2 (FF10)
II I
yurry,INel,2K1/2IC1
C LEDI
1 3
(1/6 IC CLR
BI 06
10 R16
R5 R6 R7 RB I
I 2 PR 360A
2K 2K 2K
I
9
IC
(FF93 )
10 J
1/2IC1 8 C LED2
'
12 I2 II CLR
(N62)
12K 13
(116 IC8)
R17
82 PR 360A
R9 RIO RII RI2 0
2K 2K 2K 2K ICI,IC2=7420 IC4
IC3-IC6=7474 (FF8)
IC7=7410 .w. C
2 CLR
PLED3.
1/2IC2
1 11,4 13 +5V CI8'740D '1 I
(NO3) ,, .,
5 C1
I7423 - ,,..D4
i/6 ICB) IC12=7473 ' 10 1>
RIB
1
/ IC13,IC14=7475
ICI5-IC17=7447 YD 12, PR
0....
y 36011
~M.
10 IC4
1/2 112 .
i3 t.. I (FF7)
( N641 C
' LED4
13_ KEYBOARD ENCODER
iR21:13 J II CLR
0
13
D3
DEBOUNCE CIRCUIT
--_
4' RI9
---- --1
_J
I 3 i PR 36011
2 _
a
*9 S4
r ... I/4IC9\} l5) -1 9
I/4IC9
IS I/3IC7
(NG9)
1/4ICI8
(NGI7)
(N05) eI325 a IC5
(2 J 110 (N67) ..OAD
(FF6)
(V6ICB) 1 C
(1/6 ICS) 3 LEDS
I14
-, 5
6 (R)
' 11
16
10 13
IMIC9
-
,1/4ICI8
(NG16)
6 I
I
CLR
II
IOr_
D2
R20
r '
12 1 PR I 36011
(NG81 12
,
(1/6 ICB) Q
-.-.J STEP IC5
(FF5)
f
II
13 II
LiDt
CLR
--J J
13
DATA DI
+5V
L-T---- READY 4
5511 CLR R21
A 12 13 B .12 5
I i PR 36011
.,+5V O.
I5 14 a
I 6
I16
CI CLR 9 (FF4)
3.3yF. IFFIC12
2) 9 1/4ICI0
C LED7
J C K (NG14) 3 CLR
R14 II
. .. I
R23 ...., DO
CLEAR 2K'
..
IOK - .. ....... 10 «".
I R22
( PR 36011
a 12
D 0
+5V IC6
SEQUENCE GENERATOR
r (FF3)
ii +5V C LEDS
-J
applied to both inputs at the same states, with the S output going to 1.
time, the device will not operate as a The logic-1 activity signal from NG4 is
flip-flop. also fed to the B (trigger) input of SS1,
The activity line (output from NG4) causing the multivibrator to go into its
PARTS LIST goes to a logic 1 if any key switch is unstable state for 10 ms and apply a 0
Cl -3.3-µF, 25 -volt electrolytic capacitor depressed. This signal is fed through to the other input of the RS flip-
C2-330-pF disc capacitor inverter 14 to one of NG5's inputs. A 0 flop-which is a violation of the rules
C3, C5 -0.01-µF, -kV disc capacitor
1
into NG5 generates a at the gate's
1 for this circuit. But the violation can be
C4 -1500-9F, 16 -volt electrolytic capac-
output, which is then fed to one of disregarded because SS1 applies this
itor
D1 thru D4-IN4004 silicon rectifier
NG6's inputs. Assuming that the other signal for only 10 ms before control
DISI thru DIS3-7-segment numeric input (pin 5) is also at 1, a 0 will appear reverts back to the activity input,
LED display at the output of NG6. If both inputs which sets the S output of the flip-flop
FI-l-ampere fuse were allowed to go to 1, the RS flip- to 1. This signal is then applied to one
ICI, IC2-7420 dual 4 -input NAND gate flop would remain as set by the previ- of the inputs of NG7, while the other
integrated circuit ous 0. If a 0 is applied to NG6_while a 1 input comes from SS1 which, after 10
IC3 thru IC6-7474 dual D flip-flop inte- is applied to NG5, the device will flip, ms will apply a 1 to completely enable
grated circuit causing a 0 output to be generated at this gate and generating a 0 at its out-
IC7-7410 triple 3-input NAND gate in- NG5 and a output at NG6.
1 put.
tegrated circuit
The mechanical -bounce switch The 0 output is inverted by /5 to pro-
IC8-7404 hexinverter integrated circuit
IC9, IC10, IC18-7400 quadrature 2-input
problem occurs whenever a mechani- duce !he "load" signal for the output
NAND gate integrated circuit cal device is interfaced with digital register. It is important to note that the
IC11-74123 dual retriggerable monosta- electronics. The bounce time of the load command did not occur until 10
ble multivibrator integrated circuit' mechanical switch is very fast (say, 10 ms after the keyswitch was originally
IC12-7473 dual JK flip-flop integrated pulses during a 10 -ms interval), but it closed. This assumes that the
circuit is exceedingly slow from an elec- switches will not be bouncing for
IC13, IC14-7475 dual bistable latch inte- tronics viewpoint, since each indi- more than 10 ms. If there were any
grated circuit vidual pulse can be detected. A de - bouncing after the 10 -ms delay, a
IC15, ICi6, IC17-7447 BCD to 7 -seg- bounce circuit, therefore, should be longer time constant would be needed
ment decoder/driver integrated circuit included to remove any extraneous at SS1 by selecting appropriate Cl
IC19-LM309 5 -volt regulator integrated pulses.
circuit (Signetics) and/or C2 values.
LEDI thru LED8-Light-emitting diode
The debounce circuit employed in When the key switch is released,
(Monsanto RL-50 or similar) the VLCT consists of an RS flip-flop SS1 is reset and a "step" pulse is gen-
R1 thru R14-2000 -ohm, 1/4 -watt resistor made up of NG5 and NG6 and a re- erated' by NG8 for use by the sequence
R15 thru R22-360-ohm, Va -watt resistor triggerable monostable multivibrator generator.
R23, R24, R27-10,000 -ohm, 1/4 -watt re- (sometimes called a single -shot mul-
sistor tivibrator), SS1. The SS1 circuit is ba- Sequence Generator. To load eight
R25 -15 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor sically a form of unstable flip-flop. bits of data into the output register
R26-47-ohm, 1/4 -watt resistor When a trigger pulse is applied to it, with an octal keyboard, three switches
R28 -100 -ohm, i/4 -watt resistor the multivibrator changes states only
TI-8 -volt, -ampere transformer
1
must be operated because each key
Misc.-Suitable enclosure; key -switch for a period determined by an external - depression generates only two or
pad with 0-7, clear, and ready time -delay network, which in this case three bits. For example, assume you
switches; red display filter; fluter bezel; consists of C1 and R23 to yield a 10 -ms want to load the octal number 365 into
fuse holder; line cord; printed circuit delay. After the delay, SS1 switches the output register. The first step is to
boards; IC sockets (optional); insu- back to its initial state. load the 3 into the first two bits, the 6
lated hookup wire; machine hardware; Let us trace a signal through the de - into the next three bits, and the 5 into
solder; etc. bounce circuit. With a 1 coming from the bottom (least -significant) three
Note: The following are available from the output of NG4, the output of 14 is O. bits. Note that the first key depressed
MITS, Inc., 6328 Linn, N.E., Albd- This causes the RS flip-flop to change
querque, NM 87108 (Tel.: 505-
can use only two bits. This means that
265-7553; Telex: 660401): Main pc
board at $6.50; display board at $5.50;
kit of all IC's, pc boards, LED's, IC POWER CONNECTIONS
numeric displays, and assembly man, IC No. Type Vcc Gnd Function
ual for $38.00; complete kit, including
power supply regulator and trans- 1,2 7420 14 7 Dual 4 -input NAND gate
former, key -switch pad, hardware, 3,4,5,6 7474 1,4,10,13,14 7 Dual D flip-flop
case and filter bezel for $57.00. Copies 7 7410 14 7 Triple 3 -input NAND gate
of the pc foil patterns and compo- 8 7404 14 7 Hex inverter
nent layouts can be obtained free 9,10,18 7400 14 7 Quadrature 2 -input Nand
upon request. gate
11 74123 3,11,16 8 Dual retriggerable
Fig. 3. Complete logic .
multivibrator
diagram of the terminal 12 7473 14,3,4,7,10 11 Dual JK flip-flop
13,14 7475 5 12 Bistable latch
is on opposite page.
15,16,17 7447 3,4,5,16 11 BCD -7 -segment decoder
19 LM309 3 5 -volt regulator
DECEMBER 1974 41
a 3 is the largest digit allowable on the
first key depression. The next two key
positions can be any octal number.
The sequence generator consists of
FF1, FF2, NG9 through NG14, and
SS2. Let us assume that at the begin-
ning of the cycle FF1 and FF2 are both
cleared so that the Q output of each is
0 and the Q output is 1. Under these SI
(A)
conditions, NG11 has a 1 at two of its READY
three inputs. Now, when a load pulse _L_
I
+5V READY
R26
occurs, caused by a key switch 47n
27
R0K 28
depression, the third input goes to 1 on
and the output of NG11 goes to O. C5
.01yF
After inversion by NG15, a clock pulse (®)
is applied to FF9 and FF10 to cause the
data on BO and B1 to be loaded into Fig. 5. Schematic of power supply (A) and "ready"
FF9 and FF10.
circuits to be used when terminal feeds a computer (B).
When the key switch is released, a
"step" pulse is generated at NG8 and
is fed to the C (clock)' input of FF1, both Q outputs. This is detected by puts. The flip-flops ignore anything on
causing this flip-flop's Q output to go NG12 and causes SS2 to be triggered the D inputs unless the clock pulse is
from 0 to 1; FF2 will be unaffected for µs. Then SS2 clears FF1 and FF2
1 present.
because the change is positive -going. and transmits a "data -ready" signal to The output display consists of
When the next key switch is de- the computer or other digital devices light -emitting diodes LED1 through
pressed, NG10 will be the gate connected to the output. The CLEAR LED8. The LED's glow whenever their
selected. This will load FF6, FF7, and button can be used to reset the counter respective data lines are at logic -1.
FF8 with data from the keyboard. in the event an error was made during This provides a binary readout. It is
When the switch is released, the step entry. these data lines that are coupled to the
pulse will again cause FF1 to change external computer or other digital de-
states. But this time, the change will Output Register. The output regis- vice.
be from 1 to 0 at the Q output. ter consists of FF3 through FF10.
The Q output of FF1 is now 0 and the These eight flip-flops store data until Receiver. Shown in Fig. 4 is the re-
Q output of FF2 is 1. This selects NG9, the three key entry sequences are ceiver portion of the system, consist-
which will load FF3, FF4, and FF5 on completed. They are called data flip- ing of latches 1C13 and IC14 (each
the next key switch depression. flops, or D flip-flops. Their function is with four D flip-flops for a total of eight
When the 3 key is released, the step to load the bit present at the D input flip-flops); IC15, IC16, and IC17 4 -bit
pulse will again cause the FF1/FF2 whenever the C (clock) line goes to 1. binary to 7 -segment decoders; and
counter to step, resulting in a on 1 This data then appears at the Q out- DIS1, DIS2, and DIS3 7 -segment dis-
play readouts.
Assume that the transmitter drives
the receiver directly (receiver inputs
16 15
DIS.I directly connected to transmitter out-
3 14 puts). Each time the transmitter re-
6
15 13 a ceives three key switch operations
IC13 IC15 I I
12
during number entry, it transmits a
7
13
7475 7447 II
10
II Fig. 4. Complete logic "data-ready" signal to the receiver.
of the receiver with This signal is coupled to the LOAD in-
INPUTS
7 -segment readouts. puts of quadrature latches /C13 and
DIS2 IC14 and causes the eight input sig-
2 7
nals to be read into the two latches
15 f
3 14 G
and stored. The outputs of the latches
6
7
IC14
7475
16 2 IC16
7447
13
12
a
b II are connected to the 7 -segment de-
13 IS II coders, each of which consists of ap-
o
proximately 80 gates arranged to con-
14 10 9
LOAD
(DATA READY)
vert a 4 -line binary signal into a
9
7 -segment drive signal for a numeric
15
DIS.3
readout on the displays.
14 0 Since the system under discussion
IC17
13
12
a
b II is octal -based, one of the inputs of
each decoder is not used. Therefore,
2 7447 II
10
t
II each readout displays only the digits 0
through 7. If desired, the fourth input
can be used, resulting in a full decimal
and hexadecimal format.
HOW TTL WORKS about 1.8 volts. The values of R2 and R3 ternal resistor cannot have a value in
Transistor -transistor logic (TTL) is a are selected so that, when Q2 is con- - excess of 500 ohms, and any low input
positive -logic system. The circuit of a ducting, the voltage drop across R3 is connection must hold the input below
typical gate, in this case one gate in a high enough to turn on Q3. But the volt- 0.8 volt.
7400 quadrature NAND IC, is shown age at the collector of Q2 is not high In some TTL devices, a protective
below. enough to cause Q4 to conduct. The diode is connected from each input to
If neither input of the gate is "0" output is then only a junction away ground. If a negative voltage (with re-
grounded, or both are connected to a from ground (through Q3). Note that in spect to ground) greater than 0.6 volt is
positive -voltage source, the base - this state, the output (via Q3 to ground) accidentally applied to either input, the
collector junction of Q1 is forward can sink a reasonable amoLnt of diodes conduct to protect the gate. The
biased so that current can flow through current-approximately 16 mA. -his is protective diodes also prevent high -
R1 and the B -C junction of Q1 into the why TTL is sometimes referred to as frequency ringing when long connec-
base of Q2. Transistor Q2 goes into sat- "current -sinking logic." tion leads or sharp risetime pulses are
uration, producing a voltage drop If one or both inputs of the gate is used.
across R3. This provides a bias to turn grounded, Q1 conducts and its collec- The truth table for a two -input NAND
on Q3 and at the same time the voltage tor voltage drops to near ground poten- gate is as follows:
at the collector of Q2 drops. tial, cutting off Q2. Almost no current INPUT OUTPUT
For Q4 to conduct, its base must be at flows through Q2's C -E junction, and 1 2
the base voltage ofQ3 (voltage drop
across R3) is close to zero. Transistor 0 o
Q3 then forms an open circuit. The col- o
lector of Q2 approaches +5 volts, which 0
causes Q4 to conduct. The output (1) is 1 o
then a function of R4, the C-B resis-
tance of Q4, and the forward resistance
of D1. The output voltage is then about The 0's and l's represent "low" or logic
3.5 volts. 0 and "high" or logic 1 conditions, re-
OUTPUT In the regular TTL family, about 1.6 spectively. Note that the only time the
mA flows through any input grounding output of the gate changes state from
circuit. In the event grounding is its normal 1 output condition to 0 is
through a resistor, there will be a volt- when bath inputs are "enabled" (have a
age drop across the resistor. Because 1 applied to them simultaneously). If
the maximum permissible low -state neither input, or only one input, is ena-
input voltage is about 0.8 volt, the ex - bled, the output of the gate remains at 1.
Power Supply. Shown in Fig. 5 is the leads to the pc boards, use a low - cuits, depress three keys on the
power supply for the VLCT. The dc power soldering iron and fine solder. transmitter and note that the displays
voltage from Ti and the bridge rec- Be particularly careful to avoid solder indicate the proper sequence. This
tifier consisting of D1 through D4 is bridges between closely spaced foil procedure checks all transmitter and
applied to 5 -volt regulator IC19. (The conductors. Note also that the use of receiver logic.
+5 -volt and ground lines go to the IC's sóckets or Molex Solderconse for the
as shown in the table.) The regulator is IC's and 7 -segment displays is re-
current and temperature protected. commended but not absolutely
Capacitor C4 filters the output of the necessary to assembly.
bridge. It is good practice to handle the IC's
The VLCT requires about 500 mA of as little as possible and to install them
regulated current for the logic ele- as the last step in construction.
ments and about 150 mA of unregu- The terminal should be housed in a
lated current for the LED displays, case that allows the display board to
both at 5 volts dc. be viewed easily through some form of
window. Each LED (indicators for the
Construction. The VLCT is assem- output register) should be identified
bled on two double -sided printed cir- by digit on the cover plate or lens filter
cuit boards, too large to be published. as shown in the photo.
The actual -size foil patterns and com- Power transformer T1 should be
ponent layouts can be obtained by mounted on the floor or bottom plate
writing to the supplier noted in the of the case, while regulator IC19 goes
Parts List. Carefully install the com- on the rear wall, its case exposed to
ponents on the boards exactly as the outside.
shown in the component -placement
diagrams. Pay particular attention to Checkout. The checkout procedure
the polarities of the electrolytic ca- consists of making certain that the
pacitors, LED's, and rectifiers and the transmitter is connected to the re-
orientations and indexing of the integ- ceiver and that power is delivered to
rated circuits and 7 -segment displays. both circuits. Once it is verified that "Now, what do they
When soldering the component power is properly delivered to the cir- mean by female connection."
DECEMBER 1974 43
STATUS REPORT
PRESENT AND FUTURE

7y/
Cable pay TV is well -established
BY SHEL KAGAN
in some areas. Subscription
offers broader possibilities.
"FREE" TELEVISION- (paid lion homes, roughly 12% of those hav- ent; though, in the long run, over-the-
for by the advertisers) has ing TV receivers. Subscription rates air may prove to be more important.
coexisted with various forms of "pay" for cable TV service have stabilized at Special programming might be
(by the viewer) TV ever since cable TV around $6 per month, plus an installa- called second -generation cable TV.
or Community Antenna Television tion charge. Recent technological advances have
(CATV) was introduced some twenty increased its desirabilily by providing
years ago. Cable TV was originally Pay TV. Though the user pays for up to 30 channels instead of the origi-
conceived to benefit homes nestled in cable TV in order to receive free nal 12. Cable TV systems also origi-
mountainous areas, where signal re- broadcast TV, the words "pay TV" nate some local programs-including
ception was extremely poor. (The sys- now connote special programming civic meetings, news, and weather
tem got its name from the fact that that is not available on standard
75 -ohm coaxial cable was-and still
-and they can "import" signals from
broadcasts (prize fights, blacked -out distant stations (though the FCC has
is-used to bring signals from the cen- football games, dramatic perfor- a complex set of rules governing this
tral antenna to individual receivers.) mances, etc.). The signals may come practice).
It is estimated that there are about by cable or "over-the -air." We will
2500 cable systems in operation in the consider the cable systems first since, Pay for What You Want. The third
U.S. They serve approximately 8 mil - at the moment, they are more preval- generation of cable TV is a form of
letting the subscriber choose pro-
grams he wants and pay an additional
charge for them. In 1972, a company
INCOMING TV SIGNALS
called Home Box Office leased a cable
channel in Allentown, Penn. and
began to show first-run, uninterrupted
motion pictures and sports events that
were not available on broadcast chan-
nels and ordinary cable -TV systems.
For $6 a month, Home Box Office of-
fered this program fare, which was re-
COAX
CABLE
ceived on Channel H by means of a
special converter that was designed to
supplement the 12 -channel converter
installed by the local cable -TV com-
COAX TRUNK
. HEAD END/
STUDIO pany.
DROP About the same time, other pay -TV
AMPLIFIER systems were being introduced. Opti-
cal Systems introduced its "Channel
DROP 100" operation' in San Diego. First-run
films and basketball games were
DROP
among the offerings in the program
Layout of the classic lineup. Channel 100's home terminal
cable TV system to provide was more complex than a converter,
AMPLIFIER reception to customers consisting of an optically -triggered
infringe areas. gate. On the top of the unit was a slot
APT
HOUSE into which a viewer inserted his indi-
AMPLIFIER
vidual cardboard credit card that had
aseries of holes punched in it. The
Mole pattern formed th'e viewer's own
unique combination, while the termi- ture signal. Many systems are prone to
nal was designed for only that combi- a condition known as "skew" or V b\
nation and no other. "flagging" in which the top 3 in. (7.62
Light beams passing through the cm) of the picture leans or waves, usu-
credit card's hole pattern unlocked ally to the right. This is the result of
the gate and allowed the decoded uneven passage of the program tape
program to enter the receiver from the past the capstan of the videocassette PROGRAM
ENCODER
STY
TRANSMITTER
cable system. Customers paid the player in the pay TV studio, causing
usual $6 per month for the cable ser- improper contact with the playback
vice, plus $1 extra for maintenance. A head. It is similar to flutter in audio
refundable $20 deposit for the gate tape transports. Dr. Peter Goldmark, STV ANTENNA HOME ANTENNA
was also paid upon installation. inventor of the LP disc and stereo, in-
Optical Systems has since termi- vented a skew corrector that provides DECODER
nated the use of the optical gate in
which card alignment was too critical
to assure reliable service. The com-
one solution to the problem. Another
solution was to ventilate the closets in
which the transports were mounted to
000
pany had TRW, its hardware designer, reduce the heat buildup that altered
the operation of the transport cap-
O
produce a new unit that uses a tone HOME TV
pad on which the viewer punches his stans.

code. Both the card and tone pad are The skew problem plagued pay TV
compatible with standard converters. systems in hovels most severely, since
Based in Sarasota, Florida, Theater - there was usually no technician on Diagram shows how a tjpical
Vision developed a box that used ac- duty to track down the problems. In- subscription system works.
tual theatre -type tickets. Viewers troduction of the remedies mentioned
purchased the tickets through the above alleviated the problem, allow- number of programs viewed. In the
mail and selected outlets. Inserted ing the growth of the hotel pay TV per -program scheme, the subscriber
into the box, the tickets were shred- market. The largest hotel TV company, pays for only those programs viewed.
ded to prevent re -use, and the decoder Trans -World Communications, has The problem with the per -program
was "unlocked," unscrambling the wired about 25,000 rooms across the scheme is that it requires some way for
program. Viewers paid for only the country. Films are transmitted to each the subscriber to communicate his re-
shredded tickets (unused tickets hotel over leased telephone lines from quest to the head end to activate his
could be returned for credit). studios that look like network control channel at the proper time.
Cooperating with Tele -Prompter rooms. Using 1 -in. (2.54 -cm) vid- In the Cablerama (Columbus, Ohio)
Cable Corp., Magnavox conducted a eotape, Trans -World produces a pic- and ViaCode (Smithtown, N.Y.) sys-
short-term experiment in San Bernar- ture that is visibly superior to that ob- tems that offer per -program scheme
dino, California called IDEM (for In- tained from 3/4 -in. (1.91 -cm) video- options, some two-way capability is
teractive Data Exchange Module). cassettes. When a guest wants to see a employed. In the ViaCode system, the
When a viewer elected to watch a program, he simply calls room service, subscriber dials the head -end
program, a digital pulse was sent from which unlocks the decoder that sits operator on the telephone and gives a
the viewer's terminal to an IDEM atop the TV receiver and bills the guest special code number. The engineer
mounted on a pole outside his home $3. punches the code into a mini-
that served about 30 customers. Once Computer Television is currently computer that unscrambles the indi-
a month, the program and billing in- wiring most of the units of the Hilton vidual TV receiver and bills the sub-
formation was transferred from the hotel chain for pay TV. Similar to the scriber in the process.
IDEM to a cassette tape and brought to Trans -World system, Computer Tele- Eventually, as traffic builds up, the
the central cable office for tabulation. vision's system will offer two chan- man at the head end will be replaced
Although technology has provided nels of films for $3 per program. by the computer itself. The computer
many different methods of distribu- Another form of hotelvision, spon- will receive thousands of calls at one
tion, cable pay TV has yet to settle on a sored by such firms as First Cine -Tel time, decipher the codes, turn on the
standardized system. Much of the en- and MGM's Metrovision, offers films receivers, and bill the subscriber, all in
gineering effort has been directed to- continuously at no charge-at least in a matter of microseconds.
ward cleaning up distortion on the pic- theory; usually, room rates have been In the Cablerama system in Colum-
increased by 50¢ to $1 to cover equip- bus, true two-way operation is fea-
Blonder-Tongue decoder for ment and film rental costs. The slight tured. The subscriber simply pushes a
subscription TV. additional cost will hardly be noticed button on the converter to activate a
in these days of inflation. switching unit at the head end, send-
ing the signal down the line. The prob-
Rate Scheduling. The most heated lem, however, is that signals going
controversy in the payvision ranks back up the cable have a tendency to
-- today is the route to choose in
scheduling programs. Presently, ex-
run into noise buildup. Even with
bypass filters that jump around cable
cept for two limited systems, all pay TV amplifiers, the loss in gain is so great,
is on a per-channel basis; programs even for a digital pulse, that the range
run continously and monthly payment of two-way operation has been limited
is a flat rate that is independent of the to only a few blocks.
45
DECEMBER 1974
° SOLID STATE
:SCILLOSCOPE s
COMPU-TRAINER TUBE & TRANSISTOR
.1-: TESTER
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ELECTRO - LAB NTS DIGITAL áR-2000 SOLID STATE TROUBLESHOOTER

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Fourth Generation. Two-way cable, vated by a single button that restores nual amount of advertising revenues
which isundoubtedly the "fourth gen- the original signal. Each time the de-, broadcast television receives annu-
eration" of the industry's develop- coder button is pushed, a real-time ally.
ment, is referred to as "blue sky" be- ticket is generated by an internal strip The only possible limitations on STV
cause it seems to be far off in the fu- printer. The ticket, marked with the arise from FCC regulation. The format
ture. Some provision has been made program indentification number and is allowed only one station per market.
for two-way operation systems built price, is taken from the box and mailed With most of the vhf broadcasters al-
with a "shadow" cable for upsteam in with the monthly payment. ready locked into either network or
communication. But since this dou- Telease, another STV broadcaster, network -affiliated programming, that
bles cable expenditures, it is not a will be operating a 5 -megawatt trans- leaves only the more limited uhf sta-
long-term solution. mitter to cover a 50 -mile area around tions available to carry the program-
What has yet to be developed is Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The decoders ming. Furthermore, STV operators are
what some engineers call the "hand- for the system will rent for $5 per restricted to a limited amount of hours
shake" system in which signals can be month, while estimated average proper day for their pay programming.
passed up- and downstream without gram cost will be $2.50 per selection. The rest of the time must be in the
interfering with each other. Once this The potential interest in such an op- "clear." With such constraints, it will
can be accomplished, the blue-sky eration was investigated by a Roper be more difficult for STV to establish
idea will become a reality and all man- Organization poll taken last year. The itself in the face of cable -TV's head
ner of services become possible. Not study indicated that 24 percent of start.
only will you be able to, order movie those people queried would pay up to Over -the -air proponents, however,
viewing at will, but your TV receiver $45 a month for programming not are staunchly optimistic. Licenses are
will become your morning newspaper, available on "regular" TV. Consider- pending for all major cities, with Los
airport arrival/departure schedule, ing the current number of homes in Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, Mil-
department -store catalog, fire and in- the U.S. with TV receivers (estimated waukee, and Chicago the likeliest first
truder alarm, and even your remote at 66 -million), the total revenue from locations.
"eyes" in your local library. pay TV could amount to $8.5 -billion a
A small hand-held unit, much like year-more than double the total an - Where Pay TV Stands. Recently,
todays electronic calculators (Jerrold broadcast networks have again put
Electronics has already developed the pay TV under fire. The networks ap-
prototype) will enable each household pear to live in fear that pay TV will
to order merchandise and pay bills by PAY-TV COMPANIES siphon away their programming, even
punching up the code numbers on the The following is a partial list of the pay -
though FCC rulings strictly forbid
TV companies now in operation:
control unit. pay -TV companies from using any
Private -Home: programming that is presently in the
Over -the -Air. The first over -the -air American Multi -Cinema (Columbus, domain of "free" TV. Pay cable will
pay -TV format was called "subscrip- Ohio) undoubtedly survive the broadcast at-
tion television," or STV. In some quar- American Video (Fort Lauderdale, tack because studies have revealed
ters, STV is given higher marks than Fla.) that where it is available, pay TV has
cable pay TV, simply because there Cinca Communications (Long Beach, been welcomed by people who are
are no cables involved. It has been San Clemente, and Escondido, Calif.) willing to pay a little extra for uninter-
predicted that 1 -million homes will be Digital Communications (Pensacola rupted, uncut movies that can be seen
watching some form of STV by 1976. and Palm Beach, Fla.; Decatur, Ga.)
in the comfort of their own living
Basically, STV puts out a scrambled Home Box Office (Allentown-
rooms.
Bethlehem,Wilkes-Barre, Hazelton, and
signal that can be decoded only by a Stroudsburg, Pa.; Ithaca, Mt. Vernon, All told, there are currently more
box connected to the TV receiver's an- Babylon Village, and Vestal, N.Y.) than 40,000 home TV receivers and
tenna terminals. It in no way affects Optical Systems (San Diego and some 60,000 hotel rooms wired into
any other broadcast signal. Santa Barbara, Calif.; Toledo, Ohio; various types of pay systems. This is a
Of the several proposed methods Harrisburgh, Pa.; Wayne, N.J.) modest beginning to be sure. But it is
for transmitting STV, two are slated to Telecommunications, Inc. (Hamilton, an impressive one in the light of the
go on the air at about the time you are Ohio) fact that the entire industry is little
reading this. The system devised by TheatreVision (Sarasota, Fla.) more than a year old. The demand for
Blonder -Tongue Labs will transmit Warner Cable (Reston, Va.; Pottsville,
pay TV increases daily and shows no
Warren, and Clearfield, Pa.; Coos Bay,
into New York City and environs from sign of slackening.
Ore.; Winter Haven, Fla.; Fayetteville,
a Newark, N.J. transmitter. The encod- The long-awaited Office of Tele-
Ark.; Pittsfield, Mass.)
ing circuits at the transmitter suppress Viacom (Smithtown, N.Y.) communications Policy Report, is-
the horizontal and alter the vertical sued in January 1974, advocated the
syncpulses. This causes the received Hotel: removal of restraints on pay and cable
picture to have a continuous random Adams -Russell Corp. TV. Whileihe restraints might not be
horizontal tear with a 10 -Hz vertical Athena Communications removed immediately, the report's op-
oscillation. The program's sound is Computer Television timistic approach to the future of pay
placed on a sub -carrier frequency, Digital Communications TV means that all of us might someday
leaving the audio channel clear for a First Cine -Tel Corp. have a living room that will be a com-
Metrovision
continuous announcement of what Trans-World Communications
bination library/shopping center/
program is available. Transcom movie theatre/sports arena-the pos-
In the home, the decoder is acti- sibilities are virtually unlimited. Q
.
POPULAR ELECTRONICS examines the
state of high-fidelity components
as we move into 1975. Authoritative SPECIAL
reports by respected authors in the
audio field explore equipment trends.
RECEIVERS, AMPLIFIERS, AND TUNERS 51
FOUR -CHANNEL MATRIX SYSTEMS 53
ON NI -FI
RECORD PLAYING EQUIPMENT 55
TAPE RECORDERS 57
SPEAKER SYSTEMS 59
But high power alone is not the sole jus- Almost all of the major receiver manufac-
RECEIVERS, tification for spending $600 or even $700 turers have opted for direct -coupled out-
put circuitry which eliminates the need for
for a two -channel integrated receiver. In
AMPLIFIERS the case of some top models, it becomes
increasingly difficult to differentiate be-
the coupling capacitors between the out-
put stages and the loudspeakers. Manufac-
AND TUNERS tween the performance specifications and
extra control features of these self-con-
turers employing such circuitry maintain
that the improvement in low -frequency
BY LEONARD FELDMAN tained units and separate amplifier/ damping and power bandwidth is worth
preamp/tuner systems of recent vintage. the somewhat higher cost entailed in pro-
For example, the lowly tape-monitoring viding dual -polarity voltage supplies re-
circuit conceived originally as a handy quired by this configuration.
AS IF to reinforce the unchal- "circuit interruption point" for owners of More and more IC's are finding their way
lenged conviction that 1975 will be a three-head tape decks, has taken on new into the new receivers in such stages as -fi
good year for hi-fi sales (in spite of infla- importance. Tape monitor "in" and "out" sections, complete AM tuners and phono
tion), the major electronic component jacks provide a convenient access point for preamplifiers, although critical output cir-
manufacturers offer an ever-expanding connection of such diverse outboard ac- cuits continue to rely on discrete transis-
choice of the electronic modules that make cessories as equalizers (which offer more tors. It is now just as likely that sophisti-
up a hi-fi system. refined control of frequency response cated single -IC phase -locked loop circuitry
Although the preferences of most buyers often through the use of octave -by -octave will be found in the multiplex section of a
of hi-fi components are still the all -in -one or even third -octave -by -third -octave levers receiver as in separate tuners, so that re-
receivers, which offer certain economies or controls.) Dolby noise reduction acces- ceiver FM stereo performance (channel
because of the single power supply and sories (or similar devices manufactured by separation, low distortion, and long-term
one-piece chassis construction, a surpris- dbx and others) and, of course, matrix stability) is hardly distinguishable from that
ing number of manufacturers are introduc- 4 -channel decoders with various degrees obtained with the "separates."
ing or re -introducing a variety of separate of separation logic. As a result, even low-
tuners, integrated amplifiers and even cost receivers are now equipped with more Tuner Trends. Faced with the growing
separate preamplifier and basic power than one set of tape monitoring facilities. sophistication in receiver designs, man-
amplifier units, in wide price ranges. Gen- Some receivers, .for example, have as ufacturers of separate tuners (many of
erally, the potential purchaser of a hi-fi many as four sets of tape monitoring jacks. whom are engaged in receiver manufac-
component system in 1975 can expect to These pairs are specifically labelled for cer- ture) have had to add features and
pay from 10 to 15 percent more for elec- tain applications (such as "4 -channel" and performance to their products in order to
tronics than he would have a year ago. Un- "Dolby NR"), but are no different from an justify their existence as separates. Having
like other commodities, the increase in Ordinary circuit interruption point. The reached what amounts to the ultimate in
prices stems not so much from rising parts growing popularity of tape recording (and sensitivity (there is a limit as to how few
costs (often significantly offset by the in- the improved performance of both cassette microvolts of signal are needed to produce
creased use of integrated circuits which and open -reel tape decks) has also given a marginal signal-to-noise ratio of 30 dB),
combine the functions of many transistors rise to multiple tape jacks with switching tuner designers have concentrated their ef-
and passive components into a single arrangements that permit recording one forts on lower distortion, greater circuit
chip), but from the addition of an increas- tape deck from another, often while listen- stability and better capture ratios and
ing number of control and convenience ing to still another program source. selectivity. Since the distortion of received
Multiple tone controls (beyond the con- FM signals is greatly dependent upon ac-
features.
ventional bass and treble knobs) are show- curacy of tuning, major efforts have been
Receiver Trends. Not too long ago, a ing up on receivers, too. Where such devoted to developing very accurate tun-
niceties as variable crossover point selec- ing schemes.
receiver was considered to be "high pow-
tion, midrange controls, and even seg- The aigital-readout, frequency-syn-
ered" if it could produce 50 watts of con-
tinuous power per channel when driving mented tone controls (in which five or -thesizing AJ-1510 tuner introduced by
more knobs or levers divide up the audio Heath more than two years ago stood alone
8 -ohm speaker loads. This year there are
spectrum for finer adjustment) were once as an example of crystal -controlled tuning
top -powered receivers that produce 100
watts per channel, while retaining reason- found only on integrated amplifiers or accuracy until the introduction of tuners
able physical dimensions, fully protected preamplifier chassis, such arrangements from an assortment of manufacturers this
output circuitry, and complete thermal are now appearing on the front panels of year. Mere digital readout does not, of
stability. the new breed of receivers. course, mean accurate tuning. In some in -
51
DECEMBER 1974
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Pushbutton and lever-switch control flexibility Receivers with direct -coupled amplifiers and
plus built-in synthesized 4 -channel versatility phase -locked loop FM circuitry, exemplified
with Radio Shack's STA-250 stereó receiver. by Pioneer's SX-535 stereo receiver.
ZfJ.OalH;'n37,{3i211ik~R~0i,'c.
Phase Linear's 4 -channel
Autocorrelation Preamp
boasts special hiss- and IY
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noise -reduction circuits, ----z te
dynamics restorer and .O ©© r, nni+ooc+ vie a

active equalizer (left). r
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Multiple tape monitor

provisions, QS Vario -Matrix
and other 4 -channel matrix
Four -channel versatility is and CD -4 capabilities are
features in Sansui's QRX
represented by Lafayette 7001 receiver (above).
Radio's LA -74 built-in
Full Logic Wavematching
SQ and other matrix
decoding, with demodulator Digital readout FM tuning
provisions for CD -4 (below). sections, as in SAE'S Mark
Super -power stereo VIB FM stereo tuner, exhibit
basic amplifiers such growing popularity (below).
as Marantz's 4O0M
(above) are on the rise.
stances, the digital readout tubes simply this year involves two major technological sponse unless they turned down their tre-
replace the conventional dial scale and breakthroughs. One is still under consid- ble tone controls. Even this corrective
pointer, introducing nothing to ensure tun- eration by the FCC and the NQRC industry measure did not fully solve the problem
ing accuracy or prevent possible drift. A committee-the choice of systems for dis- because the amount of extra treble em-
state-of-the-art frequency synthesizer can crete 4 -channel FM broadcasting. The phasis introduced at the broadcast end is a
ensure tuning accuracy to a high degree. issue is not likely to be decided in 1975, function of the level of the program mater-
Such a circuit is a sophisticated feedback even though engineering field tests in San ial and varies from instant to instant.
control system which uses a built-in crystal Francisco are well under way. Anticipation Dolby suggested to the FCC some time
oscillator and a variety of logic circuits bor- of an approved system has led most man- ago that stations employing his system be
rowed from computer technology to set the ufacturers to include a special jack on the allowed to alter their pre -emphasis
tuner's operating frequency in a manner back of the tuner's chassis (also to be (amount of fixed treble boost introduced at
that is as precise as the broadcast station's found on most new receivers) which will the transmitter and compensated for by the
own frequency. accept the "4 -channel adapter" of the fu- de -emphasis network in the tuner, reduc-
As an indication of the limits to which ture. ing fixed residual noise level) from its pre-
manufacturers have gone in designing Meanwhile, a proposal to the FCC sug- scribed value of 75 microseconds to 25
high -end FM tuners, some products fea- gested by Dr. Ray Dolby was unexpectedly microseconds. This, according to the in-
ture spectrum analyzers which provide approved in the summer of 1974, catching ventor, would increase the "headroom" or
visual inspection of the station's signals as most every tuner manufacturer by surprise. dynamic range of music that stations
well as those signals up to 1 MHz away on Dolby FM broadcasts have been a regular transmit and would reduce the "treble" ef-
either side of the desired signal-all dis- feature of many FM stations throughout fect when heard on receivers or tuners not
played on an instrument-quality oscillo- the country for more than a year, but listen- equipped for Dolby reception.
scope. ers who were not equipped with a proper The latter objective is probably ade-
decoder have heard such broadcasts re- quately met for listeners equipped with
Dolby FM Broadcasting. The big news produced with shrill. high -frequency re - less -than -hi-fi FM receivers, but the unex-
52
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
capability. We are likely to see more effort
pected approval of this proposal by the
srEcai
FCC leaves owners of present hi-fi FM
equipment in somewhat of a quandary. A
few tuners were already equipped with
directed toward this approach to higher
power in the months ahead. Meanwhile,
the "brute force" approach, using higher -
REPORT ON NI-FI
built-in Dolby decoding circuits. Those dissipation transistors for increased
owning tuners not so equipped, but suffi- power, continues; and with this increase
ciently interested in hearing these broad- comes the realization that speakers have tle, let alone the matrix versus discrete ap-
casts perfectly reproduced, might have physical limitations as to how much power proach seems unlikely to occur in 1975.
gone out and purchased a separate "Dolby they can absorb before being damaged or Manufacturers of playback equipment
box." Now, however, as stations start destroyed. Some amplifier designs incor- presently have no choice but to try to in-
broadcasting Dolby using the new porate a power limiting switch which is set corporate the best circuitry they can for all
25 -microsecond pre -emphasis charac- to suit the capabilities of associated the available systems, and this has kept
teristics, even those audiophiles equipped speaker systems. high-powered 4 -channel receivers priced
with Dolby will have to alter the de - New FTC rules governing advertised considerably higher than similarly pow-
emphasis characteristics of tuners or re- statements of power output capability of ered stereo models.
ceivers if they are to get the exact results audio products (see POPULAR ELECTRONICS, Very few manufacturers are offering
intended. (See POPULAR ELECTRONICS, November 1974) will hopefully make the quadraphonic integrated amplifiers. The
November 1974, for de -emphasis adapter consumer's task of comparing competitive reasoning here probably is that, if "sepa-
circuit.) products simpler in the months ahead. rates" constitute less than 20% of the total
A few manufacturers find themselves in component system market and 4 -channel
the fortunate position of already having Four-Channel Systems. Home quad- represents a mere 15% of all system sales,
switches for selecting 25 or 75 micro- raphonic sound systems captured some catering to a mere 3% of the market hardly
second de -emphasis built into their pro- 15% of the new system market, falling justifies the tooling and design expense
ducts. They also have included Dolby de- somewhat short of industry expectations involved in creating a line of quadraphonic
coders so their products are ready for this last year. The picture has been confused by power amplifiers or preamplifiers.
new type of transmission. No doubt other the variety of four-channel record systems, Many manufacturers, and audiophiles
manufacturers will scramble quickly to find lack of proper demonstration facilities in too, point to the absence of a broadcast
room on their front or rear panels for the most audio salons, and the relatively small 4 -channel system as another obstacle to
simple two -position switch to be incorpo- selection of available records. mass acceptance of quadraphonics in the
rated. The change in de -emphasis applies Nevertheless, significant improvements home. They cite the example of stereo's
only to Dolby broadcasts; and the switch 1s in 4 -channel components are evident this greatest increase in popularity and dis-
needed because all other FM broadcasting year. Previous "do -everything" 4 -channel tribution after the FCC approved stereo
will continue to employ the 75 -microsec- receivers generally lacked sophisticated broadcasting methods in the early 1960's.
ond pre -emphasis standards. logic circuitry in their SQ matrix decoders, Not wanting to imply any sense of eventual
even though many had built-in CD -4 de- absolesence of their stereo products,
Amplifier Trends. The trend to higher modulator circuitry. Cost and circuit com- manufacturers are stressing the ease of
power in separate amplifiers (particularly plexity had prevented most manufacturers adaptability of good stereo products to
in the case of separate power amplifiers) from going all out in 1973 and 1974 models. 4 -channel via the "add on" route. Most
continues as more and more low -efficiency Now, integrated circuits for both SQ full - 4-channel receivers being marketed this
loudspeaker systems appear on the mar- logic decoding and QS Vario -Matrix are year also feature the 'strapped' mode cir-
ket. Manufacturers of these massive amp- available at reasonable cost. Conse- cuit, whereby the product can be operated
lifiers are enjoying increased sales in the quently, manufacturers finally have what with just two speakers (at more than twice
200 -watt-plus categories. may be termed truly universal 4 -channel the power available per channel) until such
Speaking of size and weight, at least one receivers. QS Vario -Matrix, long deemed time as the user elects to add two or more
U.S. manufacturer has already shown pro- an also-ran in the matrix battle, has gained speakers and the accessories that are re-
totypes of a so-called "class D" solid-state ground since some manufacturers offer quired for full quadraphonic conversion.
amplifier which uses pulse or digital tech- receiver models that contain this advanced Stimulated by the continuing refinement
niques to reconstitute audio waveforms. matrix form as well as SQ and CD -4. Some of hi-fi components and growing public re-
Power -supply requirements in this kind of recording companies in this country con- liance on home entertainment, the audio
design are lower and overall size of such tinue to show interest in this system as well, scene in 1975 should be more appealing
products camouflages their power output so that resolution of the QS versus SQ bat- than ever before. 0.
FOUR -CHANNEL necessary to have completely different appear to be the obvious choice since the
DISC SYSTEMS "decoding" (actually "demodulating") cir-
cuits for CD-4 discs. A number of receivers
quadraphonic section of most record
shops is dominated by SQ discs; but when
BY JULIAN D. HIRSCH presently on the market have CD -4 demod- it comes to the matrix decodér in a receiver
ulators built into them for just this reason. or amplifier, it would be erroneous to as-
THE jockeying for commercial dom- With matrix systems such as the SQ and sume that all SQ decoders are the same.
inance between the major contenders the QS, some compromise is possible. A Over the past few years, there has been a
in the 4 -channel record field appears to be decoder can be designed to favor one of constant evolution of the SQ system-at
no nearer resolution today than it was a the matrices and still do a tolerable job of least in the reproduction process. The pur-
year ago. But the lot of the prospective decoding the other. In any event, every pose o1 the changes has been to improve
buyer of quadraphonic equipment is a bit 4 -channel receiver and amplifier should the overall channel separation of the basic
better now, since most current 4 -channel have at least one of the basic matrix de- SQ matrix to give it a more "discrete"
amplifiers and receivers have provisions coders. 4 -channel character.
for more than one of the existing competi- Theoretically, the simplest SQ decoding
tive systems. The SQ System. When getting into matrix has infinite side -to -side (left -to -right
There is no compatibility between the 4 -channel sound, making a choice be- across the front and rear) separation. In
CD -4 discrete 4 -channel disc system and tween the various matrix systems available reality, the separation is limited by the
the various matrix systems. Hence, it is is no easy task. SQ would, at first glance, normal stereo separation of the phono car-
DECEMBER 1974 53
action remains relatively inaudible. This is
BASIC 10-10 10-10 BASIC MATRIX due to the fact that the direction from
MATRIX BLEND F -B + W -M W -M + V -B
10-40 BLEND FB LOGIC which a sound first reaches the ear deter-
r--t
LOGIC LOGIC
r-tr1
LF
rt--
CF RF
mines its apparent direction, even if it sub-
r2p-t sequently comes from other directions.
Lii
3 10 3 20
This allows a fast -acting gain -riding system
to "steer" the listener to the correct
LR CR RR
L±J +--- co
azimuth position for any sound. Even when
a subsequent change in program direc-
SO DECODER SEPARATION tionality requires a gain shift to favor
another channel, the ear "remembers" the
OS RECORDS SO RECORDS direction from which the sound first ar-
rived.
20 20 The quadraphonic effect from such a de-
u
120 5
coder can often seem to be perfectly
"discrete"-provided one does not listen
L20 --+// I 15 too carefully and avoids a listening posi-
QS VARIO MATRIX SEPARATION tion too close to one of the speakers. Al-
though it is obvious that a well -designed
Four -channel separation (in decibels) of different matrix systems. logic system can produce these effects
when the program is principally concen-
tridge in use, which may be a minimum of senses that the center -front signal is trated in one direction at a time, how can it
20 or 30 dB. However, the separation from strongest, the gains of the front channels cope with the situation where all four
side-front to side -rear and from center- are increased by 3dB, while the gains in the channels are carrying equal signal levels
front to center -rear in the basic SQ matrix rear channels are reduced by about 14 dB. simultaneously? The ansvyer is that it can-
system is only 3 dB-an inadequate figure The result is a net effective separation of 20 not! But simultaneous directionality in all
for meaningful 4 -channel directionality. dB along the center front -to -rear axis, with four channels rarely occurs in actual musi-
Most of the lower -priced 4 -channel no change in overall sound volume. (The cal recordings. Even when all channels ap-
equipment with SQ decoding capability front -channel levels have been increased pearto be fully occupied, they have slightly
employs the basic matrix scheme. This fails by 3 dB to compensate for the virtually total different program contents at any given in-
to do justice to the intent of the recording attenuation of the rear channels.) stant.
engineer. Fortunately, it is possible to sub- There are other ways to achieve center - The decoder can sense the differences in
stantially improve the center -front to front-to -rear enhancement. Some result in a matter of milliseconds and direct the
center -rear separation at negligible sac- less separation than in the example cited listener's attention to the appropriate
rifice of separation in other directions. above. Typically, however, one can expect corner with remarkable effectiveness. The
By blending some of the front -left and a center front -to -rear separation of 10 to 20 end result is not really equal to a fully dis-
front -right and some of the rear -left and dB from the relatively inexpensive front - crete 4-channel program, but it is so close
rear -right signals, it is possible to increase back (F -B) logic system sometimes re- that one rarely is aware of the lack of simul-
front -to -rear center separation with a slight ferred to as "partial logic." taneous but different signals in all four
loss of side-to -side separation. The most channels.
popular SQ system uses a 10 -percent front - Enter Wave Matching. The next When the gain of an uncontrolled or
and a 40 -percent rear -channel blend evolutionary step in SQ decoder develop- boosted channel is suddenly reduced to
(known as a "10-40" blend). This reduces ment was the addition of wave-matching favor one of the other channels, any low-
the front lateral separation to 20 dB (a (W -M) logic. In this system, the control level sound (such as room reverberation or
change that is undetectable except with signals are processed to obtain new sig- the decay of a musical note) appears to be
instruments) and the rear lateral separa- nals that indicate the relative levels of the abruptly cut off. This effect has been
tion to 8 dB. Since the rear channels- signals in each of the four channels. This is minimized in the latest decoders by careful
particularly in classical music reproduc- accomplished by rectifying and comparing selection of operating time constants and
tion-carry mostly ambience and rever- the rectified outputs. In effect, this is a is to some degree under the control of the
beration information with little side-to -side "matching" of waveforms in the different recording engineer, who can time his re-
directionality, the reduction does not rep- channels; hence, the term "wave - cord mix-down to avoid audible anomalies.
resent a serious compromise in perfor- matching" logic. Under certain conditions, the rapid shifting
mance. However, the center -front to The W -M system is usually combined of channel gains can also give a "pump-
center-rear is improved to 6 dB. This re- with a F -B logic system to give a nearly ing" action that can be detected as a level
duces some of the vagueness of position- discrete character to the sound. It is capa- modulation rather than a change in posi-
ing associated with center -front soloists ble of about 20 -dB separation in every dition.
heard through a basic matrix decoder. rection, except center -left to center -right, More recent decoders have combined
It is possible to increase front -to -rear which remains at about 8 dB in all cLrrent F -B with a variable -blend (V-B) logic. Here,
separation further by blending, but only at SQ decoding systems. the logic control signals actually vary the
the expense of side -to -side separation. A The original "full -logic" SQ decoders amount of side -to -side blending to dynam-
predominantly center-front signal differs used the combination of F -B and W -M logic ically control the center front -to -rear sep-
from a center -rear signal in the amplitude and represented such a dramatic im- aration. In combination with a W -M system,
and phase of its encoded components. By provement over unaided matrix decoding the latest V -B decoders can provide a full
shifting the phase of one of the input sig- that it was easy to overlook some short- 20 dB of front -to -rear separation either
nals with respect to the other by 90° and comings. Any such "gain -riding" system along the sides or in the center of the listen-
then adding and subtracting them, one depends on critically controlled operating ing area, with no significant dilution in
can derive "logic" control signals whose speeds if it is to remain unobstrusive. side -to-side separation. There has also
presence indicates the predominance of In the case of F -B and W -M logic, CBS been a noticeable reduction in audible
either a center -front or a center -rear signal. Laboratories (developer of the SQ system) "pumping," so that it is rarely heard.
The logic signals can be used to control has found that an attack time of about 1 to 3 In addition to the operational short-
the gains of the four individual output am- ms and a decay time of 50 ms give a strong comings of various logic systems, there
plifiers in the decoder. If the logic circuit sense of directionality, while the control was for some time an even more serious
54
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
disadvantage: high cost. A full -logic sys- tionships between the two composite input SPECIA1 niu
tem was initially very expensive due to the
considerable circuit complexity and the
lack of suitable integrated circuits. Much
signals and uses a derived control signal to
continuously alter the decoding matrix's
coefficients in such a manner as to shift the
REPORT ON HI -Fl
apparent directionality to favor the pre- decoded with impressive effect by the de-
effort has gone into the development of
IC's to go with the inexpensive basic SQ ferred azimuth. coder itself. Often, this produces a
matrix decoder IC's that appeared some Since the Vario -Matrix system does not 4 -channelspatial effect that is the equal of
time ago. Presently, a full-lógic W -M and vary channel gains, it is quite free of pump- that from any quadraphonic record.
V -B decoder can be made with only three ing effects and is capable of a degree of
IC's at a small fraction of the cost of "discreteness" that hardly seems possible Discrete Discs. RCA/JVC's CD -4 dis-
discrete-component systems. with a matrix system. The first Vario -Matrix crete disc is in a ballpark of its own. It is not
Through the first half of 1974, very few decoders used mostly individual compo- at all compatible with the matrix systems,
quadraphonic receivers included any form nents and achieved about 12 dB of separa- but does offer the potential for the best
tion in the basic directions. An IC version of 4 -channel disc sound. The result can be
of logic enhancement for their SQ decod-
ing. Most of those that did had only a sim- the Vario -Matrix system is now available. It similar to that of a 4 -channel tape-four
ple F -B system. At present, a number of has a full 20 dB of separation between all separate signals. Instead of inserting more
manufacturers have announcedavailabil- channels. information into record grooves, CD -4 uses
ity of full -logic receivers, usually in models In view of the predominance of SQ discs ultrasonic frequencies in a stereo groove
in the upper price brackets. As the SQ IC's in the U.S., it is fortunate that the Vario- to develop rear channels. However, to re-
become more widely available, other man- Matirx system can be switched to a "Phase produce quadraphonic sound from a CD -4
ufacturers and models will surely join the Matrix" mode that decodes SQ discs quite disc, a demodulator and a special phono
list. well. The separation along the sides of the cartridge must be used. Another consider-
listening area is about 6 dB in this setup. ation is the need to maintain a high order of
The QS System. Acceptance by the But from center -front to center -rear and stylus and disc cleanliness.
along any left-right axis, it is 15 dB or more. As for the broadcasting on FM of
American recording industry of QS or RM
Any matrix decoder can be used to 4 -channel CD -4 discs, experiments are
(for regular matrix) system has not
matched the CBS SQ system; but the synthesize pseudo -quadraphonic pro- being conducted, but the possibility is still
former has enjoyed considerable popular- grams from stereo sources. Depending on unresolved. Many stations broadcast
ity in Japan. Sansui's Vario -Matrix "logic" the matrix and the nature of the program, matrix -type discs, which are compatible
the result can be anything from a vague with the present FM broadcast system; but
system has followed a path of development
that parallels that of the SQ system. More ambience in the rear speakers (often a very CD-4 broadcasting would require modifi-
important, it has attributes that make it pleasing effect) to a distinctly separated cations of the system.
noteworthy, as you will see. Also, the sys- 4 -channel distribution, although the latter There are currently a number of receiv-
tem has made significant inroads in four - may not conform to any predetermined ers with built-in CD -4 demodulators plus
channel FM broadcasting. spatial configuration. It is worth noting, full -logic SQ decoders. Further, many re-
The Vario -Matrix system, which operates however, that the Vario -Matrix has a ceivers have input provisions for outboard
very differently from the SQ system, has "Synthesizer" mode that combines the CD -4 demodulators. So, CD -4, backed by
RCA's potential record library, appears to
gradually been converted to a simple
three -IC design. It senses the phase rela-
stereo channels in an enclosing matrix to
create a 4 -channel program that is then be a long-range contender. .
RECORD Enter Electronic Drive. A couple of
years ago, the first successful direct -drive
not everyone will want the added cost of a
direct -drive system. But for those who want
PLAYING turntables were introduced by a few man-
ufacturers. Now, most of the major man-
direct -drive, there are a number óf models
from which to choose.
EQUIPMENT ufacturers feature at least one direct -drive
model. With the direct -drive system, there The Tomearm. From time to time, new
BY JULIAN D. HIRSCH tonearm designs are announced. They
are no stepped drive shafts, idler wheels, or
belts. purport to cure the ills of phonograph re-
Er HE single -play record player is The motor of a direct-drive system ro- production, the great majority of which
have nothing to do with the tonearm. Few
coming back strong. Current lines of tates at 331/3 or 45 rpm. It is rigidly fastened
players indicate an increasing trend to- to the platter that supports and rotates the of these "revolutionary" designs prove
ward single-play models that span a price record. In fact, in one model, the platter is useful in the long run. Hence, the conven-
range from less than what you would ex- actually the motor's rotor. tional pivoted and offset tonearm is used
pect to pay for a moderately priced The motor speed in a direct -drive system almost universally in record players.
changer to as much as $400. Except for the is controlled, and tightly regulated, by elec- The differences among tonearms used
least expensive units, most of these players tronic means, the specific operating prin- with most record players, where they exist,
have some degree of automation, which ciples of which vary from manufacturer to are principally in the important area of low
might be simply an automatic motor shut manufacturer. bearing friction (which costs money) and
off at the end of play. On the other hand, the The major advantages of direct -drive in- secondarily in the matter of operating
automation might be very sophisticated, clude virtual elimination of mechanical conveniences, such as cartridge overhang
including a complete arm indexing/ parts that can wear out or require replace- adjustment, damped cueing lifts (now al-
play/return-to-rest: shut-off cycle- ment, reduction of rumble -producing vi- most universal except on the least expen-
all initiated at the touch of a button or lever. bration to an absolute minimum, and a sive players), and accurately calibrated
Most single -play turntables are belt - record speed entirely independent of line tracking and anti -skating force adjust-
driven. This is the least expensive method voltage and frequency fluctuations. All of ments.
this has its price in the amount of money The radial tonearm received much pub-
of rotating a turntable platter with a
minimum of vibration or momentary speed paid for the player. They cost roughly from licity a few years ago when Rabco intro-
fluctuation, which could result in rumble, $250 to $400. Since turntables that are duced the first truly successful design. It is
wow, or flutter. Virtually every currently much less expensive have rumble and flut- still around, available only from Rabco. (A
manufactured single -play turntable oper- ter levels that are inaudible and often radial tonearm is also featured in a new and
ates at 331/3 and 45 rpm. below those inherent in many recordings, very expensive record player from Bang &
55
DECEMBER 1974
Examples of popular multiple -play
(below) and single -play (right)
automatic turntables. 1i
BIC 980
Dual 701
Technics SL -1300
-`°. 4 . o
BSR 810
Pioneer PL-51
Olufsen, soon to be introduced in this Recent models of record players from cially shaped stylus to achieve a greater
country.) several manufacturers have low - area of contact with the record groove's
The radial arm essentially eliminates the capacitance arm wiring. This fact is not walls in the interest of reduced disc wear
small amount of horizontal tracking error always stated in the literature. So, check on while being able to trace high frequencies
left in today's conventional tonearms-not this if you are making the change to CD -4. up to 45 kHz. They all require about 2 grams
really a significant factor-and is also free of tracking force, which is higher than that
of skating force effects, which is an impor- Record Changers. The record needed by most top -grade stereo cart-
tant advantage. However, .as with the changer is still alive and thriving. It will ridges. However, due to the shape of the
direct -drive turntable, radial tonearms are probably always be a major factor in the stylus, the actual force per unit of area con-
costly and may not return enough im- record -playing world. "New" record tacted is less than that exerted by conven-
provement in listening quality to justify the changers appear on the scene with great tional conical or elliptical styli operating at
cost to many people. regularity, but much of the newness ap- about 1 gram.
Although it is not widely heralded in ad- pears to be cosmetic in nature. Among ex- A different approach is taken in a CD -4
vertising literature, most tonearms have ceptions is a new line of "programmed" cartridge that uses semiconductor strain -
enough internal wiring capacitance to be a players. These are set by the user to play in gauge elements. It requires a special
potential source of difficulty with many of sequence up to six records. This eliminates preamplifier (with no equalization) that is
the CD -4 cartridges used for playing the a large portion of the mechanical complex- able to supply dc to the cartridge. The
RCA/JVC "discrete" 4 -channel discs. Most ity from the record -changing mechanism stylus is similar in shape to those men-
of these cartridges should be operated and makes it possible to use the more de- tioned above. It, too, operates at.about 2
with a total load capacitance of less than sirable belt-drive system instead of the grams.
100 pF. idler wheel that other changers require. A new cartridge from Denmark appears
Special connecting cables supplied with to combine the best of the stereo and CD -4
some CD -4 demodulators have a capaci- Cartridges. The most noteworthy ad- worlds. Its shaped stylus, called the
tance of less than that of the record vance in phono cartridges during the past Pramanik after its inventor, has the essen-
player's internal wiring capacitance of 12 months has been in the development of tial qualities of the other specially con-
about 30 pF. So, the player's internal wiring a number of new models for playing CD -4 toured styli, but it is able to operate at only
capacitance should be less than 70 pF. Un- discs. Most manufacturers here and 1 gram. It is also one of the very few car-
fortunately, many players we have meas- abroad seem to have been proceeding with tridges made today that does not have a
ured have wiring capacitances in the caution in this respect; but in recent user-replaceable stylus. The entire car-
150-to-200-pF range, which would not be months, a number of new models have tridge must be returned to the factory for
suitable for CD -4 service with most car- made their appearance. stylus replacement when the need arises.
tridges. A few Japanese cartridges use a spe- Many people have concluded from the
56
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
wide frequency response inherent in a their high prices, which are typically from SPECIAL HI -Fl
CD -4 cartridge that it should be an out-
standingly good performer when used for
$50 to $100. It happens that some
medium-priced stereo cartridges selling
for between $20 and $40 can outperform
REPURi ON
stereo reproduction. Although many CD-4
cartridges are good stereo.performers, this most of the much more expensive CD -4 only applications. This statement should
does not necessarily follow for all CD -4 car- cartridges when playing stereo records, not be misinterpreted to denigrate the
with respect to tracking ability and flatness CD -4 cartridge in any way. If there is any
tridges. The reason for this is that the re-
quired tracking ability as a function of fre- of response within the audio -frequency reasonable likelihood that you will be con-
quency is not the same for the two modes range. verting to CD -4 in the next few years, one of
The finest stereo cartridges, which are the better CD -4 cartridges on today's mar-
of service.
priced competitively with the CD -4 car- ket would be an excellent addition to your
The special styli used with most CD -4
cartridges are expensive. This accounts for tridges, are definitely superior for stereo - system.
TAPE in the playback mode. (Very few recorders sophisticated, effective, and costly Dolby A
RECORDERS are equipped for bidirectional recording.)
There is a slow but steady growth in the
system.
Recognizing the existence of several dif-
BY JULIAN D. HIRSCH number of automatic -reversing machines ferent types of magnetic tape that have dif-
on the market, but it can hardly be consi- ferent bias and equalization requirements,
dered a trend. At one time, there were sev- a number of tape recorder manufacturers
THE DEATH knell that was supposed eral systems for initiating the tape reversal have provided tape bias or equalization (or
to have sounded for open -reel tape process, including recorded subsonic both) switches on their decks. These are
recorders when high -quality cassette tones, sensing unrecorded portions of the usually labelled for "normal" and "low -
decks appeared has never materialized. tape, and foil conductors attached to the noise" tapes. Since with some decks there
Open -reel machines continue to attract tape's ends. Only the last appears to have are as many as six choices of operating
buyers for a variety of reasons. Among survived. conditions, it might be necessary to exper-
them are: extended frequency response, In spite of the dearth of commercially iment a bit if the manufacturer does not
greater signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, ease of recorded 4 -channel tapes, almost every supply specific information.
editing, and such recording versatility as manufacturer now has one or more quad- Most three -motor recorders continue to
sound -on -sound, sound -with -sound, etc. raphonic machines in his line. Sometimes use the hysteresis synchronous motor for
At the same time, cassette recorders the machine can play but not record in the capstan drive. This ties the accuracy (and
have made the full transition to true hi-fi, 4-channel format. This is a relatively inex- constancy) of the speed to the power line
thanks to noise reduction circuits, special pensive addition to a standard stereo re- frequency, which is subject to short-term
raw tape mixes, and improved transport corder. variations. A few of the best and most ex-
design. Among the true 4 -channel recorders cur- pensive tape recorders employ servo -
Here are details of what has happened in rently available, we see an indisputable operated tape drives that are independent
the past and what the near future promises trend toward providing a synchronous of the frequency of the power line. One
ín the tape equipment field. dubbing capability. Each manufacturer goes as far as to use a crystal -controlled
has his own trade name for this feature, oscillator, to which the capstan motor is
Open -Reel Recorders. Although cas- which allows the recording head on a phase locked, to provide a constant, pre-
sette recorders initially superseded open- selective track -by -track basis to be used as cise, and independent speed reference.
a playback head. After some musical part Among today's quarter -track open reel
reel machines selling at comparable
has been recorded on track one, for exam- tape decks, it is not uncommon to find the
prices, the continuing upward spiral in
prices has brought us to the point where ple, that portion of the recording head is frequency response extending to 20,000 Hz
many cassette decks retail for as much as used to play it back through headphones or higher at 71/2 ips and sometimes even at
while one or more of the remaining three 3.3/4 ips (9.525 cm/s). An S/N ratio of 60 dB or
$500. This has had the effect of raising the
"floor" of open -reel recorder pricing to tracks is recorded with new material in better (sometimes as high as 70 dB) can be
roughly the same level. Fortunately for the exact synchronization with the original expected. There is often little difference in
consumer, there has been a simultaneous track. This technique is useful for creating performance between the two speeds, ex-
upgrading of the equipment, in both fea- special effects, such as having several ceptforthe easier editing made possible by
tures and performance. You might have to instrumental or vocal parts played by the the higher speed. For the home recordist,
same person but recorded at different 15 ips (38.1 cm/s), available with some of
pay more for your recorder than you did
formerly, but you also get more. times. the high-priced decks, offers only editing
Strange as it may seem, the Dolby noise convenience. Probably the best justifica-
One clear trend in open -reel tape recor-
reduction system, long since a standard in tion fora 15-ips speed in a home recorder is
ders is the use of the large 10l/2 -in.
better -quality cassette recorders, has the playing of master tapes that were made
(26.7 -cm) "professional" tape reels. Once a
made few inroads into the open-reel for- at this speed. A 101/2 -in. reel capacity is
feature only of recorders costing $1000 or
more, it is now available in machines sell- mat. There are several machines with essential for the 15-ips speed. In some
built-in Dolby circuits. But in spite of the cases, it is necessary to have the recorder
ing for $600 or less. So far, tape is more
generally available on 7 -in. (17.8-cm) reels. growing availability of Dolby B -encoded fitted with half-track heads.
But the growing popularity of the larger commercial open -reel tapes, the situation
reel will inevitably bring a greater number seems to be static. A three -head deck Cassette Recorders. Externally, the big
of tapes and machines to the market in the needs four Dolby sections, which adds change in cassette recorders this year is
about $200 to the deck's selling price. Most the appearance of front -loading models.
larger format.
One of the basic objections to quarter- good open -reel recorders, particularly Until recently, all or most of the operating
track open -reel tape is the need to inter- when operated at 71/2 ips (19.05 cm/s), have controls, meters, and the tape-loading well
change the supply and takeup reels to play such low inherent noise that the Dolby B were located on the top surface of the
the second pair of tracks. For some years, system cannot provide enough improve- deck. This made it necessary to install the
there have existed automatic -reversing ment to justify its added cost. Professional deck in a location that permitted unob-
machines that eliminate this shortcoming recorders, of course, use the much more structed access to the deck's top.
57
DECEMBER 1974
- -_/ (
,=:-----
PIONEER
,Repreaientative examples A
of tape machine typee

now available to
TEAC
conaurners (clockwise,:
Akai auto -reverse
t. 6
GXC-715D cassette deck;
Woflensak 8 -track
[ i
I
a tas
MEMIZI
player:recorder with
DoibyNRS; Picneer 101"
reel capacity, 3 -motor,
11 o o P$
tl°I l!B :pJ o
3 -head RT-1011L
open-reel deck; and
Teac alto -reverse play,
Dolby5NRS open -reel deck.
A number of cassette deck manufactur- have the separate recording and playback makes the relatively slow response of the
ers have now developed machines that re- 'Dolby noise reduction system that is level meter a less -than -adequate indicator
semble in size and style their tuners, re- necessary if the monitored playback is to of recording levels. Many decks now have
ceivers, and integrated amplifiers. Usually, have the same sound quality as the regular small light -emitting diodes (LED's) that
a hinged door on the front panel opens for tape playback. flash red on short -duration peaks that
tape loading and a mirror and internal lamp Dolby B noise reduction is now standard might not register on a meter. Some recor-
make the cassette visible from the front in all cassette recorders with a claim to ders have fast-response peak -level meters
while it is in use. The transport's controls, high-fidelity performance. A growing that serve the same function as the LED's.
meters, and level controls are also located number oí machines are designed to There are a few cassette recorders with
on the front panel. Hence, the cassette switch to the Dolby circuits to decode automatic -reversing systems, which some-
deck can be placed next to other system Dolby -encoded FM broadcasts. Some of times include the recording as well as the
components or stacked with them if de- the latest models have circuits that can playback modes. Nevertheless, we see no
sired. convert the normal 75-µs FM tuner deem- sign of a growing trend in this direction.
As the prices of cassette recorders have phasis characteristic to the 25-µs charac- Perhaps the relative ease of flipping over a
moved upward to fill the gap left by the teristic recently approved by the FCC for cassette has reduced the incentive for
disappearance of low-priced open -reel Dolby -encoded broadcasts. Not all cas- manufacturers to incorporate this feature,
decks, they have acquired many of the de- sette recorders with FM Dolby decoding which would inevitably raise the price of
luxe features and conveniences of the bet- circuits are able to record the encoded the deck.
ter open -reel machines. Solenoid -op- signal as received from the tuner while al- Most cassette recorders now have
erated transports are offered in a few cas- lowing you to listen lo the signal in de- switches for optimizing them for ferric -
sette machines, with the feather-touch and coded form at the same time. Check this oxide and chromium -dioxide tape formula-
logic control systems that add so much to out if you plan to do much listening to or tions. Most of them also change the
the pleasure of using a good, well -adjusted taping from a Dolby FM station. playback equalization to the industry stan-
tape recorder. A number of cassette recorders have a dard of 70 µs with CrO2 tape (120 us is used
We have heard much about three -head "memory -rewind" feature. This permits the for standard ferric -oxide tapes). A couple
cassette recorders. However, so far, only index counter to be set to 000 at any point of machines have sensors that automati-
one company has produced a true three - on the tape to permit the tape to automatically change the deck's circuits for Cr02
head deck with full -fidelity capability. cally stop at that point when rewound. In tape when a suitably designed cassette is
These machines are very expensive. Other one case, this has been expanded to a loaded. Unfortunately, the specially
"three -head" recorders have a separate "memory -play" mode, with the tape going notched cassettes needed for using this
monitor head whose frequency response is into normal play after stopping. feature are available from only a few man-
usually inferior to that of the regular The ease with which cassette tape can be ufacturers, and we see no move on the part
record/play head. These machines do not overloaded by excessive signal levels of others to go along with it.
58
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
For the most part, today's cassette re- make your own cartridge tapes with rela-
SPECIAL ON
corders are only slightly improved, with re-
spect to actual performance, over those of
a year or two ago. Reduced wow and flutter
tive freedom from noise, but many com-
mercial tapes will be issued with Dolby
processing. Of course, this offers no par-
REPORT Hl-rl
would appear to be the most significant ticular advantage in an automobile envi-
area of advance this year. Most of the ronment where ambient noise usually
changes are directed toward making the masks the hiss. But even in a car, the slight Now that cassettes have settled down
machine easierto operate or more versatile added "brightness" heard when playing a into the distinct categories of ferric -oxide
in its operation. The only real "break- Dolby tape without decoding will most and chromium -dioxide formulations, and
through" has been in the deluxe three - likely enhance the sound through the lim- most recorders are designed to use both
head machines, whose quality rivals that of ited bandwidth of the mobile speakers. types effectively, we have a newcomer with
top -grade open -reel recorders in most re- The second change is the development which to contend. A few tape producers are
spects. Unfortunately, their prices are very of a new tape, which for the first time brings offering a two-layer tape with a layer of
high, in the $700 to $1100 range. the fidelity of the 8 -track cartridge into di- ferric oxide next to the backing and an
A modern cassette recorder should have rect competition with cassettes. The "Spe- outer layer of chromium dioxide. It is
a frequency response extending from 40 cial" tape, as it is known, requires a higher claimed to offer most of the advantages of
Hz to beyond 15,000 Hz with less than 3 dB bias than do previous cartridge tapes. both types of tapes with few of the disad-
variation and an S/N of about 60 dB (with Some of the machines will have a switch vantages of either. In particular, this FeCr
Dolby). Flutter, once considered a serious with which to set the bias for regular or tape can operate with the same bias used
problem, is down to 0.1 percent or less in a Special tape. With the Special tape, a fre- for ferric -oxide tape and will produce a
number of machines. As a general rule, you quency response up to 15,000 Hz has been higher output level and an enhanced high -
should be able to copy any broadcast over achieved, which, in combination with the frequency response. In one playback
FM or disc recording on a cassette with no 60 -dB S/N ratio afforded by the Dolby sys- scheme, the playback equalization is
discernible difference between the original tem, brings the 8 -track cartridge into the changed to the 70-ps Cr02 standard when
and the cassette's playback. Only in certain high-fidelity class for the first time. In the using FeCr tape, but the bias is at the
"live" recording situations will the cartridge medium, even to a greater extent "standard" level. The result is an improved
cassette's limited dynamic "headroom" than with cassettes, the ultimate wow and high -frequency response, greater output
and lack of easy editing capability prove to flutter are determined as much by the car- level, lower distortion, and less noise than
be a serious disadvantage. tridge itself as by the tape transport. with any of the other types of tape.
As these tapes become more readily av-
Cartridge Récorders. Two noteworthy Tape Developments. In open -reel tape, ailable, more recorders will be designed to
developments in 8 -track cartridge recor- the trend is toward higher -energy tapes use them with full effectiveness. But in the
ders for the home (as distinguished from with a finer grain structure to reduce noise. meantime, our experience indicates that
players or purely automotive machines) Several manufacturers have introduced they can be used to improve the high -
have appeared on the market in the past new "premium" grade tapes. While we frequency performance of many older
year. One is the incorporation of Dolby cir- have not yet had the opportunity to use any recorders, especially those that were not
cuits to eliminate or reduce the hiss that of these new tapes, we would expect them designed for Cr02 tape. As might be
has until recently kept the cartridge from to have improved frequency response, bet- expected, however, the new tape is
acceptance in high-fidelity home music ter distortion characteristics, and lower in- somewhat more expensive than the other
systems. Not only does this allow you to herent noise. types.
screens, plus vertical columnar models. in audio stores are being made of "space-
SPEAKER Many of the grilles in today's speaker
systems are of light -weight, air -through
age" materials such as high -impact,
light -weight moldable plastic, as in the new
SYSTEMS foam plastic that can be colored and
shaped to a variety of patterns, either flat or
Advent/2 systems with contoured corners
and bone -white finish. Use of such materi-
steeply sculptured. Some of today's als enables manufacturers to escape the
BY GEORGE W. TILLET speaker systems feature a choice of grilles, high cost of wood and create new cabinet
in terms of colors as well as designs. Some silhouettes. Many manufacturers are also
are engineered so that the user, whatever using particle -board made up of pressure -
his reasons, may "unlatch" them (gener- fabricated wood particles to offset the high
'F, AFTER a hiatus of a few years, ally from Velcro® pinions), remove the old cost of solid woods. Ironically, the
you decide to buy new speaker sys- grille cloth, and replace it with another fab- particle -board is often superior in certain
tems, you'll discover the market to be a ric in a new color or design. In the case of speaker applications because it is far less
"whole new ballpark." It will be different in some plastic foam types, one may even slip resonant than wood.
terms of new shapes, new grille treatments, off the grille to spray -paint it iñ a new hue to Before going into the details of some of
new finishes, new coloring. And it will, to a suit his fancy or new room decor. the new unusual speaker systems gracing
lesser degree, be new in terms of design Oiled -walnut wood veneer has been the the displays of hi-fi emporiums, let's con-
concepts-novel driver units and improved favorite speaker system finish for over a sider some behind -the -scenes elements
variations on old themes. decade. It still is, but to a lesser degree. that play a part in today's speaker system
A visit to any hi-fi salon will confirm that Today, with walnut veneer in critically short technology and trends.
today's speaker system displays are no supply and astronomically priced, substi-
longer merely row on row of rectangular tutes are being used-including other Impact of Four Channels. Quad-
boxes. Dealers are now likely to display wood veneers such as pecan, oak, teak and raphonic sound has had a big impact on
speakers in square, triangular, octagonal, rosewood. Also coming on the scene are the audio industry, and especially on
pentagonal, and spherical shapes; with walnut-grain -surface materials of a plastic speaker systems. A sound buff, out to buy
here and there a planed -off rectangle or a that fools many an eye because it looks so his first quadraphonic rig, faces some
dodecahedron (a lopped sphere with a much like wood. Also popular are painted harsh realities. At any given budget point, a
dozen "firing" surfaces). You'll also see and lacquered finishes-with antique or 4 -channel receiver offers less power per
flat speaker systems in the form of decora- off-white especially well -liked. channel than a stereo unit of comparable
tive pictures, mirrors, and even fireplace Some of the new speaker systems found price. This means that the buyer must in -
DECEMBER 1974 59
crease his budget to get the power output ably small enclosure, response at the bass Another configuration which has been
he wants or needs, or settle for less power. end can be very linear down to the lowest gaining popularity is the labyrinth or
Opting for the latter, he may have to choose audible frequencies. But there is a trade-off transmission -line speaker. There are
a different type of speaker system than that in terms of efficiency. This presents no par- similarities in the bass -porting structures.
used in his stereo rig. For example, if the ticular problem to owners of high -power One design used by ESS features a tunnel
new 4 -channel receiver he buys has only 10 amplifiers, but does for many inexpensive completely filled with long -hair wool,
watts per channel, he must bypass the av- receivers and amplifiers that have little which effectively lengthens the tunnel and
erage air -suspension speaker system in power to spare. Of course, the cost in dol- presents a higher resistance to the
favor of a more efficient bass -reflex type. lars per watt of power is high. So several speaker.
Quadraphonic sound also means that manufacturers, such as JBL, Onkyo, Fair-
two pairs of speaker systems must be fitted fax, Rectilinear and Pioneer, among Dispersion Characteristics. Since
in a listening room, versus one pair for others, have gone back to the reflex princi- more and more audiophiles are equipping
stereo. This has discouraged many music ple for some of their models. their homes with four -channel sound to re-
lovers from "going 4 -channel." As most POPULAR ELECTRONICS readers create ambience and spatial perception,
But 4-channel sound has been made know, reflex systems do not absorb the designers are giving more attention to
more feasible with regard to both of the back wave from the cone; instead it is re- loudspeaker dispersion characteristics.
above problems. Manufacturers, big and turned via a duct or vent to augment the Very directional systems will restrict the
small, have come to the aid of the music sound from the front. There are design var- listening area, while omnidirectional radia-
buff in three key ways. First, they are pro- iations, of course. Dynaco's line of speaker tion may give a confused sound image
ducing some excellent new versions of the systems, for example, uses the reflex de- under most conditions. Most authorities
old bass -reflex concept. Second, smaller sign. However, its system utilizes a highly recommend a wide-angle radiation pat-
speakers with more practical shapes are damped vent to present a linear load to the tern, but recently there has been a revival of
available, enabling an audiophile to have amplifier. interest in dipole or figure -eight arrange-
4 -channel sound without disrupting home Another interesting reflex design varia- ments.
decor. Included are some column -shaped tion is Electro-Voice's Interface A, which A speaker mounted on a small baffle ex-
models with broad dispersion characteris- measures only 22 in. x 17 in. x 73/4 in. The hibits such characteristics-the radiation
tics. Third, they have created speakers of system contains an 8-in. woofer, and two strength is governed by a sinusoidal rela-
excellent quality at lower prices than 2 -in. tweeters, which take over at 1500 Hz, tionship. Maximum radiation occurs at
comparable -sounding models of, say, mounted front and rear, and a passive right angles to the dipole, and minimums
1970. radiator. It was found that a port tuned to 32 are found along the dipole axis. The nulls
Five years ago, most of the smaller Hz was relatively large, and high air vel- are caused by phase cancellation, or the
speaker systems were totally enclosed and ocities caused grille -cloth problems. So destructive interference of waves from the
essentially air -tight; in other words they E -V chose an 11 -inch cone and suspension front and the back of the cone. It has been
used the air -suspension system pop- (without a magnetic structure) mass found that bass frequencies are essentially
ularized by Edgar Villchur of Acoustic loaded with a central metal tube to replace nondirectional, and by proper design, this
Research. the port. Because the low -frequency re- figure -eight pattern can be maintained
In this type of system, the enclosed air is sponse falls off below 100 Hz, an active from about 250 Hz up.
used as a spring to provide the restoring equalizer is necessary, which boosts the
force for the speaker cone. From a remark- bass a maximum of 6 dB at 35 Hz. Reflections. If a dipole radiator is placed
Columnar speakers save floor space:

ESS amt-1 (left) Design Acoustics (right).
Advent/2 bookshelf speaker (below left) uses
plastic enclosure, achieving rounded corners.
Altec's columnar bass -reflex system
has an integral snap -on grille (below right).
,
60
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
against a wall, what happens to the rear 3 -inch treble driver, and two 1 -inch dome
SPECIAL
wave? Fig. 1 shows two dipole systems
placed at angles near a wall. "Rear im-
ages" are indicated by the dotted curves. If
tweeters. The high -frequency transducers
are mounted on a rotatable baffle so that
the dispersion pattern can be adjusted to
REPORT ON HI-FI
the listener, positioned at L, is at the null suittvarious room acoustics. If a four -dipole
points of the reflected signals, the stereo configuration is set up, it is claimed that
image is not affected. In practice, some relative radiation strengths are compen-
reflection does occur but merely adds an satory. As the listener moves towards one of reflected sound was Bose. Its Model 901
ambience and/or sense of spaciousness. If loudspeaker, he receives an increased system provides 11% direct and 89% re-
flected sound from the wall behind its nine
full -range speakers. The Bose 501 uses two
,,". .
Fig. 1. When two dipole
side speakers to radiate against a wall, plus
a low -frequency speaker to provide direct
IMAGES
Y
/ U.
1\S `_At
radiators are placed at
angles near a wall, the
sound.
Other Solutions. It is well known that the

WALL listener at L is at the listening room plays a large part in shaping
null points of the
41-151POLE LOUDSPEAKERS - reflected signals and

the stereo image is
not affected.
the quality of sound reproduction. The
room can be considered as an extension of
the loudspeaker. We have to contend with
room resonances, reflections, and stand-
ing waves. A $1000 speaker system that
sounds magnificent in one room will sound
more boomy and colored than one costing
the systems are moved to corner positions, output from the other three, making the one -tenth the price, if the acoustics of the
three reflected images would appear but effective listening area quite large. new listening environment are poor.
two would have their null planes toward the Speaker systems offered by Stark De- Equalizers can help to smooth out the
listener. signs incorporate rotatable 1 -inch hemis- acoustic variations from the ideal. Quad-
A quadraphonic arrangement could use pherical dome radiators with sealed backs. raphonic sound will tend to cancel certain
four corner positions, or the rear systems The radiator is mounted at a precisely de- resonances.
could be placed against the side walls with termined angular offset in a concave Another solution is presented by AR's
the axis oriented to the center of the room. hemispherical module, which is in an isola- new "n" speaker system. It has a front
Among the manufacturers of dipole tion chamber to permit 360 -degree rotation panel with switch positions to tailor the
radiators are Magneplanar, Infinity Sys- by the listener. This ends the dilemma of bass response to fit the environment. That
tems, ESS, and EPI. Electro Music/CBS, choosing between highly directional sys- is, radiation of low frequencies can be var-
Inc. has recently released a very elegant tems which limit sound dispersion and ied to fit the room.
dipole system, the Leslie Speaker DVX omnidirectional ones which limit defini- The ESS Company caused quite a stir
Model 580. This system incorporates a tion. two years ago when it introduced the amt 1
15 -inch bass driver, an 8 -inch midrange, a The company that made us really aware system. Shaped like a squat, tapered tower,
Electro -Voice Interface: A Unusual designs to enhance sound radiation are

passive driver is said to evidenced by Leslie Speakers' DVX Model 580 (below right)
be equivalent to a 12" and Electrostatic Research's ER -139 (below left).
diameter vent.
BIC Venturi
employs
novel reflex
system.
--"'-- ,
mV
EN"' R tá
I
DECEMBER 1974 61
the system houses a radically new concept Two discs of this compound are formed, many advantages-no voice coil, high
in loudspeaker design-the Heil air -motion and a brass separator is epoxied between power -handling capacity and good trans-
transformer. The inventor of the unit claims them to form a three -layer device. The ient response-many manufacturers of
that the acceleration of the air is increased discs are polarized so that an applied high -power PA systems used by rock
by a factor of five over a conventional signal will cause one disc to expand while groups will be incorporating these units
driver. The diaphragm of the air -motion the other contracts. A cone is coupled to into their products in the near future.
transformer is made of a light, conductive the center, and on some models this is In addition to the ESS/Heil and the Infin-
material and is driven over its entire area, loaded with a small, folded compression ity Systems units mentioned earlier, there
radiating through slots which form exten- horn. The impedance of these devices is are some two dozen other column speaker
sions to the magnetic polepieces. The quite high -300 ohms at 5 KHz, falling to systems now available. Notable are eight
company's models use dynamic speakers 100 ohms at 10 KHz. No special precau- such units in the EPI line of Towers and
for the bass and midrange, but they are tions need be taken to prevent low fre- Micro -Towers, and the new JBL Aquarius O
dipolar above 700 or 1000 Hz, with the ex- quencies from being applied. and the Altec Stonehenges and III. New
I
ception of a new bookshelf system. Work is column models are also being produced by
proceeding on a full -range air -motion Fairfax, KLH, Polk, Stradivari, Onkyo,
transformer. Technisound, Equasound, and Design
Infinity Systems uses an unusual tweeter Acoustics, among others. Most of the col-
in two of its models. Shaped like an ice- umnar systems take up a minimum of floor
cream cone, the driver is mounted verti- space.
cally, affording 360 -degree horizontal dis-
persion. Other Design Approaches. The re-
Another interesting high -frequency cently introduced Philips Motional Feed-
driver, made by Motorola, is comprised of back System is of interest. It has an B"
piezoelectric material. That is, these mater- motional -feedback woofer in a three-way
ials physically deform when a voltage is speaker system that includes two inte-
placed across them, and conversely gen- grated power amplifiers and a bass com-
erate a potential difference between the THO parator with a feedback loop.
crystal boundaries when subjected to a de- 0.5% In other design developments, there
forming physical stress. The first audio ap- is a bumper crop of hybrid dynamic
2K 5K 10K 20K 40K
plication of this principle was in crystal FREQUENCY-Hz /electrostatic systems available. These
phono cartridges, which would produce a include those from RTR, Electronic Indus-
varying voltage that was analogous to the tries, SAE, Soundcraftsmen, Crown, and
movements of the stylus in the groove. Fig. 2. Frequency response and infinity Systems. Arthur Jantzen has just
Modern ceramic materials have replaced distortion for piezo speaker. announced his return to the industry with a
the sodium -potassium -tartrate that was Figure 2 shows the frequency response downward -facing 10 -in. woofer and an
first used. and distortion characteristics of a typical array of 10 small ES tweeters. Koss and a
Piezo-electric speakers have been made Motorola unit. A number of manufacturers, few other companies are working on full -
in the past, but they never achieved popu- including Polk, Dahlquist, RTR and STR, range ES systems. Dayton -Wright, a Cana-
larity. are using at least one of these transducers dian group, has an interesting system that
Lead-zirconate-titanium, a ceramic mat- in their top-quality models, usually active puts out a fair amount of power at 40 Hz.
erial, is used in the latest piezo speakers. above 6 kHz or more. Because of their The system is filled with an inert gas to
obtain maximum efficiency, and the match-
ing transformer weighs 35 lb. Predictably,
Screen-like appearances illustrate the system is quite expensive.
the new unusual shapes of speaker
systems. Below, Dahlquist DO -10. In Conclusion. In spite of the high -
At left, Magneplanar by Audio efficiency and/or unique-design syndrome
Research. apparent in the speaker system industry
(focused on here because of "newness"),
one should not dismiss the low -efficiency
speaker systems. Their strength in the
marketplace has not diminished; nor has
the number of air -suspension system
adherents who want good bass response
from a small enclosure. It's just that the
marketplace is bigger than ever before and
new design departures and revivals of old
ones have joined in an effort to meet cer-
tain needs-whether those needs are effi-
ciency, appearance or dispersion charac-
teristics. In addition, some of the tradi-
tional low -efficiency designs are not really
so low. Some require only 10 watts rms
power to drive woofers satisfactorily. Truth
is, air -suspension woofers outnumber
1;
other designs two to one in number of
models available.
So it is apparent that 1975 will offer con-
sumers more of a choice than ever before
with traditional designs, new design en-
tries and a range of prices to fit most
anyone's budget.
the input and switching frequencies frequency, a peaking in the digitized
Digital are not synchronized, the average volt-
ages stored in each capacitor will dif-
waveform will be reached at the har-
monics of the original setup, with the
Filtering fer and will drop very rapidly on each

side of the switching frequency. This
is the basis of digital filtering; and be-
steps getting coarser each time. This
will happen until the harmonic
number corresponding to the number
cause of the synchronization system, of switching positions is reached (six,
New technique operates tuning the filter to any desired fre- in this case). There will then be no
quency is primarily a matter of "tun- output, but there will be at the next
from a digital oscillator ing" the switching oscillator. Compo- harmonic. As each harmonic is
and uses no critical nent values for the resistance and viewed, it will be lower in amplitude
capacitance are not very critical. and coarser.
elements The circuit of an experimental digi- The filtered output signal is a dis-
tal filter for the audio range is shown. torted version of the original input so
BY LESLIE SOLOMON in Fig. 2. This circuit consists of a con- the output can not be used as a sine
Technical Editor ventional mod -6 counter (7490) driv- wave. However, it is useful for trigger-
ing a BCD -to -decimal counter (7442). ing other circuits. The bandwidth of
SINGLE -FREQUENCY filters The audio input to be filtered is pas- the filter remains substantially the
are important in a number of sed through a simple clipper and then same even when the filter frequency is
areas-RTTY, SSTV, radio control, coupled to the digital filter consisting changed. Once built, to change the
etc. There are two approaches that are of R1 and the six transistor -switched filter's center frequency, it is only
usually used to accomplish such filter- capacitors (Cl through C6). The digi- necessary to change the clock fre-
ing: either multi -element passive sys- tal logic and transistors form the quency to the TTL counter (7490), with
tems (which use precision compo- switch in Fig. 1A. The digital clock that the frequency six times the input.
nents and are somewhat bulky physi- actually tunes the filter can be any The number of switched capacitors
cally) or active filters (which use a few variable -frequency triggering source is not limited to six but can be any
passive components and an op amp). at six times the required filter fre- number from a minimum of three to as
Even with the active filter, to obtain quency. many as required. The larger the
careful control of the selected fre- To tune the filter, connect the audio number of capacitors, the smoother
quency, it is necessary to select pre- input to the clipper and a scope to the the displayed waveform. The number
cision passive elements. output. For a dual -channel scope, use of capacitors also determines the
Though either of the two ap- the second channel to observe the clock frequency. With six capacitors,
proaches works well, there is a new sine -wave input. Care must be taken in the clock must be six times higher in
filtering method that is unique and tuning the variable clock since the Q frequency than the input. With five
should be of interest to the serious of the circuit is high and the filtering switched capacitors, the clock must
electronics experimenter. Called digi- action might be missed. be five times higher than the input
tal filtering, the new method uses no As the input is tuned up further in signal, etc.
critical elements and is "tuned" with a
digital oscillator. High -Q filters (even
at low audio frequencies) can be
realized and the circuit is very stable CLOCK IN
since no regeneration is used. These

filters use low-cost TTL logic and Fig. 1. At (A) below is 7490
(MOD -6)
some conventional switching transis- a simple switch circuit
tors. which generates the
In the simple circuit shown in Fig. stepped waveform shown
1A, with the six -position switch in pos- at (B) from a sine wave. +5
ition 1, and with an audio sine wave
applied to the input, the first capacitor INPUT
1 o
OUTPUT
will start to. charge up toward the
signal's peak voltage. If Si is switched
to the next capacitor when the voltage
o AMY.%
C
00000000
across the first capacitor has reached
the average value for that portion of 2 3 4 5 6
the sine wave, the switch makes (B)

10K
another step. +5 TYPICAL
FOR 6
Therefore, as Si rotates around the PLACES
56K
six capacitors, each capacitor re-
ceives a charge whose value depends c1
J-
on the average value of the sine wave SINE 'Tr. RI
at its portion of the wave -form. The WAVE
INPUT
15K
MMM1
01-.IyF
charges on the capacitors can be rep- Fig. 2. Circuit of an .01-.I9F 10K
OUTPUT
resented by the step curve in Fig. 1B. expen:mental digital

Of course, the switch must be syn- filter for the audio
chronized with the input sine wave. If range (right).
DECEMBER 1974 63
IF YOU ARE READY FOR SERIOUS CAREER
earn Coll. -9 -L 1
12-L
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40
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ADVANCEMENT- NOW
a
r.A.
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67
eimhfoal
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o Bill me later
,AFFIX LABEL PUT AN ALARM ON PA SYSTEM determines the pitch. The values
Q. We have an audio system in our shown should produce quite a distinc-
d ó
tive signal. The output of the circuit
r
N V
plant (for background music, an-
nouncements, etc.). We would like to goes to your audio amplifier.
N d
a
N g add some kind of alert signal to the
system to be used in case of fire or +5V
ó other emergencies. The sound
C
ñ should be distinctive and capable of
ñ cutting through normal noise.
r
m
TO
AUDIO
AMP
A. Try this circuit, using a pair of 555
o timers or a single dual timer (if you use
the correct pins). Capacitor Cl con-
trols the speed of the warble, while C2 -
o
°
CONVERTING TRANSISTORS TO PHOTODEVICES
ó Very carefully cut away the case to ex-
Add'I postage: $2 per year outside U.S., its poss. & Can. Q. Somewhere I read that almost any pose the silicon chip-don't break the
transistor can be converted into a chip leads. Cut off the base lead. You
photodevice. Is this true? I would like will use only the collector and emitter
to experiment along these lines. How leads. Seal the device in clear epoxy.
li
SAVE!
MONEY TIME FREIGHT
do I go about it?
A. Although it does not make' the

greatest photodevice in the world, you
That's all there is to it; if you were
lucky enough to choose the right
transistor, you will have a good
photodevice. In one example we heard
jb QUALITY STEREO EQUIPMENT can convert an ordinary metal - of, a 2N699 was converted and has a
AT LOWEST PRICES.
encased transistor into a light- rise time of about 0.4 µs and a fall time
YOUR REQUEST FOR QUOTA- sensitive device. Select a silicon type of about 0.6 µs. You will need some
TION RETURNED SAME DAY, having a high beta and a high fT. Pref- form of amplification to get any useful
FACTORY SEALED CARTONS- erably it should be planar passivated.
1 GUARANTEED AND INSURED. output.
SAVE ON NAME BRANDS LIKE:
A.D.C. KLH
A.R. SHURE HEAT -SENSITIVE TRANSISTORS goes up. The output swing can range
DYNACO KOSS from about 5 V at -30° or -40° to 2.5 V at
SONY FISHER
Q. Since many transistors are heat -
212° F.
AND MORE THAN 50 OTHERS sensitive, is there any way to use a
transistor as a tempearture-
BUY THE MODERN WAY indicating device-with a simple cir- +10v
BY MAIL-FROM cuit, of course?
A. Try the circuit shown here. The

transistor should be a silicon, high - TO
DC
beta type. (We used a 2N2222.) The METER
output is measured on a dc voltmeter,
illino'v audio that could be calibrated in degrees F.
Set the potentiometer for an output of
IK
Department 217S 4 volts at 70°F. The transistor case

12 East Delaware should be exposed to the ambient
Chicago, Illinois 60611 temperature. As the case heats up, the
312-664-0020 output voltage goes down. Con-
versely, as the case cools, the output
68
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
BY CARL C. DRUMELLER
TANDING
AVE
What it is.
How it affects
communications.
ATTO
How and when to take
corrective steps.
SWR is a term used often in ama- SWR is one, or as commonly said "one the rope, much in the way that a
teur and CB communications. to one." transmitter sends waves down a
Usually, it sounds as if the conversants However, if the impedance of the an- transmission line. When the waves
were referring to an electromagnetic tenna is different from the transmitter reach the point where the rope is an-
"bogeyman" which wreaks all manner output impedance and that of the line, chored, they experience a new
of havoc in communications systems. the wave train, which was "used" to condition-the post can't allow them
Many strange powers are attributed to the V = Z relationship of the line,
I to propagate, since it is a stationary,
SWR, including the ability to destroy experiences a new relationship at the inflexible object, so the waves are re-
output tubes or transistors, make abrupt change of impedance. In order flected and propagate back down the
proper loading of transmitters difficult to fit within the constraints of the laws length of the rope. This situation is
or impossible, neutralize a large por- electromagnetic waves obey, some of analogous to the termination of a
tion of the output power, cause distor- the power is sent back into the line, transmission line with an impedance
tion, and even cause coaxial cable to and a new wave train appears heading different from that of the line. You will
heat up and melt its insulation. down the line toward the transmitter. see a wave appear on the rope that
Here's what SWR really is, how it When two waves headed in opposite does not move. It is generated by the
affects communication systems and directions meet, the result is a wave combination of the forward and re-
what can be done about it. which stands still on the line. You can flected eaves, and is called a standing
verify this with a simple experiment wave. The points on the rope that ap-
What It Is. SWR is an abbreviation (see Fig. 1). pear to be free of vibration are called
for Standing Wave Ratio, and comes Tie a rope or string to some solid, nodes, and the points of maximum
in three varieties: Voltage Standing stationary object (a tree or post will vibration are called loops or anti -
Wave Ratio (VSWR), Current Standing do). Grasp the free end and start wav- nodes.
Wave Ratio (CSWR), and Power ing the rope up and down. You are
Standing Wave Ratio (PSWR). It is de- now generating a train of waves down What SWR Does. When an imped-
fined as the ratio of the maximum
parameter (voltage, current, or power)
to the minimum, when sampled along Fig. 1. Standir y waves on a rope. Such waves
a length of transmission line. Why do are generated by the combination of
waves "stand" on a line? Let us con- travelling waves headed in opposite directions.
sider a typical transmitter installation.
The transmitter sends a train of sine
waves down the transmission line (the (LOOP)
l
t .
MAX. MOVEMENT
radio "hose" which carries power to-
ward the load). If the impedance of the !c+s ,
antenna is the same as the output im-

pedance of the transmitter and that of
the line, then the impedance of the
, , ,r
C5il.Y-:-.\0¡/
j/,:. iill' :Jf

entire system is constant, and since V
= Z (voltage equals current times im-
.,Rles. (N0DÉ1
I MIN. MOVEMENT
pedance), the effective voltage and

current are constant along the line,
the maxima equal the minima, and the
69
DECEMBER 1974
ance mismatch generates a standing line. In this case, V,ax equals 272 volts, necessitating large changes in control
wave on a line, the voltage and current and it appears at the transmitter end of setting for a slight change in fre-
distribution along the line is upset. In the line. Vm;, 27.2 volts, appears at quency. This occurs because the reac-
Fig. 2, we have plotted the voltage be- odd multiples of a quarter -wave- tive effects of a mismatched line
tween the conductors of a transmis- length. The SWR is 272V/27.2V, or change with frequency, as does SWR.
sion line as a function of the length of 10:1. We see that a large voltage is Reactance, for the sake of review, is
the line. A family of curves appears found at the transmitter-trans- the opposition to ac offered by an
when various impedances are used to mission line connection. This voltage inductance or capacitance. It is ex-
terminate the line. When ZL (load im- may exceed the voltage rating of the pressed in ohms, but is not a
pedance) is 50 ohms, we see that the active device(s) in direct -coupled final resistance-pure reactance does not
effective value of the voltage along the amplifier and destroy it. Transistors are dissipate any power, but returns a por-
line remains a constant 150 volts. This much more intolerant of voltage over- tion of the power to the generator dur-
figure is determined by the equation loads than tubes, and most will be de- ing each cycle. A line not terminated in
P = V2/Z, where P is 450 watts and Z is stroyed instantly under such condi- its characteristic impedance behaves
50 ohms. The maximum and minimum tions. Even hardy vacuum tubes will in this manner by setting up a back-
voltage (V,a, and Vm;) are both 150 blow when subjected to prolonged op- ward -travelling wave train. Equal
volts, and the SWR, defined as eration under these conditions. amounts of capacitive and inductive
V,a,/V,I, is 150V/150V, or 1:1 (Spoken If we terminate the line with a 5 -ohm reactance cancel each other out. For
as "one to one"). impedance, we note a Vm; of 27.2 example, 25 ohms of inductive react-
When a 25 -ohm load terminates the volts, at the transmitter feed point, and ance combined with 25 ohms of
line, a standing voltage wave appears at integral multiples of a half - capacitive reactance produce a net
on the line. V.
equals 100 volts, and wavelength, and a Vma, of 272 volts reactance of zero ohms.
appears at the transmitter end of the located at odd multiples of a quarter The tuning and loading controls of a
line, and at integral multiples of one- wavelength. As above, the SWR is transmitter introduce amounts of in-
half of a wavelength. Vmax is 200 volts, 10:1. ductive or capacitive reactance to
and appears at odd multiples of one- High SWR will cause certain points cancel out the reactive properties of
quarter wavelength. The SWR 'is 200 along the transmission line to have a the line. If these adjustments are made
V/100V, or 2:1. When a 100 -ohm load is high r -f potential difference between correctly, the transmitter "sees a
connected to the line, the values of conductors. In VHF or UHF systems, purely resistive load. Impedance, the
V,ax and Vm; are the same as the case depending on the power rating of the term we have used to describe the re-
above, except that the 200 -volt Vmax cable, transmitter output power, and lationship between voltage and cur-
appears at the transmitter end of the the SWR, this potential difference will rent in transmission lines and loads, is
line, and at whole multiples of a half - be great enough to cause "hot spots the phasor or vector sum of the resis-
wavelength. V,,,;,, (100V) appears at due to dielectric losses , or even arc- tance and reactance in a circuit.
odd multiples of a quarter -wave- ing between conductors. "Hot spots If the characteristic impedance of
length. appear at current maxima in HF sys- the line (Z) and the impedance of the
A more extreme case is shown when ems due to 12R effects. High SWR can load (ZL) are purely resistive, then the
a 500 -ohm load terminates the 50 -ohm make transmitter tuning very critical, SWR may be obtained from:
Fig. 2. Voltage measured along a 50 -ohm trans?) ission SWR = RJR0for RL>Roand SWR =
line fed with 450 watts of 20 -MHz 7-f when connected R/RL for R> RL. For example, if ft is
to various loads. Voltage Standing Waves are 50 ohms, and RL is 25 ohms, the SWR
generated when the line is mismatched. is 50 ohms/25 ohms, or 2:1.
So far, we have not mentioned
300-
power loss as one of the seriously
harmful effects of SWR on a com-
iZL=50011
munications system. Many operators
250- / look upon output power as a commod-
/
/ ity more precious than gold, and de-
velop ulcers at the thought of losing
any of it to resistive or reactive ele-
f
/
,---. .
1
I
/ -ZL=10011
ments in the system. While it is true
that SWR indicates that a part of the
transmitter output is not reaching the
w150 Z,-
/;
5011 antenna, the amount of power lost in
J
o
>
S.
1\
I \ /I most situations does not justify the
degree of concern it generates.
1
ZL= 2511 How can we determine what frac-

tion of the power is being returned to
the transmitter? A quantity called the
50
reflection coefficient, p,., gives this in-
formation. The reflection coefficient is
ZL=511 defined as:
o (
2 3 4
I
5 6
1
7 8
1
9 10 III 12 13 14
1
15
ZL-Z SWR-1
P,.
LENGTH (METERS) ZL+Z SWR + 1
If a line has an SWR of 2:1, then the monitor the magnitudes of the para- 1.5:1. Then, for one reason or another,
-
reflection coefficient is (2 1)/(2 +1), meter we choose to measure. you permanently move the transmitter
or 1/3. This means that 1/3 of the vol- There are many units available and have to add on a piece of trans-
tage wave sent down the line by the which will monitor SWR. The most mission line, or trim the line to fit the
transmitter is returned. Since the common type is called a reflectometer new operating location. The next time
power P equals V2/Z, the fraction of or SWR bridge. Atypical reflectometer you tune up, you find you have an SWR
the power returned is equal to pr2, or includes two jacks, to which cables of 3:1. "What's going on here?" you
1/9. The portion of the power which is from the transmitter output and the might wonder, since frequencies
delivered to the antenna (neglecting antenna are connected, a sensitive haven't changed or the antenna al-
line losses) may be expressed as the meter with a direct SWR scale calibra- tered.
ratio of P, the power which reaches tion, a sensitivity control which is used The answer to the higher SWR read-
the load, to P,,,, the power which would to calibrate the unit, and a selector ing lies in the properties of a mis-
matched transmission line. Not only
does a mismatch set up voltage, cur-
rent and power standing waves, but an
impedance one as well. If the mis-
COAX LINE COAX LINE
match is severe, but the transmission
TRANSCEIVER z P
SWR BRIDGEI
TRANSCEIVER OUTPUT TO BRIDGE" line is an odd multiple of a quarter -
wavelength, the reactive effects of the
line are hidden from the reflectometer
Fig. 3. Typical SWR bridge installation. Bridge and the transmitter (if the meter is in-
is placed in series with coaxial line serted into the line close to the trans-
along the way to the antenna at a convenient spot.
mitter). In the first case, the line was
close to this special length. But when
reach the load if the system were switch which connects the meter to the length was changed the true situa-
matched, by the formula: one of two directional couplers. Prices tion on the line was no longer hidden.
of these reflectometers are usually $15 You may have noticed that some
= (1 - Pr)
to $20, and the following comments mobile antennas come with a length of
P,,,
4xSWR pertain only to these types of reflec- transmission line attached, and the
tometers, not the more expensive, well manufacturer's instructions clearly
(SWR + 1)2 engineered units. advise that the line not be cut, but that
The power loss with a 2:1 SWR is not the excess be rolled up and stowed
great (11% or 1/2 db). The human ear, or The Truth About Reflecto - somewhere along the path the line will
most S meters for that matter, could meters. Reflectometers of this type follow. This length is a quarter -
not tell the difference. Only when the are adequate for most amateur and CB wavelength or an odd multiple. Such
SWR reaches 5:1 do we note a reflec- purposes, but there are a few realities antennas normally operate with a high
tion of one half of the transmitter out- that must be recognized before at- SWR, but the length of the line is cho-
put power. This may sound like a large tempting to use one and obtain mean- sen to hide this from the transmitter.
power loss, but it will only register as a ingful results. Reflectometers are de- As you can see, you can't put absolute
3 -dB decrease in signal strength on an signed to give a relative indication of faith in a reflectometer reading.
S meter. When such a meter is prop- SWR, but accuracy varies from unit to There is an easy way to make sure
erly calibrated, one S unit equals 6 dB, unit, and they are easily "fooled" into that the SWR reading that the reflec-
so the decrease in signal strength giving readings which do not truly re- tometer is showing you is a close ap-
caused by a 5:1 SWR will amount to flect the conditions on the line. proximation of the actual SWR. Fig. 3
only one half of an S unit. Many If it were possible to connect the shows a typical installation configura-
operators would be hard pressed to reflectometer to the line at any point tion for a reflectometer.
detect the differences using just their (which is not convenient, since the The reflectometer may be inserted
ears. However, as we have noted, this line has to be interrupted to insert the at any point along the transmission
does not mean you should allow such reflectometer), we might get. a wide line, but as noted it may give different
a state of affairs to exist. range of values of SWR from the readings at various points. Which one
meter. Does this mean that the SWR is the true SWR? If the bridge is lo-
How To Measure SWR. If, at a cer- varies from point to point? No, it cated at the antenna feed point, with
tain point along the transmission line, merely means that the line at certain the antenna connected directly to the
we sample the magnitude of the points "hides" the true value of SWR output jack of the SWR bridge, then
forward -going voltage wave, and then from the reflectometer. If you already the reflectometer will indicate the true
the reflected voltage wave, we can have an SWR Bridge, and have done SWR on the line. This is an inconven-
take the ratio of these magnitudes some antenna experimentation, you ient place to connect the bridge, how-
(forward to reflected) and obtain the might have encountered the following ever, since most antennas are
VSWR. We could also sample power situation. mounted a considerable distance
and obtain the PSWR. Devices which After installing a new antenna, a away from the transmitting equip-
pass energy in only one direction are feedline is connected and run down to ment, out of the operator's view.
called directional couplers. An SWR the transmitter. At the transmitter Because of this difficulty, almost all
monitor can be made by inserting two input, you connect the bridge and SWR meters are inserted into the line
directional couplers into the line, and tune up the transmitter. After adjust- near the transmitter or the operating
connecting them to meters which will ing the bridge, you read an SWR of position. If this is the case at your in -
DECEMBER 1974 71
stallation, you should connect a piece is to adjust the antenna or the feed line tune out any reactance that the feed-.
of transmission line, using a dual - impedance for a good SWR. Most line may present to the transmitter,
female adapter and properly installed commonly available transceivers and making it easier to load up the output
coaxial plugs between the line and the transmitters are designed to work into stage. If a transmitter has a pi -network
bridge. The extension should be less 50 -to -75 -ohm loads, and are tolerant output, or a transmatch is used, SWR
than Ye wavelength long. After instal- of a maximum mismatch of 2:1. The does not contribute to a power loss in
ling the extension, tune up the trans- range of impedances that the trans- the system. The network is adjusted to
mitter (legally!) and note the SWR. If it ceiver can work into is therefore from present the right amount of reactance
has changed radically from the previ- 25 to 150 ohms. If you are operating on necessary to cancel that at the load.
ous reading, you can be certain that a one band only, 11 meters or one of the Any power that is reflected down the
high SWR exists on the line and that amateur bands between 7 and 30 MHz, line from the load will simply be re-
any low readings are false. The test you can use a simple dipole for edge - routed back to the load. A forward -
may also be run by trimming the feed - to -edge coverage. The maximum SWR power measurement would show a
line, but usually this is inconvenient, should be 2:1, although it varies with greater amount than the transmitter
since any cuts in the cable are perma- the height above ground. output due to this compensation.
nent. Most verticals can also cover an en- Figure 4 shows two. configu rations
tire band with the same range of SWR. for transmatches. At "A" we see that a
What To Do About SWR. Now that There is one trick to the successful transmatch has been installed at the
you've made sure your SWR bridge is operation of all vertical antennas. To antenna end of a stretch of 50 -ohm
telling the truth and you find that you obtain a decent SWR and efficient transmission line. A 100 -ohm resonant
have an SWR of 3:1, what should be radiation, a good ground system must antenna has been connected directly
done? Should you fool around with be used. If the vertical .is roof - to the output of the transmatch: If we
the feedline or antenna or just leave mounted, a radial system using at adjust the matching network to step
things as they are? The answer de- least five quarter -wave wires must be down the 100 -ohm impedance to a
pends on the type of feed line you have installed. The radials should droop 50 -ohm one, the SWR bridge will read
and the limitations of your transmitter. slightly toward the roof. 1:1. This is a true reading, since the
If your transmitter is built to with- A good radial system will include as transmitter output impedance, the line
stand "infinite SWR," then you can many as 200 or more radial wires. characteristic impedance, and the
tolerate such a mismatch, and the Since copper wire is expensive these transformed antenna impedance are
power lost will not seriously degrade days, it is economically wise to use all 50 ohms. There are no standing
the strength of your signal. However, if aluminum radials in your ground waves on the line.
you are using a transmitter which can system. At "B" we have a second case. The
take a maximum SWR of 2:1 (consult adjusting the radial system of a
By transmatch is located at the transmit-
the spec sheet for this), and/or you are vertical, a dipole's height above ter end, right after the SWR bridge.
running an output close to the max- ground, or a "gamma match" on a Between the transmatch and the an-
imum power rating of the coaxial feed - beam, you are changing the antenna tenna, whose impedance is 100 ohms,
line, then you should take steps to feedpoint impedance to a value which a 50 -ohm transmission line is con-
make the mismatch less severe or is closer to the characteristic imped- nected. If we adjust the transmatch to
make things appear that way. ance of the feed line, thus reducing the give a 1:1 SWR reading on the reflec-
Perhaps the easiest way to do this, if mismatch. This is the most effective tometer, do we have the perfectly
the load is highly reactive (a miniwhip way to reduce SWR. matched condition at "A"? No, we
or other loaded antenna), is to trim the There is another approach, how- don't! Although the transmatch fools
length of coaxial feed line for a tolera- ever-matching networks or "trans - the transmitter into thinking so, by
ble sending -end impedance. This matches." These devices act as vari- presenting a 50 -ohm impedance for
does not really solve the mismatch able impedance transformers, con- the transmitter output, we still have an
problem, however. verting a wide range of loads to the SWR on the transmission line due to
The best way to correct a mismatch ideal 52 ohms. Transmatches also the feeder/antenna mismatch.
When can SWR be ignored? If you
are running output power well below
Fig: 4. Trans match configuratons. Matching networks . the maximum rating of the feedline,
are adjusted to present a 50 -ohm impedance to and do not exceed the mismatch tol-
the transmitter. A mismatch can still appear at the
eration of the transmitter, then you
antenna_ depending on where the trans match is inserted.
can safely ignore the SWR. If transmit-
ter tuning becomes balky, feedlines
100/1
RESONANT ANT.
heat up, or output amplifiers pop, then
you should put into action one of the
50n FEEDLINE, above -mentioned plans.
ANY LENGTH
(A) Try adjusting the antenna first. If

loon you still have problems, make sure
RESONANT ANT.
your transmission line and its connec-
50f1 FEEDLINE,
tors are in good shape. An antenna
ANY LENGTH matcher should be used as a last re-
(B) sort (for coaxial lines). Above all, don't
listen to the old wives' tales about
SWR! O
EEEL At full power (100 watts), the distor-
tion was a maximum of 0.04 percent at
20 Hz.. It fell off steadily to 0.005 per-
Product cent or less in the range between 1500

Hz and 16,000 Hz. The half -power dis-
tortion was essentially the same, and
Test Reports at one -tenth of rated power, it mea-

sured between 0.007 and 0.009 percent
from 60 Hz to 20,000 Hz. At lower fre-
(
quencies, the distortion was the same
at all power levels.
ESS MODEL 200 STEREO POWER AMPLIFIER An input of 0.55 volt drove the am-
(A Hirsch -Houck Labs Report) plifier to 10 watts output, our standard
Low -dollar -per -watt "super -power" amplifier reference level. The unweighted noise
was 85 dB below the 10 -watt level. The
frequency response was +0.1/-0.3 dB
THE ESS Model 200 stereo power from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. It fell to -3 dB
amplifier brings to the hi-fi pur- at 6 Hz and 150,000 Hz.
ist high power, extremely low distor-
tion, wide bandwidth, and stability User Comment. The ESS Model 200
under varying reactive loads at an at- amplifier obviously belongs in the
tractive price. It is conservatively rated same category as most of the far more
at 100 watts/channel over a frequency expensive (and slightly more power-
range of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. This is ful) "super -power" amplifiers on the
backed by less than 0.5 percent IM and market. It has totally clean, distortion -
harmonic distortion figures. All of less sound. We could never detect, by
which are certainly enough to satisfy deep by 6 in. (15.2 cm) high. It weighs ear, any difference between the ESS
the most critical homelistening 23 lb (10.5 kg). The retail price of the amplifier and several of the super-
needs. ESS Model 200 stereo power amplifier power amplifiers in a direct A -B com-
This is a basic power amplifier, lack- is $399. parison, so long as we did not exceed
ing any type of user controls. In fact, it its maximum power capabilities. But
doesn't even have a power switch; it is Laboratory Measurements. With even with low -efficiency speaker sys-
designed to be switched on and off by both channels driven at 1000 Hz into tems, exceeding the amplifier's power
the preamplifier with which it is used 8 -ohm loads, the output waveforms capabilities is no easy task.
(which means that the preamp's clipped at 136 watts/channel. Into The amplifier runs only slightly
switched outlet system must be hefty 4 -ohm loads, clipping power mea- warm to the touch in normal service.
enough to accommodate the heavy sured 196 watts, while into 16 -ohm For operation at high sustained power
surge of current drawn by the power loads it was 81 watts/channel. levels, especially with 4 -ohm loads,
however, a fan is recommended for
amplifier). The only thing on the front
panel is a pilot lamp located behind
the ESS logo where it glows a soft blue -
0.01 percent -
At 1000 Hz, the THD was less than
typically 0.007 percent
watt to about 125 watts out-
from 1
additional cooling.
The amplifier is protected against
when power is on. The signal inputs put. The IM distortion was below 0.01 damage by electronic dissipation
and outputs, fuse holders, and an ac- percent from 10 mW to 100 watts out- limiters. It also has separate fuses in
cessory ac outlet are located on the put, indicating a total absence of its dual -polarity dc power supply and
rear apron of the amplifier. "crossover" distortion. The IM distor- in the ac line. Although we did not
The amplifier measures 16 3/16 in. tion reached 0.4 percent at 140 watts damage the amplifier by extended
(41.1 cm) wide by 113/4 in. (29.8 cm) output. high -power operation or occasional
1.0
ESS 200
-
ESS 200
REFERENCE POWER (10021)
0.5
- -LOW
.HALF POWER I-320)
POWER -10201
0.5
- --- OR, TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
60/7000 Hz f4: I IM DISTORTION
z 0.2
O 0.2
z
r
O
N 0.1
O
ZO
.05
Q
2
.02
ú 1
m
0
01
fT .005
t
.005
002
1.0 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
002
20 50 100 200 500 1112 2111 510Iz /0 Hz 20 CONTINUOUS AND EQUIVALENT
.H
FREQUENCY IN Hz (CYCLES PER SECOND) SINE -WAVE POWER OUTPUT PER CHANNEL IN WATTS
DECEMBER 1974 73
overload, the dc power supply fuses amplifier is, in our opinion, a notable is especially true if you balk at having
did blow, particularly when we tried to value in today's market for critical lis- to pay $500 or more for the perfor-
make full -power measurements into teners who want a state-of-the-art am- mance you get from the Model 200 for
4 -ohm loads. plifier with enough power to make only $279.
The ESS Model 200 stereo power peak clipping a rare occurrence. This CIRCLE NO. 65 ON READER SERVICE CARD
SYLVANIA MODEL RS -4744 STEREO RECEIVER

(A Hirsch -Houck Labs Report) line circuit, while the other two are for
Features PLL FM decoder and direct -coupled 60-1V/channel amp. the speaker -output lines. For con-
venience, there are two unswitched
and one switched ac outlets on the
rear apron.
Supplied with a walnut -finished
cabinet, the receiver measures 173/4 in.
... -:. . wide by 15 in. deep by6 in. high (45.1 x
.
.-.- 38.1 x 15.2 cm) and weighs 26 lb (11.8
ii t
kg). It retails for $429.95.
Laboratory Measurements.
receiver met or surpassed all the pub-
lished specifications we were able to
test. The FM tuner section has a 2-µV
The
IHF usable sensitivity in mono (8 µV in

THE MODEL RS -4744 is Sylvania's has a midrange control whose action stereo, which is also the input
finest AM/stereo FM receiver. Its is centered at about 1000 Hz. The tone threshold for automatic mono/stereo
FM tuner section features, a phase - controls are slightly detented at their switching as well as for the FM muting
locked loop (PLL) multiplex decoder center (flat) positions. circuit). The 50 -dB quieting sensitivity
and direct -coupled 60-watt/channel The receiver has all the normal was a very good 3 µV in mono and 35
power amplifier. Switching is pro- signal inputs and outputs of a stereo µV in stereo.
vided for two pairs of speaker systems setup. There are also separate pream- Distortion at 1000 µV was 0.5 per-
and for driving rear speaker systems plifier outputs and power -amplifier cent in mono and 1.0 percent in
with a modified difference signal for a inputs. These are joined by jumpers stereo. (These figures could have
simulated 4 -channel effect from that can easily be removed to connect been halved by retuning the receiver
stereo programs. into the system an electronic cross- at each input level, but this is not in
over, active equalizer, etc. Inputs for accordance with the IHF test proce-
General Description. A group of 12 300 -ohm and 75 -ohm FM antennas dure.) The ultimate S/N ratio was 70 dB
pushbutton switches provide for a and an external AM antenna, as well as in mono and 63 dB in stereo.
selection of the program source and a rod -type AM antenna, are also pro- The PLL multiplex decoder pro-
the mode of operation. The source
selection includes two magnetic
phono cartridge inputs (one can be
vided. Insulated spring connectors are
used for the speaker outputs. A third
set of outputs (marked PO4), with an
separation -
duced exceptionally uniform stereo
about 32 dB across most
of the audio -frequency range, 28.5 dB
switched, in the rear of the receiver, to adjacent slide switch, is used for sup- at 30 Hz, and 29.5 dB at 15,000 Hz. The
operate with ceramic cartridges), FM, plying synthetic rear -channel pro- FM frequency response was within
AM, and Aux. Two tape monitor grams through a separate pair of ±0.5 dB from 30 Hz to 13,000 Hz. It fell
switches permit playback from either speaker systems. to -2 dB at 15,000 Hz due to the low-
of two tape decks or monitoring from The receiver is protected against pass filters in the audio outputs. These
either while recording the program damage by internal electronic circuits were very effective in removing 19 -kHz
being played through the receiver, as and three push -to -reset circuit break- pilot carrier leakage, which was 72
well as copying a tape from one ers. One circuit breaker is for the ac dB below the output from a 100 -
machine onto another.
When both phono input switches +10
are activated, signals from a micro- AUDIO OUTPUT

phone plugged into a front -panel jack
0
. Ito
0 dB=1 VOLT
I liLI
SYLVANIA RS -4744 (TAPE -OUTPUT JACKS)-_

appear at both speaker outputs as 10
FM SECTION 1 1
111
well as at the tape recording outputs. 11 1 1
MONO
20 -STEREO
Other pushbutton switches control 1 I
FM muting, loudness compensation, rn

J
3
2pV IHF SENSITIVITY
\ TOTAL DISTORTION, NOISE, HUM
RE:100% MOD. AT IOOOH,
-
mono/stereo mode selection, and the
high- and low-cut filters. (The filters 4 s.
ó
employ active circuits to produce 5
cutoff slopes of 12 dB/octave instead
of the simpler and more common 6 -6 3pV ..... .._-., ,-.-.... e--,-......
dB/octave slopes provided by the fil-
ters in most stereo receivers.)
-7 "SEN
5008
QUIETING
SENSITIVITY
NOISE
,_--
In addition to the usual bass and 8
100 4K 3UK
10
treble tone controls, this receiver also INPUT -MICROVOLTS (mV)
1
SYLVANIA RS -4744 SYLVANIA RS -4744

0.5
-----LOW
REFERENCE POWER 160w)
HALF POWER 1-346)
POWER 1-10.16)
0.5
-- kM TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
60/700011 (4:11 IM DISTORTION I J
0.2
ZO
0.2
/ ..'boo.*
0.1
¢
O
Ñ 0.1
.. T
o
1-
Z .05
u
¢
á
02 .02
01 .010
50 100 200 500 101: 25R, SOHO OkHS 20 0 2 05 5 10 20 50 100
AH,
FREQUENCY IN Hz (CYCLES PER SECOND) CONTINLOUS AND EQUIVALENT
SINE -WAVE POWER OUTPUT PER CHANNEL IN WATTS
percent -modulated signal. The AM w User Comment. The Sylvania Model

111111I
frequency response was down 6 dB at FREQUENCY RESPONSE RS -4744 receiver revealed itself in our
85 Hz and 3400 Hz. tests to be well above average in the
The audio amplifier was conserva- ° I IIIH
SYLVANIA RS -4744
I
important performance aspects. Its
10
tively rated. It clipped at about 81.5 FM STEREO

AVERAGE BOTH CHANNELS FM tuner is competent, with an accu-
20
watts/channel with both channels rately calibrated dial (within 100 kHz of
driven simultaneously into 8 -ohm 30 -.rte. the indicated setting across the full
loads at 1000 Hz. The 4 -ohm clipping CROSSTALK
1
FM band). The FM muting action is
40
power was 87.5 watts, and the 16 -ohm very positive, with a distinct click or
power was 56.5 watts/channel. SO
20 50 100 200 500 IK 2K 5K 10K 20K
thump when it operates, but without
At 1000 Hz., the THD was less than FREQUENCY IN HI bursts of noise or program modula-
0.1 percent from 0.1 watt to about 80 tion.
watts/channel. At most power levels, it (We were pleased to note that the The receiver's audio amplifiers must
was less than 0.03 percent. The IM in- equalization was not affected signifi- be considered outstanding for a re-
creased from 0.05 percent at 0.1 watt cantly by cartridge inductance, unlike ceiver in the RS -4744's price range.
to 0.3 percent at 10 watts and 0.5 per- the case with most amplifiers, which Usually one must pay considerably
cent at the rated 60 watts. At very low exhibit loss of several decibels at more money to match the power out-
outputs (3 mW or so), the IM was still 10,000 Hz or higher from this interac- put of this receiver, and the variety and
only 0.25 percent. At the rated 60 watts tion.) fl'exibility of its control functions
or less output, the THD was typically The loudness compensation should be sufficient to satisfy most
less than 0.08 percent. It reached a boosted only the low frequencies to a critical users.
maximum of 0.13 percent at 20 Hz and moderate degree. With their excellent The PQ4 mode of operation gives an
20,000 Hz, with 60 watts/channel out- 12-dB/octave slopes, the filters had excellent sense of ambience with
put. -3 -dB points at 70 Hz and 4000 Hz. most stereo programs. Its. operation
A high-level input of 88 mV was The bass and treble tone controls had depends on having four speaker sys-
needed to drive the amplifiers to 10 the familiar characteristic of feed- tems of roughly equal efficiency, since
watts output with a 77.5 -dB S/N ratio. back -type controls, with a variable there is no differential front -rear level
Through the phono inputs, the sen- bass turnover frequency and a high - control.
sitivity was a very good 0.82 mV; yet, frequency action hinged at about 1500 If the Model RS -4744 is any sample
the overload point was a high 82 mV. Hz. The midrange control had its max- of what Sylvania has in store for the
The phono S/N ratio measured 72.5 imum effect at about 500 Hz with par- high-fidelity market, the company
dB, referred to 10 watts output. The tial settings, sliding up to about 1200 should soon be a force with which to
RIAA equalization was very accurate, Hz when the full 10 -dB boost or cut reckon.
within ±0.5dBfrom 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. was used. CIRCLE NO. 66 ON READER SERVICE CARD
REALISTIC MODEL TRC-24B CB TRANSCEIVER

Mobile rig operates on 23 channels with effective noise blanking.
The transceiver is supplied with a
detachable dynamic microphone and
mobile mounting hardware. The retail
power on all 23 AM channels by means price is $159.95.
of a frequency synthesizer. It is a com-
.
1{LIAo,v-
¢Fwusnc- i
/! 1 I.
pact solid-state rig that features a very The Receiver. The receiver employs
,
s '
y.110 9 H
78
d.
>
- ì,.t)
TRC-2A0
AI} (1uXN(I. k111AV6nl
,
t
effective noise -silencing system. This double conversion, with the i-f's lo-
:w
.la lT tir .
7 system consists of an r -f series -gate cated at 11,275 and 455 kHz. The r -f
and that can be turned on or off, along input amplifier is neutralized to insure
-,B ./uÍi.
SOAP
with a noise blanker. Other features good stability and sensitivity, the latter
include the usual adjustable squelch, measuring in our lab as 0.4 µV for 10
external-speaker jacks, PA operation, dB (S + N)/N with a 1000 -Hz signal at
THE Realistic Model TRC-24B is Delta tuning, signal-strength/relative 30 -percent modulation.
an FCC type -accepted CB trans- r -f output metering, and transmitter - The high first -f provides good
i
ceiver that operates at the full legal on indicator. image rejection, found to be 60 dB in
DECEMBER 1974 75
our tests. The second mixer is a bit could be varied from 0.5 to 1000 µV. system. It employs an output -match-
unusual in that it is a balanced type The agc held the a-f output to within 6 ing andfiltering network, along with a
that employs two transistors. This type dB with a 20 -dB r -f input change at to
1 TVI trap. Transmit/receive transfer is
of circuit enhances the minimizing of 10 µV, and to 5 dB with an input accomplished without relays.
spurious responses (down 50 dB in change of 60 dB at 10 to 10,000 µV Operating at 13.8 volts dc, the
our tests). Unwanted signal rejection The S meter required 300µV for an S-9 transmitter's carrier output was 4
is aided by bandpass-coupling cir- reading. watts. A 100 -percent modulation level
cuits between the two mixers. The -f i The Delta -tune system is handled by was attainable with 4 percent distor-
signal rejection was 80 dB. a three -position toggle switch that tion (at 1000 Hz) and 10 percent distor-
The second mixer is also used as the shifts the receiver frequency a fixed tion with a 6 -dB increase of the speech
noise -blanker switching circuit that amount above or below the center fre- input level beyond that needed for
momentarily interrupts the signal path quency. In our sample unit, it provided 100 -percent modulation. Amc is em-
during each noise pulse. Since it is a a change of +1425 Hz and -2450 Hz. ployed, which provides a degree of
balanced configuration, noise that The receiver's frequency -determin- compression between 50 and 100 per-
might otherwise be due to switching ing system consists of 12 crystals. Six cent modulation. Although it holds the
transients is eliminated. This makes are cut for around 23,390 kHz, four for modulation within 100 percent on the
the whole setup more effective. around 14,960 kHz, one at 11,730 kHz positive peaks, it does not limit the
The blanker is somewhat different for receive, and one at 11,275 kHz for negative peaks. Nevertheless, with the
from the usual. The noise pulses that transmit. Bandpass filters are used EIA standard test at 2500 Hz, the
trigger the switching are detected where needed to minimize spurious adjacent -channel splatter was at least
after being picked up directly from the responses. 45 dB down. Otherwise, the overall a -f
antenna through two cascaded r -f The maximum audio output from response was 225 to 4800 Hz at the
amplifiers tuned just outside the CB the class -B output stage on receive or' 6 -dB points. The frequency tolerance
range. PA operation was 3.5 watts with varied between -174 and -678 Hz,
Two ceramic filters at the 455 -kHz -f
i 5 -percent distortion at the start of depending on the channel in use.
determine the selectivity, which pro- clipping, using a 1000 -Hz signal and The transceiver is designed to be
vided a good minimum adjacent - 8 -ohm load. operated from only negative -ground
channel rejection figure of 50 dB. The systems. Reverse -polarity protection
overall bandpass response, including The Transmitter. The transmitter is is provided, and a line filter is engaged
that of the audio system, was 450 to a conventional affair, with the r -f driver to minimize noise picked up through
2000 Hz at the 6 -dB points. and power amplifier collector -modu- the supply leads.
The squelch threshold sensitivity lated by the receiver section's a -f CIRCLE NO. 67 ON READER SERVICE CARD
WAVETEK MODEL 30 AUDIO SWEEP GENERATOR

Battery -operated unit has three ranges from 2 to 200,000 Hz. tying in external timing capacitors for
virtually unlimited increase in sweep
speed.
has eliminated the tedium and re- There are a number of different out-
duced the time required for frequency puts available from this instrument. In
response plotting to only a few min- addition to the usual sine -wave output
utes. This instrument has a frequency that is variable in amplitude to about 1
range of from 2 Hz to 200,000 Hz in volt rms from a 600-ohm source, there

three overlapping ranges that include is a pulse output connector on the
2 to 2000 Hz, 20 to 20,000 Hz, and 200 front panel, the signal from which can
to 200,000 Hz. Dial accuracy is 2 per- directly drive TTL devices. Output
cent of the range out to 20,000 Hz. And connectors on the rear apron deliver a
w,vE,áK= the output is available in either a linear 1 -volt peak -to -peak triangle signal and
or a logarithmic sweep. a sync signal that is in parallel with the
front panel output.
NOT TOO long ago, the only eco- General Description. Flexibility of The power source for the instru-
nomical way of plotting the re- the Model 30 is enhanced by five ment is a conventional 9 -volt transis-
sponse of an audio amplifier, filters, modes of operation. When the MODE tor battery that can operate the
and the like was by point -by -point switch is set to DIAL, the instrument generator for a full eight hours. For
entry on graph paper at various fre- operates as an excellent manually var- $25 over the cost of the basic instru-
quencies obtained from a signal iable signal generator, with the main ment, you can buy an optional nickel -
generator. The process was time- tuning dial used to set the desired fre- cadmium battery pack and plug-in
consuming and tedious. No matter quency. In the vcG position, the charger. The battery pack provides
how you approached the problem, you generator's output frequency is a three hours of continuous operation
had to look forward to many hours of function of an external voltage applied from full charge, and the recharger
dial "twiddling," reading and record- to a rear -apron connector, permitting doubles as a battery eliminator (ac
ing an output meter indication, and use in either a linear or a logarithmic power supply) when the generator is
laboriously plotting the resulting mode. The three selectable sweep used on a test bench.
curve. times range from FAST (2.5 ms) to
The introduction of the low-cost MEDIUM (250 ms) to sLow (25 s). For User Report. To merely describe the
($149.95) Model 30 precision audio greater sweep -rate versatility, connec- Model 30 cannot do justice to this in-
sweep/function generator by Wavetek tors are provided on the rear apron for strument. One must actually operate it
to appreciate its unique features. For arrived, there was very little in the way
example, the instrument case is de- of filters and audio systems within our i
signed to permit the instrument to be reach that we did not put to the test. Actual,
laid flat or stood upright, while provid- un retouched
The generator was very simple to use. rrTl photo of an
ing full access to all controls and con-
1 1,
Its output is simply connected to the oscillograph

nectors. The side members of the case device to be tested, an oscilloscope is
i1J11J I
test.
act as excellent hand grips. connected to the output of the device

The controls and switches, particu- under test, the generator's controls
larly the main tuning dial, have the and switches are set as desired, and
positive action generally associated the results appear on the scope's CRT.
with good -quality test gear. The con- Total elapsed time to make a fre-
trol knobs are recessed below the quency-response check is about three
level of the handgrips, while the main The dscillógraph you
minutes-including checking out the see is an actual photo
tuning control's dial is further re- performance of bass and treble con- of a high -quality audio
cessed into the front panel itself. The systern "playing" a
trols and even some multi -range fre- fingecprinL
uncluttered control panel has a no- quency equalizers. You're heEring finger-
nonsense look about it, with all con- Because of its relatively low price prints now through
trols and connectors clearly marked your speaker system.
and great use potential, we feel that Instead of the sound
according to function and position. the Model 30 sweep/function gener- your precious discs
Within a couple of hours after open- are capable of. And
ator fills a long -overdue purpose. no vacuum record
ing the carton in which the instrument CIRCLE NO. 68 ON READER SERVICE CARD cleaner, brush -arm
or treated cloth will
MURA MODEL 250-M MULTIMETER remove them. None.
Low-cost, compact instrument for bench or portable use.
The sound =
sensitivity and with 4% accuracy. Di-

of your
rect current is measured in six ranges
from 50 µA to 5 A full-scale with 3%
fingerprint
accuracy. Three overlapping resis- But DiscwasherrM-with new tl
tance ranges cover from 0 to 3 meg- du fluid-removes fingerprints

completely: Along with dust. And
ohms with a 3% accuracy. Finally, a manufacturing lubricants (added
built-in decibel scale uses a capa- to make pressing faster) that cap
act like grove-blocking'finger-
citor -coupled input to the ac -voltage prints:All this cleaning without
circuit to provide a measurement pulling polymer stabilizers from
your vinyl discs.
range of -20 dB to +62 dB in 5 ranges.
DiscwasherrM. The only safe,
The instrument presents a pleasing effective way to silence the
appearance with its brushed -alu- printed finger. At Audio
BENCH-TYPE multimeters are specialists world-wide.
minum control panel and clean black
becoming more versatile with range/function markings. Separate
every passing year. Some new VOM's banana jack inputs are provided for
offer more measurement ranges than 2.5 -kV dc, 5 -ampere, and capacitor -
l
before-at prices the same as de- coupled inputs.
manded for older instruments. As The 4 -in. (10.2 -cm) meter movement
more and more versatility is being is diode protected. The instrument's
built into them, the VOM's themselves circuitry has an internal fast -acting
are becoming more and more com- fuse. (An extra fuse is provided.) The
pact. One good example of these range selector knob is large and com-
°
trends is the Model 250-M multimeter fortable to use. The rotary switch to
from the Mura Corp. (It retails for which it is attached has positive detent Dlscwrashér,'Inic.
909 University,
$42.95 from electronic instruments action. A small knob, centered below Columbia, Mo. 65201
distributors.) the meter movement, provides a con- prri.
r
The Model 250-M is physically small,

measuring only 73% in. by 41/2 in. by 31/2
venient zero -centering mechanism for
the meter's pointer.
- -.
:..
rtsfi;"'á
rr es ..'
in. (17.8 x 11.4 x 8.9 cm). It has a

taut -band meter movement, 23 mea-
surement ranges, meter reversal, etc.
We tested the Model 250-M mul-
timeter, using voltage, current, and
resistance standards. The instru-
.
.,..;
7
.
Operation is from a single C cell. ment's ranges on each function tested
The instrument's basic dc sensitivity fell within the published specifi-
is 30,000 ohms/volt. There are eight dc cations. After a few weeks using the
voltage ranges that span from 0.5 volt multimeter on our workbench, we
to 2500 volts full-scale with an accu- tested it again with the same stan-
racy of 3 percent. Five ac voltage dards. It checked out exactly as be- eft
ranges cover from 15 volts to 1000 fore. (bpits
volts full-scale at 10,000 ohms/volt CIRCLE NO. 69 ON READER SERVICE CARD

DECEMBER 1974
LOW-COST,
EASY-TO -BUILD
POWER SUPPLY
/21/1-I SiP?!! 181 IOW

P8,hI,ff 18i/PIll!
BY CRAIG ANDERTON
ANUMBER of electronic devices .good heat sinking and ventilation, 8 served. Use mica insulators, coated on
today require a stable 12 -volt dc amperes continuously. Additionally, a both sides with silicone grease, when
power source capable of delivering simple modification will provide a mounting the transistors and reg-
several amperes of current. For such 13.6- or 15 -volt output. You get all of ulator IC to electrically isolate them
items as mobile CB and ham trans- this, plus better than percent regula-
1 from the heat sink. Provide adequate
ceivers, car tape decks and radio re- tion from no load to full load, for about heat sinking for the power diodes and
ceivers, portable TV receivers, etc., $18 in parts, plus chassis. good ventilation for the entire circuit.
you need a power supply like the 6/12 To achieve stable regulation from When you interconnect the compo-
circuit shown in the schematic. the 6/12 power supply an LM309 IC is nents, use only heavy -gauge wire. And
This ac power supply is designed to used. This integrated circuit is specifi- when you finish assembling the power
deliver 12 volts dc at 6 amperes con- cally designed for voltage regulation supply, double check your work to
tinuous. (Hence the name 6/12.) The over a wide range of load conditions. make certain that the components are
supply will also deliver 8 amperes on a When assembling the supply, good properly polarized.
50 -percent duty cycle or, with very construction procedures must be ob- To change the output voltage, all
you have to do is change the zener
diode. The LM309 IC normally pro-
vides 5 volts output with pin 3
grounded. By raising pin 3 above
ground, the output of the power sup-
ply will be the original 5 volts plus the
potential "seen" by pin 3. So, for 15
volts output, use a 10 -volt zener diode.
For 13.6 volts out, use a 7.6 -volt zener.
With a 6 -8 -volt zener in the circuit,
' 117 VAC
the output of the power supply is 11.8
OPTIONAL volts. To increase this by another 0.7
volt, all you have to do is connect a
1N4001 diode in series with the zener
diode. This diode is shown phantomed
Voltage regulation in the schematic. It is installed in the
is provided by power supply's circuit at the point
single IC. Zener marked with an X.
diode adjusts output.
Any center -tapped 30 -volt trans-
former capable of delivering 4 am-
PARTS LIST :i. peres or more to a load can be used
R3 -100-ohm, 1 -watt resistor
C1 -20.(X10 -µF, 20 -volt electrolytic capacitor RI 820 -ohm, -watt resistor
I
for Ti. Alternatively, you can use a
C2 -4.7-µF, 15 -volt tantalum capacitor Sl-Spst switch (optional) transformer with two 12 -volt second-
Dl, D2-MRI120 (Motorola) or equivalent T1 -30 -volt, center-tapped; 4 -ampere trans- ary windings (each capable of 4 am-
power diode former (see text)
D3-Zener diode (see text) ' Misc.-Mica insulators (3) and silicone paste: peres); connect the secondaries in
D4 -1N4001 diode (optional, see text) suitable chassis; fuse 'holder (optional); series and properly phase them to
F I-Fuse (optional, see text) line cord; -machine hardware; heavy- yield the desired 24 volts.
ICl-LM309 voltage regulator integrated cir- . gauge hookup wire: etc. One note of caution: The output of
cuit (National Semiconductor) Note: A kit of all parts listed above except the 6/12 power supply is not short-
Q1 -2N3055 transistor - chassis box and optional items is available
Q2-TIP32 (Motorola) or equivalent transis- for $17.95, plus postage on 8 pounds and circuit protected. We suggest that you
tor insurance, from Bill Godbout Electron- install a 6- or 8 -ampere fuse, depend-
Rl, R2-2.7 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor ' ics, Box 2673, Oakland Airport, CA 94614. ing on the output current desired. p
Solid State
}
By Lou Garner
USEFUL PROJECTS FOR HOLIDAY GIFTS
ENCOMPASSING two important religious festivals, Fourth, it should do something-make a noise, make
Christmas and Hanukah, both of which traditionally music (some adults may tend to equate these two), flash
involve gifts for children, the holiday season-between lights, operate a model car, control a mechanical gadget,
Thanksgiving and New Year's Day-accounts for the or whatever.
overwhelming majority of annual toy sales in the U.S. Fifth, unless intended for the very young, the toy
If there are one or more children on your holiday gift list should require some effort on the part of the child. Buttons
(an offspring, a younger brother or sister, a favorite niece or keys to press, switches to close, or knobs to turn.
or nephew, a neighbor's child) and you are considering Sixth, it should have high play value. The child should
current toy prices, there's a good chance you can save be able to use it in its intended function; but at times,
money by assembling and giving electronic toys this year. should also be able to adapt it, using his or her imagina-
What's more, you'll be giving something of yourself in each tion, to other types of play.
gift-your time and labor. This always makes the gift more There are a number of electronic gifts that are not
important. considered "toys" in the conventional sense, but children
An electrical or'electronic toy should meet certain basic enjoy them and they can be modified to enhance play
criteria, whether home -assembled or purchased factory - value. In this category are AM radio receivers, wireless
built. microphones (or "home broadcasters"), low -power CB
First, it should be safe. This rules out, for the most walkie-talkies, portable phonographs, and inexpensive
part, line -powered projects and high -power designs which tape and cassette recorders. Any of these, excellent gifts in
may have overly warm components. themselves, can be modified slightly to delight the child.
Second, it should be reasonably sturdy.Children are For example, you might devise a sturdy bracket for se-
great destroyers. read about a military tank recently that
I curing a small transistor radio to handlebars, permitting its
had survived several battles in two wars and had been use as a tricycle or bike radio.
placed on a local playground. The kids managed to wreck Another possibility is combining a small receiver and
it completely within a couple of weeks. Therefore, assem- wireless microphone (or CB unit) on a fancy control panel,
ble your projects in sturdy housings and avoid the use of adding a few switch -controlled pilot lamps and perhaps
delicate components, such as meters. even an inexpensive buzzer. To the child, such an assem-
Third, the toy should be complete in itself. An am- bly could become, depending on his (her) mood, the
plifier designed to be used with a separate microphone communications center for a hospital, the command post
and loudspeaker can pose problems for the younger child for an imaginary army, or even the control panel of a space
(and, occasionally, even for older ones and adults). Ear- ship, time machine, or submarine.
phones, probes, indicators, or any separate accessories Of course, the real challerge is not in modifying a com-
which have to be plugged in or connected have a tendency mercial product, but in assembling a complete and unique
to "get lost." electronic toy from "scratch," allowing your imagination
.OIyF
01 02
C3 _14_15_19 CIO
TTTTTTTT Fig. 1. This toy electronic organ

covers a full octave and has a
SIO
treble -bass switch to shift range.
79
DECEMBER 1974
There's a new Heat- -'t
everyone on
Introducing a
new generation of Heathkit small-screen color TV
19VGR-500
15V G R-300
On -screen digital channel readout

Optional on -screen Digital Clock
Floor Optional
New one -button Preset Picture model
Optional
digital roll -around
Control (PPC) restores perfect cabinet clock cart
picture at a touch for GR-500 module
New precision in -line gun picture
tube with new slotted shadow mask Improved VHF tuner design. Another
for greater light output area receiving special attention was
No convergence or purity Other design innovations include In-
-
adjustments ever
the VHF tuner. It was given a new mix- stant -On operation with a front -panel
3 popular screen sizes
& 19 in. (diagonal)
-15, 17,
er circuit featuring a dual gate FET to
achieve better cross modulation per-
defeat switch for vacation -time shut-
down; hi-fi output jack and TV speak-
formance. The RF amplifier is also a er defeat switch; 75-ohm VHF antenna
In the new Heathkit GR-500, GR-400 dual gate FET, resulting in a low noise input; a new high voltage power sup-
and GR-300, Heath brings you another figure, high gain and low cross modu- ply with voltage tripler circuit for
industry first -a new generation of lation. The four circuits of the tuner plenty of reserve power; a new quasi -
small -screen color TV receivers fea- (most have only three) offer far great- complementary -symmetry vertical de-
turing on -screen digital channel reader selectivity than ordinary sets. flection circuit that eliminates the
out, an optional digital clock Total VHF/UHF detent tuning conven- need for an output transformer; new
accessory, and a host of other exciting
new design innovations. The new pre-
-
ience with on-screen channel dis-
play. Every VHF and UHF channel is
slide -out chassis, plus interconnect-
ing cables using plugs and sockets,
cision in -line gun tube uses a slotted selectable simply by turning the chan- for easier adjustment and servicing.
shadow mask for far greater light out- nel selection knobs until they click to Get with the new generation of Heath-
put. And, in the GR-400 & 500, a nega- your favorite channel with precision kit small -screen Color TV now ... in
tive matrix screen is used for greater detent action. As you turn the knobs, time for the holiday fun!
contrast and brightness. A wider every channel number is displayed on Kit GR-500, less cabinet, 88 lbs.,
bandwidth IF amplifier with fixed LC the TV screen in big bright digits,
filter was added. This, coupled with Exp./Frt. 499.95*
completely adjustable as to bright-
luminance and video circuits with GRA-500-1, table model cabinet for
ness, position on the screen, and
black level clamps maintains the true GR-500 (main illus.), 35 lbs.,
length of display time. And the same
brightness level of the televised scene, Exp./Frt. 39.95*
goes for the optional digital clock.
with picture realism you never Fine tuning (AFT) is automatic. GRA-500-2, floor model cabinet for
dreamed possible. GR-500 (inset), 45 lbs.,
New one -button Preset Picture Con- Exp./Frt. 89.95*
Convergence and purity adjustment a trol (PPC). An important new conven-
thing of the past. A new precision sta- ience feature is the PPC button Kit GR-400, with cabinet, 104 lbs.,
tic toroid yoke offers vastly improved located on the front panel. Once the Exp./Frt. 489.95*
convergence. And the factory ad- brightness, contrast, color and tint Kit GR-300, with cabinet, 90 lbs.,
justed and sealed yoke and magnet have been correctly set by the rear Exp./Frt. 449.95*
assemblies completely eliminate the preset controls, a touch of the IPPC GRA-403-18, roll -around cart for GR-
need for convergence and purity ad- button returns the picture to perfec- 300, -400 & -500, 23 lbs.,
justments, yet the results are superior
to previous methods requiring manual
-
tion instantly no matter how much
the front -panel controls have been
Exp./Frt. 21.95*
GRA-2000-1, optional digital clock
adjustments. disturbed. module, 1 lb., mailable 29.95*
Christmas gift for
your list Our new
Heathkit
Give your scientist, engineer or stu-
New Heathkit Electronic
Clock/Timer for Car,
dent a gift he'll use all year long. Desktop Boat or Plane
Finger -sized keys and 8 bright 1/2" dig-
its make it easier to use than pocket
calculators. Cumulative memory and
register exchanges virtually eliminate
scratchpad work. Performs arithmetic
plus trig and arc trig in degrees
Electronic
Sliderule
Solves Your
'..'. .; 'i,
or radians, common r
and natural
logs,
Gift- Giving A timely gift-
Problems an electronic clock and a 20 -hour rally
timer, both with quartz crystal accur-
acy. Bright V2" -tall digits dim automa-
tically at: night. 12 VDC, mounts on or
under dash. Kit GC-1093, 2 lbs., mail-
able 62.95*
Two Heathkit Electronic

Clocks with Standby Power
Two beautiful gifts-the GC -1092A is -
a clock with a snooze alarm; the GC -

1092D reads the time in 6 digits, the
powers of e, month and date in 4 digits. Both have
square roots, standby power to keep the clock on
inverses, pi time without the display even during
and exponential temporary power interruptions. (Bat-
functions. teries not included.) Kit GC-1092A or
Kit IC -2100, 4 lbs., New Heathkit
D, 5 lbs., mailable each 82.95*
mailable ..119.95* Aircraft Strobe
A bright idea for the pilot on your list
Time/Alarm
Unique New Heathkit -
-or for anyone who needs an emerg-
AM/FM Digital Clock Radio
ency marine or marker light. It meets t-y6.....-..........,
25
Our outstanding clock radio makes FAR 23.1401 and
I
even sleepy Santas happy. assembles easily in s-
just one evening. For

12 VDC neg. ground.
With clear lens,
optional red Time/Date
12
ay
:.
:...
i and red/clear
lenses available.
Kit OL-1155, 3 lbs.,
f ,. .
" 4)¿-
mailable ....54.95* 9°1`
The electronic clock with snooze
alarm features a gentle "beep" with
adjustable volume. Or wake to the Learning's Fun With Our New Heathkit Exhaust Analyzer
component -quality AM/FM radio.
Standby batteries (not included) keep
Heathkit "Electronics Workshop" Checks Your Car's Tune Up
the clock on time during power inter- The JK-18A teaches kids electronics Make everyone's Christmas whiter and
ruptions. Kit GR-1075, 10 lbs., mail- the easy learn -by -doing way. 35 excit- cleaner-be sure your tune up is help-
able 129.95* ing projects include light meter, sound ing clean up the environment. Big 41/2"
meter, transistor radios. For safety, meter reads
it's battery relative
1
combustion
.1
powered and
requires no efficiency,
soldering. air -fuel
á.~,tá2éaáce (Batteries not
included) Kit
ratio and
percentage
JK-18A, 10 lbs., carbon monoxide.
mailable ..34.95* Kit CI -1080, 6 lbs., mailable ...61.95*
81
DECEMBER 1974
Exciting new Heathkit
Christmas diving
new Heathkit
a dual-trace DC-1SMHz scope
IT oval. TwAe oae,KOooea
IYTEMyTY
MOOQ $0 .401
Compare the features:
° Taal CY
Mitt ,;,11.
Dual -trace with true X -Y
capability
E.
r 1 mV/cm vertical sensitivity
over the full bandwidth

,
{o
x. ,.,b...j..l-a? '
TRIG SEUCT
,.Er(
Post-deflection accelerated CRT
TOPRhCULE I
r Ir _ -
k_,
a
for bright trace, fast writing
Vertical amplifier delay lines for
pulse analysis capability
oITS/CY ,P G YOOE
,---s
_
Digitally controlled triggering
YOCTSl,C4
for exceptional stability
_u
10511,0R <c.00T n15:TH.W
K KI
)ierl . M pt
\
Typically triggers up to
45 MHz-guaranteed to
30 MHz
Ì R o
`_----- ,
rL
It offers a The Heathkit 10-4510 is your best

'scope buy for two good reasons-it
does more and it costs less.
provides vertical deflection. There are
22 calibrated time bases from 0.2 sec/
cm to 0.1 µsec/cm. The sweep speed
lot more than Time base sweep up to 100 nsec/cm.
There's always a reference baseline,
is continuously variable between
switch positions. Any speed can be
just a low price even when there's no trigger signal.

The time base can be precisely trig-
gered at any point along the positive
expanded five times by pulling out the
control knob.
For easy calibration, a 1 volt peak -to -
or negative slope of the trigger signal. peak square wave is available on the
In automatic mode, it triggers at the front panel. The regulated supply op-
zero crossing point. erates from 100 -280 -volt AC power.
Modes of display. Either channel can Kit 10-4510, 34 lbs., mailable 549.95*
be displayed as a function of time or Assembled SO -4510, factory -wired &
both can be displayed together. In calibrated version of the 10-4510, 34
X -Y operation, channel 1 provides lbs., mailable 750.00*
horizontal deflection and channel 2
New Low -Cost Heathkit
,
each step. Attenuator accuracy is --1
dB; frequency accuracy is ±3%. Non -
.WM. Function Generator linearity of the triangle waveform is
,f's: .
A true function generator, not an os- 5% max., symmetry is within 10%.
cillator, delivers sine, square and tri- Sine wave THD is 3% max. from 5-
I ., ....R.- angle waveforms from 0.1 Hz to 1 100k Hz. Square wave rise and fall
MHz. Short -proof output supplies 10 times are 100 nsec max. 105-130 or
volts peak -to -peak into 50-ohm load. 210-260 VAC. Kit IG-1271, 7 lbs., mail-
A calibrated step attenuator adjusts able 99.95*
from 0-50 dB (10V to 30 mV) in 10 dB Assembled SG -1271, factory-wired &
steps. A variable control provides up calibrated version of IG-1271, 7 lbs.,
to 20 dB of additional attenuation at mailable 140.00*
projects -timed for
Coming in December... New Heathkit SB-230 1 kW New Heathkit 5 -Function
conduction-cooled linear SB-634 station console
A new High -power match for the SB-104. Lowest cost Five accessories in one -
a 24 -hour 6 -digit
conduction cooled linear on the market. 1200 electronic clock, a ten-minute digital ID timer
generation of watts PEP and 1000 watts CW from less than

100 watts input. l:t's also rated at 400 watts in-
put for slow -scan TV and RTTY. And absolutely
with visual and/or audible alarms, RF wattme-
ter, SWR bridge, hybrid phone patch with man-
ual and VOX controls. Kit SB-634, 14 lbs., mail-
Heathkit ham -
silent no blowers, no fans.
Full metering of relative power, plate current,
able 179.95*
radio equipment grid current and plate high voltage. Safety fea-
tures include microswitch interlocks for top and
bottom shells, thermal shutdown, fused cathode,
.New Heathkit SB-644 remote VFO
Designed exclusive for SB-104, it provides the
ultimate in multi -mode operation with two crys-
on/off switch with circuit breaker for power
New Heathkit SB-104 transceiver tal sockets for fixed frequencies. No modifica-
Years ahead in design & features
is a complete rethinking of what a CW/SSB
-the SB-104
transformer.
On the air in 15 to 20 hours. Fast, easy assem-
tions
-
just plug the VFO into the "104" and go
VFO frequency even reads out on the 104's
bly, then check it out with an ohmmeter- no digital display. Kit SB-644, 10 lbs.,
transceiver should be. It utilizes the latest digi- alignment necessary. Kit SB-230, 40 lbs., mail- mailable 119.95*
tal & solid-state technologies. The "104" is com- able 319.95*
pletely solid-state from the front end to the RF
output.
Totally broadbanded. You can switch from 3 to New Heathkit SB-614 New Heathkit Fixed station
30 MHz without preselector, load or tune con- station monitor scope AC power supply
trols. Powers the SB-104 from 120 or 240 VAC. So-
How clean is your signal? The bright 11/2 x 2" phisticated regulation assures almost no change
True digital readout with 6 bright digits to indi- screen helps you keep your rig in peak condi-
cate the frequency with accuracy to 100 Hz. in voltage from no load to full load. Entire sup-
tion. Reveals a wide variety of operating prob-
Mobile -ready. The SB-104 operates from 12
VDC, so it's ready to go mobile when you are.
lems - nonlinearity, insufficient or excessive
drive, carrier or sideband suppression problems,
ply fits inside SB-604 speaker cabinet. Kit HP -
1144, 28 lbs., mailable 89.95*
Optional features include a plug-in digital noise regeneration and key clicks. Monitors AM, SSB
blanker and 400 Hz crystal filter for CW. and CW signals up to 1 kW from 80 to 6 meters. New Heathkit SB-604
Just about the only things that aren't totally new Kit SB-614, 17 lbs., mailable 139.95*
about the "104" are the quality and easy assem- station speaker
bly that have made Heath famous. Kit SB-104, Response -tailored to SSB
31 lbs., mailable 669.95 and designed to match
Kit SBA -104-3, 400 Hz CW crystal filter for SB- the SB-104. Large enough to
104, 1 lb., mailable 34.95 house HP -1144 AC power supply.
Kit SBA -104-1, digital noise blanker for Kit SB-604, 8 lbs., mailable _29.95*
.
SB-104, lb., mailable

1 24.95*
Kit SBA -104-2, mobile mount, 6 lbs.,
mailable 34.95
_
min
v r,+¡
® g a \Qm g
v w.y.
r
HEATH
Heath Company, Dept. 20-12
HEAtIiÍtIT Schlumberger
I,..
Benton Harbor, Michigan 49022
Send for your FREE 1975 catalog today.
Please send my free 1975 Heathkit Catalog.
Please send the merchandise checked below. I've
enclosed $ plus shipping, in payment.
,
GR-500 Color TV GC -1093 Digital car SG -1271 Function

GRA-500-1 TV Cabinet clock/timer generator (assembled)
JK-18A Junior electronics SB-104 Transceiver
GRA-500-2 TV Cabinet workshop SB-104-1 Noise blanker
GR-400 Color TV GC -1092A Digital clock SB-104-2 Mobile mount
GR-300 Color TV with snooze alarm S8-104-3 CW crystal filter
HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTERS - GRA-403-18 TV Cart GC -1092D Digital clock
with date display
SB-230 kW linear
1
Units of Schlumberger Products Corporation GRA-2000-1 Digital SB-614 Monitor scope

Retail prices slightly higher. clock module 10-4510 Oscilloscope (kit)
SB-634 Station monitor
ARIZ.: Phoenix; CALIF.: Anaheim, El Cerrito, Los IC -2100 Calculator S0-4510 Oscilloscope
(assembled) SB-644 Remote VFO
Angeles, Pomona, Redwood City, San Diego (La CI -1080 Exhaust analyzer
Mesa), Woodland Hills; COLO.: Denver; CONN.: IG-1271 Function HP -1144 AC power supply
GR-1075 Digital
Hartford (Avon); FLA.: Miami (Hialeah), Tampa; clock radio generator (kit) SB-604 Station speaker
GA.: Atlanta; ILL.: Chicago, Downers Grove; IND.:
Indianapolis; KANSAS: Kansas City (Mission); KY.:
Louisville; LA.: New Orleans (Kenner); MD.: Balti- Name
more, Rockville; MASS.: Boston (Wellesley);
MICH.: Detroit; MINN.: Minneapolis (Hopkins); Address
MO.: St. Louis (Bridgeton); NEB.: Omaha; N.J.:
Fair Lawn; N.Y.: Buffalo (Amherst), New York City, City State 7ip
Jericho, L.I., Rochester, White Plains; OHIO: Cin-
cinnati (Woodlawn), Cleveland, Columbus; PA.: Mail order prices, FOB factory
Prices and specifications subject to change without notice. CL -548
Philadelphia, Pittsburgh; R.I.: Providence (War-
wick); TEXAS: Dallas, Houston; WASH.: Seattle;
WIS.: Milwaukee. L
85
DECEMBER 1974
full rein. Several possibilities are illustrated schematically
in Figs. 1 to 4.
Regardless of your choice, remember that the toy's
housing (case) often is as important as its basic function.
Sturdiness is essential, naturally, but eye appeal means a
lot. A chassis -built toy, for example, may work just as well
as a fancier version. However, it generally will not have the
same appeal to a child. A little paint, a suitable decal or two,
special switches and similar touches will do wonders.
Adapted from an older Motorola applications bulletin,
the toy electronic organ circuit given in Fig. 1 covers a full
octave, features a treble -bass switch to shift range, and has
sufficient power output to please most children and, after a
while, antagonize most parents. It can be assembled easily
on a weekend, even if you take the time to build an attrac-
tive case from plywood and fashion key -type switches from Fig. 2. Audio oscillator provides continuous
scraps of wood and strips of phosphor bronze or spring frequency coverage of more than two octaves.
copper.
In operation, Q1 serves as a modified Colpitts common - (S1) on the other. Regardless of the type of cabinet you
base oscillator, driving the output transistor, Q2, through use, be sure to provide an access panel for easy battery
an impedance matching step-down transformer, Ti. replacement.
Switches S3 through S10 determine the oscillator's basic The general-purpose audio oscillator circuit in Fig. 2
frequency by selecting different series capacitors C3 to may be used for a number of toy electronic "musical"
C10 to tune Ti's primary winding in conjunction with C1. A instruments. Unlike the toy organ, which supplies a single
simple spst switch, S2 acts to switch shunt capacitor C2 note when aspecific key is depressed, this design provides
across C1 to lower the scale a full octave. Base bias is continuous frequency coverage of better than two octaves.
provided for Q1 by voltage divider R3 -R4, for Q2 by Any desired note within its range, including sharps and
R5 -R6. Resistor R2 serves as Q1 's emitter load, while R7 flats, can be sounded by adjusting frequency control R2
limits the speaker's voice coil current. Adjustable collector and switching the instrument on by means of Si. It is even
resistor -R1 permits 01's collector current to be set for possible for the user to slide from one note to another and
optimum performance. Finally, operating power is sup- to create vibrato and other special effects by manipulating
plied by B1, controlled by S1. the frequency control.
With standard components used throughout the design, A single power transistor, Q1, serves both as a blocking
the electronic organ can be assembled using a combina- oscillator and output driver, with the feedback needed to
tion of stock or salvaged and purchased parts to save start and maintain oscillation provided by a miniature
money. Type 2N653 is specified for Q1, type 2N554 for Q2; step-up transistor transformer, Ti. This mode of operation
HEP types 631 and 230 may be used as replacements,. develops a harmonic -rich signal and permits the circuit's
respectively. Except for R7, a 2 -watt unit, the fixed resistors operating rate (frequency) to be controlled by a simple R -C
can be 1/4-, Y2- or -watt types, with R1 a standard poten-
1 network, R1-R2-C1. Operating power is supplied by bat-
tiometer. Either ceramic, plastic film, or tubular paper tery pack B1, controlled by spst switch Si.
capacitors can be used. The loudspeaker should have a Transistor Q1 is a general-purpose pnp medium -power
10 -ohm voice coil, but may be any size from 2V2"to8". While type, such as the RCA 2N301 or HEP 230. Transformer Tl
the original diagram specified transformer T1 as a Triad has a 500 -ohm CT primary and 8 -ohm secondary (typically,
type T42X with a 5000 -ohm primary and 8 -ohm secondary, Lafayette type AR -164). Any standard PM loudspeaker with
other types may be used; but it will be necessary to readjust a 4 -to -8 -ohm voice coil can be used. Resistor R1 is a half -
individual tuning capacitor values for optimum operation. watt type, frequency control R2 is a conventional poten-
If the original transformer is used, capacitors C3, C4, C5, tiometer, and feedback capacitor Cl a 0.5-µF low -voltage
C6, C7, C8, C9 and C10 should have values of 0.6, 0.33, 0.2, ceramic or tubular paper unit. Used to modify the tone
0.15, 0.1, 0.068, 0.05 and 0.04 µF, respectively. Power quality and frequency range, C2 is optional; its value de-
switch S1 and bass-treble switch S2 can be toggle, slide or termined experimentally. The power pack, B1, consists of
rotary units, but momentary contact key -type switches, from two to six penlight or flashlight cells. A momentary -
whether commercial or homebrew, are preferred for the contact spst pushbutton switch is used for Si.
note selector switches, S3 through S10. The power supply, Several modifications can be made in the basic circuit to
81, consists of four to six series -connected size C or D meet special needs. For example, C2 can be included, but
flashlight cells. switched in and out of the circuit by a separate spst toggle
Neither layout nor lead dress is critical and any standard or slide switch. A slide type, rather than rotary, potentiome-
construction technique, including perforated board or ter can be used for R2. Finally, a single 3.0-, 4.5-, 6.3-, or
point-to-point wiring, can be used for project assembly. As 9-volt battery can be used for the power supply in place of
suggested previously, the circuit should be housed in a series -connected individual cells.
sturdy cabinet, preferably designed to look like a miniature With a bit of imagination, you can use the oscillator
organ or piano. For a different approach, however, you circuit to create a variety of toy musical instruments. Typi-
might wish to give the project the appearance of an "elec- cally, the circuit could be mounted in a round cake pan to
tronic accordian." Mount the speaker and basic circuitry in which a piece of aluminum tubing has been attached to
a large center section, the key switches on one small side form an arm-an "electronic banjo." Here, realism can be
section and the bass -treble switch (S2) and power switch achieved by mounting the control switch, Si, at the far end
of the arm. Use a pan of a different shape for a "viol,"
"uke," or other instrument.
( COMING UP IN
In practice, the operator presets R2 for the desired musi-
cal note and depresses Si as long as is needed to sound a
THE JANUARY
1/16, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 or full note. If desired, the control (R2)
setting can be calibrated to indicate specific musical
notes, but a talented user can learn to preset the control by
jpular Electronics
"feel" after using the instrument for a while. BUILD YOUR OWN
Inthis column, in October, described a collector -
I
coupled multivibrator circuit using LED loads to provide State -Of -The -Art Minicomputer
an alternate flashing action. This circuit, repeated in Fig. 3, For accounting, scientific, many other applications
is ideal for toys for younger children.
Scientific Calculator for Under $90
Has 10 digits, 99 exponents, and nested parenthesis
rjy
tR1
R2
LED 2
AND...
Electronic Music Keyer Circuits
cz I
How to control loudness of individual notes
Slb
01
H
02
J CCD Devices-
The TV Camera Tube's Successor?
ló
a BI
A
The Idelntometer-
Simple Transistor Identifier
Fig. 3. Flashing LED's can be used in a

variety of different toys. Product Test Reports
Pioneer RT-1011 L Open -Reel Stereo Tape Recorder
Typical values for resistors R1 and R2 are 100 kilohms to Technics 200 Speaker System
1 megohm (1/4 or 1/2 watt); and for capacitors Cl and C2, Hewlett-Packard 5381 Frequency Counter
from 50 to 100 F. Transistors Q1 and Q2 are general- Tram Diamond 40 CB AM Transceiver
purpose, small -signal pnp units. If desired, npn types may Edmund Scientific Kirlian Photo Kit
be used by reversing all dc polarities. The control switch is
a spst type, while B1 is a standard 9 -volt transistor battery,
although series -connected penlight or flashlight cells are
preferred for maximum battery life.
Using a jigsaw or coping saw, cut the outline of a clown's
or favorite cartoon character's head out of plywood or
hardboard. Drill small openings for the eyes. Paint in suit-
able colors, install the flasher circuit with the LED's as
eyes, provide a secure cover, and you have a "winking
clown" (or cartoon character) which a small child can
watch and enjoy for hours. You can even mount the circuit
in a stuffed animal if you're clever with a needle (or have
someone to help who has sewing skills), but don't forget to Send for FREE Tiger booklet (20
provide a zipper pouch for replacing the battery! If desi red,
a mercury switch can be used for Si, arranged so that the
pages) which answers all your
animal's eyes "wink" when the stuffed toy is erect, but go questions.
dark when it is laid in a horizontal position to "rest."
Remote controlled vehicles or toys are fascinating to
children of all ages. While elaborate ultrasonic or radio Name
remote controls may be used to assemble some rather
sophisticated (and expensive) toys, a simple flashlight op-
erated control can be almost as intriguing and just as much
Address
fun for most children. An inexpensive and virtually fool-
proof circuit is shown in Fig. 4. City
In operation, Q1 serves as a series resistor to control
power transistor Q2's base bias. Control transistor Q1, in State Zip
turn, receives its base bias from a photovoltaic cell, PC1.
As long as PC1 is dark, Q1's emitter -collector resistance CLIP OUT THIS AD AND SEND TO--
remains high and Q2's base bias low. When light is applied
to the photocell, it generates a small current, forward bias- TRI-STAR CORP.
ing Q1 and causing a corresponding drop in its emitter - P.0. Box 1727 Dept. E
collector impedance, providing forward base bias to Q2
through R1 and permitting this device to conduct and
Grand Junction, Colo. 81501
supply power to the small battery motor.
DECEMBER 1974 89
that each lacked something. He finally settled on a pub-
lished design using an IC op amp supplied with a "poly" kit
he had purchased. After preliminary tests, however, Bill
concluded that the circuit's response was, in his words,
"from 1000 to 2000 Hz, soaking wet!!!"
Undaunted, Bill dug out his old reliable sine/square-
wave generator, his soldering iron, and a few thousand
assorted parts, and started experimenting, finally develop-
ing the circuit illustrated in Fig. 5. He liked its performance
so well that he's now using a stereo version of the preamp
with his expensive hi-fi system.
Referring to Fig. 5, Bill's design employs a Fairchild type
µA739 dual operational amplifier, /Cl. Supplied in a 14 -pin
Fig. 4. Inexpensive circuit for remote DIP, the µA739 features low distortion, excellent channel
control has a photocell which senses signals separation, relatively low power consumption, high gain,
from a flashlight to operate the motor. and extremely low noise. Both sections are used for stereo
applications, with the IC connections to the second op
Except for the motor, which can be obtained from a amp section identified by the pin numbers given in
hobby shop, together wih any necessary reduction gears parentheses. Component values are identical for both
and coupling shafts, all the parts should be available at channels, but a 220-µF, 35 -volt electrolytic bypass
most local and mail order parts distributors. The photocell, capacitor should be added between pins 7 and 14 in stereo
PC1, is a self -generating type similar to International versions. All resistors are 1/4 or 1/2 watt. Capacitors Cl and
Rectifier's B3M; Q1 is a general-purpose, small signal pnp C2 are 25 -volt electrolytics, C5 and C8 are 15 -volt electro-
transistor; Q2 a medium -power pnp type; R1 a half -watt lytics, and the remaining capacitors are low -voltage
resistor; and Si a spst toggle, slide or rotary switch. The ceramic or plastic film units.
battery, 81, consists of two or more series-connected The circuit's frequency response, rolloff, and turn -over
flashlight cells, as determined by the type of motor used in characteristics will vary with component values, of course.
the project. According to Bill, the specified values develop an RIAA
You can use the basic light control circuit to operate a playback curve suitable for use with magnetic phono pick-
toy tank, truck, car, or other vehicle, and to provide remote ups. For an NAB tape curve, change R1 to 120 kilohms, C6
control for a movable display or other toy. If you're so to 0.001 µF, and omit C7.
inclined, and finances permit, you can duplicate the circuit Bill assembled his original model on a 2V2" x 3" etched
to provide a variety of controls in a single toy. For example, circuit board, providing a socket for the integrated circuit.
one circuit could be used to control a steering motor, Other construction techniques may be used, of course,
another a drive motor, and yet another to initiate special provided good layout and lead dress procedures are ob-
action, such as a rotating turret or crane. served by the builder. Operating power can be obtained
from the amplifier with which the preamp is used or from a
Reader's Circuit. Seeking a solid-state preamp to use separate well -regulated, adequately filtered, line -operated
with an old vacuum tube amplifier recorder for playback dc power supply.
purposes, reader Bill Roberts (Rt. 3, Hghwy 81, Winder, GA
30680) tried a number of different approaches, but found Device/Product News. General Electric's Semiconduc-
+20V
JI
INPUT
2
Fig. 5. In this reader's circuit,
--.NM
R4 OUTPUT
an op amp IC is used as the
basis for a preamplifier. Both
RI
47K
150K
C8
4yF
3
halves of the IC can be used
,for a stereo system. Distortion
is low and channel separation good. R8
IOOK
C7
47pF
C5
2 5yF
10pF C6
R3 .0027pF
47K R7
270K IK
90
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
tor Products Department (Building 7, Mail Drop #49, Elec-
tronics Park, Syracuse, NY 13201) has introduced two
new devices which should be of particular interest to
experimenters and hobbyists working with control
circuits-a threshold switch and a bi-directional coupler.
Both devices are supplied in 6 -pin miniDlP packages.
The new threshold switch is essentially a programmable
UNIVERSAL
photocoupler which allows the separation of high-level
noise from switching signals. Designated type H11A10, the ELECTRONIC
new device "turns on" a transistor electrically remote from INSTRUMENT
the input when the input current exceeds a tightly DESIGN AND BUILD
YOUR OWN
specified threshold level. This threshold may be program-
ELECTRONIC
med over a ten -to -one range, from four to forty mA. The
INSTRUMENT
unit provides an isolation voltage of 1,500 V and a
IN HOURS, NOT DAYS!
minimum current transfer ratio of 10% in the "on" state. Think of it. No circuit board to
Designed for ac inputs, GE's new bi-directional photo - assemble or solder; just push
coupler will operate on either positive or negative input your electronic components
cycles. This action is achieved by providing two light -
emitter diodes in an anti -parallel connection coupled to a
lay out and machine
mount your parts ...
-
into the SK -10; no panels to
simply
combine
phototransistor output. Identified as the H11AA, the new your design with the self-
contained power supplies and
coupler features 1500 V isolation and up to 20% minimum you've got a finished
current transfer ratio. instrument.
The National Semiconductor Corporation (2900 Available in 3 kit versions to
meet your unique require-
Semiconductor Drive, Santa Clara, CA 95051) is also in ments, it combines the SK -10
there swinging with two new photocouplers (opto - socket with the UMP-01
couplers, if you prefer), types NCT 200 and NCT 260. Hav- universal panel and gives the
designer an instrument in
ing pin -for -pin compatible with such devices as the MCT2, 1/10th the time it would take
MCT26, ISO -LIT 16, 4N26, 4N27 and FCD820, the new units with custom instruments.
CIRCUIT DESIGN, INC.
offer a higher guaranteed minimum isolation voltage of From $50.00 to $85.00 de-
Div. of E&L Instruments
2000 V and an isolation capacitance of only 0.5 pF. pending on the power supplies
P.O. Box 24 you want. Write for free
If you're working with LED digital displays, as used in literature.
Shelton, Conn. 06484
clocks and calculators, you should be interested in a new CIRCLE NO. 17 ON READER SERVICE CARD
hex digit driver just introduced by Bowmar Arizona, Inc.
(2355 West Williams Field Road, Chandler, AZ 85224). De-
signated type BD5021, the new IC consists of six MOS- -.
compatible digit drivers, with each driver capable of sink-
ing up to 320 mA. A separate pin is provided for drive
current input, permitting the use of an external resistor to
optimize input current versus display brightness, thereby -1 in
eedk
very ilem
guide
ide
ALL/ED
ELECT...._
<lo<ki
y
"
= -
N ew
The 1975
I.`_
reducing battery drain. The circuit is designed to prevent .._ .
current flow if the input potential becomes negative, pro- ro _ 1 Engineering L

viding improved performance in multiplexed applications.
The BD5021 is supplied in a 16 -pin plastic DIP. - Manual &
Motorola's Semiconductor Products Division (P. O. Box
T p Purchasing
20924, Phoenix, AZ 85036) has some good news for hams
and others working with high -frequency circuits-a new i915ExiMEEAi...WIYIU[XüiG LNLE`G Guide!
die -mounting technique which significantly improves the I A "must" for
..
-..
power dissipation and gain capabilities of uhf and vhf hobbyists, experimenters,
transistors offered in the popular TO -39 style package.
These improvements enable a designer to use medium -
repairmen and technicians.
power devices in r -f applications with a price savings of up ° Thousands of hard -to -get electronic
to two -to -one over stud -mounted units. In practice, the parts supplies. Order now:
_and_
transistor die is mounted in a beryllium insulator, electri-
cally isolating the collector while still allowing heat to be Send $1 to Allied Electronics
Q Dept. PE75, 401 East 8th St.
conducted to the case header. The emitter is connected
directly to the case, which is normally soldered to circuit ? Fort Worth, Texas 76102
)
ground, thus providing lower emitter inductance and re-
duced parasitics in the common -emitter configuration. In a + 1 NAME T
typical installation, the device is mounted directly to a heat a- a.
ADDRESS
sink, chassis, or the equipment's case. The first device
offered using the new package is the MRF227, a 225 -MHz
transistor rated at 3W with a power gain of 13.5 dB
l CITY
->
r
ZIP
minimum and an efficiency of 60%. Future devices ex-
1W STATE T
ALL/Ell ELECTRON/CS
pected to follow the MRF227 are the MRF237 vhf driver and 8 DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION
i
A
the MRF629 uhf driver.

DECEMBER 1974
p
+ T © 12 -'. -n-..T.., 4) r.
CONSTRUCTION
THE
EXECUTIVE
DIGITAL
TEMPER
Counts and displays for
ten seconds-
COUNTDOWNER
followed by an audible "blow -your -top" signal BY ROBERT D. PASCOE
COUNT to ten before you blow Activating the temper timer starts a decade counter and seven -segment
á ¡ your top" is familiar advice the visual display of ten numerals (0 to display; and a Sonalert beeper. The
to help avoid losing one's temper. 9), followed by an audible sound that schematic is shown below.
Here's a novel temper controller-a means "now you can blow your top." When switch S1 is closed, power is
perfect gift for the executive who supplied to the temper timer. Resistor
has everything-that does the count- About the Circuit. The temper timer R4 and capacitor C3 form a differen-
ing for you. is a clock, whose pulse rate is 1 Hz; tiator which is connected to the reset
-
....or/r. W.N.M.
SI RI
1511
C3i
J
=,- BI
9V
R2
IOOK .IyF
ICI
IC2
7447
Dlif
5.IV
2N2646
R4 -7
7490
8
8
7 10
9
d I I a DIS 1
IW 2211 c I I b
6 9 II
t 5 10
II
5
4
12.b
I3J
I I .
dflalb
TTC2 9 e el IC
I0yF
RESET
E: 12 3 14
R3
22011 I 13
B
2
Ie
CLOCK INPUT
02
SCR 2N2222
R5 D4 D5
I
2.7K 2NI596
D2 10914 1N914 C
10914
R8
D3 10K
10914
SONALERT
R6 SC628P R7
1K IK
PARTS LIST 7447 -compatible seven -segment display" R5 -2700-ohm, 1 -watt resistor
B I-Six C or D cells in series (see text) IC 1-7490 integrated circuit R6, R7-l000-ohm, I/ -watt resistor
CI -1000-µF, 25 -volt electrolytic 1C2-7447 integrated circuit R8-I0;000-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
capacitor Ql-2N2646 unijunction transistor S I-Spst switch
C2-10'µF, 25 -volt electrolytic capacitor (Motorola HEP 310) - SCR -2N 1596 silicon controlled rectifier
C3-0.1-µF, 50-volt disc capacitor Q2 -2N2222 transistor (Motorola HEP (Motorola HEP R1102)
C4-100-µF, 25 -volt electrolytic capacitor 736) 1-Mallory No. SC628P Sonalert8
' D1 -5.1-V, l -W zener diode (Motorola RI -15 -ohm, -watt resistor
I Misc-Suitable plastic enclosure, battery
HEP Z0406) R2 -100,000 -ohm, 1 -watt resistor holder, machine hardware, hookup
D2, D3, D4, D5 -1N914 diode R3 -220-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor wire, pc board or perforated board, sol-
DIS1-Numitron (2000 series) or other R4 -22
-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor der, etc.
terminal of the decade counter. This
arrangement insures that the counter
starts at zero every time the sequence
is initiated.
The UJT timing oscillator, Q1, gen-
erates one pulse per second which is
fed to the clock input of the counter
(IC1). The outputs of the 7490 up -
counter are introduced into the inputs
of the BCD -to -seven -segment de-
coder, IC2. A 7447 chip is used for this
function. The outputs of IC2 are con-
he
nected to the display. A Numitron
(2000 series) was used in this project,
but any seven -segment display com-
100 SOfl
patible with the 7447 decoder can be
substituted.
A diode AND gate, composed of D2,
you gor
D3, and R5, controls the beeper and
display -off sequence. When a 9 ap-
pears at the output of the 7447, the
more frote
our LR-5000
ouput of the AND gate goes high, and
SCR1 is triggered. Once SCR1 is on,
the Sonalert is activated, and audible
beeps are emitted until the power
switch is opened. The output of the
gate also is connected to an inverter
(Q2). When the output of the inverter
-ChcnnQl Rocoivor
goes low, the display is turned off. This
is done to reduce power consumption.
A small delay is introduced by C4 to
Is simolo. Control. We design it, we manufacture it,
we distribute it. So we can build in 35
allow the last digit (9) of the count to watts RMS per channel power (four channels driven, 8 ohms, 20-20,000 Hz,
appear on the display. 0.5% THD) and 1.65 V IHF FM sensitivity. We can design an exclusive full -
Any 5-volt supply capable of deliver-
logic wavematching circuit with Variblend that provides the best SQ 4 -
channel separation available today. We can include every control, input and
ing 250 mA to the temper timer is suit-
output you're ever likely to need (accessory CD -4 package available). And
able. For portability, six C or D cells we can make it look as good as any receiver you're ever likely to see. We
can be used in the zener-regulated can even price it at $599.95 and give it our AAA 2 -year guarantee' That's
supply shown in the schematic.- If what WE can do. You can buy it, make it the heart of your music system, and
longer battery life is desired, alkaline enjoy the finest 4 -channel sound you EVER HEARD-for years to come!
cells should be used. *Parts and labor.
Construction. The placement of

components is not critical. Parts may
be mounted on perforated board or a
pc board. Leads should be run from
Lafayette
cant
Listen to us, you go wrong.
RADIO
ELECTRONICS
the board to the display, rather than 111 Jericho Turnpike, Syosset, L.I., N.Y. 11791
soldering the display directly to the 54 Years of Leadership and Integrity in Electronics Write for FREE Catalog Stores Coast -to -Coast
board. This will afford a large degree iP
of flexibility in mounting the board CIRCLE NO. 28 ON READER SERVICE CARD

and display in an enclosure. The au-
thor used a plastic box (61/4" x 3" x 2")
with an aluminum cover panel. A 3/4" NEW Alt 1:1NA
square hole was cut out of the panel
for the display, and a bracket made QUARTZ! TIMED DIGITAL WATCH KIT
from scrap aluminum was used to HOUR & MINUTES 692Q
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112.00 handling
Operation. The device may be used
any place and any time that your 'complete kit except band and battery -
temper flares up. It is a good conversa- HIGH VISIBILITY FIELD-EFFECT DISPLAY

tion piece for the home or office, and TIME SETTING BY REED SWITCHES
correct use of the temper timer, in con- STAINLESS CASE INCLUDED
junction with self-restraint, may well CASE RrOU.rAES SOME ASSEMBLY)
keep some conversations going that ALPHA EL EC TRQN/CS 305 636- 6951
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otherwise would have led to blows..
DECEMBER 1974 93
e ,Test Equipment
Scene
and insulator and chassis to assure
efficient heat conduction.)
You can use your multimeter (as-
suming it has the usual 1.5 -volt ohm-
meter voltage) to check zener diodes.
Use the RX10 range and check the
continuity through the diode in both
polarities. A near zero indication for
both hookups of the meter's leads
By Leslie Solomon usually indicates a shorted junction,
while a very high indication in both
PUTTING YOUR MULTIMETER TO USE directions indicates an open -circuit
condition.
To determine the zenering voltage
of an unknown zener diode, connect a
ACOUPLE of months back, we with an approximate beta scale for high dc voltage (50 volts or so) in
were discussing some valuable your multimeter. series with the diode and a 22,000 -
uses for the VOM and other multi- To test a semiconductor diode, ohm, -watt resistor. Connect the
1
meters-aside from using them to connect the multimeter (set to the positive supply lead to the cathode
check just voltages, currents, and re- RX100 range) across the diode, take a and the negative lead to the anode
sistances. Now, we will finish up on reading, and then reverse the leads lead of the zener diode. Connect the
this subject with several more uses for and take another reading. If the diode multimeter, set to dc volts and an in-
the ubiquitous multimeter. is good, you should observe two dif- termediate range, across the zener
Let us start with some semicon- ferent readings-one relatively low, diode. When power is applied, the
ductor tests. The simple circuit shown and the other high, depending on the multimeter will indicate the zener
in the schematic diagram can be em - polarity of the diode when connected voltage. To check this reading,
to the meter's leads. This is one way to momentarily shunt the resistor with
check the front -to -back ratio and to another 22,000 -ohm, 1 -watt resistor.
determine if the diode is open or
oTESf
TRANSISTOR
UNDER
9-1
shorted. If you know the polarity of the
The meter reading should not change.
You can make a simple check of
voltage on your multimeter's leads in UJT's with a conventional VOM. Using
the resistance function, you can also the multimeter on the RX100 range,
VOM identify the anode and cathode leads connect it between the emitter and
of the diode. If the meter's pointer base -1 leads. Forward conduction is
swings to the low -resistance point on indicated by a mid -scale pointer de-
the scale, the positive -voltage lead of flection. Reversing the test leads
ployed to make a low-cost transistor the meter is connected to the diode's should produce essentially an open -
tester that can be used to check leak- anode lead. circuit reading. Then check the resist-
age and give a rough idea of the beta Power transistors can be easily ance between the base -1 and base-2
of an unknown transistor. The circuit checked for quality with a couple of connections with nothing connected
is shown in the test setup for npn simple tests. The collector -emitter to the emitter. Most UJT's will exhibit
transistors, but all you have to do is leakage of silicon power transistors between several thousands of ohms to
reverse the leads of the VOM when can be measured on either the RX10K 10,000 ohms. The exact value is unim-
checking pnp devices. or RX100K range, while germanium portant. This inter -base resistance
To check collector -emitter leakage, types are best checked on the RX1K should remain the same when the
leave the switch open and set the range. Most power transistors fail meter's leads are transposed.
multimeter to the resistance function catastrophically; they usually have di-
and a high range. With decent silicon rect emitter -collector shorts or are Testing SCR's and Triacs. To
transistors, negligible meter pointer completely open. The most common check SCR's, you can use a multime-
deflection should occur, even when "bad" transistor indication is a direct ter that can deliver several ten's of mil-
the VOM is set to the RX100K range. short, regardless of the polarity of the liamperes of test currentto insure suf-
The best transistors will exhibit the meter's leads in the test setup. ficient "holding" current supplied to
least leakage (highest resistance). To Bear in mind that most power tran- the SCR under test. The first test is
obtain a rough idea of the transistor's sistors use the metal case for the col- resistance, measured directly be-
beta, set the multimeter to the RX100 lector lead. When mounted in metal tween the anode and cathode of the
range and close the switch. The enclosures, some thin insulating ma- SCR with the gate left open. A low re-
meter's pointer will deflect from infin- terial is used to isolate the collector sistance, independent of polarity, is an
ity towards the zero index. Open tran- (case) from the metal chassis. You can indication of a shorted SCR.
sistors cause no deflection (shorted use your multimeter to probe between To check the unknown SCR's trig-
devices will have shown up during the the metal case and chassis to check gering, connect the positive test lead
leakage tests). Although this test will the effectiveness of the insulator. (If of the meter to the anode and the
not reveal the actual beta of the tran- you find a bad power transistor and negative test lead to the cathode of the
sistor, it will reveal whether or not the replace it in a piece of equipment, do SCR. Use the RX1 range. Then con-
transistor is good. If you have a tran- not forget to use silicone grease be- nect the parallel combination of a
sistor of known beta, you can come up tween transistor case and insulator 220,000 -ohm resistor and 0.22-µF
94
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
capacitor between the anode and gate Using the high -resistance range of out ignition wiring, especially any
of the SCR. The resulting gate spike your meter, check each spark plug interference -suppression cables.
should trigger on the SCR, and the -without removing it from the engine Connect the meter between the con-
meter should indicate a relatively low block. Simply remove the ignition ducting ends and flex the cable. If you
resistance. Momentarily breaking the cable from the end of the plug. If the observe an erratic indication on the
anode circuit should result in a high - points are fouled, or if there is a con- ohmmeter, replace the cable.
resistance reading once again. If the ducting crack in the porcelain in- Another simple engine test is for the
SCR does not trigger on with the small sulator of the spark plug, the meter "condenser." The usual metal case of
gate spike, add a 1.5-volt penlight cell test will tell you which plugs to remove this capacitor should make good con-
in series with the RC circuit, with the for further inspection. This test will not lact with the car's ground system, via
positive side of the cell toward the reveal burned -up electrodes or wrong the capacitor clamp. Use the meter to
SCR's gate. If the SCR still does not gaps, but át will point the way to a determine if this is the case, since
trigger on, discard it. faulty plug. even a fraction of an ohm can prevent
Most triacs can be checked by con- Next, use the multimeter to check proper operation.
necting the multimeter (set to RX1), in
both polarities, between the anode -1
and anode -2 terminals with the gate
119!9_, T PRINTED CIRCUIT ' KIT
'
left open. No current should flow
through the triac, a condition indi- MAKES PRINTED CIRCUITS THREE WAYS!
cated by high resistance. With the
FULL SCÁLE ARTWORK MASTER
multimeter connected across the two 1
anode leads, momentarily connect a -
' DEVELOPED
low -value resistor (10 to15 ohms) be- 2 MAGAZINE ART
ILLUSTRATION,
FILM
POSITIVE NÉGÁTIVE
=
PHOTO RESIST
IMAGE ON
COPPER CLAD
'
ETCHED
CIRCUIT
BOARD
'
tween anode -1 and the gate. One half ° . CIRCUIT BOARD

of the triac should conduct, producing
a multimeter pointer deflection.
Switch the meter leads and once again
3 DIRECT ETCH DRY TRANSFERS APPLIED TO COPPER CLAD BOARD.
momentarily connect the resistor be- The revolutionary photographic way that makes
tween anode -1 and the gate. The PERFECT printed circuits from YOUR ARTWORK
meter should now indicate that the or a PRINTED PAGE! No camera. No darkroom. No
second half of the triac is operating tracing. No film cutting. Simple and fast.
KIT CONTAINS 5" x 6" steel printing frame. 4 sheets 5" o 6" photocopy film. yellow filter. chemicals for I pint film
properly. A good triac will exhibit neg- developer and I pint film leer. Sc" 6 copper clad board. 3" x 41/2 copper clad board. spray can of photo etch resist.
I pint resist developer, 2 sheets 811h" x 11" layout him. 1 roll I/16" printed circuit tape. I roll 1/32" printed circuit
ligible leakage in both directions tape. 8 sheets dry transfer direct etch PC patterns including pads, !ransrstors. round can and flat pack ICs. DIP ICs.
edge card connectors. lines. circles, logs. etc 1Ve lb anhydrous ferric chloride to make pint etchant. instructions
when the gate is left floating.
. 1
ER -4 COMPLETE PHOTO ETCH SET postpaid $24.95

If you happen to have a triac that has (N. J. residents add sales tax)
a built-in diac gate firing element, re- AT YOUR DISTRIBUTOR OR DIRECT
place the 10- to 15 -ohm resistor with a
220 -ohm resistor. Switch the multime- ° ,the,DATAK corps,, 65 771st Street Guttenberg, Néw Jersey 07093 °
ter to its 100-mA range, and insert CIRCLE NO. 11 ON READER SERVICE CARD
another 220 -ohm resistor in series
with the meter and a 22.5 -volt battery.
(Battery polarity is unimportant.). Test
the triac as outlined above.
for only x.95* - littleit
The VOM and Your Car. The mul-
timeter is a handy device to have
space -age device m Jo`-
around when it comes time to work on FM/AM mobile stereo
your car. One example of its use in
cars is in checking out the distributor -"sound like it's always
system. Remove the distributor cap
and check the resistance between the
parked near the
center "hot" terminal and all other I'ddio station
terminals. Use the high -resistance
range. of the meter for this operation. \
-sow '
This test will reveal any leakage due to . _
conducting dust clinging to the in- 'suggested list price
terior wall of the distributor cap. Clean -- r. -

r
away any film you discover. In some

cases, the cap will exhibit some leak- model ASC f LOOf,/
age even in the absence .of a visible
film. This can be caused by a leakage
path existing inside the material of the
cap. So, next time you cannot figure
ascom selectronic products "
Division of ORION INDUSTRIES, INC.. 12435 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106
out why your engine is misfiring, Export 220D Shames Drive Westbury, LI. New York 11590
Canada: A.C. Simmonds 8 Sons. Lid.
check the distributor cap. á
DECEMBER 1974 95
ble. A plate in a tube should never run
hot enough to glew. If it does, it is
drawing more plate current than it is
rated for and will burn up quickly.
Now what could be causing this
6GH8 to be drawing too much cur-
rent? There are three immediate pos-
sibilities (Fig. 1). One, B -plus could
have bled through to a control grid
from the preceding plate. When that
happens, the valve action of the tube
By Art Margolis causes too much current to pass the
control grid vicinity. Instead of a nor-
THE CASE OF THE BOOBY -TRAPPED TUBE mal negative bias, the control grid is
positive, exercising no control. The
ááSEEMSlike you got a bad for the TV and looked over the circuit. tube runs wide open.
batch of tubes there, Art," The tube in question had the triode A second possibility is loss of
burly detective sergeant Haines section doing color -killer work, while cathode positive bias. When the
smiled in a cool fashion. the pentode part was the burst amp- cathode loses bias, the control grid -
"It's not indicated, Joe," grinned I lifier. The burst amplifier was con- cathode voltage difference acts as if a
back. nected into the color killer. If the burst positive voltage were on the grid, as in
"That's the third bad 6GH8 old boy," amplifier was defective, it could ruin the number one possibility. Here again
he returned with some of the smile the performance of the color killer. the tube runs wide open and passes
gone. As mused, Joe walked back into the
I
more current than the plate can ab-
"Let's review it," answered, trying
I store and gingerly placed the 19 -inch sorb.
to be patient. color TV on the service counter. The third reason could be too much
He began, "I brought in all the tubes I set it in place, removed the back positive attraction voltage on the
from my TV and tested them," he and plugged it in. took a new 6GH8
I plate. Should plate voltage go more
waved a finger at the self-service tube off the shelf and tested it in the tube positive, it affords a stronger attrac-
tester. "The 6GH8 was bad. You sold tester. Both the triode and pentode tion to the cathode current, and plate
me a new one." sections showed Good. current rating could be exceeded.
"Right you are," nodded, "I made
I Joe was watching closely. He didn't looked at the schematic and
I
sure you tested the new one before say a word, so remained silent.
I
I
zeroed in on the pentode part of the
taking it home, right?" plugged the new, known good 6GH8 6GH8. Joe watched over my shoulder.
He sighed, "Yeh, but the new one into its socket and turned the TV on. I The plate and screen were supposed
didn't work, so brought it back. It
I could see the face in the counter mir- to have plus 250 volts on them. The
tested bad then." ror. control grid is at zero volts, while the
"I gave you another new one, that The audio blasted forth and a bright cathode has plus 25 volts. The plus 25
you also tested before you took it picture pushed its way satisfactorily on the cathode effectively gives a
home, "I answered, trying to keep across the screen. The colors carne in minus 25 volts bias on the control grid.
smiling. momentarily but then began rotating This high negative bias allows little
He gave a long sigh a second time, down through the picture. The flesh current to flow. Surely not enough to
"That one didn't work either." He held tones changed continually from green make the plate glow.
the tube up. "It tests bad too." through normal through purple. A I plugged in the TV, grabbed the
Ipointed at our Service Charge List. clear case of colors out of sync. The probe of my voltmeter and began read-
"Joe I'll tell you what. Bring in the TV. color burst -oscillator circuits were in- ing voltages (Fig. 2).
If there is nothing wrong but a tube, I'll dicated as being in trouble. Pin 3 the screen grid had plus 250 as
pay you the service charge. If there is I looked at the burst amplifier had I prescribed. Pin 6 the plate was about
trouble, then you pay for the job." just installed. It seemed normal. I 175 volts, somewhat low. Pin 2 the
He smiled. "Be back in a while," and watched it. Then it began. One of the control grid had the zero voltage
he strode out to his unmarked patrol black plates was turning pinkish. I shown on the schematic. Pin 7 the
car. pulled the plug. That is not permissi- cathode was wrong! It had plus 2 volts
took the three 6GH8's-his original
I
and the two new ones sold him-and I SUPPLY VOLTAGE

BLEEDS THROUGH, SUPPLY VOLTAGE
tested them carefully. All three had the RUINS NEGATIVE BIAS TO PLATE OR SCREEN INCREASES
same problem. The pentode section of

the triode -pentode was dead.
pulled out Joe Haines's file card.
I
Fig. 1. Three possible
}
He owned an Emerson 29P03 color CURRENT
reasons for excessive
FLOW
TV. He had described the symptom of plate current are shown.
the trouble, the first time he was in.
The color -killer control was inopera-
SUPPLY SUPPLY
tive and rainbows were going through VOLTAGE VOLTAGE
the picture instead of the colors lock- RC NETWORK LOSES
RESISTANCE AND
ing into place. pulled the schematic
I
RUINS POSITIVE BIAS
11.
6GH8 CB 125 ?'
BURST AMP
HAD +175V -
+250V' -PLATE GLOWING
CORRECT
0 +250V"
HAD +2V
+ 25V
27K
\SHORTED
.01eF RESISTOR
Fig. 2. Voltage readings

showed a shorted resistor.
instead of plus 25, which is required.
In the cathode was a small RC net-
work consisting of a 0.01-µF capacitor
and a 27,000 -ohm resistor in parallel Pace's Best Bet
to ground. They both looked good.
I turned off the TV and took a resis-
tance reading from pin 7 to ground.
Aha, it was under a hundred ohms.
for Handheld CB
Your communications "stakes" are on the table, when you
need CB 2 -way radio. Play it safe with any one of the experi-
There was not enough bias resistance
ence -proven veterans from PACE-one of the largest selec-
to develop the plus 25 volts between tions of handheld CB transceivers in the industry. All are
ground zero and pin 7. The hundred guaranteed and all have PACE's U.S. Factory Service Pro-
ohms only developed about 2 volts. gram. See your PACE Dealer soon or write for new full prod-
Either the capacitor or the resistor had uct line catalog.
` shorted down to the low ohmage.
Iunsoldered one end of the ((p)) PACE COMMUNICATIONS
Division of Pathcom Inc., 24049 S. Frampton Ave., Harbor City, Calif. 90710
38
capacitor. Joe was now watching EXPORT: 2200 Shames Drive, Westbury, New York 11590. Available in Canada.
carefully. measured the capacitor. It
I
had infinite resistance. It wasn't
shorted, it was good. disconnected I
one end of the resistor and took a re-

sistance reading. That was it! Instead
of 27,000, it read under a hundred
ohms.
turned to Joe with the little colored
Ampzii ¡a
is here...
I
carbon body between my fingers,

"Here's the trouble, a shorted resis-
tor." Then took a new one out of the
I
drawer and soldered it in.

The TV was turned on and the
newest 6GH8 plugged in. watched I
the plates carefully. They stayed black,

no glow. s. Why spend $750 to $1200 dollars for
Ian amplifier? The Great
¿,.-.-:;,¡American
.
Sound Company
tried the color -killer control. It was
I
sells one with a full comple-
mentary series connected out-
now working properly. A good picture put for much less. In short
showed with all the colors locked into is here. In the
')AMPZILLA
1September 1974 Popular Elec-
place.
laid the box of the last 6GH8 used
I I
.-
wt.:"r.6';
-777:'r^S`'..
Itronics, Hirsch -Houck Labs
° says '... solidly in the audio
alongside his other three. He looked at 'monster amplifier class . . .
them all ruefully, then put both his el- 'using 8 ohm loads .. THD was less
.
bows on the counter and cupped his than 0.01% for all power levels up ...
to 200 watts . '(per channel)'
. . . all in ...
chin in his open palms. He smiled all we cannot imagine a less expensive way of obtaining several hun-
cooly, "Seems like you gota bad batch dred watts.' Yes, we, your friendly GAS company, have the goods
complete with a fan for ultra cool operation. Available with direct read-
of tubes there, Art." ing power meters in kit ($375) or fully assembled ($525). Also the
took a deep breath and said,
I
same amp but no meters in kit ($340) and assembled ($475). Write us
"Joe - - - for complete specs, or read Popular Electronics, September 1974.
He laughed, "Don't get up -tight
there old boy, it's a bad batch, but it Available directly from
was a booby trap in my TV that did it. I
could have been buying tubes forever THE GREAT AMERICAN SOUND COMPANY, INC.
if you didn't catch it. Pretty tricky.",
8780 Shoreham Drive, West Hollywood, California 90069
DECEMBER 1974
gineering practice, the antenna is
slowly rotated while its radiated signal
is picked up on a nearby receiver that
plats signal strength over 360 de-
grees. If strength varies by more than 3
CB Scene dB over a full circle, the antenna is

considered directional. This is how
the restriction appears in the FCC def-
inition of an omnidirectional antenna:
"An antenna designed so the max-
imum radiation in any horizontal di-
By Len Buckwalter, K1ODH rection is within 3 dB of the minimum
radiation in any horizontal direction."
NEW ANTENNA RULES Now if someone comes up with a
new omnidirectional antenna-one
finally won a substantial -
CB has As Fig. 1 shows, it creates an overall that has more than 3 -dB gain under
change in its antenna rules. 80 -foot combination that violates the that definition-he will probably be-
After laboring under a severe 20 -foot ground rule. Practically speaking, the come as famous as Dr. Yagi himself. It
height restriction for 16 years, the new rule means you may install a is still an axiom of gain antennas that,
medium has gained FCC approval to 40 -foot tower in your backyard to sup- to put a stronger signal in one direc-
raise its antennas to 60 feet. The new port a 17 -foot, or so, base antenna. tion you must steal it from another.
regulations, proposed back in 1973, The rules, incidentally, don't specifi- This shows up in "front -to -back ratio"
not only boost antenna height but cally spell out "tower" but refer to and even a simple beam may display a
allow a piece of once -forbidden hard- "supporting structure." Since towers 12 -dB difference as it swings around.
ware: a tower. The new law officially have always been illegal in CB, we Thus, the new rule promises to bring
took effect on September 6, 1974. checked with an FCC engineer in relief to the CB'er who suffers from
The changes include several tech- Washington to be certain of the word- poor range. It doesn't, on the other
nical details of interest to any CB'er ing. It's true-"supporting structure" hand, give the go-ahead to huge, lofty
planning to install a new antenna or means a mast, pole or tower. arrays that work into the next state. If
improve an old one. Consider, first, Before you raise a giant sky hook you still want to use a beam or other
that 60 -foot figure. According to the with more elements than a NASA directional antenna, it's permitted;
old rule, a CB antenna could not rise tracker, watch out for an important re- just follow the earlier rule which limits
higher than 20 feet above a man-made striction in the new regulation. Any an- antenna height to 20 feet above a
or natural mounting point. Since most tenna mounted on a tower must be man-made or natural formation (Fig.
base antennas are almost 20 feet tall, omnidirectional (or, as sometimes 3).
the rule limited the antenna to such stated, "all -directional" or "non - The major reason for the original
locations as a roof or chimney. Today, directional".) Beams or any other 20-foot rule was to keep CB a short-
you can install the antenna on a much "gain" antennas are not allowed. If range service. The trouble was, it was
higher mast so long as it does not ex- some engineer comes up with a rev- too short to be of practical value in
ceed 60 feet above ground level. Note olutionary antenna that promises, say, many applications, so the new rules
that key word ground. It means you 6-dB "gain" in all directions, the FCC should provide some relief.
can't put a 40 -foot pole on your roof could submit it to a simple test to solve
and top it with a 20 -foot CB antenna. any disputes. According to usual en - Airplane Considerations. There is
yet another height consideration be-
Fig. 1. This combination is illegal. sides range. It's the airplane. The FCC
has always been concerned about
Fig. 2. Either of these installations
20'
would be within new specifications.
Fig. 3. The 20-foot rule

is still applicable
for beam antennas.
80' 40'
98 mA) (B)
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
MAX.
ANT.
500
400 BETTER
300
HEIGHT
(IN FEET) 200-
100
THAN A
50 40 30 20 10
DISTANCE FROM AIRPORT (THOUSANDS OF FEET)

THIRD HAND!
Fig. 4. This antenna near an airport would be against the rules.
several hundred thousand citizens tenna manufacturers and dealers pro-

poking their antennas into the naviga- vide the buyer with enough installa-
ble airspace (and some citizens have tion advice to avoid the problem.
erected some monumental hazards to Is it really that great a threat? Maybe
aircraft). When the Commission origi- so. The commercial airlines use only
nally adopted a blanket 20 -foot rule, some 300 airports in the U.S., but there
no legal antenna could pose an aerial are approximately 12,000 airports re-
threat. It also eliminated a lot of gistered with the FAA and one could
paperwork, engineering services, sur- be near you. Add this to the fact that a
veying and other complications that vast proportion of aircraft accidents
r
happen in the last moments before
'
now confront broadcasters and other

communicators when they erect their landing during conditions of low visi-
towers. But the new 60 -foot height for bility and these antenna restrictions
start to make sense. If you don't know
q
F^... v, .A. - _ '
CB renews the threat to air navigation

and the FCC has specific words about what the various heights are, inquire
it in the new regulation. Let's look at it at the airport and ask for its "field ele- PANAVISE TILTS, TURNS, AND
in some detail. vation," which is height above sea ROTATES TO ANY POSITION.
The crucial new antenna restric- level. Then check at your town hall for IT HOLDS YOUR WORK
tions say: "...the highest point ... a contour map of your vicinity and EXACTLY WHERE YOU WANT IT.
does not exceed one foot in height note the elevation of your home (or PanaVise has great strength yet is gentle
office). This should help you figure enough to firmly hold delicate objects.
above the established airport eleva-
your height above (or below) the air- Quite possibly the finest new tool
tion for each 100 feet of horizontal dis-
port at any distance. you will buy this year, PanaVise is
tance from the nearest point of the built to exacting professional
nearest airport runway." Translated to In the early deliberations about the
standards. We guarantee it!
practicality it means, in many in- 60 -foot rule, the FCC believed the
Illustrated is the Electronics Vise
stances, that you won't have to be change might reduce television inter- Model 396. Three other bases and
concerned about it unless you are less ference. The reasoning was that in- a wide variety of heads are avail-
than about 2 miles from an airport. The creased space between the higher CB able. All interchange! Buy a basic
reason is that if a runway is slightly antenna and the typical roof -top TV unit, then add on to create your
antenna would weaken the radio field system.
over a mile away (6,000 feet) the an-
tenna may rise to 60 without threaten- and thus disturbances to the TV re- Available through your dealer.
ing air safety. Just divide distance to ceiver. Others believed these dis- Write for a free catalog.
the airport in feet by 10 to get your tances would be negligible and ar-
maximum antenna height.
In some areas, though, you could
gued that too many other variable fac-
tors enter the picture. So whether
D
^ AMSE ® Dept. 22E
10107 Adella Ave., South Gate, CA 90280
violate the airspace at greater dis- you'll calm an irate neighbor by rais- In Canada: 25 Toro Rd:,Downsview, Ont. M3J 2A6
tances. Let's say the airport is 3 miles ing your antenna will (as in many in-
away-or about 16,000 feet, horizon- stances of TVI) be strictly a matter of
individual cases.
[CE A Division of Colbert Industries
tally. According to the rule, this means
your antenna may not be mounted CIRCLE NO. 33-0N READER SERVICE CARD
more than 1,600 feet higher than the New Antennas? Don't expect a rash
airport elevation. If you live on high of novel antenna types to bow in with
ground overlooking a nearby airport, the new regulations. A query of several in its shield braid than a high -quality
you may intrude into the "slope pat- manufacturers revealed that none has cable selling at the same price.
tern" the FCC wishes to create in the such plans (at this moment, anyway). If you decide to exploit the new reg-
vicinity of airports. This is shown in They say that any of today's non - ulation and raise your antenna to new
Fig: 4. directional base station antennas will heights, don't expect to flood the
The Commission's concern about fill the bill. They also recommend that county with two or three times more
interfering with aircraft had, in fact, if you do go to 60 feet, the antenna operating range. It's generally be-
raised the possibility of prohibiting should be installed with heavy coaxial lieved that an increase from 20 to
cable-RG/8, for example-to hold about 60 feet will improve range by
CB'ers from erecting antennas more
than' 20 feet high if they lived within down transmission line losses over approximately 30 percent. It may not
several miles of an airport. The FCC, the longer run. One antenna -maker sound dramatic, but should certainly
however, dropped it as being an un- cautions that RG/8 should be pur- fill in many difficult and dead spots,
necessary hardship on a great number chased from a reliable source; he's and encircle a few hundred more
of people and, instead, urges that an- seen some with 50 percent less copper square miles into your range. O
99
DECEMBER 1974
Why a Sylvania home training program may be
your b t investment
for a s ding
career in electronics
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POPULAR ELECTRONICS
LEADER IN ELECTRONICS
TRAINING 4 SPECIALIZED ADVANCED
TRAINING
back if you take, and fail to pass, the
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DECEMBER 1974
that will amuse, instruct, and provide con- of Fourier Transforms and Bessel Func-
struction tips for a variety of unusual and tions, The relationships of sidebands, car-
entertaining projects utilizing BJT's, FET's, riers, and power, as well as band -widths
and IC's. The basics of component and cir- are described for AM, as well as FM, in the
cuit operation are explained, and then opening chapters. Methods of generating
practical advice isgiven for the assembly of such signals and detecting them are de-
the project. scibed using both the block diagram and
Electronics Library Many of the projects employ digital logic,
and this subject is treated very lucidly,
schematic approaches. Samples of com-
mercially available transmitting and receiv-
without unnecessary complications. Plans ing equipment are presented for consider-
are included for electronic slot machines, a ation, as well as. typical schematics of
juke box with no moving parts, and a home-brew devices. Studio consoles re-
SOPHISTICATED ELECTRONICS FOR FUN
game -playing computer against which you ceive special attention. TV is presented in a
by Joe Urschel
can test your skills. The book is well illus- straightforward and thorough manner, as
Ifyou've been turned off by the dry nature trated with many photos and diagrams, and is pulse modulation. Fundamentals of
of electronic projects books, here is a work will be easily understood by even a tuned circuits, r-f. amplifiers, and trans-
neophyte to electronic circuits. mission lines are explained algebraically to
Published by. Vale Communications, Box give the technician an insight into the be-
272, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383. $6.95 soft havior of communications systems in ideal
cover. and practical situations. The book was
written as a technical institute textbook,
MICROPHONES: DESIGN AND APPLICATION but its lucid tone will be appreciated by
by Lou Burroughs those using it for less formal education.
C CALECTRO®
This volume, by one of the pioneers in mi-
crophone research and development, treats
the basic practical use of microphones. For
Published by McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, St. Louis, San Francisco. 318
419
pages. Hard cover.
adequate comprehension, fundamentals
of microphone theory are discussed. Polar
THE RADIO AMATEUR'S HANDBOOK,
response, types of microphones, impe-
Fifty -First Edition
dance, phase, and noise cancellation are
thoroughly discussed. The emphasis The 1974 edition of this popular ham radio
throughout the book is applications in handbook contains revisions and updates
practical situations. Techniques for indi- in almost every area of radio communica-
vidual environments-musical, dramatical, tion. Many descriptions of solid-state de-
and outdoors-are treated separately and vices, portable and emergency equipment,
completely. The book is written in a per- and test equipment have been modified to
L sonal and interesting way, and will be eas- include the latest techniques used in the
ily understood by the amateur, as well as field.
ATTENTION the professional recordist. The manual reflects a primary emphasis
on the practical approaches to the radio
HOBBYISTS! Published by the Sagamore Publishing communication art. Among the newly re-
Company, Inc., Plainview, N.Y. 11803. 260 vised sections are those covering high -
BUILD THIS
pages. $20.00 hard cover. frequency transmitters, measurements
DIGITAL
and test equipment, mini -sized antennas,
COUNTER/ L.E.D. THE ROLLING STONE GUIDE TO
vhf converters, and automatic transmitter
DISPLAY HIGH FIDELITY SOUND
keyers. Nearly 75 new drawings and charts
KIT. by Len Feldman have been included to help in carefully
This book concentrates on how to put to- explaining all technical facets of com-
gether a fine high-fidelity system, rather munication for the radio 'amateur.
than on why one manufacturer chose one
type of design over another. It is based on Published by The American Radio Relay
Everything needed to build a complete decade the premise that there are a lot of good League, Inc., Newington, CT 06111. 694
counter (0-9) including a printed circuit board. hi-fi components on the market mixed in pages. $7.50 hard cover; $4.50 soft cover.
Operates from a 5 Volt D.C. supply. Can be
used in hundreds of applications.
with lots of junk that masquerades as
"high-fidelity" equipment. The book be- MANUAL OF LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS:
gins with an introduction to audio OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND ANALOG IC'S
dynamics, moves into the debate over by Sol D. Prensky
components versus the "orange -crate"
approach, and then gets into nuts -and - Today many mánufacturers are utilizing
linear IC's, rather than discrete forms for
- r
i" bolts considerations: turntables, speaker
their amplifier requirements. In this volume
See your nearby CALECTRO systems, amplifiers, receivers, etc.
distributor for all the most the author discusses the underlying prin-
popular digital displays and Published by Straight Arrow Books, 625 ciples of LIC design and application, while
integrated circuits. Also, get
CALECTRO Third St., San Francisco, CA 94107. Soft supplying many schematics to illustrate
your copy of the new DIGITAL the content of the text. Concepts essential
CALECTRO DIGITAL HANDBOOK cover. 160 pages. $4.95.
to design, such as common mode rejection
PROJECTS HANDBOOK! ratio and differential gain, are explored for
COMMUNICATIONS ELECTRONICS
FOR TECHNICIANS
monolithic configurations. Throughout
ELECTRONICS GC ELECTRONICS such treatment, comparison is made to
Division of Hydrometals, Inc.
by Lloyd Temes
discrete circuits, allowing those unfamiliar
' Rockford, Illinois 61101 U.S.A..I, This book covers the basics of communica- with LIC techniques to compare them to
tions without the mathematical intricacies the already familiar forms.
104
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
Op amps are rigorously treated, starting headsets, tape recorders, microphones, program for testing and accrediting elec-
with basics like loop gain, frequency re- and accessories. tronics technicians: the Certified Elec-
tronics Technicians series. The book's
sponse, selection of parameters from IC
Published by Billboard Books, c/o basic format is to present theory in a few
data sheets, and basic amplifier
configurations-inverting and non - Watson-Guptill Publications, 2160 Patter- pages and then list a series of questions
inverting modes, summing, integrating, son St., Cincinnati, OH 45214. Soft cover. and answers on the material just pre-
and differentiating amplifiers. Exposure to $4.95. sented. The text deals with basic circuit
laws and theory, basic circuit math, am-
the physical realities of testing and bread-
boarding IC op amps is given. Extensive ELECTRIC NETWORKS plifiers, detectors, communications sig-
by Hugh H. Skilling nals and waveforms, antennas and trans-
discussion of applications in dc and audio
The focus in this book is primarily on linear mission lines, test equipment, solid-state
power amplifiers, communications cir-
networks. It starts out with differential devices, television, and waveform analysis.
cuits, regulators, digital interfaces, preci-
equation descriptions of electrical currents A sample test and answer key is included
sion instrumentation, and active filters is
supplemented by a wealth of schematics, in networks. This lays the groundwork for for home practice.
chapters devoted to alternating current, Two supplementary sections deal with
including model types and component val-
ues. The text is profusely annotated with complex algebra, the frequency and time optional parts of the exam, the Audio Op-
domains, and network functions. Later tion and the Industrial Electronics Option.
references to manufacturer's manuals and
chapters discuss state -variable and loop The Audio Section deals with power rat-
the text bibliography. A cross reference
and node equations, matrix solutions, ings of amplifiers, distortion, and program
index describes over 300 manufacturers'
type numbers with identifying codes for network theorems, mutual inductance, sources. Industrial Electronics includes
second -source types, easing the task of and two -port networks. The final chapters servomechanisms, diacs and triacs, and
deal with the Fourier series;Laplace trans- digital electronics. Sample tests are also
model selection.
formation, applications, and theorems; provided for these sections.
Published by the Reston Publishing Com- translation, convolution, and the impulse The book is a thorough review of all basic
pany, Inc., Reston, VA. 22090. 289 pages. function; and three-phase systems. electronic theory, as well as practical con-
$16.95 hard cover. siderations, written in a clear style. The text
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 is well illustrated, and there are many
Third Ave., New York, NY 10016. Hard schematics included. The practice exams
MATHEMATICS OF ELECTRICITY
cover, 483 pages, $15.95. cover the material very well, and the two
AND MAGNETISM combined provide a thorough means of
by L.G. Chambers preparing for the CET license exams.
CET LICENSE HANDBOOK
Although primarily intended for applied Published by Tab Books, Blue Ridge Sum-
by Joseph J. Carr
mathematicians, this book will also prove mit, PA. 17214. 276 pages. $8.95 hard
useful to physicists, chemists, and electri- The National Electronics Association has a cover.
cal engineers. The text discusses elec-
tromagnetic theory as far as Maxwell's
equations and their more important
elementary solutions. A welcome feature
of the book is its very large number of
worked -out examples that include treat-
ment of such topics as non -conservation
of charge, calculus of variations as ap-
Illtintosh
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plied to electrostatics, superconductivity,
and an alternative approach to postulating
and FM DIRECTORY
information McIntosh on the new Sol-
Get all the newest and latest
Maxwell's equations. Prior knowledge of id State equipment in the McIntosh catalog. In addition you will
electronics theory and advanced receive an FM station directory that covers all of North America.
mathematics to basic differential and in-
tegral calculus are assumed.
Published by Halsted Press, Div. of John It I' II I m
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Ave., New a n eI a

,.,..,,,,410.
is- w ai ,
York, NY 10016. Soft cover. 271 pages. .. .,,.,. :11%111 ,.
$12.50.
HOW TO LISTEN TO THE WORLD,

Eighth Edition
Included in this book are articles on the MX 113
BBC International News Service, sports
coverage, and popular and classical pro-
FM/FM STEREO AM TUNER AND PREAMPLIFIER
grams. Both technical and program mat- McIntosh Laboratory, Inc.
ters are discussed in detail in this section, East Side Station P.O. Box 96
as are articles of general interest for those Binghamton, N.Y. 13904
who are new to shortwave listening. The
book also contains hints on how to gain
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ers, the pleasure that can be obtained from
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lists by country the manufacturers of all -
wave communications receivers, antennas,
105
DECEMBER 1974
Use VOM as Dwell -Angle Indicator
Popular Electronic
(Cameron) 37 Oct.
Torture Box, Build the (Tenny) 34 Feb.
Tremolo Adapter, Build a (Gardner) 40 Mar.
Voice Scrambler, En(oy Private Messages
with a (Wiclund) 56 Sept.
Voltage Indicator Using LED's (Graf) 71 Apr.
VU Meter, Lamp -Readout (Cohen) 44 Jan.
INDEX VOLUMES 5 AND 6 DEPARTMENTS AND COLUMNS

JANUARY TO DECEMBER 1974 Amateur Radio (Brier)
Getting Started in Amateur Radio
Art's TV Shop (Margolis)
98 Oct.
Checking Tube Nationality 92 Sept.

The Case of the Booby -Trapped Tube. 96 Dec.
COMMUNICATIONS (Michael) 91 July CB Scene (Spinello)
Digital LED Thermometer, Build a Versatile The Full -Time Communicator
AM/WWV Receiver, The Simplest 109 Jan.
(Fox) 54 Nov. CB Scene (Buckwalter)
(Drumeller) 58 June Digital Multimeter for Under $100,
Antenna Sitching Methods (Moody) Antennas & Towers 109 Feb.
99 Mar. Build an Auto Polarity, Auto Zero
Deluxe Frequency Standard, Build a (Rolf) .. Type Acceptance 101 Mar.
80 Jan. (Green)
Direct-Conversion Communication Receiver, 33 Dec. Patches Come to CB 97 Apr.
Digiviewer II, Build (Lancaster) 63 Sept. Hearing and Speaking Accessories
Build a (White) 48 Nov. 86 May
Direct-Conversion Communication Who Repairs CB Rigs?
DX'ing Clandestine Shortwave Stations 85 June
Receiver, Build a (White) 48 Nov. Antennas for Cars
(Stanbury) 53 Oct. 89 July
Double -Sided PC Boards, How to Make Lightning and the CB Boater
English -Language Shortwave Broadcasts 86 Aug.
(Burawa) 27 June How to Boost Club Attendance
(Legge) 41 May 102 Sept.
Electronic Digital Wristwatch, Mayday, Pan, Security
English -Language Shortwave Broadcasts Build Your Own (Green) 86 Oct.
(Legge) 29 Jan. CB to the Rescue 86 Nov.
98 Sept. Electronic Salt Meter for Family
English -Language Shortwave Broadcasts New Antenna Rules 98 Dec.
Health, An (Lawrence) 33 Oct. DX Listening (Hauser)
(Legge) 79 Nov. ESP Testing Machine, Build an (Spector) 27 July TV and FM DX'ing 100 Oct.
FAA Weather Receiver, An (Robbins) 60 June Executive Digital Temper Countdowner, "Secret" Shortwave Stations
Ham Antenna, Flag -Pole (McMahan) 98 Jan. 80 Nov.
The (Pascoe) 92 Dec. Editorial (Snitzer)
Ham Antenna, Indoor 20 -Meter Fast -Acting Resettable Electronic Fuse A Service to Our Readers
(McMahan) 52 Oct. (Russo)
6 Jan.
How the New FTC Hi -Fi Rules Affect You! 67 Feb. Looking Over the Issue 6 Feb.
Ground Fault Interrupter, Eliminate Risk The Energy Crisis and Electronics
(Feldman) 39 Nov. 6 Mar.
of Fatal Electric Shock with the (Lo) 44 Apr. The CB Pleasure Seekers
How to Break the 10 -Words -Per-Minute 6 Apr.
Guitar Sound Intensifier, Build a Qualifying TV Service Technicians
Code Barrier (Humphrey) 67 July 6 May
(Lang) 45 July The Home "Pay TV" Connection
Laser TV System, Build a (Punis &
.
6 June
Ham Antenna, Flag -Pole (McMahan) 98 Jan. Communications for the Boat Owner
O'Donnell) 32 Nov. Ham Antenna, Indoor 20 -Meter
6 July
Light Beam Communications (Mims) Editorial (Salsberg)
52 Feb. (McMahan) Our "New Look"
Microphones for CB'ers and Hams 52 Oct. 4 Aug.
How the 741 Op Amp Becomes Super -Op Electronics Show Biz
(Humphrey) 52 Jan. 4 Sept.
(Laughlin) 62 Feb. Twenty Years Ago
Mobile CB Antennas, A User's Guide to IC Digital Logic Memory Rroble (May)
4 Oct.
33 Mar. Run It Up the Flagpole 4 Nov.
(Evanzia) 51 Aug. IC Timer, Making Noises with the 555
Mobile CB Radios, Buying Guide to Salt in the Wound 4 Dec.
51 Sept. (Robbins) 50 July Solid State (Garner)
Mobile CB Radios, Directory of 52 Sept. Laser TV System, Build a (Punis &
Shortwave Receiver, Noise & Interference Predictions for 1974 100 Jan.
O'Donnell) 32 Nov. Consumer Products Engineering
Filter for (Wicklund) 56 Jan. Measure Low Millivolts with a Multimeter
102 Feb.
Q Multiplier Boosts SW Selectivity Semiconductors in Medicine 84 Mar.
(Hollabaugh) 52 Nov. Using MOS Devices
& Gain (Rolf) 32 Apr. 101 Apr.
Metal Locator, Low-Cost (Rolf) 47 July Blow -Out -Proof Transistor
Single -LED Transceiver (Mims) 66 Mar. Nickel -Cadmium Battery Charger, 82 May
Single Sideband, A Primer on (Trulove) Interpreting Schematic Diagrams 81 June
41 Sept. Build a Versatile (Lincoln) 68 Oct.
Shortwave Broadcast Bands-And What Designing with Ingenuity 81 July
Nine Uses for the 99v Wonder (Rolf) 67 June Using Surplus Diodes
to Find on Them, The (Wood) 92 Feb. Op -Amp Designer, Build the (Cazes) 89 Aug.
59 Mar. Rewarding Projects with Medium -
Shortwave Receiver, What to Look for in a Osci-Tester, Build the Low -Cost
(Wood) Power Transistors 81 Sept.
33 May (Holllabaugh) 54 Mar.
Single -IC AM Receiver Projects, Two Experimenting with Light
Photo Tachometer, Measure RPM of Rotating Emitting Diodes
The Simplest AM/WWV Receiver Elements with the IC (Mangieri) 88 Oct.
54 Aug. Circuits Using Field -Effect Transistors
(Drumeller) 58 June Photoflash Tripper, 3 -Way (Sound, 90 Nov.
An FAA Weather Receiver (Robbins) Some Projects for Holiday Giving 79 Dec.
60 June Light, Manual) (Robbins) 52 July
Standing Wave Ratio (Drumeller) Stereo Scene (Holt)
69 Dec. Poisoned -Air Detector (Cohen)
VHF/UHF Scanning Monitors (Friedman) 55 Feb. Electronic -Drive Turntables 12 Jan.
46 Feb. Polarity -Sensing Continuity Tester,
Voice Scrambler, Enjoy Private Messages Stereo Scene (Hodges)
Build a (Graf) 66 Oct. Cassette Recording Levels
with a (Wicklund) 56 Sept. 10 Feb.
Power Line Monitor, Build an ac Noise on Records
Walkie -Talkies: Something for Everyone 12 Mar.
(McClellan) 36 Oct. Legislating Power Output Claims
(Friedman) 35 Apr. Power Supply, Low -Cost, Easy -to Build
12 Apr.
Whistlers and Other Strange R -F Noises Do You Need Super -power? 10 May
(Anderton) 78 Dec. New Speaker Designs
(Holford) 97 Mar. 12 June
Power Supply, Three-Way (Laughlin) 62 Jan. Matching Tonearms and Cartridges
Precision Seconds/Minutes Internal Timer,
14 July
Speakers and Rooms 22 Aug.
Build a (Collin) 47 Apr. Some Unfinished "Noise" Business 22 Sept.
Q Multiplier Boosts SW Selectivity & Gain Promises for 1975 22 Oct.
(Rolf) 32 Apr. Blazing Speakers 22 Nov.
CONSTRUCTION R -F Transistor Tester (Metzger) 58 Aug. Reflections on a Session at AES 22 Dec.
SCA Adapter Reveals Hidden Music & News Test Equipment Scene (Solomon)
Ampzilla, Get 400 Watts of Clean Stereo on FM Receivers (Karkota)
Power with (Bongiorno) 43 Oct. Some Odds and Ends 111 Jan.
22 Sept. Scopewriter, The (Steinbaugh)
ASCII Keyboard and Encoder (Lancaster) 33 Aug. Oscilloscope Vertical Amplifiers 106 Feb.
27 Apr. Semiconductor Junction Tester, In-
Automatic Photo Enlarger Controller Digital Frequency Counters 104 Mar.
Circuit/Out-of-Circuit (Marks) 58 July 4 -Channel CRT Viewing
99 Apr.
(Giannelli) 51 Apr. Shirt-Pocket Metronome, Build a A Triangle Waveform Generator
Basic Digital Logic Course, Part 3, 88 May
(Mangieri) 69 Apr. Checking Antenna Efficiency
Build a VLC computer Terminal 88 June
Shortwave Receiver, Noise & 'Interference Testing Internal Combustion Engines
(Roberts & Bunnell) 38 Dec.
92 July
Filter for (Wicklund) 56 Jan. Grid -Dip Meters
Capacitance Meter, Single IC 88 Aug.
Simple Testers from "Junkbox" Parts Uses for the VTVM or VOM
(Garland & Melen) 44 Feb. 90 Sept.
(Taylor) 67 Jan. Digital Multimeter Turned
Capacitor Meter, High -Value Electrolytic Single -IC AM Receiver Projects, Two
(Richard) Frequency Counter 100 Oct.
45 June The Simplest AM/WWV Receiver Uses for Your Multimeter
Car, Three Projects for Your (Caso) 94 Dec.
69 Jan. (Drumeller) 58 June
CMOS Microlab, Build The (Lancaster) 40 June An FAA Weather Receiver (Robbins)
Custom Meters from Salvaged Parts, 60 June
Single -LED Transceiver (Mims) 66 Mar.
How to Make (Koval) 41 Apr. Speaker System, Build a Large -Port
Deluxe Frequency Standard, Build a (Rolf) 80 Jan. (Weems) 43 Aug.
"De -Shockers," A Pair of (Wets) 113 Jan. Tape Recorder/Amplifier FET VU Meter, FEATURES & TUTORIALS
Digital Clock, Add a 10 -Minute Build a (Berglas)
"Beeper" to Your (Olsen) .52 June Anatomy of a Stereo Phone Cartridge
48 Aug. Test Ideas, A Pair of Useful
Digital Clocks, Portable Base for (Hirsch) 62 Sept.
Check & Select PUT's (Tenny) 37 Oct. Antenna Switching Methods (Moody) 99 Mar.
106
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
86 Apr. HM Electronics Model HM0310 VOM Plus 79 June
Audio Sweep Generators Save Time & Triac, Why Use a (Solomon)
44 Mar, VHF/UHF Scanning Monitors (Friedman) 46 Feb. International Components Model
Increase Accuracy, How (Paul) IC -500 FET VOM 90 Jan.
Basic Logic Course, Pt. (Mims) 56 Oct. Walkie -Talkies: Something for Everyone
Kenwood Model KR -5340 4 -Channel
1
57 Nov. (Friedman) 35 Aar.

Basic Logic Course, Pt. 2 (Mims & Roberts) Receiver 64 Aug.
Basic Digital Logic Course, Part 3 Whistlers and Other Srange R -F Noises
97 Mar. Koss Model HV-1 Stereo Headphones 67 May
Build a VLC Computer Terminal (Holford)
38 Dec. Lafayette Model LR-221 4 -Channel
(Roberts & Bunnell) Receiver 80 Feb.
Bass Reflex 1-li-Fi Speaker Systems,
34 Jan. Leader Model LBO -302 Dual-Channel
Design Your Own, Pt. 1 (Weems) 80 Mar.
Oscilloscope -
Bass Reflex Hi -Fi Speaker Systems, Linear Sys:ems Model SBE-18 CB

Design Your Own, Pt, 2 (Weems) 70 Feb.
Transceiver 91 Jan.
Career Opportunities for the Tech Rep Mallory Model CA3 Ultrasonic Alarm 80 Oct.
(Stover) 69 Nov. HI-FI/STEREO Micro Electronic Systems Mini Drill 85 Apr.
Cassette, An Introduction to the (Waverly) 33 June 77 Dec.
Ampzilla, Get 400 Watts of Clean Mura Model 250-M Multimeter
Cassette Tapes, Hirsch-Houck Labs 22 Sept. Onkyo Model TX -555 AM/Stereo FM
Tests the New "Premium" (Hirsch) 39 Aug. Stereo Power with (Bongiorno)
Receiver 86 Jan.
CMOS Operation, A Guide to, Pt. 1 (Jung) 27 Mar. Anatomy of a Stereo Phono Cartridge
(Hirsch) 62 Sept. Pace Sidetalk Model CB -1023 AM/SSB
CMOS Operation, A Guide to, Pt. 2 (Jung) 59 Apr. 69 May
Aug. Bass Reflex Hi -Fi Speaker Systems, CB Transceiver
CMOS Operation, A Guide to, Pt. 3 (Jung) 61
34 Jan. Pickering Model OA -3 Stereo
Color TV Receivers for 1975, What's Design Your Own, Pt.1 (Weems)
Headphones 61 Nov.
new in (Margolis) 41 Nov. Bass-Reflex Hi -Fi Speaker Systems,
Design Your Own, Pt.2 (Weems) 70 Feb. Pioneer Model QX-747 4 -Channel
Computer Terminals Are Coming 33 June Receiver 70 Sept.
(Solomon) 78 Nov. Cassette, An Introduction to the (Waverly) , ,
Pioneer Model SX-636 Stereo Receiver 59 Nov.

Decibels, Understanding (Board)' 94 Apr. Cassette Tapes, Hirsch -Houck Labs
39 Aug. RCA Model WR-525A TV Marker/Signalyst. 68 May
Development of a Modern ECG (Frye) 83 Jan. Tests the New "Premium" (Hirsch) ,
63 Dec. Decibels, Understanding (Board) 94 Apr. RCA Model WT-540A Leakage Current
Digital Filtering (Solomon) 46 Nov. Tester 67 Aug.
Double -Sided PC Boards, How to Make Dobly-Encoded FM Broadcasts, New
Realistic Model TRC-24B CB Transceiver 75 Dec.
(Burawa) 27 June Electronics in Modern Sound Studios
65 Apr. Robyn Porta -Scan 1000 Monitor Receiver 78 Sept.
DX'ing Clandestine Shortwave Stations (Anderton)
53 Oct. Four -Channel Disc Systems, Royce Model 1-408 Hand -Held CB
(Stanbury) Transceiver 66 Aug.
96 Oct. Special Report on (Hirsch) 53 Dec.
Electronic Geriatrics (Frye) Royce Model 1-600 Mobile CB
Electronic Music, Pitch Generators Receivers, Amplifiers, and Tuners
Dec. Transceiver 60 Nov.
for, Pt. 1 (Lancaster) 98 Feb. Special Report on (Feldman) 51
Record Playing Equipment Sansui Model QRX-3500 4 -Channel
Electonic Music, Pitch Generators 81 Apr.
50 Mar. Special Report on (Hirsch) 55 Dec. Receiver
for, Pt. 2 (Lancaster)
SCA Adapter Reveals Hidden Music & Sony Model NR -115 Noise Reduction
Electronic Music Pitch Standards 78 Mar.
39 Jan. News on Your FM Receivers (Karkots) 43 Oct. Adapter
(Lancaster) 70 June
Speaker System, Build a Large -Port (Weems) 43 Aug. Sony Model STR-7045 Stereo Receiver
Electronics Music Synthesizer, 74 Dec.
50 Oct. Speaker Systems, Special Report on Sylvania Model RS -4744 Stereo Receiver
Selecting an (Lancaster) 80 June
(Tlllet) 59 Dec. Tag Electronics Water Alarm
Electronic Sensory Aids for the Blind 65 Aug.
59 July Speakers in Phase?, Are Your (Weems) 41 Mar. Tandberg Model 3341X Stereo Tape Deck
(Mims) 81 Mar.
87 Apr. Status Report: 4-Channel Tape Machines Tram Diamond -60 AM/SSB Transceiver
Electronics and the Energy Crisis (Frye) 33 July Triplett Model 615-K Maintenance
Electronics Crossward Puzzle (Kimsey) 46 Jan. (Feldman)
Tester Kit 80 Sept.
Electronics in Modern Sound Studios Tape Recorder Specs, How to Evaluate
65 Apr. (Hirsch) 46 Oct. Wavetek Model 30 Audio Sweep Generator .. . 76 Dec.
(Anderton)
89 Mar. Tape Recorder/Amplifier FET VU Meter, Wollensak Model 8074 8 -Track
Electronics Physics Quiz (Balin) 42 June Cartridge Deck 72 Sept.
EM Keyboards & Controllers, How to Build a (Berglas)
Select (Lancaster) 42 July Tape Recorders, Special Report on
(Hirsch) 57 Dec.
English -Language Shortwave Broadcasts 44 Jan.
(Legge) 41 May VU Meter, Lamp -Readout (Cohen)
English -Language Shortwave Broadcasts
(Legge) 98 Sept.
English -Language Shortwave Broadcasts
TEST EQUIPMENT & TV SERVICING
(Legge) 79 Nov.
Audio Sweep Generators Save Time
General Electric Color TV Sets (Frye) 94 Mar. 44 Mar.
& Increase Accuracy, How (Paul)
Home TV Service Shop, How to Set Up a PRODUCT TEST REPORTS Capacitance Meter, Single -IC
(Margolis) 75 Aug. 44 Feb.
American Curcuits & Systems (Garland & Melen)
How to Break the 10-Words -Per-Minute 68 Nov. Capacitor Meter, High -Value Electrolytic
Code Barrier (Humphrey) 67 July Model MK1 Function Generator 45 June
Antenna Specialists Model MON-41 (Richard)
IC "Time Machine", Applications for the Case of the Booby -Trapped Tube, The
VHF Converter 78 June
(Jung) 72 Jan. 96 Dec.
Avid Model 103 Speaker System 69 July (Margolis)
Industrial Noise Levels 55 Jan, 92 Sept.
Ballantine Model 3/24 Digital Multimeter 86 Feb. Checking Tube Nationality (Margolis)
Light Beam Communications (Mims) 52 Feb.
Bang & Olufsen Model 3000 Custome Meters from Salvaged Parts,
Light Up Your Circuits with LED's 82 Feb. How to Make (Koval) 41 Apr.
(Jung) 58 Oct. Turntable/Tonearm
Branson Model B-220 Ultrasonic Cleaner 87 Feb. Digital LED Thermometer, Build a
Microphones for CB'ers and Hams Versatile (Fox) 54 Nov.
(Humphrey) 52 Jan. Browing Ltd AM/SSB Mobile CB
Transceiver 77 July Digital Multimeter for Under $100
Mobile CB Antennas, A User's Guide to 83 Mar. Build an Auto Polarity, Auto Zero
(Evanzia) 51 Aug. Calectro Mini Mounts 33 Dec.
Caringella Model TCG-1 Semicon- (Green)
Mobile CB Radios, Buying Guide to 51Sept. 63 Sept.
ductor Curve Tracer 84 Apr. Digiviewer II, Build (Lancaster)
Mobile CB Radios, Directory of 52 Sept. 96 Oct.
Concord Model CR -400 AM/Stereo Electronic Geriatrics (Frye)
Pay TV-Present and Future (Kagan) 44 Dec. 94 Mar.
FM 4 -Channel Receiver 65 May General Eectric Color TV Sets (Frye)
Quiz: What Do You Know About 84 Feb. Home TV Service Shop, How to Set Up a
Resistors (Balin) 76 Apr, Courier Spartan SSB CB Transceiver 75 Aug.
Data Precision Models 134 and 245 (Margolis)
Radio Control Modeling, How to Get 78 Oct. IC Digital Logic Memory Probe (May) 33 Mar.
Started in (Marks) 29 Feb. Digital Multimeters
dbx Model 119 Dynamic Range Enhancer 71 July Measure Low Millivolts with a Multimeter
Random Tone Generator 58 Mar. 52 Nov.
Design Acoustics Model D-6 Speaker (Hollabaugh)
Secrecy Through Electronics (Tatom) 56 Sept.
System 76 Oct. Osci-Tester, Build the Low -Cost
Servicing Without Service Data (Frye) 89 Feb. 64 Mar.
Digital Concepts Model CX-100 (Hollabaugh)
Shortwave Broadcast Bands-And What 68 Aug. Photo Tachometer, Measure RPM of
to Find on Them, The (Wood) 92 Feb. Electronic Clock Kit Aug.
Drake Model SPR-4 Communications Rotating Elements with the IC (Mangled). 54
Shortwave Receiver, What to Look for in a 66 Nov. Polarity-Sensing Continuity Tester,
(Wood) 33 May Receiver 66 Oct.
Dual Model 701 Single -Play Build a (Graf)
Single Sideband, A Primer on (Trulove) 41 Sept.
Automatic Turntable 76 June Power Line Monitor, Build an AC
Solid -State Photocells for Hobbyists, 77 Oct. (McClellan) 36 Oct.
Pt. (Lawrence) 48 June Dynascan Cobra CAM 89 CB Transceiver 62 Jan.
1
E.F. Johnson Messenger 250 CB Power Supply, Three -Way (Laughlin)

Solid -State Photocells for Hobbyists, 73 Sept. R -F Transistor Tester (Metzger) 58 Aug.
Pt. 2 (Lawrence) 64 July Base Station
EL Instruments Model DD1-K Digi-Designer., 92 Jan. Semiconductor Junction Tester,
Speakers in Phase?, Are Your (Weems) 41 Mar. 58 July
Electro-Voice Interface: A Speaker System,. 76 Mar. In-Circuit/Out-of-Circuit (Marks)
Standing Wave Ratio (Drumeller) 69 Dec. 89 Feb.
EPI Microtower II Speaker System 88 Jan. Servicing without Service Data (Frye)
Status Report: 4 -Channel Tape Machines 73 Dec. Simple Testers from "Junkbox" Parts
(Feldman) 33 July ESS Model 200 Stereo Power Amplifier
(Taylor) 67 Jan.
Heathkit Model AD -1013 Audio
Suppressing Transients in Solid - 78 July Simplest Test Gear, The (Frye) 88 Nov,
State Equipment 50 July Oscilloscope
Heat hkit Model AR -2020 4 -Channel Test Ideas, A Pair of Useful:
Tape Recorder Specs, How to Evaluate 70 Oct. Check it Select PUT's (Tenny) 37 Oct.
(Hirsch) 46 Oct. Receiver
Heathkit Model GR-2000 Digital Color TV Use VOM as Dwell -Angle Indicator
Test Instruments, A New Wave of (Cameron) 37 Oct.
(Evanzia) 38 Oct. Receiver with Optical Remote Control
& Clock 77 Apr. Test Instruments, A New Wave of
Tips on Kit Building (Frye) 84 Aug. 38 Oct.
Helpmate Model CB -5 Automatic (Evanzia)
Transistor Selection Guide for 70 May Voltage Indicator Using LED's (Graf) 71 Apr.
Experimenters (Turino) 64 June Garage Door Opener
107
DECEMBER 1974
ELECTRONICS MARKET PLACE
NON -DISPLAY CLASSIFIED: COMMERCIAL RATE: For firms or individuals
offering commercial products or services, $1.60 per word (including name and
address). Minimum order $16.00. Payment must accompany copy except when ads are
placed by accredited advertising agencies. Frequency discount; 5% for 6
months; 10% for 12 months paid in advance. READER RATE: For individuals with a
personal item to buy or sell, $1.00 per word (including name and address.)
No minimum! Payment must accompany copy. DISPLAY CLASSIFIED: 1"
by 1 column (2-1/4" wide), $200.00. 2" by 1 column, $400.00. 3" by 1
Advertiser to supply cuts. For frequency rates, please inquire. column, $600.00.
GENERAL INFORMATION: First word in all ads set in bold caps at no extra charge. All copy
subject to publisher's approval. All advertisers using Post Office
Boxes in their addresses MUST supply publisher with permanent address
and telephone number before ad can be run. Advertisements will not be
which advertise or promote the use of devices for the surreptitious interception published
of communications. Closing Date: 1st of the 2nd month preceding cover date
(for example, March issue closes January 1st. Send order and remittance to
POPULAR ELECTRONICS, One Park Avenue, New York, New York 10016,
Attention: Hal Cymes.
FOR SALE WE SELL CONSTRUCTION PLANS. TELEPHONE: MECHANICAL, ELECTRONIC devices catalog 10 cents.
FREE! bargain catalog. Fiber optics. LED's, transistors,

Answering Machine, Speakerphone, Carphone,
Phonevision, Auto Dialer, Touch Button Dialer, Central
Greatest Values - Lowest Prices. Fertik's, 5249 "0",
Philadelphia, Pa. 19120.
Dial System. TELEVISION: $35.00 Color Converter, Video
diodes, rectifiers, SCR's, triacs, parts. Poly Paks, Box 942, METERS -Surplus, new, used, panel or portable. Send for
Tape Recorder. $25.00 Camera. HOBBYIST: Electron
Lynnfield, Mass. 01940. list. Hanchett, Box 5577, Riverside, CA 92507.
)
Microscope, 96 Hour Tape Music System, Ultrasonic Dish
GOVERNMENT Surplus Receivers. Transmitters, washer, Radar-Oven, Plans $4.95 each. NEW ITEM: $75.
Snooperscopes, Radios, Parts, Picture Catalog 25 cents. Electronic Pocket Calculator, $7.50. COURSES: Telephone DISCOUNT PRICES
Meshna, Nahant, Mass. 01908. Engineering $39.50. Detective Electronics $22.50, B & K, SENCORE, LEADER and RCA
LOWEST Prices Electronic Parts. Confidential Catalog Integrated Circuit Engineering, $49.50. NEW SUPER
Test Equipment
Free. KNAPP, 3174 8th Ave. S.W., Largo, Fla. 33540. HOBBY CATALOG plus year's subscription to Electronic
RAYTHEON, ICC/MULLARD Tubes
ELECTRONIC PARTS, semiconductors, kits. FREE FLYER. News Letter AIRMAILED $1.00. Don Britton Enterprises,
TELEMATIC Test Jigs
Large catalog $1.00 deposit. BIGELOW ELECTRONICS 6200 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90048.
Bluffton, Ohio 45817.
Free Catalog
RADIO-T.V. Tubes -36 cents each. Send for free catalog. LOOKING FOR A NEW CHALLENGE? FORDHAM RADIO SUPPLY CO., INC.
Cornell, 4213 University, San Diego, Calif, 92105. S1 558 Morris Ave. Bronx, N.V. 10451'
.., then build a TV camera! -
AMATEUR SCIENTISTS, Electronics Experimenters,

ONLY SOLID.sTATE CAMERA AVAILABLE IN KIT FORM
Science Fair Students...Construction plans -Complete, FREE CATALOG. Parts, circuit boards for POPULAR
OR FACTORY ASSEMBLED. COMPLETE KIT WITH VID1.
including drawings, schematics, parts list with prices and ELECTRONICS projects. PAIA Electronics, Box C14359,
-
sources... Robot Man - -
Psychedelic shows
Emotion/Lie Detector - Touch Tone Dial -
Lasers ! `
CON TUBE ONLY 5166.00. POSTPAID DELIVERY ANY-
WHERE IN U.S.A. CANADA and MEXICO. OPTIONAL
AUDIO SUBCARRIER $18.95. WRITE or PHONE NOW
Oklahoma City, OK 73114.
Quadraphonic Adapter - Transistorized Ignition -

FOR COMPLETE CATALOG OF KITS, PARTS sod PLANS. YOU WILL SAVE BIG MONEY! Surplus, Clearouts,
-
Burglar Alarm Meter...over
Sound 60 items. Send 25
cents coin (no stamps) for complete catalog. Technical
1301 EROADWAY ATV Research
O,.1402-997-7771.
DANOTA CITY, NEAR. 611731,

Bankruptcy, Inventory, Deals. Catalog SI (redeemable).
ETCOA Electronics, Box 741, Montreal, H3C 2V2. U.S.
Inquiries.
Writers Group, Box 5994, University Station, Raleigh, N.C.
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS: Complete schematics, parts BURGLAR -FIRE alarm supplies and information. Free
27607.
SOUND SYNTHESIZER KITS -Surf $12.95, Wind $12.95,
lists, theories
$3.00 - -
Discrete Component Digital Clock,
Sound Sensitive Switch, $1.50. Increase technical
catalog. Protecto Alarm Sales, Box 357-G, Birch Run,
Michigan 48415.
Wind Chimes $17.95, Electronic Songbird $6.95, Musical
Accessories, many more. Catalog free. PAIA Electronics,
competence, hobby skills -
Complete Course in Digital
Electronics is highly effective, $10.00. Free literature.
AUTHENTIC, INSTRUMENTED, FLYING ROCKETS for
casual or serious experimenters. Over 80 scale original,
Box J14359, Oklahoma City, OK 73114. DYNASIGN, Box 60A7, Wayland, Mass. 01778. multi -stage or ready -to -fly models. Solid -propellant
engines for safe, electric launch system liftoffs up to 2,500
feet. Measure altitude, temp. inversions, more. Real
INTERNATIONAL ELECTRONICS UNLIMITED telemetry, electronic tracking, aerial still and movie photo-
graphy with super -miniaturized equipment. New, detailed
TTL tech manual and full -color catalog. 25 cents from ESTES
LINEAR CIRCUITS
7400 $ .19 7474 S .43 301 Hi pert. op amp mDIP .32
DECEMBER SPECIALS INDUSTRIES Dept. 18D, Penrose, Cob. 81240.
7401 .19 7475 .75 S
7402 .19 307 Op amp mDIP .35 7410 Triple 3 input NAND
7476 .47
7403 .19 7483 1.11
308 Micro-pwr op amp mDIP 1.10 gate DIP $.17
7404 .22 7486 309K 5V reg 1A TO -3 1.65 7437 Quad 2 input NAND
.44
7405 .22 7489 2.75 311 Hi pert. V comp mDIP 1.05 buffer DIP .35
319 Hi -speed dual comp 74121 Monostable multivibrator
7406
7407
.39
.39
7490
7491
.76
1.29
324 Quad oP amp
DIP
DIP
1.29
1.95 DIP .39 HAS...
7408 .25 339 Quad comp DIP 1.69 74193 Binary up/down counter
7492 .79
7409
7410
.25 7493 .79
340T Pos V reg (5V, 6V, 8V,
12V, 15V, 18V, 24V) TO -220 1.95 311
DIP
Hi pert V comp. mDIP or
1.25 ® modular
.19 7494 .89
7413 .79 380 2w audio amp DIP 1.49 DIP .89
7495 .89
7415 .39 380-8 .6w audio amp mDIP .89 339 Quad comparator DIP 1.50 SYNTHESIZER
~W
7496 .89
7416 .39 381 Lo noise dual preamp DIP 1.79 8223 Programmable Rom 256
74107 .49
550 Prec. V reg bit DIP 3.95
7417
7420
.39
.19
74121
74123
.57
.99
555 Timer
DIP
mDIP
.79
.99 MANI Red 7 seq. display .270" <<. ;;o KITS
7423 .35 74125
560 Phase locked loop DIP 2.75 Ispecify red or clear pkg.) 2.39
.69 565 Phase locked loop
7425 .39 74126 .79 DIP 2.65 EXTRA SPECIAL
7426 .29
709 Op amp DIP .29 MM5203 UV Erasable PROM
74141 1.23
7427
7430
.35 74145 1.15
723
741
Volt reg.
Comp. op amp
DIP
mDIP
.69
.35
2048 -Prime Quality S24.95 demo.
.22 74150 1.09
7432
7437
.29
.45
74151
74153
.89
1.29
747
748
Dual 741
Freq adi 741
DIP
mDIP
.79
.39 MEMORIES ecord S1.09
1458 Dual Comp op amp mDIP .69
7438
7440
.39
.19
74154
74157
1.59
1.29-
3900 Quad amp DIP :65
1101
1103
256 bit RAM MOS
1024 bit RAM MOS
$1.75
4.95
free catalog
7441 1.09 74161 3905 Prey. timer DIP .65
1.39 5260 1024 bit RAM low power
7442 .99 74163 1.59
8038 Function gee. DIP 5.95 7489 64 bit RAM TTL
3.95 PAIR ELECTRONICS. INC.
75451 Dual prl. driver 2.75
7443 .99 74164 1.89 mDIP .39 8223 Programmable ROM
7444 1.10 75452 Dual prl. driver mDIP .39
4.95 BOX P14359 OKLAHOMA CITY. OK 73114
74165 1.89 74200 256 bit Ram-tri-state 7.95
7445 1.10 74166 75453 Dual prl. driver mDIP' .39
1.65
7446 1.15 74173 75491 Quad seq driver DIP .79
1.65
7447 1.15 74177 75492 Hex dig. driver DIP .89 LED'S AND OPTO ISOLATORS
.99 BUGGED??? New locator finds them fast. Write, Clifton,
7448 1.15
7450 .24
74180
74181
1.09
3.65
1:11.' 010, t:I.0 rtin 51.00 MV108 Red TO18
MV50 Axial leads
S .25 ea.
11500-L N.W. 7th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33168.
.20
7453 .27 74182 .89 MV5020 Jumbo visible red
7454 .39
.33 TELEPHONE "BUGGED"? Countermeasures Brochure
74190 1.59 CALCULATOR & CLOCK CHIPS w/data ME4 Infra red diff. dome .60
7460 .19 74193 1.39 MAN 1 Red 7 seg..270"
$1.00, Negeye, Drawer 547, Pennsboro, W. VA 26415.
5001 12 DIG 4 fund fix dec 3.95 2.50
7464 .39 74194 1.39 5002 Same as 5001 exc btry pwr MAN2 Red alpha num .32" 4.95 HEAR POLICE/FIRE Dispatchers! Catalog shows exclusive
7465 7.95
.39 74195 .99 5005 12 DIG 4 funct w/mem 8.45 MAN3A Red 7 seg..127" .79
7472 .36 74198 2.19 MM5725 MAN3M Red 7 set..127" claw directories of "confidential" channels, receivers. Send 10
DIG 4 fund chain & dec
8 2.79 1.15
7473 .43 74199 2.19 MM5736 18 pin 6 DIG 4 funct 4.95 MAN4 Red 7 seo..190" 2.15 cent stamp. Communications, Box 56-PE, Commack, N.Y.
MM5738 8 DIG 5 fund K & Mem MANS Green 7 seg..270' 2.95 11725.
tltl 5.501e. n.mtd u =V.® MM5739 9 DIG 4 funct (btry sur)
7.95
6.95 MAN7 Red 7 seg..270" 1.35
MM 5311 28 pin BCD 6 dig mux 9.95 MANO Yellow 7 seg..270" 3.95 CONVERT any television to sensitive, big -screen oscillo-
CMOS MM 531224 pin 1 pas BCD 4 dig mux 6.95 MAN66 60" high dir. view 4.65 scope. Only minor changes required. No electronic
MM 5313 28 pin 1 pps BCD 6 dig mux 7.95 DL707 Red 7 seg..3" 2.15
74C00 $.39 74C42 2.15 MM 5314 24 pin 6 dig mux MCD2 Opto-iso diodes
experience necessary. Illustrated plans. $2.00. Sanders,
74C04 .75 74C76 1.70 8.95 1.09
MM 5316 40 pin alarm 6 dig 8.95 MCT2 Opto-iso transistor .69 Dept. A-33, Box 92102, Houston, Texas 77010.
74C08 .75 74C173 2.90
74C10 .65 80C97 1.50 CONSTRUCTION PLANS: Laser ...$2.00. Rocket Tracking
ON ORDERS OVER S25.00 DEDUCT 10%
Transmitter ...$2.00. Space Monitor -Missile
4000 SERIES RCA-EQUIV. Tracker, ..$2.00. Free Catalog. Electro -Research, P.O. Box
CO4001 S .55 CD4017 2.95 All items are new, unused surplus parts -
tested functional. 20285, Ferndale, Michigan 48220.
C04009 .85 CD4019 1.35 Satisfaction Is guaranteed. Shipment will be made via lint class
C04010 .85 CD4022 2.75 mail - postage paid -
in U.S., Canada and Mexico within three CD IGNITIONS, VHF/UHF monitors, crystals, CB radios,
CD4011
CD4012
.55 CD4023
.55 CD4025
.55 days from receipt of order. Minimum order
residents add sales tax.
-
$5.00. California Southland, Box 3591-B, Baytown, Texas 77520.
.55
CD4013 1.20 CD4027 1.35 INTERNATIONAL ELECTRONICS UNLIMITED
CD4016 1.25 C04035
(408) 659.4773 PRACTICAL Applications of Digital IC's. 100's of tips,
2.85 P.O. BOX 1708 MONTEREY, CALIF. 93940 USA
circuits, projects, on TTL. 443pp $19.95. Money Back
Guarantee, GEA, P.O. Box 285, Northfield, Ohio 44067.
108
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
CMOS Mfavleform Generator Kit LED's
4000ÁE .55
XR205K Only $28.00 Voltage .125"dia.
4001AE
4002AE
$
.54
.59
Here's a highly versatile lab
instrument at a fraction of
Regulators 209
209
Red
Yellow
$.25
.35
4004AE 5.90 the cost of conventional unit. LM100H 55.50 209 Green .35
4006AE 3.90 fitl Kit Includes two XR205 IC's, LM104H 6.50
4007AE
4008AE
.65
3.60
data & applications, PC board
(etched & drilled, ready for LM105H 5.10 .160"dia.
LM105F 8.50 216 .25
4009AE .95 assembly) and detailed instruc- LM109H 9.50 Red
4010AE .95 tions. 6.30 216 Yellow .30
LM109K 216 Green .30
4011AE .54 LM200H 3.80
4012AE .54 LM204H 4.70
4013AE
4014AE
4015AE
1.19
3.80
3.80
Audio Amps DUAL LOW/
NOISE
LM205H
LM209H
LM209K
3.00
3.50
3.70 220
.200"dia.
Red .25
4016AE 1.15 LM352: 6-15V, 1.15W, 852 1.60
AMP LM300H .90 with liquid crystal display. 220 Yellow .30
2.94 LM354A: 6-27V, 2.80W, 852 2.50 ®(P 220 Green .30
4017 LM300N 1.40 Beautiful, reliable & accur-
4018AÁEE 3.20 TAA611812: 6-15V, 1.15W, 852 1.60 LM331 N: ate. $149.00 plus $2.50
TAA621Al2: 6-27V, 1.40W, 852 2.00 LM304H 1.40
4019AE 1.30 Vi0=6mV 1.10 for shipping & handling.
4020AE 4.20 TBA641 B11: 6-18V, 2.20W, 452 3.00
TBA800: 5-30V, 4.70W, 852 2.20 I18 = 1000nA
LM305H
LM305AH 1.40 Displays
4021AE 3.80 lb = 2000nA
4022AE 2.75 TBAB10AS: 4-20V, 2.50W 452 3.00
TBA820: 3-16V, 0.75W, 412 1.70 Noise = 1.5dB
LM305N
LM309H
1.20
1.75 Memories SLA1 Red
SLA1I Green 4.25
$2.25
4023AE .54 $2.20 LM309K 1.95
4024AE 2.30 TCA830: 5-20V, 2.00W, 452 2.20 P11014 $6.90 SLA21 Orange 4.25
4025AE .54 TCA940: 6-24V, 6.50W, 852 4.40 LM340-05K 2.60 P11014.1 8.50 SLA2 ±1 Red 2.25
4026AE 9.90 LM340-06K 2.60 P1402A 7.90 SLA12 ±1 Grn 2.25
LM340-08K 2.60 P2102 15.00 SLA22 ±1 Org 2.25
4027AE
4028AE
1.35
2.95
Power Transistors LM340-12K 2.60 P3101 5.50 SLA3 Red 7.50
4029AE 5.40 BU204 3A 1300V $4.14 .M340 -15K 2.60 P3101A 5.50 SLA4 Red 7.50
4030AE 4.95 L 2.60 MM6560N 5.00 XAN72 Red 2.50
1.25 81.1205 3A 1500V
4035AE
4037AE
1.80
4.00
BU206 3A 1700V
BU207 6A 1300V
5.94
5.85
HYBRI lN, LM340-24K
LM723H 1.30
MM6561N
DM8599N
5.00
5.00
XAN52 Green 2.50
4040AE 4.70 BU208 6A 1500V 6.93 LM723D

LM723CH
3.90
.80
93403 5.00 Optoisolator
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4042AE
3.35
2.95
BU209 6A 1700V 8.64
voGAMPLIFIERS LM723CN .75 MCT2 1.45
4043ÁE 2.95
2N5128 $3.00 Power Price R MS L129 1.50
1.50
Decoded Read/
2.95 2N1136 1.50 SI -1010Y 10W S 6.40 L130 Write RAM
4044AE
4048AE
4049AE
1.50
1.35
2N1483 1.20
2N1534 1.00
2N1540 1.10
SI.1025E
SI -1050E
25W
50W
18.00
25.40
L131 1.50
P1103 $6.20 Linear ICI
4050AE 1.35 LM301A TO -5 S.90
4051AE 5.40 2N 1544 .90 LM301AM Mini -dip .75
4056AE 3.50 2N3053 .35 LM301AN Dip 1.10
4060AE 4.95 2 N 3055 .95 LM302H TO -5 .95
4069AE .90 2N3375 5.50 LM302N Dip 1.40
4076AE 4.30 2N3442 2.20
2N3730 1.70
2N3731 2.00
You deserve LM306H
LM307H
TO -5
TO -5
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2.80
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2N3732 1.50 1.20
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LM308AH
TO -5
TO -5 5.00
Schottky 2N3772 2.30
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2N3789 3.00
When you order from us, that is what you receive! We've been buying and
selling top quality components for nearly ten years. Our annual volume exceeds $3
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2N3866 .95 million. We handle only original parts, from the world's leading manufacturers and LM555CM Mini -dip .95
2N4347 1.60 LM709CH TO -5 .45
SN74SOON S .80 2N4348 2.00 our customers include some of the largest and most quality -conscious companies. LM709CN Dip .45
SN74S02N .80 2N4395 1.30 Now you can take advantage of our component buying skills and power. Select LM71oCH TO -5 .60
SN74S03N .80 2N4427 1.10 Dip .75
SN74SO4N .80 from a broad range of advanced devices. Enjoy competitive and often amazingly low LM710CN
4.30
2N5109 2.10 prices. Depend on shipment in 48 hours or less and rely on our guarantee of complete LM715CH TO -5
.80
SN74508N
SN74S10N .80
.80
2N5322
2N5323
.92
.70 satisfaction -- ANCRONA CORPORATION.
C:M725CH
LM733CH
TO -5
TO -5
5.00
1.50
SN74511N 2N6099 .80 LM733CN Dip 1.50
SN74520N .80 2N6101 .80 LM741CH TO -5 .45
SN74530N .80 2N6103 .90 LM741CM Mini -dip .44
SN74S32N .80 LM747CH TO -5 1.90
.80
SN74S4oN
SN74S41N .80 7400N TTL LOW COMPVTER LM747CN
LM748CN
Dip
Dip
.90
.40
SN74S64N .80 7400N .16 7475N .68 74150N
74151N
1.14
.75
POWER TTL INTERFACE' LM3O46CN Dip .95
SN74574N 1.30 7401N .23 7476N .59 2.00 LM3054CN Dip 1.50
6.10 7402N .22 7480N .66 74152N 2.25 74L00N .34 DM8820N 4.00 9602
SN74S85N 1.12 74L02N .34 DM8820AN 6.50 9614 3.00
SN74S86N 2.90 7403N .22 7481N 1.21 74153N Phase Locked Loops
7404N .25 7482N 1.01 74154N 1.63 74L03N .39 DM8830N 4.50 9615 3.00
SN74S112N 2.50 4.50
1.50 7405N .29 7483N 1.01 74155N 1.49 74L04N .39 DM8831N 5.00 9616 Mini -dip 2.10
SN74S113N 74L1ON .34 5.00 9617 3.00 LM567CM
SN745133N 1.00 7406N .38 7484N 3.01 74156N 1.49 DM8832N
74157N 1.19 74L20N .39 9600 1.30 9620 3.50
SN745138N
SN74S139N
4.50
3.90
7407N
7408N
.48
.24
7485N
7486N
2.49
.49 74158N 1.54 74L42N 1.62 9601 1.30 9621 3.00 IC Power Regulators
7409N .54 7489 N 2.99 74160N 1.50 74L47N 1.62
SN74S140N 1.00 74L51N .34 LM335K: 5V, 600mA 2.40
SN74S151N 3.30 7410N .24 7490N .75 74161N 1.35
74L73N .74 1024 Bit Static LM336K: 12V, 500mA 2.90
SN74S153N 3.30 7411N .29 7491N 1.29 74162N 1.50
SN74S154N 3.40 7412N .51 7492N .84 74163N 1.50 74L74N .89 N -Channel Rom LM337K: 15V, 450mA 2.90
7413N .78 7493N .84 74164N 1.89 74L90N 1.62
$21.00
SN74S157N
SN74S158N
SN74S160N
SN74S161N
SN74S174N
2.70
3.00
6.60
6.60
4.75
7414N
7416N
7417N
7420N
2.81
.46
.64
.19
7494N
7495N
7496N
7497N
1.29
.88
.88
1.51
74165N
74166N
74170N
74173N
1.89
1.98
2.55
1.79
74L93N
74L95N
93L00
93L01
1.74
1.62
1.50
1.60
2602B
2602-1B 25.00
7552CPE 21.00
7552-ICPE 25.00
jo . ni PULSE
GENERATOR
SN74S175N 4.00 7421N .51 74100N 1.45 74174N 1.52 93L08 3.40
7423N 74175N 1.50 93L09 1.80 Interdesign 1101: 0.1Hz-2MHz,
SN74S181N 11.50 .49 74105N .54 0-5V Output, var. width, line or
SN74S189N 5.10
3.30
7425N
7426N
.39
.29
74107N
74108N
.48
.91
74176N
74177N
1.69
1.69
93L 10
93L11
2.80
4.20 90151 battery operation, $159.00.
SN745194N
SN74S195N 4.40 7427 N
7428N
.35 74109N .91 74180N
74181N
2.49
3.85
93L 12
93L 14
1.80
1.70
Model 4440
4.20 .51 74110N .71 A PORTABLE
SN74S251N
SN74S253N 4.20
3.20
7430N
7432N
.22
.28
74111N
74114N
.91
.91
74182N
74184N
1.19
2.89
93L16
93L 18
3.20
3.50
4'1 DIGIT
MULTIMETER
Shift 9300
SN74S275N
SN745258N 3.70
.90
7433N
7437N
.61
.44
74115N
74118N
.91
.91
74185N
74190N
2.29
2.89
93L21
93L22
1.50
1.80
FOR $299.
A 10 MHZ
Registers SERIES
SN745260N 74191N 2.89 93L24 2.80
SN745280N 5.70 7438N .44 74119N .81 COUNTER OPTION 1402A $ 7.90 9300PC $1.00
5.00 7439N 1.01 74121N .54 74192N 1.49 93L28 3.70 FOR $50. 1403A 6.00 9301PC 1.20
SN74S289N 7440N 74193N 1.39 93L34 4.00
93510 6.80 74122N .89 1404A 6.00 9304PC 1.50
93516
93521
93522
6.80
3.50
3.20
7441AN 1.16
7442N
7445N
.98
.98
74123N
74125N
74126N
.95
1.39
1.39
74194N
74195N
74196N
74197N
1.35
.99
2.39
2.39
93L38
93L40
93L41
93L60
4.20
6.50
6.50
3.00
, o
1405A
1406
1407
4.50
6.00
6.00
9306PC 6.90
9308PC 2.50
9309PC 2.50
93548 3.70 7447N
7448N
1.39
1.29
74128N
74132N
1.21
74198N 2.59 93L66 2.70 f_ 1506 3.00 9310PC 1.50
9311PC 2.50
2.05 74199N 1507 3.00
7450N .23 74136N .91 4.48 2505K 4.00 9312PC 1.20
NIIN 7451N
7453N
7454N
.28
.25
.26
74141N
74145N
74147N
1.89
1.79
74200N
74221N
74251N
5.C5
1.75
1.75
IC sockets 2512K
2524V
5.50
4.00
9314PC 1.30
9316PC 1.50
SPEED TTL 7460N
7470N
.24 74148N
2.95
3.55 74278N
74279N
2.95
.92
8 pin
14 pin
DIL
DIL
.22
.26
Teflon
.55
2525V
2533V
5.50
10.90
9318PC 2.30
9321PC 1.20
74H00N .34 .30 16 pin DIL .29 3 pin TO -5 2807 4.00 9322PC 1.30
7472N .39 74293N .92 4 pin TO -5 .65 9324PC 2.00
74H01N .49 7473N 74298N 24 pin DIL .75 2808 5,50
74H04N .36 .46 MIN, ORDER 2.55 DIL 1.10 6 pin TO -5 .90 2814DC 9328PC 2.50
7474N .38
28 pin
8 pin TO -5 1.10 8.20
74H05N .38 S10.00 Calif. residents 36 pin DIL 1.70 MM5055N 5.00 9334PC 2.95
74H06N .44 40 pin DIL 1.90 10 pin TO -5 1.40 MM5056H 5.00 9338PC 3.30
add 6% sales tax.
74H1ON .44 MM5057N 5.00 9340PC 5.00
74H11N .44 FM Stereo MM5058N 10.90 9341PC 4.10
74H 15N .38 SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER (NO. C.O.D.) TO: TMS3114J 9342PC 1.15
74H20N
74H4ON
74H74N
.39
XR1310 $3.90
.36
.69
Demodulator
SPECIFICATION SHEEETS: $.25 ea.

ANC[°"110.: Á v , I
9.50
TMS3133NC 10.90 9360PC 1.75
9366PC 1.75
TWO PHASE MOS CLOCK DRIVER
P. O. Box 2208P, Culver City, CA. 90230 MH0026CN $5.50
109
DECEMBER 1974
doom Quality G
CRYSTALS, Scanners, $3.88, include make and frequency.
Enterprises, P.O. Box 461PC, Clearfield, UT 84105.
CARBON FILM RESISTORS. Brand new as low as 2-1/4
cents. FREE samples and specifications. COMPONENTS
Electronic Components FREE CATALOG. Kits, Components, audio equipment.
Electronic Supply Pacs, Box 175, Floral Park N.Y. 11001.
CENTER-PE, Box 134, New York, NY 10038.
7,000 SEMICONDUCTORS, 100's Electronic Circuit Kits,
-.
MINIATURE ALUMINUM
...
- AXIAL LEAD
ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS
TYPE
.,, >9 m,«,.. eh..4.7 .al.l9.,,.,>, i..r 4r6.. ,..,i
.
- ALPHA/THETA BRAINWAVE biofeedback instruments.
Analog instruments from $125; digital processing systems
Technical Reports, Energy Conservation, Computers. Cat.
50 cents. E/S Lab, Box 738, College Park, MD 20740.
IU106w Ik 11, IÍ41Ó 133UIDI16v....lk1h in' 330UID/168...)k ºk ÍR from $225. BioScan, Box 14168-E, Houston, Texas 77021. UNSCRAMBLERS: Fits any scanner or monitor, easily
2.2 Uf0 500 14 12a 11c 33 010R58.... I74 l k 121 330 1110dSV ... 4Y 32c 32,
33012735V 14 121 11c 470711l1e0....17c 14 13c 470U1D,16V ... 379 301 214
SURPRISE! Build inexpensively, the most Unusual Test adjusts to all scrambled frequencies. Only 4" square
420121350 14 47UfD,2511....IR I 14
121 11c
Ilc
470UI0r25V...49, 30, 351 Instruments, Futuristic Gadgets using Numerical $29.95, fully guaranteed. Dealer inquiries welcomed. PDQ
10010116V 14 I2c 100U412/16V...1k Ik 14 1090100/169,. 49c Si, 354
10U1D/25v., 14, 12c Ilc 10UUIO,258 ... 24 I& 11c I000UED25v..7k 60c 55c Readouts! Catalogue Free! GBS, Box 100A, Green Bank Electronics, Box 841, North Little Rock, Arkansas 72115.
22 UfDI16V 14 12, 11, 720 010/16V 24 16c 17c 2Ap U12160 ..75c 60, Sk West Virginia 24944.
.
22 010,25v Scl 12, 22D01025V ... 3k 25c 24 TROUBLE getting parts for projects? Let us buy them for
1 AMP SILICON RECTIFIERS ELECTRONIC ORGAN KITS, KEYBOARDS and many you. Parts Buying Service. Box 1026-F2, Fremont, Calif.
/94001 50 PIV 12/51 100/1e 1000/348 194005 600 PIV 8/51 100/S9 1000/570 components. Independent and divider tone generators. All 94538.
194007 1000 PIV 6/51 100/511 1000/588 diode keying. I.C. circuitry. Supplement your Artisan COMPONENTS. 8038CC $5.75; SN7400 10/$1.75; LM709 39
SILICON SIGNAL & SWITCHING DIODE Organ, 35 cents for catalog. DEVTRONIX ORGAN cents; JAN2222A 39 cents; 1/4w 5% Resistors 10/45 cents;
194148 014914 equiv.) 12/51 100/57 1M/550 5M/5220
PRODUCTS, Dept. C., 5872 Amapola Dr., San Jose, Calif. MC7805 $2.50; Clocks, MM5314 $8.50; MM5316 $10; LM703 -
LED 7 SEGMENT DISPLAYS 95129. 55 cents; LM3900 75 cents; MAN3 Size Readout 85 cents;
DATAL11 704 .31' 51.40 10/513 100/5100 ELECTRONIC IGNITION: Capacitor, transistor, pointless. DTL 930, 946, 962 10/$1.75. Postpaid, minimum $5. Latest
DATALIT 70:.31' 63.50 10/533 100/5280 Auburn sparkplugs. Information 10 cents. Anderson Flyer 10 cents. Tri-Tek, Inc., Box 14206, Phoenix, AZ 85063.
REED RELAY Engineering, Epsom, N.H. 03234. LEARN DESIGN TECHNIQUES. Electronics Monthly
6 AMP CONTACT 5 VOLT/SOMA COIL 52.00 10/515 100/5125 WHOLESALE Scanners, CB, Crystals, Directories, Newsletter. Digital, linear construction projects, design
4 AMP SLIDE SWITCHES SSB/AM, Catalog 25 cents. G-Enterprises, Box 461P, theory and procedures. Sample copy $1.00. Valley West,
5051 11c 10/51 100/18 DPDT 25c 10/52 Clearfield, Utah 84105. Box 2119-B, Sunnyvale, California 94087.
100/515
MOLEX SOLDERCON IC TERMINALS ELECTROENCEPHALOPHONE: Brainwave monitor. FREE BARGAIN CATALOG. Leds, Transistors, IC's, Puts,
100/51 500/54.20 1000/58.20 5000/238.20 50.000/5275 Professional biofeedback intruments. J&J, 8102-E, Relays, Xtals, Unique Micro Miniature components, misc.
1/2 & 1/4 WATT CARBON COMP. Bainbridge, WA 98110. Chaneys, Box 15431, Lakewood, Colo. 80215.
RESISTORS CALCULATOR OWNERS: Use Your +-x- calculator to RECONDITIONED Test Equipment. $0.50 for catalog.
5 each of the 85 standard 10% volues (2.2-22M) Ih W Resistors compute square roots, trigonometric functions, logarithms, Walter, 2697 Nickel, San Pablo, CA 94806.
(425 pcs.) Sorted by volue 512/set 2-4 ore S11/set
5-9 ore 510/set. and more! Quickly, Accurately, Easily! Send today for the
TELEPHONES UNLIMITED, equipment, supplies. Catalog
5 each of the 70 standard 10% values (10-5.6M) '/4 W Resistors
First and Best Calculator Manual ... now in use through- 50 cents. Box 1654E, Costa Mesa, Calif. 92626.
(350 pcs.) Sorted by value 112/set 2-4 are S11/set out the world ... still only $2.00 Postpaid with Uncon
5-9 ore 510/set.
ditional Money -Back Guarantee! Mallmann Optics and COMPLETE CONSTRUCTION PLANS-TELEPHONE:
IfP.Lvoor. 01.47 r 0141147ó1r indiridrpol4:
other r...orlrnrncx
r Electronics, Dept. 22A, 836 South 113, West Allis, Answering Device. Automatic Dialer, "Black Boxes", Call
n ho4P.v of r woo pr.. prr red",.. 4.1 R' nrr hoc n9ddrd Wisconsin 53214. Diverter, Call Limiter, Conference Bridge, Central Dial
M1ilh-li-I It' Nperijiracioa 101/4..
FREE 1975 Electronics Catalog. McCord Electronics, Box Exchange, Melodic Ringing, Recorder-Actuator, Remote
litronix 1100 Calculator ICE -APOLLO DISPLAY
276-N, Sylvania, Ohio 43560. Control, Schematics, Speakerphone, Telelink Burglar
55.00 Alarm, Voice Scrambler, $3.00 each. ELECTRONIC:
5 V. common 9 1 AUTORANGING DMM, deluxe VOM's, logic probes and Biofeedback Conditioner, Horticulture Stimulator,
pin tube bose more. Lowest prices. Free catalog. Electro Industries, 4201 Multifrequency Encoder Network (Speeds telephone
Irving Park, Chicago, Illinois 60641. calling 100%!). 95.00 each. ONE YEAR SUBSCRIPTION,
PRICE O IC SOCKETS
$29.95 ' OO1ú35
14 Pin DIP Solder 45c
8 Pin DIP Solder 35c x i ARE YOU PREPARED? 10,000 cubic foot, pull ring ignited
emergency smoke grenades are now available! 3 for $7.50,
Telephone -Electronics Newsline $3.00. Super illustrated 16
page catalog of plans, many more, 50 cents. All of the
9 for $20.00. Postpaid. Pacific Aero Supply, Box 601, construction plans above, $19.95. TELETRONICS.
SGS ..?'" 116 Pm DIP -Solder 50c
01711X110 24 Pin DIP Solder 51.25
y,
N1
Malibu, Calif. 90265. COMPANY OF AMERICA, P.O. Box 3486, Los Angeles,
California 90028. USA.
PYROTECHNICAL chemicals, casings, tools, supplies,
VOLTAGE REGULATORS
25 V. DISC CAPS fuse. Price List 50 cents. Westech, Logan, Utah 84321. INGENIOUS NEW APPLICATION of computer concepts.
$ 1.80 w
ea. Value
.01.... 5c 3.5c
10 100
3c
2.4c
3x00 BURGLAR -FIRE ALARM components, hardware. Free Memorize twenty random true -false answers in less than
1129 5V 600mA Catalog -Information. Silmar, 133 S. W. 57 Ave., Miami, thirty seconds, mathematically! Send $2.00 for complete
.022. . . 6c 4c 3.5c 2.75c
1130 12V 500mA .047 9c
Florida 33144. description. FOATSP, Box 1144, Forest Park, GA 30050.
. - . 6c 5.3c 4.25c
1131 1SV 450mA 1 12c 9c 7.5c 6c
SILICON TRANSISTORS
;
1019
EN918... 10.106 .21 .185 .165 E9930... 10.106
14
.71
IE.n
.185 .165
3 OCTAVE TONE GENERATOR BOARD
E92722.. T0.106 .71 .105 .165 E923690. 10.106 .185
.11 .165
292712.. TO- 98 .18 .160 .145 EN2907.. T0-106 .21 .185 .165 * V.A4;, .dsRPs
293391A. TO. 98
2113393.. TO. 98
.22
.72
.190
.190
.115
.175
293392.. T0. 98
2N3394.. /0.98
.22
.22
.190
.190
.175
.175
D
r 1 - r a I_
," 4
,
$ 40
For
2113563.. 10-106 ¡y
i
.
.20 .175 .160 2N3565.. 10.106 .20 .175. .160
293638.. /0.105 at,' f4l I K.
,. f,*`
yl
i,-.
h Ti D
.175 .160 T0.105 t
2N36c0.. TO -106 .222 .190 .175 )
313638A.
293641.. 10.105 .20
.175
.175
.160
.160
1
'! 5 9 ,
t rl ¡1p,á
ty
2143643.. 10.105 .175 .160 2N3645.. 10.105 .20 .115 160
7N3640.. T0.106
293906..
.ñ .190 .175 293904.. TO. 92 .25 .725 ..110 MAGNUS model 1700 3 octave tone generator board, contains 12
TO. 92
T
.725 .200 294124.. TO. 92 .27 220 separate tunable oscillators, for a total of 37 notes, plus 3 oscillators
faster
294126.. T0. 97 .240 .720 294421.. /0. 92
214403.. 10. 92 .32 .290 .260 295087.. TO 92
32
27
.290
740
.260
.120 for chords. Includes 5 watt amplifier, & power supply except trans-
295089..
295133..
TO. 92
10.106
27
.19
740
.170
.220
.150
2615129.. 10.106
715134.. 10.106
.19 .170 .150 former. -Requires 36 volts ct @ 1.0 amp.A great basic start for your
.19 .170 .150
255137.. 70.106 .19 .170 .150 2115138.. TO 106 .w .170 .150 electronic organ or synthesizer. Boards new, but spring contacts may
295139.. TO-106 .19 .170 .150 293055.. T0. 3 1.35 1.20 1.09 be bent, or a component broken. Component parts alone are worth
4001102
FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS
10. 92 .44 ,380 .350 295457.. TO- 97 A7 .420 .375
service many tines the price.
STOCK NO.F5200
27"x 4%". Weight 3 lbs.
with data sheets $14.95 ea 2/27.00
NPN DARLINGTON TRANSISTOR 37 KEY KEYBOARD FOR MAGNUS TONE BOARD
MPI.AI3. TO. 92 Min. DC Current Gunn of 5,000 9I I0mA. .ó .311 .290
LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS /-17-4. Al . . i' t t ' .. LL t1

... 51.00
USE
555 Minidip TIMER 10/5 9.50 565 DIP PLL 53.57 10/530.00
558 Minidip DUAL AMP . 80c 10/5 7.50 567 Minidip DECODER 53.57 10/530.00
713 Dip VOLTAGE REG 51.15 10/510.00 741 Minidip OP AMP... 50c 10/S 4.50
747 Dip DUAL OP AMPS1.10
DIGITAL TTL
10/510.50 748 Minidip OP AMP... 60c 10/5 5.50
if rff-11.111.11.111'
74009
74016
321
32,
28c
211
3k
74315...51c
74189 ..511
464
44
74760
14819
..60c
..74
55c
654
741531 51.58
741549 22.25 5200
í1A0 ZIP
14029 321 74404 ..32c 284 74825. 51.02 III 741551111.4 5129
74032 32, 28, 7441N. SIRS 0127 74838. 81 58 51A0 741560 51,17 51 04
This keyboard is designed for the Model 1700 TONE GEN-
74040 ..354 314 74426.11.10 148614..60c ERATOR BOARD above. Limited quantity, so we can only
CODE
51.01 55c 741511 51.56 91.39
.. 35t
sell to purchasers of the TONE BOARD, or those who have
7405+ 31c 74450.5IO2 11.44 74890, 34.50 1400 741580 51.56 51 39
740614 .. 52c 461 744614. S1.30 51.10 14934 .. E54 7416091195 51.74
74070 .. 52c 44 1447N. 41.30 51.10 149/N.1137
12c
141611421.95 recently purchased a tone board from us.
'
51.22 $1,74
.. 34 ..8k
14089
74099 . 36c
32c
311
14482,11 35
14504..124
51.15 7497/4
749244..80c
121 74161411.95 11.74 KEYBOARD & TONE GENERATOR BOARD
STOCK NO.F5200 A
.
26c 741634 51.95
1414 .. 321 211c 74510..321 28c 74940. 51.20 5107
12c
741640 51 .96
51.74
51.74
24.95 2/47.00
..
141110
74134 ..63c
354 311
54
7453X...331
74549 ..
2154 7495N. 01.10
7496N. 51.20
41.07 14165452.44
741660 5203
52.20 For those previous purchasers of TONE BOARD
STOCK NO.F5200 B Key board only $10.95 2/20.00
321 28c 11.07 51.80
7416N .. 54k 44 14599 .. 321 281 741079 . SSc 50, 741809 2120
on
91.07
74172 .. 50c 44c 746014 .. 371 281 141218 . 70c 60, 741819 53.38 13.00
14150
142/4
..354
.. 321
314
281
747111
747214 .
..36c
40,
32,
35t
741279
7412311 01.11
. 721 62c
9k
74107051.17
7419,151.80
$8,04 36 VOLT CT 1.0 AMP. TRANSFORMER
5100
74234 7k 74730..521
74269.. 364
614
32, 74741 ..
42c 7414114 51.61
1415pN 51.56
5133 7419315180 $1 60
This transformer has 2 windings, @ 36 Volts ct, @ amp. & 1 1
7430 .. 32c 261 7475N , .
521
8k
451
72c 141519 51.20
5139
51.07
741994 52.78
741994152.78
5247
52.47
the other 5.5 volts @ 1 amp. Ideal for MAGNUS TONE GEN-
ERATOR BOARD above.
Send for Free Catalog or Mail Readers
Service Card
all STOCK NO.J9911 $3.75 ea. 2/7:00
COD ORDERS ACCEPTED FOR SAME DAY SHIPMENT Please include sufficient postage. Excess refunded. Send for new
CALL 218.681-6674 revised catalog No. 12. Full of new items. MIN. ORDER $5.00
Orders less than 510.00 add 50c Service Charge -Others Postpaid
"Only (Iualin' l:ompunrnr2 .;01,1!"
mail
DIGI-KEY CORPORATION A DELTA
BPhone
' S CO.
P.Q. Box 126 Thief River Falls, MN 56701 ELECNN, TRONICS
(617) 388-4705
110
LIVE IN THE WORLD, -.o
OF -TOMORROW:.. TODAY!" WAR SURPLUS

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Brand new Signal Corps Model. Up to
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Massive 12 lb. permanent magnet lifts 400 Great for astrophotography! Features 48" F.L.
lbs-most powerful we've ever sold. Provides f/8 Pyrex ro, parabolic mirror acc. to U4 wave;
instant handle for easy, safe metal carry, great massive equatorial mount (usually found only
for retrieving metal parts. Releases quickly on 8"): precision 2"1.0. heavy duty rack & pinion
-lift pivoted side handle, sever magnetic grip! focusing mount capable of supporting any
camera w/o special holder. Inch electric clock
Use for flame cutting, shearing, punching,
positive ground for welding; remote usage, etc. drive w/ manual slow-motion control, de-
Tie a line to it and go treasure hunting at sea! Powerful ceramic magnet lifts more luxe widefield 6X finder w/crossline reticle; 3 eye Pieces; 1", 48X Kellner; 1/4" 192X
under water (best through 1" steel plate). Ramsden; Barlow to dbl & triple power. 24" wobble -free metal base.
No. 85,238AV (13'hx5x5) $65.00 FOB. No. B5,248AV (SHP. WT. 200 LB) $499.00 FOB
NEW! ELECTRONIC "FISH" WITH A MAGNET

DIGITAL COMPUTER KIT!
Solve problems play games, predict weather
with this actual working model of giant elec-
va' (t huntingon the bottom! Fascinating
( Go treasure
fun & sometimes profitable! Tie a line to our
tronic brains. Amazing new fun way to learn all
about computer programming ...
logic, deci- ..1*..- ., v I , powerful new specially designed 150 lb. pull
Magnet-drop it overboard in bay, river, lake or
mal, binary systems, Laws of Sets-even do
your own programming after completing sim-
lilli.i
--w..
ocean. Troll in along bottom- your"treasured"
haul can be outboard motors, anchors,
plified 116 page instructive booklet. Includes v
other metal valuables. Has 6 stacked ceramic magnets. Lifts more than 150 lbs.
step-by-step assembly diagrams. Circuitseasily 2mm beam dia., 1.0mRad beam under water!
changed.
Readout from illuminated control panel. Req. 2 "D" batt. (not incl.). Best model No, 71,135AV . . . (31/4x37/e") $17.50 Ppd.
we've seen-for home, school, industry. 75 -LB. PULL (1 LB.) W/ 3 CERAMIC MAGENTS
No. 71,434AV ... (11"x121/4"x4") $31.50 Ppd. No. 71,150 AV ...
(1-11/16z31/4') $11.00 Ppd.
v
AUTHENTIC SCALED.
TAKE TEMPERATURES WINDMILLS
IN SECONDS Real -thing replicas show wind direc-
tion, wheel silently revolves on ball
bearings. Give your grounds unique
Edmund's new electronic oral thermometer ob- rural charm! Great centerpiece for
soletes glass mercury type. Seconds instead of planter, flowers. Use to hold yard
minutes, more accurate, much easier to read! light, house number, sign or as mail-
Put disposable cover (supply incl.) on flexible box. For school, a fine "energy crisis"
probe, place under tongue, push button, dial
meter center, read temp fast in F.° & C.°.
science project -
does everything but pump water. Heavy
gauge steel, durable outdoor finish; aluminum color w/red trim.
92.106°F. (33-41°C.) in '/4° increments,
--
97-101°F. to 1/10°. Safe, hygienic, no squinting. Compact metal case fits in No. 71,923AV (17" DESK MODEL) $10.95 Ppd.
doctors', nurses' shirt pocket. Incls 9v trans batt., instrs. 41/2 FOOT 14 LB, No. 71.924AV $32.50 Ppd.
Stock Na. 42,210AV $25.00 Ppd. 8 FOOT 46 LB No. 85,229AV $44.95 FOB
THE MOST POWERFUL 130 EXPERIMENTS IN OPTICS

and photography! Optix® Experi-
SOLAR CELLS
Price & technology breakthrough. Harness the

eittia aá
ú.'
,.f
ments Kit is a complete optical and
photography lab for 130 exciting ex-
periments. Lets you recreate the peri-
scope, telescope, microscope, kaleid-
-
sun with these 2" dia. 500 mA @.5V silicon cells
5 times more efficient per cost than ever
before! Need no plastic lens, are very flat, fit
ts
'
oscope! Build a 35mm reflex camera
with interchangeable lens system!
Make, develop photographic film! En-
almost any solar application. Hook up in series joy the fun and fascination of having your own optics lab. Fully
for more voltage; parallel for more current. illustrated 112-pg. manual, 8'jz x 11", clearly explains usage of
No. 42,145AV ...(TAB LEADS) $11.50 Ppd. this stimulating kit's 114 precision engineered components.
PIE-SHAPED '/4 2" DIA. 100 mA. @ .5V
No. 42,146AV ... (TAB LEADS) $7.95 Ppd. - Stock No. 11,t4600 $24.95 Ppd.
15/16" DIA. CIRC. (1/16" THICK), 100 mA. @ .5V AERONAUTICS FUN KIT (100 Experiments)
No. 30,538AV ...
(WIRE LEADS) $6.95 Ppd. 4. Stock No. 71,84040 $18.95 Ppd.
MAIL COUPON -FOR _COMPLETE & MAIL WITH CHECK, OR. M.O.
GIANT FREE ,
EDMUND SCIENTIFIC CO.
How Many Stock No,
300 Edscorp Building, Barrier ton N.J.08007
DescnptiOn Price Each - Total
CATALOG! ;
.
I 1
164 PAGES MORE THAN 1 I

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4500 BARGAINS
Completely new Catalog. Packed with huge selection of telesco0es, mr
I
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"AV"
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ecology and Unique Lighting items, parts, kits, acc essonet -

croscopes, binoculars. magnets. Magnifiers. prisms. photo components,
many
hard -to -get surplus bargains. 100's o1 charts. illustrations. For hobby.
CATALOG
I
,sts, ecper,menlers. schools, industry. Add Harding Chg.. $1.00, Orders Under $5.00, 50C. Orders Over $5.00
EDMUND SCIENTIFIC CO.

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Please rush Free Giant Catalog "AV" GUARANTEE I
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Address
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DECEMBER 1974 113
FREE
With Every
IC
Order* $10
DIGITAL IC
types/diagram number $3.95.
Manual -Latest Edition -1500 types
computer kit -IC, transistors, Instructions, $14.00. IC

applications manual -numerous circuits-Analog/Digital,
32 -function
by
digital
FORA SOUND
REDUCE YOUR PROJECT COSTS
MONEY -BACK GUARANTEE
24 -HOUR SHIPMENT
$3.95. Electronetics, P. 0. Box 127, Hopedale, Mass. 01747.
as as/1 aiaseeN: Electronic Joucñ ¿witch 6y RcRrJÍt

INVESTMENT .
ALL TESTED AND GUARANTEED Oatealed Electronic ai eceiver for ..camp or Wall crew You Need Sound Advice:.
TRANSISTORS: WOW! Capi:Wily for Jlny Jypo Coad MIA Xigylning
NPN:
2N3563 TYPE RF Amp & OSC to 1 GHz (pl. 20918) 6/S1.00
eArreslorCircuitry. d:esponds /o Jody Con tact 'rid
203565 TYPE Gen. Purpose High Gain (TO.106I eToOressureErecessary.eliminates eArcing, ú:oifcf 1975.STEREO'DIRECTORY &
6/$1.00
203567 TYPE High -Current Amplifier/Sw 500mA duounceanddrecfanical' 'car.Designed to OilASfander()
2N3691 TYPE GP Amp to 25mA and 50 MHz
3/$1.00
6/S1.00
4úal/ao.r. .F14.Á5-eXIt-$12.$J GO Day Guarantee . BUYING GUIDE
203866 TYPE RF Pwr Amp 1-2 W @ 100.600 MHz S1.50
2N3903 TYPE GP Amp & Sw to 100mA and 30 MHz cltacT1T &octrottics,cZos¿GS, c?itlson, da. 18640 The complete guide
6/S1.00 STEREO DIREC11011i&
2N3904 TYPE GP Amp & Sw to 100mA (TO -921 5/$1.00 to everything you
2N3919 TYPE OF Pwr Amp 3-5 W @ 3.30 MHz $3.00 PRINTED CIRCUIT TECHNIQUES for the Hobbyist. need for your home BUYING
6111 1975
204274 TYPE Ultra -High Speed Switch 12ns 4/$1.00 Booklet: $2.00. Trumbull, 833 Beira Drive, El Cerrito, Calif. music system. It
MPS6515 TYPE High -Gain Amplifier hFE 250 3/S1.00 94530. features all the latest
Assort. NPN GP TYPES, 2N3565, 2N3641, etc. (15)
POP:
S2.00 CIRCUIT board service. Circuit boards made from your information on stereo
5
layouts. Send for information. Printed Circuits, 22 Maple systems and corn-
203638 TYPE Gen. Purpose Amp & Switch 4/$1.00
2N4249 TYPE Low -Noise Audio Amp 1pA to 50mA
Avenue, Lackawanna, New York 14218. ponents-4-Channel 1t
4/$1.00 eS
FIREPLACE heat exchanger. Use All Heat. Plans $3.00. Components Ampli- 1
FET's:
Jannell, 6030 O'Day Dr., Centreville, VA 22020. fiers Tuners
-CHANNEL (LOW -NOISE):
N
2N4416 TYPE RF Amplifier to 450 MHz (T0.721 LASER TUBE -$23.50; Five Laser Plans -$4.00;
Receivers Hi -Fi
2/$1.00
205486 TYPE RF Amp to 450 MHz (plastic 2044161 Catalog -$1.50, "PE 1074", Plasma Scientific, Box 1005
Compacts Changers
3/$1.00
2N5163 TYPE Gen. Purpose Amp S. Sw (TO -1061 and Turntables ~ -
3/$7.00 Claremont, Calif. 91711.
204091 TYPE RF Amp & Switch (TO -1061 3/S1.00
Speaker Systems Phono Cartridges and
E100 TYPE Low -Cast Audio Amplifier 4/S1.00 hG'-SUBSCRIBE NOW:,)_ Arms Cassette, Open -Reel and Cartridge
Tape Machines
ITE4868 TYPE Ultra -Low Noise Audio Amp. 2/$1.00 LEARN THE SECRETS OF YOUR TELEPHONE Headphones and Micro-
TIS74 TYPE High -Speed Switch 4061 3/51.00 phones Raw Tape and Accessories PLUS
Assort. RF & GP FET's, 2N5163, 2N5486, etc. (8) S2.00 -4-Channel Section. More than 1500 prod-
-CHANNEL
P
2N4360 TYPE Gen. Purpose Amp & Sw (70.106) 1Y

ucts in all -listed by manufacturer, each
3/S1.00 with model number, complete specifica-
E175 TYPE High-Speed Switch 125ss 3/$1.00 1 tions, description and price -and a BONUS
M104 TYPE MOS FET (Diode protected) 0.3 pF $3.00
LINEAR IC's: FACTS NEVER BEFORE PUBLISHED FOR THE PUBLIC FEATURE on What Every 1i -Fi Shopper
- One year subscription --Sample - Should Know Before Buying.
TCU
309K Voltage Regulator 5V @ to (T0-31 5 3.00 copy 200
S1.90
TFEETRONIC9 P.O. 60110086
380 2-5 Watt Audio Amplifier 34d8 (DIP( S1.50 //jj COMPANY OF AMERICA LOS ANGELES, CA. 900ía
N
The Directory tells you what to look for,
555X Timer tus -1 hr, Oil. pinout from 555 (DIP) S .90 what to avoid, how to decide what's best
709 Popular OP AMP (DIP/TO.SI
723 Voltage Regulator 3-30 V @ t-250mA (DIP/TO-51
$ .39
FREQUENCY COUNTER for under $75.00; provisions to for you at a price you can afford. Now you
$ .75
739 Dual Low -Noise Audio Preamp/OP AMP (DIP) 200MHz, Nixie or LED readout 8 digit; uses standard IC's, can know what you want before you visit
$1.00
741 Freq. Compensated OP AMP (DIP/TD-5/MINIDIP/ S .45
complete details $3.00, postpaid. East Coast Electronics, the dealer and what to listen for when you
2556 Dual 555 Timer 1 psec to 1 hour (DIP) $1.55 50 Scott, Hamburg, New York 14075. get there.
LM305 Positive Voltage Regulator (TO -5) $1.25 FREE FLYER, Resistors, Capacitors, Diodes, IC's, Sockets,
MC1458 Dual 741 OP AMP (MINI.DIP)
Assorted Linears-741 /709/723, etc. (41
$ .95
S2.00
more. Save Money. PRASAD ELECTRONICS, Box 32, 1974 TAPE RECORDING -
Addison, III. 60101.
DIODES:
10914 TYPE Gen. Purpose 100V/10mA 10/S1.00
& BUYING GUIDE
N3600 TYPE Hi Speed SW 75V/200mA
1
104608 TYPE GP & SW 80V/400mA

6/$1.00
6/51.00
7400 SERIES T.T.L. WITH THE WORLD
103893 TYPE RECTIFIER Stud Mount 400 V/12 A
114749 ZENER 4.3 Volt 400mW
2/S1.00
3/51.00
PINOUT HANDBOOK OF TAPE IN
COVERS ENTIRE 5600/7400 SERIES D.I.P. I.C.'S
4/$1.00
PIN CONNECTIONS - FUNCTIONAL SPECS FAST -FORWARD,
4/51.00
10757 ZENER 9.1 Volt 400mW CROSS REFERENCE - ONLY $1.95 FROM:
4/51.00 HOW CAN YOU
10758 ZENER 10 Volt 400mW TTL PINOUT NANDB00x: (MS ASSOCIATES, INC.
4/$1.00
Ions E 14 TN ST., SAN LEANDRO, CAL. 94577
10965 ZENER 15 Volt 400mW 4/$1.00 KEEP UP?
POSTAGE PAID IN U.S.
10968 ZENER 20 Volt 400mW 4/S1.00
135 VARACTOR 5.50 W Output @ 30-250 MHz, 7-70 pF All the changes and
$5.00
advances in the tape
F7 VARACTOR 1.3 W Output @ 100-500 MHz, 5-30 pF $1.00 ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS -all kinds, send for free market could make your
MAIL NOW! With every order of $10 or more, postmarked catalog. Epic, Box 20152A, Minneapolis, Minn. 55420. head spin. Here's the
prior to 1/31/75. FREE 739 or 749 Low -Noise Dual OP AMP .14:11111.
magazine that unsnarls
included -$1 VALUE.
ORDER TODAY -All Items subject to prior sale and prices subject
PLANS AND KITS the facts. It records all u
to change without notice. DATA SHEETS included with all Items. the changes, choices
AMAZING ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS-Pocket Laser, See - and facts you need to make a clear-cut buying
WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG offering hundreds of semi. In -The Dark, Scramblers, Penlight Strobe, Energy
conductors nor listed here. Send 100 stamp. Devices, decision. Complete directories and buying
TV Disruptor, Many More, All New. Catalog guides compare products feature by feature,
TERMS: All orders prepaid. We pay postage. $1.00 handling $1.00.
charge on orders under $10. Calif. residents add 6% sales tax. INFORMATION UNLTD., West St., Milford, N.H. 03055. cost by cost -Open -Reel Tape Machines
ATTENTION AUDIO FREAKS!! ... Audio Processing Cir- Cassette Tape Machines 8 -Track Tape Ma-
ADt(A cuits ... designs, kits, units. Laboratory tested designs for chines 4 -Channel Components -decoders;
headphones; microphones; raw tape; acces-
hobbyist through professional use-limiters, compressors, sories and more. Special features and articles -
ELECTRON ICS equalizers, phasers, mixers and more! Send now -51.00
(refundable) for complete catalog -CIRCUITS RESEARCH
by the authorities -to keep you up -to -date
Solving the Tape Recorder Specifications
-
BOX 4181-M,WOODSIDE, CA 94062 LABS, 3920 E. Indian School, Phoenix, AZ 85018. Puzzle What's the Story on 4-Channel Tape
Tel. (415) 851-0455 Machines? How to Pick a Microphone
BRAINWAVE FEEDBACK schematics & parts list. Unit has Proper Cassette Recording Levels Reduce Dis-
CIRCLE NO. 1 ON READER SERVICE CARD 5 sect. adj. filter, modulated & level controlled white noise, tortion and Noise Guide to Buying Your First
threshold det. $3 to John Hill, 1201 E. 117, Kansas City, Mo. Tape Recorder Plus a host of other informa-
EAVESDROPPING Countermeasure Equipment Catalog
64131. tive features. If the fast -forward world of tape
$1.00. SECURITY, Box 671, Westwood, New Jersey 07675.
FREE CATALOG. 200+ unique electronic projects. Bio- has you going around In circles, STOP, Order
CITIZENS BAND equipment discount prices. Free List. feedback, your copy now, only $1.50.
acupuncture, more! Cimarron Labs, 4183A
CRS Communications, 2271 Morris Avenue, New York,
Springfield St., Burton, Michigan 48509,
N.Y. 10453.
PROJECTS TEENAGERS ENJOY. New plans every month. ZIFF-DAVIS SERVICE DIVISION -Dept. W PE -1274
Send for complimentary copy. Electronic Projects UNIQUE 595 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10012
Newsletter. Box 1026E, Fremont, California 94538. CANADIAN Please send the following:
ELECTRONICS 1975 STEREO DIRECTORY & BUYING GUIDE,
KITS
TRANSISTOR and DIODE Tester displays operating curves CATALOGUE
on your oscilloscope. Schematic $1.00. All parts $7.00. $1.50
$1.00
Scherr, P. O. Box 4039, Petersburg, VA 23803. (refundable on 1st purchase( 1974 TAPE RECORDING & BUYING GUIDE,
$1.50
DESCR AMBLERS -Two Models, operates with all featuring
In U.S.A., add 35c per copy for postage and handling.
scanners and monitors. Free Brochure. Krystal Kits, P.O. S NC LAI R hi-fi modules and calculator
I
Box 445, Bentonville, Arkansas 72712. - kits. We will include the new 32 -page Outside U.S.A., copies are $2.50 each.
1101A RAM: $2.25; 1103 RAM: $3.00 2513, 2516: CHAR. Project 80 hi-fi module construction TOTAL ENCLOSED $
GEN: $12.75. ELECTRONIC DISCOUNT SALES, 138 N. manual.
81st St., Mesa, Arizona 85207. AMTRON electronic kits -over 100 types! - print name
Speaker kits and components
-
WE SELL MONEY MAKING CONSTRUCTION MANUALS!!!
Reclaim GOLD, SILVER for EXCELLENT full or part time
- American enquiries welcome! address
money!!! PLUS, we buy scrap gold & silver -
- -
ALSO, we
sell 99.999% pure SILVER BARS!!! GLaDST0f0-ELECTROIUCS city
cents -
Airmailed 50 cents
Color Catalog 25
Creative Products, Dept.
1736 AVENUE RD.,TORONTO,ONT.
t
PE -1274, 4913 Northridge NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico state zip
87111, M5M 3Y7. DEPT.PE-I2
.PAYMENT MUST BE ENCLOSED WITH ORDER. mo
114
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
BUILD your own Digital Electronic Clock/Calendar in 2
hours."Boeing 747 Readout" Hour Minute -- -
Second-
corresponding
TAPE AND RECORDERS MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Month/Day. Assembly divided steps
parts envelopes U, S. made Walnut -Cabinet. Details RENT 4 -Track open reel tapes -all major labels -3,000
30% DISCOUNT name brand musical instruments. Free
Free! Professional Merchandise Center, 220 Fifth Avenue, different- free brochure. Stereo-Parti, 55 St. James Drive,
New York, N.Y. 10001.
Catalog. Freeport Music, 455N, Route 110, Melville, N.Y.
Santa Rosa, Ca. 95401. 11746.
ELECTRONIC Yelping Siren for your Child's Toy. 1930-1962 Radio Programs. Reels, $1.00 Hour! Cassettes.
WHOLESALE! Professional Guitars, PA Systems, Altec
Fascinates Kids. Plans $1.00. Hadley Enterprises, Route 6, $2.00 Hour!... Mammoth Catalog, $1.25. AM Treasures,
Speakers, 240W RMS Amplifiers. Free Catalog, Garvin,
Box 512, Rogers, Arkansas 72756. Box 192F, Babylon, N.Y. 11702.
Escondido, Calif. 92028.
CONSTRUCTION PLANS. Digital tachometer, miniature CASSETTE -TAB Erase defeat. Record over recording
30% +DISCOUNT. Name Brand Musical Instruments. Free
transmitters, others. Send 25 cents for listing. MIKRONICS, $1.00. H. Hodges, Sholola, Penn. 18458.
Catalog. Continental Music, Dept. H. P.O. Box 3001,
P.O. Box 338, Dundee, III. 60118.
Garden City. New York 11530.
HIGH FIDELITY
CASSETTE LABELS
Plain while cassette be s. Norelco cassette cleaners. paper mailer bones bol Norelco.
Yoe plastic box. famous brand cassettes "Like nee'
end for open reel and cassette discount catalog
O 172'
1.9
metal or fiberglass reels.
10A9 100 1000 TREASURE FINDERS
assent Labels (Multiples of 101 02 015 01
DIAMOND NEEDLES and Stereo Cartridges at Discount orelco Cassette Cleaner .65 .60 .55 50
FAMILY FUN! OUTDOOR ADVENTURE! Find valuable
prices for Shure, Pickering, Stanton, Empire, Grado and assette Paper Master Boxes .03 .025 .02202
Cobbc Cassette SC9OHE. Buy 2. get ONE FREE 2.72 2.55 2.442.09 coins and treasure with world famous metal detectors. Free
ADC. Send for free catalog. LYLE CARTRIDGES, Dept. P, .50 50 .40 .35
10.1E2" Fiberglass Reels. Used illustrated booklet. Detectron, Dept. PE, Box 243, San
Box 69, Kensington Station, Brooklyn, New York 11218. Io112 Metal. NAB Hole. Used 1.00 I OO .90 .80
'lus Postage by Weight and Zone Minimum Order. 35.00 Gabriel, Calif. 91778.
SAVE 50%. Build your own speaker systems featuring No - ROAD,C20009
SAXITONE TAPE SALES WASHINGON, TREASURE FINDER locates buried gold, silver, coins,
elco, Eminence and CTS. Famous brands from world's lar- 1776
treasures. 5 powerful models. $19.95 up. Instant financing
gest speaker factories at lowest wholesale prices. Write for
free catalog of speakers and electronic accessories. OLD RADIO SHOWS on cassettes $1.50 per show. Free available. Free catalog. Dealer inquiries invited. Relco,
Catalog. Radio Classics, Box 804, Mattituck, NY 11952. Dept. A-33, Box 10839, Houston, Texas 77018.
McGee Radio Company, 1901 McGee Street, Kansas City,
Missouri 64108. C/MOS (DIODE CLAMPED)
P TEKTRONIX 321A TRANSISTOR SPECIALS
2N256 PNP GE TO -3 $ .50 lac o2 $ 55
PORTABLE ALL -TRANSISTORIZED 4l$1.00 74C 10 $ 60
2N404 PNP GE TO -5
LEON TO SPECTACULAR.4-CHANNEL SOUND! 3", 5MHz TRIGGERED SCOPES 2N1137B PNP GE TO -3 $ .95 74C 157
Expand your stereo to quadraphonic Hi-FL WITH 10'1 PROBE $495.00 2N1016Á NPN Si TO-82 ......$.1.95 74C 165 $3.50
Build the VISTA Full Logic "SQ" Decoder. 2N2226 NPN Si TO -82 $2.50 CD 4001
MINIATURE TRIM POTS 4Ió1.00 CD 4002
Latest CBS licensed circuitry using 3 IC's to provide Full Logic and Wave
5K, 10K, 25K, 50K, 100K, MPS3393 NPN Si TO -92
5 .75 CD 4009 $ 80
Matching.
3/52.00 2N3866 NPN Si TO -5
5.75 EA. 5161.00 CD 4010 $ 65
SQ-1 $37.50. Shipped prepaid USA & CANADA. 2N2369 NPN Si TO -18
Exclusively ours.
$ 55
Kit in
MULTI -TURN TRIM POTS 2N3767 NPN Si TO -66 6 .70 CD 4011

Send for information. CD 4012 $ 55
2N2222 NPN Si TO -18 5/51.00
PHOTOLUME CORPORATION Similar to Bourns 3010 style 3/16" x 54" $1.00 CD 4013 $1.20
2N3055 NPN Si T0-3
x 11A" 50, 100. 500, 2000, 5000, 10,000 $ .50 CD 4016 $1.25
118 East 28th Street, New York, N.Y. 10016 2N5296 NPN Si TO -220
ohms.$1.50 ea. 3/54.00 2N6109 PNP Si TO -220 $ .55 CD 4022 $2.25
2N4898 PNP Si TO -66 $ .60 CD 4023 $ 55
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD $ 55
MJ2252 NPN Si TO -66 $ .90 CD 4025
ARP Synthesizers -Low Prices. Dan Keen, Dept. X, 219 41/2"x61/2" single sided fiber 541.00 CD 4027 $1.35
19th Street, Avalon, N. J. 08202. glass board, 1/16" thick, un- 2N3638 PNP Si TO -5
4$1.00 CD 4030 $ 65
2N2218A NPN Si TO -5
etched $ 40 ea. 5/51.75 Full Wave Bridges
CAPACITORS MAN -1. RED OR YELLOW
WANTED LIGHT ACTIVATED SCR's, 6V 30 UF TANT. 5 $1 PRV 6A 25A
LED READOUT .S2.50 2A
T018, 200PRV lA $1.75 20V 4.7UF TANT. 5'51 200 .95 1.25 4.00
NIXIE TUBES 12V 1OUF ELECT. 5,51 MAN -3 READOUTS 51.75 400 1.15 1.50 5.00
QUICKSILVER, Platinum, Silver, Gold, Ores Analyzed. 50V 1000F ELECT 5.40 MAN -4 READOUTS 52.00 600 1.35 1.75
Similar to Raytheon 8650 6.00
Free Circular. Mercury Terminal, Norwood, Mass. 02062. 25V 30UF ELECT 47$1.00
tubes, with socket & data $4.75 5311 -CLOCK CHIP 6 DIGIT BCD
1103 1024 bit RAM
sheet $2.25 3/56.00
TUBES FPA-711 -
THESE PHOTO DIODE
ARRAYS ARE USED TO READ
NEC 6003 2048 bit RAM
1101 256 bit RAM
59.50
$1.75
8225 64 bit -write RAM $2.75
HOLD COUNT. OUTPUT
STROBE 57.75
5314-CLOCK CHIP 6 DIGIT HOLD
SEVEN LEVEL TAPE 100 ma 8223 -PROGRAMMABLE COUNT. OUTPUT STROBE S7.75
RADIO & T.V. Tubes -36 cents each. Send for tree SPACING $5.95 ROM $4.75 5316 -ALARM CLOCK CHIP 59.95
Catalog. Cornell, 4213 University, San Diego, Calif. 92105. FET $ 50
TIS 73 N 2513
RECEIVING & INDUSTRIAL TUBES, TRANSISTORS. All Conductive Elastometer law 64xCHARACTER
..8.1.50
Brands - -
Biggest Discounts. Technicians. Hobbyists.
Request FREE Giant Catalog and SAVE!
2N4891 UJT
ER900 TRIGGER DIODES 4/$1.00
2N6027 PROG. UJT $ 75
$ 50
profile calculator keyboard. A
21a" x 31/4" x 42" flex key.
2516-64s x8 STATIC
CHARACTER GEN $11.50
GEN
Experimenters 1950.6 keyboard having 0-9...

ZALYTRON, 469 Jericho Turnpike , Mineola, N.Y. 11501. VERIPAX PC BOARD x, -, K+C buttons with
,
SANKEN AUDIO POWER AMPS
This board is a 1/16" single of', on switch. 56.30 ...$ 7.95
TUBES receiving, factory boxed, low prices, free price list. Si 1010 Y 10 WATTS
sided paper epoxy board, ...518.88
Si 1025 E 25 WATTS
Transleteronic, Inc., 1306 40th Street, Brooklyn, N.Y. 442" x612" (standard veripax). TTL IC SERIES Si 1050 E 50 WATTS ...529.95
11218A, Telephone: 212-633-2800. DRILLED and ETCHED which
will hold up to 21 single 14 pin 74L00- .30 7476- .47
"Oldies", latest. Lists free. Steinmetz, 7519 7480- .65 LINEAR CIRCUITS
TUBES IC's or 8. 16 or LSI DIP IC's with 7400- .18
Maplewood, Hammond, Indiana 46324. busses for power supply con- 7401- .18 7483-1.10 LM 309K 5V lA REGULATOR 51.65
nections. Is also etched for 22 7402 .18 7485-1.30 723 -40 -40V REGULATOR S 58
TUBES 60% OFF LIST PRICE. McCord Electronics, Box pin connector $5.25 7403- .18 7486- .48 301/748 -Hi Per. Op. Amp S 35
276-T, Sylvania, Ohio 43560. 7404- .22 7489-2.75 LM 320 -5 or -15V REGULATOR -..51,75
FLV 100 VISIBLE LED $.50 7405- .22 7490- .75 LM 376 -V to 37V POS REG. S.58
S 35
ME -4 IR LED S 40 7406 .37 7491-1.30 741A or 741C OP. AMP.
MOVIE FILMS MCD-2 OPTO-ISOL S 90 7407- .37 7492- .75 709C OPER AMP 5 29
GREEN GAP OSL-16 LED S 60 7408- :24 7493- .75 3401-5, 12. 15. 18, 24V
$1.75
RED GAP OSL-3 LEO S 40 7410- .18 7495 .99 POS. REG. TO -220
8MM-SUPER 8-16MM MOVIES! Biggest Selection! Lowest 14 PIN DIP SOCKETS 5.40 7411- .30 7496 .95 101 OPER. AMP., HI PERFORM S 75
Prices! Free Catalog! Cinema Eight, Box PE, Chester, LM 308 OPER. AMP., LOW POWER .S1.05
t6 PIN DIP SOCKETS S.50 7412- .45 8220-1.50
74107- .50 747 -DUAL 741 5.75
Connecticut 06412. 10 WATT ZENERS 7413- .75
536-FET INPUT OPER. AMP. 52.60
3.9. 4.7 OR 5.6 V 5 75 EA 7416- .37 74121- .60 52.60
7417- .37 74123-1.00 537 -PRECISION OP. AMP.
.4 WATT ZENERS LM 3900-0UAD OP. AMP. 5.58
ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES & EQUIPMENT 3.9. 5.6. 6.8 OR 12 V. S 30 EA 7420- .18 74125-1.40
LM 324-QUAD 741 52 20
7426- .30 74126-1.40 52.60
Silicon Power Rectifiers 7427- .33 74150-1.15 560 -PHASE LOCK LOOP
PLATING Equipment, Portable Platers, Supplies and 561 -PHASE LOCK LOOP 52.60
PRV lA 3A 12A 50A 7430- .18 74151- .95 52.60
"Know -How." Build your own tanks for nickel, chrome. .30 7432- .30 74153-1.10 565 -PHASE LOCK LOOP
100 .06 .11 .80 S2.95
74154-1.65 567 -TONE DECODER
etc. Easy -to -install PVC liners., Rectifier components -all 200 .07 .16 .35 1.15 7437- .44
7438- .37 74157-1.25 703-RF-IF AMP S 55
sizes. Schematics, parts lists, formulas, operating 1.40
instructions for all plating. Guaranteed to save you 25%-
75%. Some good units for sale. Write for details. Platers
400
600
800
.09
.11
.15
.20
.35
25
.50
.70
.90
1.80
2.20
7440-
7441-1.05
7442-1.00
.21 74163-1.60
74164
7416$
2.05
2.05
555-2 as -
LM 370-AGC SOUELCH
1458 DUAL OP. AMP.

2 HR.
AMP
TIMER
51.15
S
5
98
88
Service Company, 1511 -PE Esperanza, Los Angeles, Calif. 000 20 .45 1.10 2.60 7445-1.10 74173-1.80 1456 OP AMP $ 95
90023.
7446-1.15 74177-1.80 LM 380-2W AUDIO AMP. $1.45
REGULATED MODULAR 7447-1.15 74181-3.60 LM 377-2W STERO AUDIO AMP.. .52.60
POWER SUPPLIES 7448-1.20 74192-1.50 LM 381 -STEREO PREAMP 51.75
7450 .18 74193-1.45 LM 382 -DUAL AUDIO PREAMP 51.75
GOVERNMENT SURPLUS +-15VDC AT 100 ma, 115VAC 7472- .40 74195-1.00 LM 311 -HI PER. COMPARATOR 5 95
INPUT $19,95 7473- .43 75324-1.75 LM 319 -DUAL HI SPEED COMP. 51.25
GOVERNMENT Surplus. How and Where to Buy in Your 5VDC AT 1A, 115VAC 7474- .43 75491-1.10 LM 339 -QUAD COMPARATOR $1.65
Area. Send $2.00. Surplus Information, Headquarters Bldg., " INPUT $19.95 7475- .75
Box 30177 -PE, Washington, D.C. 20014. TRIACS SCR'S
IN 4148 14/51.00 Similar to 8038C IC Voltage con-
ELECTRONIC Equipment and Parts. Big 36 page Free trolled oscillator. as featured in PRV 1A 10A 25A 1.5A 6A 35A
Terms: FOB Cambridge Oct. 73 P.E. they have sine, square 100 .40 .70 1.30 .40 .50 1.20
Catalog. Send for your copy today! Fair Radio Sales, Box 1.10 1.75 .60 .70 1.60
1105-P. Lima, Ohio 45802. Mass. Send check or Money and triangular outputs good to 200 .70
IMHz. Two of them can be used to 400 1.10 1.60 2.60 1.00 .20 2.20
MANUALS for Govt Surplus radios, test sets, scopes. List
Order. Include Postage. make an FM generator...$4.95 600 1.70 2.30 3.00 3.00
Minimum Order $3.00
50 cents (coin). Books, 7218 Roanne Drive, Washington, 145 HAMPSHIRE ST. Cambridge, Mass.
Send 20c for our catalog featuring Transistors and Rectifiers;
D.C. 20021.
i
OVER 95%
PERSONALS SOLID .STATE' SALESW a o
MAKE FRIENDS WORLDWIDE through international 1rOFEOURIORDERSTHE'P

` P.O. BOX 74A
SOMERVILLE,.MASS. 02143 TEL. (617) 547-4005
' a
,
DAY WE RECEIVE THEM

correspondence. Illustrated brochure free. Hermes, Berlin
11, Germany. I J
CIRCLE NO, 39 ON READER SERVICE CARD
DECEMBER 1974 115
INVENTIONS WANTED
CASH-ROYALTIES for patented, unpatented inventions.
ALTAJ ELECTRONIC BARGAINS Global Marketing Service, 2354-P Telegraph, Oakland,
MOS 4 DIGIT COUNTER IC

An ALTAJ exclusive. These are the
FACTORY NEW LED'S SALE! -
Jumbo Red -Like MV5024 - 8
California 94612.
INVENTORS: Protect your ideas! Free "Recommended
Procedure". Washington Inventors Service, 422T
latest, state of the art, MOS chips. By a for Washington Building, Washington, D.C. 20005.
-
$1
famous US mfg. Contains a complete 4 Jumbo Green -Like MV5222 5 FREE PAMPHLET: "Tips on Safeguarding Your Invention."
digit counter, including 4 decade coun- for $1 Write: United States Inventors Service Company, 708-T
ters, latches, multiplexing circuits, dis-
play decoders, etc. Features: 5 VDC
Mini Red -Like MV50 -
10 for
Carry Building, Washington, D.C. 20005.
FILE your own patent application. Complete information
tvit
$1
operation, 25 MW power consumption, and materials. Write: Inventor's Guide, 468-R, Goodspeed
both 7 segment and BCD outputs. CALCULATOR CHIP BONANZA! Road, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23451.
THREE VERSIONS TO CHOOSE FROM
Perfect for making DVM's, frequency
meters, tachometers, stopwatches, or Never before offered in USA. These are the
any other device requiring 4 or more newest and easiest to use chips available to
digits. Complete with specs. 28 PIN the hobbyist today. Features: direct segment
DIP. OTY Limited.
Special -$12.50
drive for LED's, low power consumption,
single supply voltage, internal encoding of
keyboard inputs, internal keyboard debounce, ,.:: Manufacturers Need
PRIME TTL DIP IC's internal clock oscillator. Made by famous US
7400-16c 7448-85c 74157-1.19 mfg. No one but ALTAJ offers calculator - New Products
7402-16c 7473-39c 74161-1.15 chips with these sophisticated functions. All If you have an idea for a new product, or a way to
are 28 Pin DIP. with specs. FLOATING DEC. make an old product better, contact us, "the idea
7404-16c 7474-38c 74164-1.29
7406-24c 7475-69c 74165-1.50
- I people." We'll develop your idea, introduce it to
industry, negotiate for cash sale or licensing.
7408-16c
7410-16c
7476-42c
7483-88c
74174-1.75 CHIP #1 8 DIGIT READOUT, CONSTANT,
74175-$1.50 SIX FUNCTION (+, -, x, - %,'r) - $7.95,

Send for our FREE "Invention Kit." It has a
special "Invention Record Form," an important
IIbrochure, "Your Invention -Its
Development, Pro-
I
7413-49c 7490-75c 74181-$2.95 CHIP #2 -8
7420-16c
7430-16c
7492-85c
7493-85c 74193-$1.25
DIGIT READOUT, MEMORY, SIX
74192-$1.25 FUNCTION (+, -, x, =,r-.'ir) $8.95 -
tection & Marketing," and a Directory of 500
Corporations Seeking New Products. You'll learn
how ideas become a reality!
I
7437-39c
7438-39c
74121-38c
74123-75c
74195-95c CHIP #3 -
8 DIGIT READOUT, MEMORY,
74197-$1.25 SIX FUNCTION (+, -, x, +, %, 1/x) - $8.95 the
RAYMOND LEE ORGANIZATION I
230 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017
7440-16c 74150-70c idea
7442-69c
7445-69c
75151-75c 3 DIGIT LED READOUTS
Perfect for use with our calculator chips. 3
People,, I'd like to find out how to take action on my
idea. Send Free "Invention Kit No.A-112" I
7447-85c
74153-95c
74154-95c MAN -3 Readouts in one DIP. Properly multi- I Name Please Print
RCA STYLE - CMOS IC's

CD4012-44c
plexed. New prime units. Like Litronix DL -33.
$1.25 ea. 3 for $2.95 Address
1
CD4001-44c DIGITAL ALARM CLOCK 'IC City State Zip
CD4002-44c CD4013-89c Through a special arrangement with SAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES TORONTO VANCOUVER' DENVER CNICACf1
CD4009-75c CD4017-$1.95 a famous U.S. MFG. we can offer
CD4011-44c these MOS chips. This is the newest BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
NI -CAD BATTERY SPECIAL and easiest to use alarm chip on the MADE $40,000.00 Year by Mailorder! Helped others make
I
Two cell battery packs. 2.75 V. capac- market today. Features: 1. Single money! Free Proof. Torrey, Box 318 -NN, Ypsilanti,
ity is 250 MA HRS. Two of these make a supply voltage Michigan 48197.
great power pack for TTL. Special 95c 2. Led intensity control FREE CATALOGS. Repair air conditioning, refrigeration.
3. Simple time set Tools, supplies, full instructions. Doolin, 2016 Canton,
CALCULATOR KEYBOARD 4. 4 or 6 digit led display
Dallas, Texas 75201.
SWITCH KIT 5. AM -PM indication MAILORDER MILLIONAIRE helps beginners make $500
Kit of 16 brand new switches with tops. 6. 24 hr alarm with 10 min.
weekly. Free report reveals secret plant Executive (1K12),
Each switch has a smooth, quiet, key 333 North Michigan, Chicago 60601.
snooze PIANO TUNING LEARNED QUICKLY AT HOME!
travel. Internally
the switches consist of 7. Outperforms MM5316
a magnet. and
contact bounce.
read switch for low
Kit has 0-9 CL, decimal
COMPARE THIS PRICE
WITH SPEC. SHEETS
-
$7.95 ea.
Tremendous field! Musical knowledge unnecessary. GI
approved. Information free. Empire School, Box 450327,
Miami 33145.
point, and four functions, perfect for FREE Secret Book "2042 Unique Proven Enterprises."
COMPLETE SET -
use with our caluclator chips.
$3.95
JUMBO LED READOUT
.65 in. character. Twice the size of regular
readouts. Like Litronix DL747. Outperforms
Fabulous "Little Knowns." Work home! Haylings-BH,
Carlsbad, California 92008.
$200.00 DAILY In Your Mailbox! Your opportunity to do
MAN -3 LED READOUTS SLA-3. Easy to read. Draws only 20 MA per what mail-order experts do. Free details. Associates, Box
Brand new. Common cathode. .12 in. segment. Perfect for giant digital clocks. 136-J, Holland, Michigan 49423.
character. Prime factory fresh units. $2.95 ea.
$178.00 WEEKLY. Work one hour daily. Free brochure.
Best Price in USA!
REGULATED DC POWER SUPPLY FAS, Box 13703-A, San Antonio TX, 78213.
49c ea. (10 FOR $3.95) Brand new mfg. by WANLASS. Open Style.
DC Output 17 to 30 V. Rated 60 watts. Our
MIA%
COLOR ORGAN CONTROL MODULE
Completely self-contained. Has SCR
tests show these units will put out 12 VDC by
changing one resistor. Wanlass #OEM60-3.
WafIV CITIZENS BAND
circuitry, AC line cord, etc. From a Original cost $57.50. In "original factory
i close out by a mfg. of color organs.
New, unused.
boxes, with specs and schematic. Special
$19.95
- DEALER -DISTRIBUTORS
Send this Ad to:
$3.95 ea. (3 FOR $9) OPCOA SLA-1.LED READOUT PAL ELECTRONICS CO.
.33 in. Character. Left DEC. point. Box 778
SOLID STATE MEMORY ARRAY P. O. Westminster, Ca. 92683
Uses 7447 driver. Easier to read than
Brand new, MFG. by Monolithic
MAN -1 types. Factory prime units EARN $15,000 annually Full year trial plan Import-
Systems Corp. Consists of 16-1101 plus.
$1.19 ea. Mailorder business. Postcard brings details: Northeast
, (256 Bit Ram) and associated drive
circuits. Drive circuits include 24 LM 309K - 95c
1 AMP 5VDC TO -3 Voltage regulator new
Imports, Box 121PE12, Fremont, N.H. 03044.
HOW TO SELL BOOKS BY MAIL. FREE INFORMATION.
assorted 7400 series devices and McCord, Box 276-D, SYLVANIA, OHIO 43560.
by national. Prime units.
various transistors, diodes, etc. $1 ,000 MONTH Mailorder. Send Stamp. Fiddes, Box 1242F,
Array is mounted on two stacked 6 x ALTAJ ELECTRONICS Glen Burnie, MD 21061.
8 in. PC boards. Original cost $300 P.O. BOX 38544
OPPORTUNITY PACKAGE! Three amazing business plans.
ea. With schematic. These are DALLAS, TEXAS 75238 Free details; Gray Bros., 4830 So. 137 St., Suite 72U-12,
recommended for experienced TERMS: Check or M.O. No COD. Omaha, Nebraska 68137.
hobbyists only. Limited quantity
$29.95 ea.
- Add 10% for PSTG and HDLG. Tex.
Res. Add 5%
$60 HOURLY POSSIBLE. Free Brochure shows how. Write
Creative, Dept. PE, 160 So. Robertson, Beverly Hills, CA
90211.
$50,000 YEARLY -Amazing plan reveals mallorder
i methods! $3.00-A.R. Mis, 730 Hicks Road, No. 816E,
Palatine, Illinois 60067.
116
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
60 -WATT STEREO
AMPLIFIER
All Send Stab, Printed Clrcultry
q95 First1 BUY ANY 10 IC'S BUY 100
Slide Rub Dot gm FROM THIS AD
All Purpose, All Family System!
Features: 4 -speaker system, built-in
antenna, record player jacks on separate panel.
FM
Time TAKE 15% TAKE 25%
Another external panel consists of provisions for ex-
ternal FM and AM antenna, "satellite" speakers to
Ñ
-' provide 4 -speaker ground, jacks for connecting a tape
recorder to radio tuner or phono of systems to record. Inflation -Fi
ECONOMY I PRICES
kI
4 Lower input. for connecting tape deck that will play
back thru the internal amplifier for systems. AC jack for
phono power connection. RED. GREEN and CLEAR in-
dicators for Phono, AM. and FM respectively. Includes
red indicator on front panel for STEREO indicator. Type Sal Order by type number! Spec .Meets on request
Has separate input to plug into mike, guitar and other "ONLY" Factory Marked
507400 5.19 507430 I-- d/
musical instruments m well as another jack for plug- 607401 .24 507472 .42 SN74107
ging in a pair of stereo headphones. 507432 ..28 SN7473 .52 .49 SN74161 1.59
V
SN7402 24 5117437 .45 S1474108 .95 5074163 1.75
Has'controls on front panel PHONO- 507403 .19 507474 .39 5074112 .95
607438 .49 507475 .91 SN74164 2.85
STF,REO-AM-FM. MONO, FM STEREO, GUITAR, TAPE. S,N7404 .27 5074113
I
507440 .19 507478 .52 .95 SN74165 2.85

MIKE master control switch. LOUDNESS, BALANCE, SN7405 .24 SN7441 SN74114 .95 SN74166
° TREBLE. BASS controls, with power ON -OFF rocker
switch, and AFC ON -OFF. Designed for allaudio-philes AM -FM - 507406
SN7407
.79 507442
1.00 5147478
SN7480
.79
.59
5074121 .49 o SN74173 1.85
1.85
.48 507443 1.00 5074122 .55 o 5074174 2.25
MULTIPLEX 507481
to l5 well unit in DEN or FAMILY ROOM, or con-
I
trol unit by easy choir in family room, or for those

who wish to design their own console or modular sys-
tem. With 6 ft. 115 VAC cord and plug. Only 13 x
, 7 x :it/ " deep. No escutcheon, but we include template
AMPLIFIER
WITH
- SN7408
507409
S07410
SN7411
507412
.27
.27
;19
.31
.53
SN7444
SN7445
507448
507447
1.00
1.00
1.10
1.10
0
SN7482
507483
507485
5117488
1.25
.99
1.19
2.50
.49
5074123
5074125
5074126
SN74139
1.09
.65
.89
1.25
5074175 1.99
5074176 1.25
SN74177 1.25
51474180
5074140 2.50 0 5074181 1.10
for one, plus diagram, Shpg. wt. 3 lbs. With knobs. ESCUTCHEON 507413 SN744b 1.45 507489 2.95 3.95
.89 Di 507450 .27 S1174141 1.19 5074182 1.05
507414 2.25 507451 507490 1.81 5074145 1.19 5074185
SN7415 .45 .28 SN7491 1.35 5074148 2.95 O S074187 2.34
4 WATT GUITAR AMP SOLI ATE SN7416
507417
.45
.50
SN7453
SN7454
507455
28
.39
507492
S07493
.99
.99
SN74150 1.19 0 5074192 2.34
5074151 .99 1.59
5074193 1.59
.28
la
With Tremolo $7.95 AMPEREX SN7420
SN7421
.22
.50
SN7460
SN7461
.28
507494
507495
1.05
.99
5074153 1.39
5074154 1.69 5074194 1.89
5074195
Musical instrument amplifier at low, low price! Peak SN7422 .29 .26 .5147496 .99 5074155 1.29 1.10
SN7462 .39 5074100 S1474198 1.20
power output 10 watts. Two input circuits are equal- 507423 .32 607464 .39 1.55 5074156 1.45 5074197 1.10
ized for normal or solo guitar. The four controls are 507425 .35 511741041.25 SN74157 1.43 5074198 2.45
VOLUME, TONE. TREMOLO INTENSITY and TREMOLO SN7426 SN7465 .39 5074105 .95 SN74158 1.45
.31 SN7470 5074199 2.45
SPEED. 'There are terminals on board for normally open SN7427 .35 507471
.49
,55
0 SN74106 .95 5074160 1.85 SN74200 7.50
foot switch connection. Supply voltage 18vdc. Output
to 8 ohm hi -quality speaks Input Impedance 33,000
ohms. Current drain 20 miss. External power supply
required. Wt. 1 lb. With instructions, hookup and
diagrams. Size 8 a 2s/e x 3. NEVER BEFORE OFFERED! Digital counting module
JUMBO kit using the big "M" Monsanto MAN-6 "ALL LED"
readout. Same electrical specs as the MAN-1. Mea-
0.6" sures 1 x Vs x Vs" encapsulated in red epoxy lens.
60 -WATT STEREO MITT Outperforms all reflective bar types, MORE BRIL-
LIANT! Made for distance and wide-angle viewing. Fits
HIGH FIDELITY. Wall "Slim -Line" Type!
DIGIT into standard 14 pin DIP socket. Kit includes MAN -6,
Tape, Record Player, PA right angle IC socket, edge connector, pc board, as-
AMPLIFIER 8 Musical Instruments!
hi-fi-ers. PA men, DCM sorted resistors and capacitors, SN7475, SN7447,
SN7490, Molex sockets and booklet.
The most amazing audio offer for the
and an ideal unit for the family den, or any room in the O Same as above except uses MAN -64, 0.4 ALL LED
house, office, etc. Comes complete with hookup. es- readout MAN -1 characteristics Only $8.88
cutcheon, and knobs. 5 separate controls: LOUDNESS.
BALANCE, TREBLE. BASS. circuits switch for PIIONO,
$9.99
TUNER. TAPE. MIKE, AUX. 3 switches for SCRATCH
FILTER. RUMBLE FILTER. and POWER "ON -OFF" with NATIONAL LINEAR OP AMP'
built-in lite. 4 -output transistors, each 30 watts. Sepa- (A) TO -5, Dip or mini Dip
rate accessory- mounting panel for 4 speaker attach- SCRS! TRIACS: PRV Sale LM -300 POS V.R. (super 723) TO -5 .. $ 81
ment, mike and musical instrument jack, tape, tuner. QUADRACS! so f LM -301 Hi -performance op amp (A) .39 °...
0
O $ 75 O LM -302 Voltage follower 70-5 81
d power jacks. 6 -It, cord set for 115VAC, 60 cycles. loo .95
Measures only 13 7 a :1". Wt. 3 lbs. With attractive
multi -color escutcheon. Made by leading US maker.
20-20,000 Cycles Reap 4 -Channel SeAr. Systems)
10 -Amp Power
Tab Plastic Units 30
O 200
400
1.25
1.50
1.98
LM -304 nag. Volt. Reg.. TO -5
LJ LM -305 Pos. Voltage Reg. TO -5
LM -307 Super 741 op amp (A)
145
95
39
1 09
O 500 2.25 LM -308 HI -t) fat type op amp TO -5 .
O 600 LM -309H 5V Volt -Regulator TO -5 1 05
7 -SEGMENT LED Readouts 2.50

I_ VI -309K 5V Volt. -Reg. 1 Amp TO -3 .
LM -310 Voltage -Follower TO -5
1 65
1 25
(All "LED" TYPES)

Char. Each Special
MAN'S
LINEAR
.croa.
O p rAms :ry tp
LM -311 Hi -pert. Volt. Comp- (A)
U LM -318 Prec. HI -Speed DIP
LM -319 HI-spºeo oust Comp. DIY
1 09
1.95
1.50
Type art LM -320 MINUS 5, 12 or 24V V.R. TO -3 1.50 ¡
MAN -1 .27 $3.75 3 for $9. LM -322 Pree. Timer 1.75 .
MAN3 .12 1.49 3 for $3. BRAND NEW LOWEST PRICES (A) TO -5 or DIP LM -324 Quad (4-741's in DIP) 2 19
MAN -4 .19 2.50 3 for $6. LM -339 Quad Comparator. DIP .. 1.75
531 HI slaw rate op -amp. (70-5)....$2.90 LM -340 Pos. V.R. T03 -1 -Amp 5, 6, 12,
.
REFLECTIVE BAR TYPES 0 532 Micro power 741 (70.5) 2.50 15, 18, 24V ..2.95
533 Micro power 709 (70.5) ' 2 SO
LM341T 5V, 6V, 8V, 12V, 15V,
le536 FET Input op amp (70.5) 2.95 18V, 24V 1.75
SLA1 .33 2.10 3 for $5.
"By OPcon, qual to 555 Timer 2 u Seconds to 1 -hr. (A) 1.25 LM -350 Dual Peripheral Dilvar DIP 69
SLA3 '.70 4.95 3 for 513.,
for SA. MAN -1 or MAN -4 specs. Color - RED 556 5 Times faster than 741C 2.10
LM -370 AGC Squelch op amp. TO -5 1.5b ,
SLA-11 .331. 2.50 3
558 Dual 741 (DIP) 1.00 I
(l LM -371 1 25
5LA21 .3311 2,50 3 for $6. i'Green. Lt yellow 560 Phase lock loops (DIP) 2.95
2.95
M -F, I -F, op
U LM -373 Am -FM 55B I.A.D, TO=5
e
3 50
,
Sale 561 Phase lock loops (DIP) 3 50

M'ar's Type Watts 562 Phase lock loops (DIP) 2 95 LM -374 AM -FM SS IVAD TO -5
SANKEN HYBRIDAMPS psi-iolosi
AUDIO POWER s1 -fo DE
is
10 In
Sl é:éé
tu, -
565 Phase lock loops (Al .
see Function generator (70-5)
..
2.95
2.95 I
Ll 1M-376 Pos. V. Reg.
LM -377 Duel
LM -380 600mw
2-watt audio
Lre-380,
amp
mini
.
DIP ..
,55
2,69
1.69 s
567 Tone decoder (A) LM -381 Low noise dual pre amp DIP ... 1.69
tapedecks, FM 2.95
Used extensively In hi -fl systems, 7024 'HI -grain. DC amp (TO -5) .49
stereo components, musicaldinstru- O 704 TV sound IF' system 1.50 LM -382 Low noise dual pro amp DIP 1,,9 . .
era, record players,

All amplifier., Cl LM -703 RF-Ii amp. TO -5 59
ments, P.0,00 Each u with
properly bent Winked, 711C Dual cliff. comp (A) 33 CI LM -703W RF-IF, op amp, mini DIP 51
ha toy 100, tie lug connections. Single - O 723C Voltage regulator (A) .69 LM -709 Operational amplifier (A) .:
connecting 741CV Freq- comp 709 (Mint DIP)
ower ~ply required
heavy -duty ) q 24VDC. .44 LM -710 Differential amplifier (A) 45
Output to h8
output.pull
ohms Order by Stock r O 748C Freq. ad(. 741C (Al
753 Gain Block
44
1.75 LM -711 Dual Differential Amp (A) ....
69
1.98 El 1M-723Voltage Regulator (A)
739-739 Dual stereo praamp LM -725 Instrument Op Amp 69 '
741.741 Dual 741C (TO -5) .89 LM -733 Differential Video
CLOCK CHIPS as Low as POLY PASS U ULN2300M Op amp with SCR 5 00 175
LM -741 Freq- Comp. 709 (Al
ON A "DIP" $7.77 BLUE RIBBON
CA3065 Video Audio system
RC4195 Duel 15V Tracking V.R.
1.00
2.50
LM-741CV Mini DIP 741C
CI LM-747Dual 741 (Al ... ....... 41
9
MM5311 6 -digit 28 -Pin
MM5312 4 -digit 24 -Pin U4136 Quad 741's (DIP) 2.50 O LM -748 Freq. adjustable 741C (A) .... .41
] MM5313 6 -digit 28 -Pin
MM5314 6 -digit 24 -Pin
PoffCy RC -2556 Duet 553'.
TVR-2000 Super 723, TO -5
2.25
1.00
SLM -1303 Stereo ore amp DIP
LM -1304 FM Stereo Multiplexer
91
1 25
L.61-1307 FM Multi. Stereo Yem. DIP ..
CLUDES 91
MM5316 4 -digit 40 -Pin,
MM5316-A no alarm LM1800 Phase L. Loop w/FM demodul 3 50
WITH DATA SHEETS 35 WATT AUDIO $3.98. LM -1458 Dual 741's mlni DIPs, TO-5 .
LM -1496 Modulator, Demodulator
.63
1.00 ....
20 -Years of Business AMPLIFIER BASIC 2 for Si U LM -3028 Differential Rr/te amp 1 50
_, BRAND NEW LOWEST PRICES
GENERAL ELECTRIC 3 -WATT $2.50
INTEGRITY
20 -Years of Money -Back ób For Class AB use. Basic includes: Signette
540 30 transistor high power driver TO -5
"IC', with pair of complimentary 35-
LM -3900 Quad "current mirror" amp
LM -4250C Programable op amp
.95
,2 50,
44
AUDIO AMP 3 FOR ss.00 GUARANTEES
a O LM -75451 Dual peripheral driver
watt plastic transistors, i.e. 2N5296 npn Cl LM -75453 Dual peripheral driver 44
Delivers 3.5 watts continuous. 10 Watts peak, With l0 -Years of Economy? and 206109 par. With schematics, printed 45
heat sinks: micro -mini size: s/ xt/zxt/z". 9 to 30V sup- circuit and parts board layouts. IN- 75491 Ouad wg. arlvar, LED (DIP) 1 ,
ply. High sensitivity. 8 to 16 ohms. LOWEST PRICES! LM -75492 Res digit driver, 250ma, DIP.1 55,
6-8-12 DIGIT $16.95 48 -HR. SERVICE CT5002 9 -Volt version of 5001 7,77
8.88
3 for $21.
for $24.
° Your choir. LOWEST PRICES CT5005 12 -Digits, 28 -Pin
with 3 -function memory,
3
ON NATIONAL MM5725 8 -Digits, 4-Funct. LED 4.95 3 for $12.
gffiIl@mIlsaop E E3g3W3
BASIC KIT $1 -
Includes case, all -function Flex Key
Keyboard, Cal Tech CT6002 calculator chip, 9 -digit
Antes LED display with built -on individual magnifiers,
'CALCULATOR CHIPS' MM5736 6 -Digits, 28 -Pin, 9V 4.95
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
SOCKETS
3 for $12.
NEW!
plus sheets.
BASIC KIT p2 -
same as Basic $1 except calculatoi NATIONAL
14 -Pin, DIP ....S.45
pi 14 -Pin. 51de Mount 1.00
...
BASIC KIT $3 -
chip is National 8 -digit MM5725.
same as Basic $1 except calculator LM -340T VR's Buy Ane 3
016 -Pin. DIP
T0.5. 8 or 10 -Pins. .29
.50
a Plc, (Mini DIP). .39
...69e
12 DIGIT BASIC $4 -
chip is National 6 -digit MM5'736 and 75492.
Key parts include: CT5001
chip, 4-3 digit readouts, factory etched PC board, case,
carrying case, 2 -resistor networks, decimal switch.
TO -220 Case 1 Amp
9 POSITIVE VOLTAGE
T YP Volts
Take 107
Discount:
14 -Pin, Wire Wrap
16 -Pin. Wire Wrap
Terms: add pO.lage Rated: net :10
.
Phone Orders: Wakefield. Mass. (617) 245-3829,

89c
LM -340- O5T Retail: 16.18 Del Carmine St., Wakefield, Mass.

Wild Rover Keyboard with ON -OFF switch diagrams. LM -34 O - 06T
5 v - Your Choirs
Sale $24.95
12 DIGIT BASIC "MEMORY" with KIT $5 -
Key parts
"slight touch key-
LM -340-087
$1.75 each
LM-34uy
LM -34 -
6 v af.
8 v
LM -340-127 12 v
(o8 Water Street) C.O.D.'S MAY BE PHONED
-
20c CATALOG on Fiber Optics, 'ICs', Semi's, Parts
MINIMUM ORDER $4.00
for 4 -memory calculator. Casa
board", CT5005 memory chip, 6 MAN 3's, ON -OFF
switch, book,
boards)-. $19.95
(extend key allows 12 digits), pc
O 18 7 18 y
LM -340-247 24 v
B Any 3
Take 10 T9 POLY PAKS
P.O. BOX.942E, LYNNFIELD,MASS. 01940
`t

DECEMBER 1974 117 '
E
1
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING OR DER FORM
2 3 4 5
I
I
F.C.C.17-
EXAM
`MANUAL.
PASS FCC EXAMS! Memorize, rtudy--Tub
6 7 8 9 10 I A,wwrí' Ion FCC 10 and 2nd class Redid
Telephone Ik.ntea Newly rutted muitinl.
ows qU.n ne and diagram. cover
chows cover all areas taaae,ri,
11 12 13 -- in FCC uams pit. 'Sel4Study Abilitym
14
r
I
Tan:" 59.96 posaiorr

Tte' d M yb.ck Gu.nue. ,q,
li[,,r,
16 17 18 19 20
I
COMMAND PRODUCTIONS' P.O. BOX
litio Dlpllueot onipeo, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF.
26348-P
94126
21 22 23 24 25
I DEGREE Program in Electronics Engineering. Our 29th
26 27 28 I Year! Free literature. Cook's Institute, Dept. 13, Box 20345,
29 30
Jackson, Miss. 39209.
31 32 33 34 35 LEARN ELECTRONICS at home. FCC license, Communi-
Words @'$ 1.00 (Reader Rate) cations Electronics, Satellite Communications. Free
@ $ 1.60 (Commercial Rate) S Catalog. Genn Tech, 5540 Hollywood BV., Los Angeles,
Insert time(s) Total Enclosed CA 90028.
S
FREE SUBSCRIPTION! Newsletter reviews worldwide
NAME electronics book releases. Technical Documentation, Box
340E, Centreville, VA 22020.
ADDRESS
FCC FIRSTPHONE-4 Tests, Formulas, Aids. Guaranteed!
$10. Engineer, DWR 570, Mars, PA 16046.
CITY STATE ZIP
WRITE BETTER PROPOSALS, reports, letters. Take
Signature "Basic Clear Writing for Technical People" correspon-
WORD COUNT: Include name and address. Name of city (Des Moines) or of dence course. Information Free. Communications Work-
state (New York) counts as one word each. Zip Code
numbers not counted. (Publisher reserves right to omit Zip ' shop, Suite 21, 7318 Lugary, Houston, Texas 77036.
Code if space does not permit.) Count each abbreviation, initial, single
figure or group of figures or letters as a word. Symbols such as 35mm,
COD, PO, AC, etc., count as one word. Hyphenated words
count as two words.
P E-1 274
MAGAZINES
INSTRUCTION LOGIC MICRO/MINI-
COMPUTER NEWS
LEARN ELECTRONIC ORGAN SERVICING at home all
makes including transistor. Experimental kit -trouble-
shooting. Accredited NHSC, Free Booklet. NILES BRYANT
LOGIC f. CRAFT AUDIO
isn't a lost art. Readers of the
SCHOOL, 3631 Stockton, Dept. A, Sacramento, Calif.
95820. NEWSLETTER
SAMPLE COPY
° $ 1 .00
Audio Amateur magazine are cus-
tomizing and scratch building their
LEARN WHILE ASLEEP, Hypnotize! Strange catalog free.
Auto -suggestion, Box 24-ZD, Olympia, Washington 98501.
LOGIC NEWSLETTER equipment with gusto and great re-
P08 252
sults. Free prospectus tells all.
DEGREE IN ELECTRONICS through correspondence. Free
catalog. Grantham, 2000 Stoner Avenue, Los Angeles,
Calitornta 90025.
WALDWICK, N.J. 07463
SCORE high on F.C.C. Exams...Over 300 questions and
answers. Covers 3rd, 2nd, 1st and even Radar. Third and
\ Box 30P Swarthmore PA 19081
,
INTENSIVE 5 week course for Broadcast Engineers. F.C.C. Second Test, $14.50; First Class Test, $15.00. All tests,
First Class license. Radio Engineering Incorporated, 61 N. $26.50. R.E.I., Inc., Box 806, Sarasota, Fla. 33577. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Pineapple Ave., Sarasota, Florida 33577.
SHORTCUTS To Success! Highly Effective, Profitable
FCC LICENSE through tape recorded lessons. Also Radar Short Courses (75 Choices). Study At Home. Diploma ELECTRONICS/AVIONICS EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUN-
Endorsement. Radio License Training, 1060D Duncan, ITIES. Report on jobs now open. Details FREE. Aviation
Awarded. Our 29th Year. Free Literature. CIEE-D, Box
Manhattan Beach, Calif. 90266. 20345, Jackson, Miss. 39209. Employment Information Service, Box 240, Northport, New
York 11768.
7400 $ .18
7401 .23 TTL 74182
74184
1.00
2.30 Christmas SPECIALS LM300
LM301 H/N
LINEAR $ .85
/ 1.00
7402 .23 7475 .90 74185 2.30
7403 .23 7476 .47
LM302H Voltage Follower .85
74187 7.00 LM304H Negative Volt Reg 1.10
7404 .25 7480 .50 74190 1.50 Digital LCD Watch
7405 .24 LM305H Positive Volt Reg 1.00
7482 1.75 74191 1.50 Liquid Crystal Dispal' LM307H/N Op Amp (Super 741) .40
7406 .50 7483 1.15 74192 1.50 Constant on -Shock Proof LM308H/N Micro Power Op Amp 1.15
7407 .50 7485 1.10 74193 1.50 uses Field effect display LM309K 5 Volt Regulator/Amp 1.25
7408 .25 7486 .47 74194 1.50 Accuracy to 1 Minute -a -Year, LM31OH Improved VoltFollwer 1.35
7409 .25 7488 4.00 74195 1.05 LM311H/N Hi -perform Volt.Comp. 1.15
7410 .23 7489 3.00 74196 1.25 5 Year Warranty $149.95ea
7411 .30 7490 LM318N Hi -Speed Op Amp 2.00
.89 74197 1.05 Unassembled Kit 99.95ea LM320K To 3 Neg. Regulator 1.75
7412 .40 7491 1.15 74198 2.25 California Res. Add 6% Tax LM324N Quad 741 Op Amp 1.90
7413
7416
.89
.45
7492
7493
.95
.95
74199 2.75 US ~ ÁUE CALCULATORS LM339 Quad Comparator 2.35
74200 7.00 LM34OK Positive Volt Regulator 2.00
7417 .45 7494 5m8-4 Function 9V $29.95
7418
7420
.25
.23
7495
7496
:95
.95
CMOS
$ .55
CD4001
6Month Warr. Red Led ea
LM37ON
LM373N
A 6 C - Squelch Amp
AM/FM $$ B Strip
1.55
3.30
7421 .27 74100
SL8M-4 Function Memory $53.00 LM380N 2 Watt Audio Power Amp 1.25
1.50 CD4002 ' -55 %-Add on Disc, -Tilt Lens ea LM555N Timer .75
7423 .32 74107 .47 CD4007 1.25
7425 .27 74121 .55 CD4009 1.40 5m-20-5 Function Memory $39.95 LM565-LM566-LM567 Phase L.L. 2.50ea
7426 .31 74122 Constant-9V-1 Yr.W. LM703H RF/IF Amp .45
.47 CD4010 .60 ea
LM709H/N Op Amp .29
7427 .32 74123 1.05 CD4011 .55 TIME -Temp Display LM723H/N Voltage Regulator .55
7429
7430
.40 74125
.33 74126
.60
.80
CD4012
CD4013
.55
1.50
¡-.t2 ------ 6 digit LED Display LM741H/N Comp. Op Amp 3/1.00
l;% Liquid Crystal Temp. Display LM747H/N Dual Compen.Op Amp .90
7432 .26 74141 1.15 CD4016 1.40 115 Volt -1 Yr. Warr. $39.95 LM748N Freq. Adj. 741 .40
7437 .45 74145 1.15 CD4017 2.75
7438 .50 74150 .95 CD4019 1.25 -Kit from $29.95 LM1310P Stereo Demodulator 4.10
7439 IC sockets Sh-ft Registrars LM1458N Dual Comp. Op Amp .65
.50 74151 1.20 CD4020 1.50 LM1556N 5 Times Faster 741 1.85
7440 .23 74153 1.50 CD4023 .55 8 in DI L .22 LM500H-dua 25 bit DSR
7441 1.10 74154 1.25 CD4025 14 pin DIL .26 LM503H-dua 50 bit DSR $2.00 2.00 LM2307P Current Controlled 05 Cil. 3.15
.55 16 pin DIL .29 LM3065NT.V.-FM Sound System
7442 1.05 74155 1.30 CD4027 1.25 LM504H-dua 16 bit SSR 4.00 .75
24 pin DIL .75 LM506H-dua 100 bit DSR 2.00 LM3900N Quad Amp .65
7443 1.10 74156 1.30 CD4030 .60 28 pin DIL 1.10 LM507H-dua 100 bit DSR 2.00 LM3905N
7444 1.15 74157 1.55
7445 1.10 74160 1.65
MC3022
74C00
2.00
.45
36 pin DIL 1.70 LM5016H -
512 bit DSR
40 pin DIL 1.90 MM5230-2048 bit R.O.Mem 2.00 5.00
Precision Timer
LM7522 Core Memory Sense Amp. 2.50
.65
7446 1.25 74161 1.65 74C04 Satisfaction Guaranteed. All Items 100% Tested LM7524 Core Memory Sense Amp. 1.50
.70
7447 1.25 74163 2.50
7448 1.25 74164 2.50
74C20 .65 - -
$5.00 Min. Order 1st Class Mail No Charge
California Residents Add 6% Sales Tax
- LM7535 Core
LM75451 Dual
Memory Sense Amp. 1.00
Peripheral Driver .49
74C173 2.60
7450
7451
.25 74165
.27 74166
2.50
1.75 Write for FREE Catalog
- -
Wholesale Outlets Write for Special Discounts
Data Sheets .20E each
LM75452 Dual
LM75453 Dual
Peripheral Driver
(LM351)
.49
.65
7453 .27 74170 3.00 PROJECTS LEDS 8000 Series
7454 .40 74173 1.75
7459 .25 74174 1.85 8263 $ 7.00 MV 10 5/1 8091-9 .55
7460 .25 74175 1.85 8267 4.00 MV
MV
50 6/1 8223 5.00
7470 .45 74176 2513 12.00 5024 5/1 8280 .75
.85
7472 .41 74177 .85 2518 7.00 MAN -1 1.95 8288 1.15
2424 6.00 MAN -3 .95 8880
7473
7474
.47 74180
.47 74181
1.05
3.75 P.O. Box 822, Belmont, CA 94002 2425
4024
7.00 MAN -4 1.95 Many Other
2.25 MAN -7 1.50 8000 Series
1.35
20% Discount for 100

Pieces Combined 7400 PHONE ORDERS (4151 592-6097 DL 33 1.95
Variable Power Supply
CIRCLE NO. 26 ON READER SERVICE CARD 5 to 25 V Amp $19.95 per Kit
118
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
IC SOCKETS PBC Mountingo
8 pin --$.22
14 ---.26 24 pin ---$.75
---.30 --$1.25
Popular Electronics HOME ENTERTAINMENT FILMS 16 "
,r,:;Jl,
COLOR ACTION SPORTS AND TRAVEL FILMS MAKE
POTTER 1y J
,
GREAT GIFTS! Available in Super & Standard 8. silent or & ,;álí; ,,
sound. Treat yourself or a friend to film enjoyment. Only
$16.95 each In color, silent, 200' reels + 50 cents mailing BRUMFIELD ;10s45
or $7.95 + 50 cents each B&W. CHRISTMAS SPECIAL: Type KHP Relay 4 PDT 3A Contacts
DECEMBER 1974 Wonderful Israel-The Holy Land (while they last), $15.95 24 VDC (650 coil)
ea. $1.50 10/$14.00
in Super 8, color, silent-you save $2.05. NHL, '718'72 120 VAC (10.5 MA coil)
ea. $1.75 10/$15.75
Stanley Cup & Seasonal Highlights, Standard or Super 8
(send first choice & alternate), 57.45 each B&W-you save CARBON RESISTORS
-full prime,
ADVERTISERS INDEX $1.00. Revised Sportlite, Castle & Columbia catalogs Carbon Resistors
-Watt s SR
available, 25 cents each (coins or stamps, please). all values in stock.10 per value (min-
SPORTLITE, ELECT-12 Dept., 20 North Wacker. Chicago. imum quantity). ten for $.45
Illinois 60606.
FAIRCHILD "TRIMPOTS"
RUBBER STAMPS ea. only $.89 r 1 10 for $7.50
Brand new 20 turn precision trimmers.These
are prime parts mostly individually packed
PAGE
RUBBER address stamps. Free catalog. 45 type styles. in sealed envelopes.These values in stock:
READER
NUMBER
Jackson's, Box 443G, Franklin Park, III. 60131. 50 OHM 1K 5K 25 K
SERVICE NO. ADVERTISER
MADE-TO-ORDER STAMPS. Low Prices. Free Catalog. Al- 500 OHM 2 K 10 K
1 Adva Electronics
Allied Electronics
114
91
legheny, Box 14A, East McKeesport, PA 15035.
BOOKS
DIODE ARRAY
10 1N914 Silicon Signal
..: '
Diodes in one
%. - .
Alpha Electronics 93
package.20 leads spaced .1"; no common
2 Altaj Electronics 116 connections. ea. $.25 10 for $2.25
109
FREE catalog aviation/electronic/space books. Aero
Ancrona Corp
Publishers, 329PE Aviation Road, Fallbrook, California
3 Ascom Electronic Products 95
92028. 8210 DIP 4 -BIT SHIFT REGISTER
24
4 Audio Warehouse Sales
FREE book prophet Elijah coming before Christ. Wonderful -Bit Shift Register ---parallel and
4
119 bible evidence. Megiddo Mission, Dept. 64, 481 Thurston serial input and output;data entry
6 Babylon Electronics
Rd., Rochester, N.Y. 14619. is synchronized with clock pulse.
Bell & Howell Schools 18 19, 20, 21 ea. 9.50 10 for $3.95
BOOKS-thousands titles, bargains. Catalog Free.
CREI Capitol Radio Engineering Cassiano, 92-27 New York Blvd., Jamaica, New York
Institute 64 65, 66, 67 11433.
2N3055 NPN TRANSISTOR
17 Circuit Design, Inc 91
POPULAR ELECTRONICS INDEXES. Detailed and 253055 Transistor (power):PD-115W;
7 Cleveland Institute of complete subject indexes now available to both 1972 and VCE-e0V; IIFE-50; FT -30K; Case -TO -3
ea. $1.15 10 for $6.95
Electronics Inc 28 29, 30, 31 1973 magazines. Hundreds of subject references to help
II
I
8 Clifford's Hi -Fi Wholesalers 6 you quickly find that special project, article, or product
9 Cobra Division Dynascan Corporation 23 test. 1972 and 1973 editions $1.00 each. INDEX, box 2228, HEWLETT PACKARD
27 Falls Church, Va, 22042.
10 Continental Specialties Corp 7 -SEGMENT READOUT
INSTRUCTION MANUALS-Thousands available for test
95 7 Segment,Man-1,Pin Compatable,
11 Datak Corp., The equipment, military electronics. Send $1.00 (Refundable Super -Bright .33" W/LH decimal.
12 Delta Electronics Co 110 first order) for listing. A service of Tucker Electronics, Box ea. $1.75 10 for $16.00
13 Delta Products, Inc 7 1050. Garland, Texas 75040.
14 Digi-Key Corporation 110
77
1400 DIP TTL SPECIAL
15 Discwasher. Inc. REAL ESTATE 7400 DIP TTL Special Signetic/House
12 Numbered. ea.$.17 10 for $1.50
16 EICO
Edmund Scientific Co 113
18
NEW...FREE...SPRING CATALOG! Over 2,500 top
19 Edmund Scientific Co 120
values in FARMS, RANCHES, ACREAGES, DIP TTL
20 Edsyn, Inc 13 RECREATIONAL PROPERTIES, BUSINESSES, TOWN and 7404 DIP TTL Special Ilex Inverter,
Extended Digital Concepts 6 COUNTRY HOMES In 40 states coast to coast! Over 3,800 Signetic/house Numbered.
21
PHOTOS! UNITED FARM AGENCY, 612 -EP West 47th St., ea. $.17 10 for $1.50
GC Electronics 104
Kansas City, MO 64112.
100, 101, 102, 103
22 GTE Sylvania
97
SEND FOR
23 Great American Sound Company, Inc., The
RECORDS FREE FLYER! ACCCEPTEDPH$10 ff1NIHUN
80 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86. 87
5 Heath Company
All parts surplus tested; leads plated
and
68 with gold or solder .Orders for $5 or more
24 Illinois Audio OLDIES. 45rpm. Free Catalog. Corny's Record Shop, Box are shipped prepaid; smaller orders add
25 International Electronics Unlimited 108 335TZ, Mason, Ohio 45040. 55G.California residents add Sales Tax.
REMEMBER RADIO? Relive those bygone years with re- ICs shipped within 24 hours. Box 41727
BRBYLon
26 James Electronics 118 P. O.
cordings of actual broadcasts from the "Golden Age of Sacramento, Ca.
FOURTH COVER Radio." Complete programs from the 1930's and '40's. ANY 95841
45 Koss Corporation
show you can remember ... the comedies, dramas,
ELECTROIlICS (916) 334-2161
27 Lafayette Radio Electronics 16
whodunnits, soap operas, big band remotes, and those
93
28 Lafayette Radio Electronics great kid shows you used to listen to. THOUSANDS of CIRCLE INO. 6 ON READER SERVICE CARD
105
different titles are available including YOUR old favorite.
29 McIntosh Laboratory Inc.
For a FREE CATALOGUE AND A FREE LP DEMONSTRA-
30 MITS Inc. 17
TION RECORD that will bring back many memories, write
NRI Schools 8, 9, 10, 11 to: RADIO YESTERYEAR, BOX H-88, CROTON-ON- DO-IT-YOURSELF
46 47, 48, 49 HUDSON, N. Y. 10520.
National Technical Schools
31 Olson Electronics 25 MOST TV problems are simple to repair. We'll show you
REPAIRS AND SERVICES how. $1. William Morgan. Bruce, Miss. 38915.
32 Pace Communications 97
33 PanaVise .99
THIRD COVER ELECTRONIC PROTOTYPE Models Built. Wire -Wrap, PLASTICS
34 Pickering & Co., Inc
117
Hand solder, P.C. Boards. Engineering consultation and
35 Poly Paks
drafting service available. ACE Technical Services, 23-13
36 Radio Shack 5 Steinway St., Astoria, N.V. 11105. Phone: (212) 728-8284. CASTOLITE pours like water, hardens like glass without
heal. Crystal' clear, colors. Embed flowers, seashells,
37 Schober Organ Corp., The 25 mementos, anything. Make fine gifts. Form flexible molds
2
HYPNOTISM over any pattern, size. Reproduce your own designs in
38 Shure Brothers Inc
39 Solid State Sales 115 plastics, candlewax, metal, plaster, cement. Send 50 cents
32 for illustrated Manual and New Mold Catalog. Profitable.
40 Southwest Technical Products Corporation SLEEP learning. Hypnotic method. 92% effective. Details
free. ASR Foundation, Box 23429EG, Fort Lauderdale,
CASTOLITE, Dept. 74P/PE, Woodstock, III. 60098.
41 TEAC Corporation of America 14 15
Florida 33307.
42 Tri-Star Corp 89
FREE Hypnotism. Self -Hypnosis. Sleep Learning Catalog! MISCELLANEOUS
43 U.S. Pioneer Electronics Corp SECOND COVER, 1 Drawer H400, Ruidoso, New Mexico 88345.
24
AMAZING self-hypnosis record releases fantastic mental
44 V-1 Products, Inc.
power. Instant results! Free trial. Write: Forum (AA12), 333 WINEMAKERS: Free illustrated catalog yeasts, equipment.
North Michigan, Chicago 60601. Semplex, Box 12276P, Minneapolis, Minn. 55412.
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING ..108, 110. 114, 115, 116, 118, 119
119
DECEMBER 1974
LIVE IN THE.WORLD
OF TOMORROW... TODAY! "POP" YOUR OWN BUTTONS
And our FREE 164 PAGE CATALOG is packed Make customized 'badges in minutes!
physical science items -

with exciting and unusual values in ecological and
plus 4,500 finds for fun,
study or profit . . for every member of the family.
k
9f41Ps. -,
Create your own, reproduce photos
with name affixed. Great anywhere,
from kindergarten to business meet-
ings, to school sports. Sell for profit!
Ingenious badge machine makes per-
manent buttons; kit includes precision
A BETTER LIFE cast hand die press, matching color dies, starter asst. for 25
complete badges including plastic protectors. Sold nationally for
STARTS HERE several dollars each, yours will pay off fast. Step-by-step instrs.
Stock No. 71,974 AV $31.50 Ppd.
LIE DETECTOR TYPE METER KNOW YOUR ALPHA FROM THETA!

Amazing Emotion Meter reveals hid- For greater relaxation, concentration, listen to
den likes, dislikes. Easy to use; sen- your Alpha -Theta brainwaves. Ultra -sensitive
sitive, accurate. Measures changes in electrode headband slips onloff in seconds -
body resistance caused by changes eliminates need for messy creams, etc. Atch'd
in emotional state. Needle movement to amplifier, filters brainwaves, signals beep for
indicates emotional response (not a ( ea. Alpha or Theta wave passed. Monitoring
whether favorable or unfavorable). button stimulates Alpha sound; audio & visual
(L. E. D.) feedback. Reliable, easy-to -use unit comparable to costlier models. Com-
set ideal for entertainment and education -
Effectiveness depends on questions asked and interpretation. Unique 10 -oz.
parties, science projects,
.psychological experiments. Requires 9V transistor battery (not included). In-
pletely safe. Comprehensive instruction booklet.
No. 1635AV (8x3x4"; 24. oz.) $134.50 Ppd.
structions.
LOW COST "STARTER" UNIT
No. 42,1974AV (2'/x x 4 x 1$4") No. 71809AV $55.00 Ppd.
$19.95 Ppd.
LOW COST 7X .
INFRA -RED VIEWER 3 -CHANNEL COLOR ORGAN KIT

For Infra -red crime detection surveillance, se- Easy to build low-cost kit needs no
curity system alignment, I.R. detection, laser technical knowledge. Completed unit
checking, nite wild -life study, any work req. I.R. has 3 bands of audio frequencies to mod-
detection & cony. to visible spectrum. Self ulate 3 independent strings of colored lamps
cont. scope w/ everything but I.R. light source (i.e. "lows" -reds, "middles" -greens, "highs" -
wks in any I.R. lit area: 6v or 12v power, 6032 blues. Just connect hi-fi, radio, power
I.R. converter tube, f/4.5 objective lens, adjust. lamp etc. & plug ea. lamp string into
triplet eyepiece. own channel (max. 300w ea.). Kit features 3 neon indicators, color intensity
controls, controlled individ SCR circuits; isolation transformer; custom plastic
No. 1648AV... (11 x 14Yo x 3") $199.95 Ppd.
housing; instr.
DELUXE-WITH I.R. LIGHT SOURCE Stock No. 41,831AV
No. 1659AV
$18.95 Ppd
$249.95 Ppd.'
NEW! KIRLIAN
PHOTOGRAPHY KIT!
Experiment in the fascinating new ASTRONOMICAL MIRROR KITS
field of "Kirlian electrophotography-
images obtained on film without
camera or lens by direct record-
f?PÍ]P1, it
Grind your own mirror for powerful
telescopes. Kit contains fine annealed pyrex
ing of electric charge transmitted by mirror blank, tool, abrasives, diagonal
animate & inanimate objects. Each mirror, and eyepiece lenses. Instru-
"aura" differs-animate aura said to ments you build range in value from $75.00
to hundreds of dollars.
change corresponding to physical changes. Kit incls. portable
darkroom, double Stock No. 70,003AV
transformer isolated from power source; instrs. 41/2" diam. 31/4" thick $13.75 Ppd.
Stock No. 71,938ÁV Stock No. 70,004AV 6" diam. 1" thick $19.75 Ppd.
"HIGH VOLTAGE $49.95 Ppd. Stock No. 70,005AV
PHOTOGRAPHY" by H.S. Dakin 8" diam. 1'/a" thick $32.75 Ppd.
No. 9129AV. (60 -PG. PAPERBACK BOOK) Stock No. 70,0068V
$5.00 Ppd. 10" diam. 13/4 thick (30 lbs.) $58.00 FOB
DELUXE KIRLIAN PHOTOGRAPHY
Stock No. 70,007AV 121/2" 2'/e" thick (46 lbs.) $98.50 FOB
Stock No. 72,053AV .$399.00 Ppd.
GET A CHARGE
FROM THE SUN!
3" ASTRONOMICAL
Our 12V Solar Battery Charger allows REFLECTING TELESCOPE
direct conversion of light-to -electricity. stars, moon, planets close-up!
See
Compact panel put on a boat can 30 to 90X. Famous Mt. Palomar Type.
automatically charge its 12V battery Aluminized & overcoated 3" diameter
over entire daylight period. Use any- f/10 primary mirror, ventilated cell. Fork type
where for a trickle charge. Big value, equatorial mount. Durable PVC tube. In-
it comprises 30 1/2V silicon solar cells in cludes 1 F.L. 30X Ramsden, Barlow
series w/diode. lens to triple power, 3X finder
No. 71,971AV (AB, 30 W-HRS./WK.) telescopes, hardwood tripod. FREE: "STAR CHART", "HOW TO USE" book.
$89.95 Ppd. Stock No. 85,240 AV
9 o 18" HI CURRENT MODEL (6W, 12V, 500 mA) $49.95 Ppd.
No. 72,010AV (AB. 150 W-HRSJWK.) DELUXE 3" REFLECTOR TELESCOPE #80,162AV $79.95 Ppd.
6 x 6" LO VOLTAGE MODEL (1.5V, .38W, 250 mA)
$420.00 Ppd.
4Y4" REFLECTOR (45X to 135X) #85,105AV $149.50 FOB
No. 42,172AV 41/4" REFLECTOR W/CLOCK DRIVE #85,107AV
$49.95 Ppd. $189.50 FOB
6" REFLECTOR (48X to 360X) #85,187AV $249.50 FOB
6" REFLECTORW/CLOCK DRIVE #85,086AV $285.00 FOB
MAIL COUPON FOR COMPLETE & MAIL WITH CHECK .OR M.O.
GIANT FREE EDMUND SCIENTIFIC CO. 300 Edscorp Building, Barrington, N.1. 08007
CATALOG!
How Many I Stock No Description Price Each Total
164 PAGES MORE THAN

4500 BARGAINS
UNUSUAL
Completely new Catalog. Packed with huge selection of telescopes, mi.
I PLEASE SEND
GIANT FREE
i
I
ecology and Unique Lighting Items, parts, kits, accessories -
croscopes, binoculars. mat nets, magnifiers, prisms, photo components,
many
hardto-get surplus bargains. ISO's of charts, illustrations. For hobby.
Ws, experimenters, schools. industry.
I CATALOG "AV"
I
I Add Handling Chg.: $1.00, Orders Under $5.00, 505, Orders Over $5.00
EDMUND SCIENTIFIC CO. 30 DAY I
300 Edscorp Building, Barrington, N.J. O80o7
Please rush Free Giant Catalog "AV"
I MONEY -BACK I enclose 0 check 0 money order fOr $ TOTAL $
Name 1
GUARANTEE
YOU MUST BE SATISFIED NAME
I
OR RETURN ANY PUR-
Address CHASE IN 30 DAYS
I FOR FULL REFUND ADDRESS
State
I
120
- - t'- CIRCLE NO. 19 ON READER SERVICE CARD
CITY STATE 7IP
DECEMBER 1974
Printed in the U.S.A.
The tiac rM of Pickering's cartridges makes possible...
A. -
pq
For the World of STEREO AND MATRIX For the World of DISCRETE 4 -CHANNEL
-
XV -15 SERIES UV -15 SERIES
At the top of the XV -15 Series of 8 fine cartridges is the 1200E, The discrete 4 -channel system requires completely new car-
the furthest advance achievable today-and perhaps in the for- tridges that could not only faithfully reproduce the 20 Hz to
seeable future-in stereo cartridge design and performance. 20 kHz AM signals, but also the 30 kHz FM modulated signals.
Its exceptional ability to pick up all the material recorded at the This requires exceptional ability to trace high frequency sig-
lightest possible tracking forces plus its tracing ability at high nals. The UV -15 Series cartridges perform in a superior man-
frequencies make it totally unique. ner by every test, and are capable of satisfying all technical
And all of Pickering's exhaustive testing shows that the 1200E and aesthetic requirements for playback of both discrete and
is superior in the flatness of its frequency response and chan- stereo discs. Moreover, the stylus on UV -15 cartridges is de-
nel separation in comparison to competitive cartridges. signed to reduce record wear.
TIVI-Pickering Trademark
For further information write to Pickering & Co., Inc., Dept. PE, 101 Sunnyside Blvd., Plainview, New York 11803
The Best of Both Worlds... 11.`

PICKERING
"for those who can hear the difference'

"Yes.There ís a Santa. Koss."
"This Christmas, instead of cble to do things to your flip the switch to the E position. Audio Specialist. And write for
another paisley tie from Aunt favorite music that only a What you'll hear is a our free, full -color catalog, '
Martha, remind her that there recording engineer could do at breathtakinc expansion of the c/o Doc 'Santa Koss, Severinsen.
really is a Santa Koss. And this he original recording session. center chanre And as you turn
. From $15.95 to $175. Christmas
year, hell be delivering a whole Flip the Ambience Expander the Panoramic Source Controls, never sounded so good."
new phase in personal listening switch -o the N position and ,'ou'll actually move from one
that's just what the 'Doctor' rotate the world's first Panoramic position to cnother within
c
-
ordered..A new Stereophone Source Controls.TM You'll feel Ike orchestra.

unique even the engineers at yourse f moving toward the 'So this year, after Aunt
Koss had to call it Phase/2TM
Phase/2TM. performing musicians much like Martha gets tFe hint, start your
the first time you'll be a zoom lens on a camera. Now Christmas sFoaping at your
A
r. Q
New Koss Phase/2`Stereophones
1°
50
©Koss Corp+ration
VID S S°seÑ
from the people who invented Stereophones.
nones
KOSS CORPORATION, -129 N. Port'Washington Ave., Milwaukee, WLconsiri 53212 Koss S.'r.l., Milan,'Italy Koss Limited, Ontario

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1975 SPECIAL REPORT ON H1 -FI EQUIPMENT

WORLD'S LARGEST- SELLING ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE DECEMBER 1974/ 60¢

Christmas Sift i1nete

Mura 250-M Multimeter

PLUS: 1974 Annual 6.ziGb 350f NYS

Cumulative Article Index 000M31114nW 0119, ,

speaker protector circuit

QC INoWEEn . o....r..0.,rW4MI4P.. o, ...

i, á:. .T: - :::«:-

to' 6> k: : i> e 'f

STEREO REVIEW: "The, . 9 MODERN H1=FI & STEREO

one of the most impressive. section is one of the best

"Pioneer, the very best."

broadcasting mu tiplex output terminal

terminal. Depending on the system Outpu s

(Front/Rear) (Front/Rear) (Front)

Unique 4 -channel level indicator 4-ch. MP9( zutput 1

if Regardless which quadraphonic In accordance with F.T.C. regulations w

CIRCLE NO. 43 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Fl cartridge in a pear trame.

WORLD'S LARGEST- SELLING ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE

PRODUCT TEST REPORTS

The publisher has no knowledge of any proprietary

G ), With Desk Stand,

FREE New 1975

Letters 458.27196, which is very close' to your

WHAT EVER HAPPENED TO "LOW-COST"?

LOW - TOW During the past three or four years,

ANOTHER FILM FOR CB'ERS

schematic diagram of my latest 555

. Alpha, Beta, Theta bandswitch

lerkeley, CA 94709 ROBERT J. WUEST an electronic project featured in POPULAR

a Mark Teri B Capacitive

have been engaged in designing and build-,

have service departments that can usually

In "4 -Channel Tape Machines" (July

incorrect, have in my 8 -tack cartridge li-

brary five Columbia cartridges mastered to

HEARTILY SUPPORTS METRICATION

Congratulations on being one of the

411 P.O. Box 1147, Dept. PE

DELTA PRODUCTS, INC. Grand Junction, Colo. 81501

Here's my Christmas order. Please rush!

Out of Tune O Please send me free literature.

Get 2 -way radio training with this solid-state

The field of communications is bursting out

and maintenance jobs. NRI can train you at

learn this important skill easily, at home in your choice.

To SaveWaysn GENAVE 2 -METER FM TRANSCEIVER CIRCLE NO. 72 ON READER SERVICE CARD

General Aviation Electronics has intro-

Instruments, duced the GTX-2 amateur transceiver,

Burglar Alarms, load. The transmitting section of the GTX-2

Automotive & channels within a 10 -MHz band can be

and can be powered by either 110 V ac, an

"Build -it -Yourself" and save RCA XL -100 COMPONENTS KIT

The Professional Printed Circuit Kit by GC `/` -

lacquer, developing solution, stripping ro- idlerest ® e

contact frames and two copper -clad .

LAFAYETTE 4 -CHANNEL STEREO RECEIVER AT FINGER TIP31