CENTRAL BOARD OF

SECONDARY EDUCATION.

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT.
IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS AND CATIONS
PRESENT IN THE TOOTHPASTE
For session 2019-2020

BY: -
YUG VASANI
CLASS: - XII
 CERTIFICATE.
Certified by department of CHEMISTRY that
this is bondified project done by YUG
VASANI of class XII during the academic year
2019-2020 in practical fulfillment
of CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT conducted by CBSE.

Signature of Internal Signature of External

Examiner Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am greatly indebted towards the principal

for giving me an opportunity in elaborating my
knowledge towardsthesubject(CHEMISTRY)by
completingthis Projectwork.

I express my heartiest gratitude to my

beloved school for the guidance and providing
the required apparatus to perform my project
work.

I would also thank my parents and my

chemistry teacher for giving me their co-
operationin completingthisProject.
AIM:-
IDENTIFICATION
OF THE CATIONS
AND ANIONS IN
TOOTHPASTE
 THEORY:-
Every toothpaste contains the following
ingredients: binders, abrasives, subsers,
humectants, flavours, sweetners, fluorides,
tooth whiteners, a preservative and
water. Binders thickens toothpaste-
they prevent separation of the solid
and liquid component, especially
storage. They also affect the speed and
volume of foam production, rate of
flavor release and product dispersal,
the apearance of toothpaste ribbon on
the toothbrush.Some binders are gum
soild alignat, methyl cellulose,
carrageen and magnesium aluminium
silicate.
CONTENTS:-
• Ionic liquids:-
• Cations &anions.
• Components are used
in toothpaste.
• Safety tips while doing
this experiment
• Ingredients:-
• Abrasives, fluorides, surfactants.
• Other components:-
• Antibacerial agents,
flavorants, remineralizers.
• Miscellaneous components
IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONSAND
CATIONS PRESENT IN THE
TOOTHPASTE
Anions in an atom or molecule that carries an
electric charge. Cations are positively charged
ions created by the loss of electrons. Anions are
negatively charged ions created by the gain
of electrons. In chemical reactions, all
ions exhibit their own unique,
characteristic behaviors.
Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice
used with toothbrush as an accessory to
clean and maintain the aesthetics and health
of teeth.
Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene: it
serves as an abrasive that aids in removingthe
dental plaque and food from the teeth, assists in
suppressing halitosis, and delivers active
ingredients (most commonly fluoride) to help
prevent tooth and disease (gingivitis). Most of the
cleaning is achieved by the mechanical action of
the toothbrush and not by the toothpaste. Salt
and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) are
among materials that can be subistituted
for commercial toothpaste. Toothpaste is
not intended to be swallowed due to the flouride
content, but is generally not very harmful if
accidently swallowed in small amounts. However
one should seek medical attention after
swalowing abnormally large amounts.
COMPONENTS ARE
USED IN TOOTHPASTE:-
• HClO4
• HBr
• HI
• H2SO4
• HClO3
• HCL
• HNO3
INGREDIENTS:-
In addition to 20%-42% water, toothpastes are
derived from a variety of components, the three
main ones being abrasives, fluoride, and
detergents.

Abrasives:-
Abrasives constite at least 50% of
typical toothpaste. These insoluble particles help
remove plaque from the teeth. The removal of
plaque and calculus helps minimize cavities and
peridontal disease. REPRESENT ABRASIVES
INCLUDE PARTICLES OF ALUMINUM
HYDROXIDE (AL(OH2)),
CALCIUM carbonate(caco3 ),various
CALCIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATES,
VARIOUS SILICAS AND ZEOLITES, AND
HYDROXYAPATITE (ca (po )3 OH).
5 4

Abrasives, like the dental polishing agents

used in dentists’ offices, also
CAUSE A SMALL AMOUNT OF ENAMEL EROSION
WHICH IS TERMED “POLISHING” ACTION. SOME
BRANDS CONTAIN POWDERED WHILE MICA,
WHICH ACTS AS A MILD ABRASIVE, AND ALSO
ADDSA COSMETICALLY PLESING GLITTERY
SHIMMER TO THE PASTE. THE POLISHING OF
TEETH REMOVES STAAINS FROM TOOTH
SURFACES, BUT HAS NOT BEEN SHOWN TO
IMPROVE DENTAL HEALTH OVER AND ABOVE
THE EFFECTS OF THE REMOVAL OF PLAQUE AND
CALCULS.

FLUORIDES:-
FLUORIDE IN VARIOUS FORMS IS THE MOST
POPULAR ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN TOOTHPASTE
TO PREVENT CAVITIES. FLUORIDES OCCUR IN
SMALL AMOUNT IN PLANTS, ANIMALS AND SOME
NATURAL WATER SOURCES. THE ADDITIONAL
FLUORIDES IN TOOTHPASTE HAS BENEFICIAL
EFFECTS ON THE FORMATION OF DENTAL
ENAMEL AND BONES. SODIUM FLUORIDE (NaF) IS
THE MOST COMMON SOURCE OF FLUORIDE,
BUT STANNOUS FLUORIDE (snf), OLAFLURS
(AN ORGANIC SALT OF FLUORIDE), AND
SODIUM MONOFLUROPHOSPHATE (na2 PO3 F)
ARE ALSO USED. Stannous fluoride has been
shown to be more effective than sodium fluroide
in reducing the incidence of dental careiesand
controlling gingivitis.
Much of the toothpaste sold in the
‘united states has 1000 to 1100 parts per millon
fluroide. IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, SUCH AS
THE UK OR GREECE, THE FLUORIDE
CONTENT IS OFTEN HIGHER; A naf OF 0.312%
w/w (1,450 ppm fluoride) is not uncommon.

Surfacants:-
Many, although not all, tooothpaste contain
sodium lauryl sulfate (sls) or related surfactants
(detergents). Sls is well, such as shampoo, and
is mainly a
Foaming agents, which enables
uniform distribution of toothpaste, improving
its cleansing power.

OTHER COMPONENTS:-
Antibacterial agents:-
Triclosan, an antibacterial agent, is a common
toothpaste ingredient in the united kingdom.
Triclosan or zinc chloride prevent gingivitis
and, according to the american
dental association, helps reduce tartar and
bad breadth. A 2006 review of clinical research
concluded there was evidence for plaque and
gignivitis.

Flavorants:-
Toothpaste comes in a variety of colours and
flavors intended to encourage use of the product.
Three most common
Flavorants are peppermint,spearmint
and wintergreen. Toothpaste flavored
with peppermint-anise oil is popular
in mediterranean region. These flovors
are provideed by the respective oils,
e.G. Peppermint oil. More exotic
flavors include, anethole anise,
apricot, bubblegum, cinnamon, fennnel,
lavander, neem, ginger, vanilla, lemon,
orange and pine. More unusual flavors
have been used, e.G. Peanut butter, iced
tea, and even whisky. Unflavored
toothpastes exist.

Remineralizer:-
Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and
calcium phosphate are included in
some forulations for remineralization, i.E.
The reformation of enamel.
MISCELLANEOUSCOMPONENTS:-
Agents are added to suppress
the tendency of toothpaste to dry into
a powder. Included are various
sugar alcohols , such as glycerol, sorbitol,
or xylitol, or related derivatives,such as
1,2- propylene glycol
and polyethyleneglycol strontium
chloride or potassium nitrate is included in
some toothpastes to reduces
sensitivity. Sodium polyphosphate is added
to minimize the formation of tartar.
COLOUR OOF THE TOOTHPASTE:- WHITE
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
TAKE APART FORMATION CO32-
OF THE SOLUTION WHITE OF PPT CONFIRMED
AND ADD
mgso4 solution.
Take a part of FORMATION Ca2+
Solution and OF WHITE PPT CONFRIMED
add ammonium hydro
xide(1-2ml)
Take a part of solution FORMATION PO42-
and OF WHITE PPT CONFRIMED.
add magnesium mixtu
re
(MIXTURE OF
nh4cl AND NH4OH)
Acidify a portion of A YELLOW PPT I- IS
aqueous solution IS FORMED CONFRIMED
with dilute hno3. WHICH IS IN
BOIL AND COOL SOLUBLE IN
AND ADD agno3 NH4OH

Take small quantity SMELLS LIKE CH3COO-

of solution and THAT OF
add oxalic acid VINEGAR
Prepare the paste of it
with a few drops of NO REACTION Pb ABSENT
water rub and smell

To one part of the A WHITE PPT IS Mg PRESENT

Solution add solid FORMED
nh4oh in slight excess
and then
add ammonium phosp
hate

CHEMICALREACTION:-
• CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO42-(WHITE PPT)
• CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O
(CH3 COO)2Ca+(MgCl4 )2 C2 O4 →2CHCOONa+
Ca2O4
• NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl
+H2O
• I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT).
 • (COOH)2+2CH3COONA→ NO REACTION
• Pb+2KI→ NO REACTION
• MgCl2+ NH4OH(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+ 2NH4
+H2O
TEST ON COLGATE COLOUR OF PASTE:-
WHITE
Experiment Observation Inference
Take a part of Formation of CO3 2-
The solution and White ppt Confrimed
ADD mgso4solutio
n
Take a part of Formation of Ca2+
Solution and White ppt Confrimed
add ammonium
Hydroxide.
Take a part of Formation of PO4
Solution and add White ppt Confrimed
Magnesia
Mixture(mixture of
nh4oh) and
Allow to stand
Acidify a portion of A yellow ppt is I- confrimed
aqueous formed
Solution with Which is
DILUTE HCL.BOIL INSOLUBLE IN
AND COOL AND NH4OH
ADD AgNO3
TAKE A SMALL SMELL LIKE CH3COO
QUANTITY OF THAT OF ABSENT
SOLUTION AND ADD VIEGAR
OXALIC ACID
PREPARE THE
PASTE OF IT WITH
FEW DROPS OF
WATER RUB AND
SMELL
TAKE ONE PART OF NO REACTION PB ABSENT
SOLUTION ADD KI
TO ONE PART OF A WHITE PPT IS Mg PRESENT
THE SOLUTION ADD FORMED.
SOLID NH4OH IN
SLIGHT EXCESS
THEN ADD
AMMONIUM
PHOSPHATE.
IONS PRESENT:-Mg, I, PO4, Ca, CO3
CHEMICAL REACTIONS:-
• CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO4 2-
• CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O
• (CH3COO)2Ca+(NH4)2C2O4→2CHCOONH4+CaC2O4
• NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl+H2O
• I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT)
• (COOH)2+2CH3COONa→NO REACTION
• Pb+2KI→ NO REACTION
• MgCL2+NH4OH+(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NH4+H
2O

TEST ON CLOSEUP.
COLOUROFTHEPASTE: - RED GEL
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
TAKE A PART OF FORMATION OF CO3 2-
THE SOLUTION AND WHITE PPT CONFRIMED
ADD
MgSO4SOLUTION
TAKE A PART OF FORMATION OF Ca2+
SOLUTION AND ADD WHITE PPT CONFRIMED
AMMONIUM OXALIC
(1-2ML) AMMONIUM
HYDROXIDE.
TAKE A PART OF FORMATION OF PO4
SOLUTION AND ADD WHITE PPT CONFRIMED
MAGNESIA
MIXTURE(MIXTURE
OF NH4OH) AND
ALLOW TO STAND
ACIDIFY A PORTION FORMATION I- CONFRIMED
OF AQUEOUS WHITE PPT
SOLUTION WITH
DILUTE HNO3.BOIL
AND COOL AND
ADD AgNO3
TAKE A SMALL FORMATION CH3COO
QUANTITY OF WHITE PPT PRESENT
SOLUTION AND ADD
KI
TAKE ONE PART OF FORMATION PB ABSENT
SOLUTION ADD KI WHITE PPT
TO ONE PART OF A WHITE PPT IS Mg PRESENT
THE SOLUTION ADD FORMED.
SOLID NH4OH IN
SLIGHT EXCESS
THEN ADD
AMMONIUM
PHOSPHATE.
IONSPRESENT:- Mg,I, PO4,Ca, CO3, CH3COO
CHEMICALREACTIONS:-
• CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO4(WHITE PPT)
• CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O
• (CH3COO)2Ca+(NH4)2C2O4→2CHCOONH4+CaC2O4
• NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl+H2O
• I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT)
• (COOH)2+2CH3COONa→NO REACTION
• Pb+2KI→ NO REACTION
• MgCL2+NH4OH+(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NH4+
H2 O

CONCLUSION:-
Hence aftertestingdifferentsamplesoftoothpaste,we
find that colgate hasallnecessaryforstronger
and whiterteeth.
ANIONS:- CATIONS:-
OH- H+
SO42- Ca2+
CO32- Cu2+
CL- Fe3+
Br - Fe2+
I- NH4+
NO3-

SAFETYTIPS WHILE DOINGTHIS

EXPERIMENT:-
• Wear eye protection. Ammonia solution causes
burns and gives off ammonia vapours which
irritates the eyes, lungs and respiratory
system.
• Sodium hydroxide can cause burns and is
dangerous to the eyes.
• Hydrochloric acid can cause burns.
• Barium chloride is harmful
by inhalation an if swallowed.
• Nitric acid causes burns.
Bibliography:-
1. Pradeep’s chemistry
2. Britannica encyclopedia
3. NCERT chemistry
4. Google
5. Chemistry today