Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (German: [ˈvɔlfɡɑŋ
amaˈdeus ˈmoːtsaʁt], English see fn.[1] ), baptismal
name Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus
Theophilus Mozart[2] (27 January 1756 – 5
December 1791), was a prolific and influential
composer of the Classical era. He composed over
600 works, many acknowledged as pinnacles of
symphonic, concertante, chamber, piano, operatic,
and choral music. He is among the most
enduringly popular of classical composers.

Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest

childhood in Salzburg. Already competent on
keyboard and violin, he composed from the age of
five and performed before European royalty. At 17
he was engaged as a court musician in Salzburg,
but grew restless and travelled in search of a better
position, always composing abundantly. While
visiting Vienna in 1781, he was dismissed from his
Salzburg position. He chose to stay in the capital,
where he achieved fame but little financial
Mozart circa 1780, by Johann Nepomuk della Croce
security. During his final years in Vienna, he
composed many of his best-known symphonies,
concertos, and operas, and portions of the
Requiem, which was largely unfinished at the time
of Mozart's death. The circumstances of his early
death have been much mythologized. He was
survived by his wife Constanze and two sons.

Mozart learned voraciously from others, and developed a brilliance and maturity of style that encompassed the light
and graceful along with the dark and passionate. His influence on subsequent Western art music is profound.
Beethoven wrote his own early compositions in the shadow of Mozart, of whom Joseph Haydn wrote that "posterity
will not see such a talent again in 100 years."[3]
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 2

Biography

Family and early years

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born to Leopold and Anna Maria Pertl
Mozart at 9 Getreidegasse in Salzburg, capital of the sovereign
Archbishopric of Salzburg, in what is now Austria but, at the time, was
part of the Bavarian Circle in the Holy Roman Empire. His only sibling
to survive past birth was Maria Anna (1751–1829), called "Nannerl".
Wolfgang was baptized the day after his birth at St. Rupert's Cathedral.
The baptismal record gives his name in Latinized form as Joannes
Mozart's birthplace at Getreidegasse 9, Salzburg, Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. He generally called
Austria himself "Wolfgang Amadè Mozart"[4] as an adult, but there were many
variants.

His father Leopold (1719–1787) was from Augsburg. He was deputy Kapellmeister to the court orchestra of the
Archbishop of Salzburg, a minor composer, and an experienced teacher. In the year of Mozart's birth, his father
published a violin textbook, Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule, which achieved success.
When Nannerl was seven, she began keyboard lessons with her father; and her
three-year-old brother would look on, evidently fascinated. Years later, after his
death, she reminisced:
He often spent much time at the clavier, picking out thirds, which he
was always striking, and his pleasure showed that it sounded good.
[...] In the fourth year of his age his father, for a game as it were,
began to teach him a few minuets and pieces at the clavier. [...] He
could play it faultlessly and with the greatest delicacy, and keeping
exactly in time. [...] At the age of five, he was already composing
little pieces, which he played to his father who wrote them down.[5]

These early pieces, K. 1–5, were recorded in the Nannerl Notenbuch.

Anonymous portrait of the child
Biographer Maynard Solomon[6] notes that, while Leopold was a devoted teacher Mozart, possibly by Pietro Antonio
to his children, there is evidence that Wolfgang was keen to make progress Lorenzoni; painted in 1763 on
beyond what he was being taught. His first ink-spattered composition and his commission from Leopold

precocious efforts with the violin were on his own initiative and came as a great
surprise to Leopold.[7] Leopold eventually gave up composing when his son's outstanding musical talents became
evident.[8] He was Wolfgang's only teacher in his earliest years and taught his children languages and academic
subjects as well as music.[6]
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 3

1762–1773: Years of travel

During Mozart's youth, his family made several European journeys in
which he and Nannerl performed as child prodigies. These began with
an exhibition, in 1762, at the court of the Prince-elector Maximilian III
of Bavaria in Munich, and at the Imperial Court in Vienna and Prague.
A long concert tour spanning three and a half years followed, taking
the family to the courts of Munich, Mannheim, Paris, London, The
Hague, again to Paris, and back home via Zürich, Donaueschingen, and
Munich. During this trip, Mozart met a great number of musicians and
acquainted himself with the works of other composers. A particularly
important influence was Johann Christian Bach, whom Mozart visited
in London in 1764 and 1765. The family again went to Vienna in late
1767 and remained there until December 1768.

These trips were often arduous. Travel conditions were primitive;[10]

the family had to wait for invitations and reimbursement from the
nobility.[11] They endured long, near-fatal illnesses far from home: first
Leopold (London, summer 1764)[12] then both children (The Hague,
The Mozart family on tour: Leopold, Wolfgang,
autumn 1765).[13]
and Nannerl. Watercolor by Carmontelle, ca.
[9]
1763 After one year in Salzburg, father and son set off for Italy, leaving
Wolfgang's mother and his sister at home. This travel lasted from
December 1769 to March 1771. As with earlier journeys, Leopold wanted to display his son's abilities as a performer
and a rapidly maturing composer. Wolfgang met G. B. Martini, in Bologna, and was accepted as a member of the
famous Accademia Filarmonica. In Rome, he heard Gregorio Allegri's Miserere once in performance in the Sistine
Chapel. He wrote it out in its entirety from memory, only returning to correct minor errors—thus producing the first
illegal copy of this closely guarded property of the Vatican.

In Milan, Mozart wrote the opera Mitridate, re di Ponto (1770), which was performed with success. This led to
further opera commissions. He returned with his father later twice to Milan (August–December 1771; October
1772 – March 1773) for the composition and premieres of Ascanio in Alba (1771) and Lucio Silla (1772). Leopold
hoped these visits would result in a professional appointment for his son in Italy, but these hopes were never
fulfilled.[14]
Toward the end of the final Italian journey, Mozart wrote the first of his works to be still widely performed today,
the solo cantata Exsultate, jubilate, K. 165.

1773–1777: The Salzburg court

After finally returning with his father from Italy on 13 March 1773, Mozart was employed as a court musician by the
ruler of Salzburg, Prince-Archbishop Hieronymus Colloredo. The composer had a great number of friends and
admirers in Salzburg.[15] He had the opportunity to work in many genres, composing symphonies, sonatas, string
quartets, serenades, and a few minor operas. Several of these early works are still performed today. Between April
and December 1775, Mozart developed an enthusiasm for violin concertos, producing a series of five (the only ones
he ever wrote), which steadily increased in their musical sophistication. The last three—K. 216, K. 218, K. 219—are
now staples of the repertoire. In 1776 he turned his efforts to piano concertos, culminating in the E-flat concerto
K. 271 of early 1777, considered by critics to be a breakthrough work.[16]
Despite these artistic successes, Mozart grew increasingly discontent with Salzburg and redoubled his efforts to find
a position elsewhere. One reason was his low salary, 150 florins a year;[17] Mozart also longed to compose operas,
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 4

and Salzburg provided only rare occasions for these. The situation worsened in 1775 when the court theater was
closed, especially since the other theater in Salzburg was largely reserved for visiting troupes.[18]
Two long expeditions in search of work (both Leopold and Wolfgang were looking) interrupted this long Salzburg
stay: they visited Vienna, from 14 July to 26 September 1773, and Munich, from 6 December 1774 to March 1775.
Neither visit was successful, though the Munich journey resulted in a popular success with the premiere of Mozart's
opera La finta giardiniera.[19]

1777–1778: The Paris journey

In August 1777, Mozart resigned his
Salzburg position[20] and, on 23 September,
ventured out once more in search of
employment, with visits to Augsburg,
Mannheim, Paris, and Munich.[21] Since
Archbishop Colloredo would not give
Leopold leave to travel, Mozart's mother
Anna Maria accompanied him.

Mozart became acquainted with members of

the famous orchestra in Mannheim, the best
in Europe at the time. He also fell in love
with Aloysia Weber, one of four daughters
in a musical family. There were prospects of
employment in Mannheim, but they came to
nothing, and Mozart left for Paris on 14 Family portrait from about 1780 by Johann Nepomuk della Croce: Nannerl,
[22] Wolfgang, Leopold. On the wall is a portrait of Mozart's mother, who had died in
March 1778 to continue his search. One
1778.
of his letters from Paris hints at a possible
post as an organist at Versailles, but Mozart
was not interested in such an appointment.[23] He fell into debt and took to pawning valuables.[24] The nadir of the
visit occurred when Mozart's mother took ill and died on 3 July 1778.[25] There had been delays in calling a
doctor—probably, according to Halliwell, because of a lack of funds.[26]

While Wolfgang was in Paris, Leopold was pursuing opportunities for him back in Salzburg,[27] and, with the
support of local nobility, secured him a post as court organist and concertmaster. The yearly salary was 450
florins,[28] but Wolfgang was reluctant to accept.[29] After leaving Paris on 26 September 1778, he tarried in
Mannheim and Munich, still hoping to obtain an appointment outside Salzburg. In Munich, he again encountered
Aloysia, now a very successful singer, but she made it plain that she was no longer interested in him.[30] Mozart
finally reached home on 15 January 1779 and took up the new position, but his discontent with Salzburg was
undiminished.
The A minor piano sonata K. 310/300d and the "Paris" Symphony (no. 31) are among several well-known works
from Mozart's time in Paris, where they were performed on 12 June and 18 June 1778.[31]
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 5

1781: Departure to Vienna

In January 1781, Mozart's opera Idomeneo premiered with "considerable
success" in Munich.[33] The following March the composer was summoned to
Vienna, where his employer, Archbishop Colloredo, was attending the
celebrations for the accession of Joseph II to the Austrian throne. Mozart, fresh
from the adulation he had earned in Munich, was offended when Colloredo
treated him as a mere servant and particularly when the archbishop forbade him
to perform before the Emperor at Countess Thun's for a fee equal to half of his
yearly Salzburg salary. The resulting quarrel came to a head in May: Mozart
attempted to resign and was refused. The following month, permission was
granted but in a grossly insulting way: the composer was dismissed literally
"with a kick in the ass", administered by the archbishop's steward, Count Arco.
Mozart in 1777. Portrait requested by
Padre Martini for his gallery; Mozart Mozart decided to settle in Vienna as a freelance performer and composer.[34]
with the Order of the Golden Spur
which he received in 1770 as a The quarrel with the archbishop went harder for Mozart because his father sided
14-year old from Pope Clement XIV against him. Hoping fervently that he would obediently follow Colloredo back to
[32]
in Rome. Salzburg, Leopold exchanged intense letters with his son, urging him to be
reconciled with their employer. Wolfgang passionately defended his intention to
pursue an independent career in Vienna. The debate ended when Mozart was dismissed by the archbishop, freeing
himself both of his employer and his father's demands to return. Solomon characterizes Mozart's resignation as a
"revolutionary step", and it greatly altered the course of his life.[35]

Early Vienna years

Mozart's new career in Vienna began well. He performed often as a pianist, notably in a competition before the
Emperor with Muzio Clementi on 24 December 1781,[34] and he soon "had established himself as the finest
keyboard player in Vienna".[34] He also prospered as a composer, and in 1782 completed the opera Die Entführung
aus dem Serail ("The Abduction from the Seraglio"), which premiered on 16 July 1782 and achieved a huge success.
The work was soon being performed "throughout German-speaking Europe",[34] and fully established Mozart's
reputation as a composer.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 6

Near the height of his quarrels with Colloredo, Mozart moved in with
the Weber family, who had moved to Vienna from Mannheim. The
father, Fridolin, had died, and the Webers were now taking in lodgers
to make ends meet.[36] Aloysia, who had earlier rejected Mozart's suit,
was now married to the actor Joseph Lange, and Mozart's interest
shifted to the third daughter, Constanze. The courtship did not go
entirely smoothly; surviving correspondence indicates that Mozart and
Constanze briefly broke up in April 1782.[37] Mozart also faced a very
difficult task in getting his father's permission for the marriage.[38] The
couple were finally married on 4 August 1782, in St. Stephen's
Cathedral, the day before Leopold's consent arrived in the mail.[38]

The couple had six children, of which only two survived infancy:
• Raimund Leopold (17 June – 19 August 1783)
• Karl Thomas Mozart (21 September 1784 – 31 October 1858)
• Johann Thomas Leopold (18 October – 15 November 1786) 1782 portrait of Constanze Mozart by her
brother-in-law Joseph Lange
• Theresia Constanzia Adelheid Friedericke Maria Anna (27
December 1787 – 29 June 1788)
• Anna Maria (died soon after birth, 25 December 1789)
• Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (26 July 1791 – 29 July 1844)
In the course of 1782 and 1783 Mozart became intimately acquainted with the work of Johann Sebastian Bach and
George Frideric Handel as a result of the influence of Gottfried van Swieten, who owned many manuscripts of the
Baroque masters. Mozart's study of these scores inspired compositions in Baroque style, and later influenced his
personal musical language, for example in fugal passages in Die Zauberflöte ("The Magic Flute") and the finale of
Symphony No. 41.[39]
In 1783, Wolfgang and Constanze visited his family in Salzburg. Leopold and Nannerl were, at best, only polite to
Constanze, but the visit prompted the composition of one of Mozart's great liturgical pieces, the Mass in C minor.
Though not completed, it was premiered in Salzburg, with Constanze singing a solo part.[40]
Mozart met Joseph Haydn in Vienna, and the two composers became friends (see Haydn and Mozart). When Haydn
visited Vienna, they sometimes played together in an impromptu string quartet. Mozart's six quartets dedicated to
Haydn (K. 387, K. 421, K. 428, K. 458, K. 464, and K. 465) date from the period 1782 to 1785, and are judged to be
a response to Haydn's Opus 33 set from 1781.[41] Haydn in 1785 told the visiting Leopold: "I tell you before God,
and as an honest man, your son is the greatest composer known to me by person and repute, he has taste and what is
more the greatest skill in composition."[42]
From 1782 to 1785 Mozart mounted concerts with himself as soloist, presenting three or four new piano concertos in
each season. Since space in the theaters was scarce, he booked unconventional venues: a large room in the
Trattnerhof (an apartment building), and the ballroom of the Mehlgrube (a restaurant).[43] The concerts were very
popular, and the concertos he premiered at them are still firm fixtures in the repertoire. Solomon writes that during
this period Mozart created "a harmonious connection between an eager composer-performer and a delighted
audience, which was given the opportunity of witnessing the transformation and perfection of a major musical
genre".[43]
With substantial returns from his concerts and elsewhere, he and Constanze adopted a rather plush lifestyle. They
moved to an expensive apartment, with a yearly rent of 460 florins.[44] Mozart also bought a fine fortepiano from
Anton Walter for about 900 florins, and a billiard table for about 300.[44] The Mozarts sent their son Karl Thomas to
an expensive boarding school,[45] [46] and kept servants. Saving was therefore impossible, and the short period of
financial success did nothing to soften the hardship the Mozarts were later to experience.[47] [48]
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 7

On 14 December 1784, Mozart became a Freemason, admitted to the lodge Zur Wohltätigkeit ("Beneficence").[49]
Freemasonry played an important role in the remainder of Mozart's life: he attended meetings, a number of his
friends were Masons, and on various occasions he composed Masonic music. (See Mozart and Freemasonry.)

1786–1787: Return to opera

Despite the great success of Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Mozart did little operatic writing for the next four years,
producing only two unfinished works and the one-act Der Schauspieldirektor. He focused instead on his career as a
piano soloist and writer of concertos. However, around the end of 1785, Mozart moved away from keyboard
writing[50] and began his famous operatic collaboration with the librettist Lorenzo Da Ponte. 1786 saw the successful
premiere of The Marriage of Figaro in Vienna. Its reception in Prague later in the year was even warmer, and this
led to a second collaboration with Da Ponte: the opera Don Giovanni, which premiered in October 1787 to acclaim
in Prague, and also met with success in Vienna in 1788. The two are among Mozart's most important works and are
mainstays of the operatic repertoire today, though at their premieres their musical complexity caused difficulty for
both listeners and performers. These developments were not witnessed by the composer's father, as Leopold had died
on 28 May 1787.
In December 1787 Mozart finally obtained a steady post under aristocratic patronage. Emperor Joseph II appointed
him as his "chamber composer", a post that had fallen vacant the previous month on the death of Gluck. It was a
part-time appointment, paying just 800 florins per year, and only required Mozart to compose dances for the annual
balls in the Redoutensaal. However, even this modest income became important to Mozart when hard times arrived.
Court records show that Joseph's aim was to keep the esteemed composer from leaving Vienna in pursuit of better
prospects.[51]
In 1787 the young Ludwig van Beethoven spent several weeks in Vienna, hoping to study with Mozart.[52] No
reliable records survive to indicate whether the two composers ever met. (See Mozart and Beethoven.)

1788–1790
Toward the end of the decade, Mozart's circumstances worsened.
Around 1786 he had ceased to appear frequently in public concerts,
and his income shrank.[53] This was a difficult time for musicians in
Vienna because Austria was at war, and both the general level of
prosperity and the ability of the aristocracy to support music had
declined.[54]

By mid-1788, Mozart and his family had moved from central Vienna
to the suburb of Alsergrund.[53] Although it has been thought that
Mozart reduced his rental expenses, recent research shows that by
moving to the suburb Mozart had certainly not reduced his expenses
(as claimed in his letter to Puchberg), but merely increased the housing
space at his disposal.[55] Mozart began to borrow money, most often
from his friend and fellow Mason Michael Puchberg; "a pitiful
sequence of letters pleading for loans" survives.[56] Maynard Solomon
Drawing of Mozart in silverpoint, made by Dora
and others have suggested that Mozart was suffering from depression, Stock during Mozart's visit to Dresden, April
and it seems that his output slowed.[57] Major works of the period 1789
include the last three symphonies (Nos. 39, 40, and 41, all from 1788),
and the last of the three Da Ponte operas, Così fan tutte, premiered in 1790.

Around this time Mozart made long journeys hoping to improve his fortunes: to Leipzig, Dresden, and Berlin in the
spring of 1789 (see Mozart's Berlin journey), and to Frankfurt, Mannheim, and other German cities in 1790. The
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 8

trips produced only isolated success and did not relieve the family's financial distress.

1791
Mozart's last year was, until his final illness struck, a time of great productivity—and by some accounts a time of
personal recovery.[58] He composed a great deal, including some of his most admired works: the opera The Magic
Flute, the final piano concerto (K. 595 in B-flat), the Clarinet Concerto K. 622, the last in his great series of string
quintets (K. 614 in E-flat), the motet Ave verum corpus K. 618, and the unfinished Requiem K. 626.
Mozart's financial situation, a source of extreme anxiety in 1790, finally began to improve. Although the evidence is
inconclusive,[59] it appears that wealthy patrons in Hungary and Amsterdam pledged annuities to Mozart in return
for the occasional composition. He probably also benefited from the sale of dance music written in his role as
Imperial chamber composer.[59] Mozart no longer borrowed large sums from Puchberg, and made a start on paying
off his debts.[59]
He experienced great satisfaction in the public success of some of his works, notably The Magic Flute (performed
many times in the short period between its premiere and Mozart's death)[60] and the Little Masonic Cantata K. 623,
premiered on 15 November 1791.[61]

Final illness and death

Mozart fell ill while in Prague for the premiere on 6 September of his
opera La clemenza di Tito, written in 1791 on commission for the
Emperor's coronation festivities.[62] He was able to continue his
professional functions for some time, and conducted the premiere of
The Magic Flute on 30 September. The illness intensified on 20
November, at which point Mozart became bedridden, suffering from
swelling, pain, and vomiting.[63]

Mozart was nursed in his final illness by Constanze and her youngest
sister Sophie, and attended by the family doctor, Thomas Franz
Closset. It is clear that he was mentally occupied with the task of
finishing his Requiem. However, the evidence that he actually dictated
passages to his student Süssmayr is very slim.[64] [65]
Mozart died at 1 a.m. on 5 December 1791 at the age of 35. The New
Grove gives a matter-of-fact description of his funeral:
Mozart was buried in a common grave, in accordance with
Posthumous painting by Barbara Krafft in 1819
contemporary Viennese custom, at the St Marx cemetery outside the
city on 7 December. If, as later reports say, no mourners attended, that
too is consistent with Viennese burial customs at the time; later Jahn (1856) wrote that Salieri, Süssmayr, van
Swieten and two other musicians were present. The tale of a storm and snow is false; the day was calm and mild.[66]
The cause of Mozart's death cannot be known with certainty. The official record has it as "hitziges Frieselfieber"
("severe miliary fever", referring to a rash that looks like millet seeds), a description that does not suffice to identify
the cause as it would be diagnosed in modern medicine. Researchers have posited at least 118 causes of death,
including trichinosis, influenza, mercury poisoning, and a rare kidney ailment.[67] The most widely accepted
hypothesis is that Mozart died of acute rheumatic fever.
Mozart's sparse funeral did not reflect his standing with the public as a composer: memorial services and concerts in
Vienna and Prague were well attended. Indeed, in the period immediately after his death, Mozart's reputation rose
substantially: Solomon describes an "unprecedented wave of enthusiasm"[68] for his work; biographies were written
(first by Schlichtegroll, Niemetschek, and Nissen; see Biographies of Mozart); and publishers vied to produce
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 9

complete editions of his works.[68]

Appearance and character

Mozart's physical appearance was described by tenor Michael Kelly, in
his Reminiscences: "a remarkably small man, very thin and pale, with a
profusion of fine, fair hair of which he was rather vain". As his early
biographer Niemetschek wrote, "there was nothing special about [his]
physique. [...] He was small and his countenance, except for his large
intense eyes, gave no signs of his genius." His facial complexion was
pitted, a reminder of his childhood case of smallpox. He loved elegant
clothing. Kelly remembered him at a rehearsal: "[He] was on the stage
with his crimson pelisse and gold-laced cocked hat, giving the time of
the music to the orchestra." Of his voice Constanze later wrote that it
"was a tenor, rather soft in speaking and delicate in singing, but when
anything excited him, or it became necessary to exert it, it was both Unfinished portrait of Mozart by his
powerful and energetic".[69] brother-in-law Joseph Lange

Mozart usually worked long and hard, finishing compositions at a tremendous pace as deadlines approached. He
often made sketches and drafts; unlike Beethoven's these are mostly not preserved, as Constanze sought to destroy
them after his death.[70] (See: Mozart's compositional method.) He was raised a Roman Catholic, and remained a
loyal member of the Church throughout his life. (See Mozart and Roman Catholicism.)
Mozart lived at the center of the Viennese musical world, and knew a great number and variety of people: fellow
musicians, theatrical performers, fellow Salzburgers, and aristocrats, including some acquaintance with the Emperor
Joseph II. Solomon considers his three closest friends to have been Gottfried von Jacquin, Count August Hatzfeld,
and Sigmund Barisani; others included his older colleague Joseph Haydn, singers Franz Xaver Gerl and Benedikt
Schack, and the horn player Joseph Leutgeb. Leutgeb and Mozart carried on a curious kind of friendly mockery,
often with Leutgeb as the butt of Mozart's practical jokes.[71]
He enjoyed billiards and dancing (see Mozart and dance), and kept pets: a canary, a starling, a dog, and also a horse
for recreational riding.[72] He had a fondness for scatological humor, which is preserved in his surviving letters,
notably those written to his cousin Maria Anna Thekla Mozart around 1777–1778, but also in his correspondence
with his sister and parents[73] (for an example, see Bölzlschiessen). Mozart even wrote scatological music, a series of
canons (Leck mich im Arsch, Difficile lectu, Bona nox) that he sang with his friends.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 10

Works, musical style, and innovations

Style
Mozart's music, like Haydn's, stands as an archetype of the Classical
style. At the time he began composing, European music was dominated
by the style galant, a reaction against the highly evolved intricacy of
the Baroque. Progressively, and in large part at the hands of Mozart
himself, the contrapuntal complexities of the late Baroque emerged
once more, moderated and disciplined by new forms, and adapted to a
new aesthetic and social milieu. Mozart was a versatile composer, and
wrote in every major genre, including symphony, opera, the solo
concerto, chamber music including string quartet and string quintet,
A facsimile sheet of music from the Dies Irae
and the piano sonata. These forms were not new, but Mozart advanced
movement of the "Requiem Mass in D Minor"
their technical sophistication and emotional reach. He almost (K. 626) in Mozart's own handwriting. It is
single-handedly developed and popularized the Classical piano located at the Mozarthaus in Vienna.
concerto. He wrote a great deal of religious music, including
large-scale masses, but also dances, divertimenti, serenades, and other forms of light entertainment.

The central traits of the Classical style are all present in Mozart's music. Clarity, balance, and transparency are the
hallmarks of his work, but simplistic notions of its delicacy mask the exceptional power of his finest masterpieces,
such as the Piano Concerto No. 24 in C minor, K. 491, the Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K. 550, and the opera Don
Giovanni. Charles Rosen makes the point forcefully:
It is only through recognizing the violence and sensuality at the center of Mozart's work that we can
make a start towards a comprehension of his structures and an insight into his magnificence. In a
paradoxical way, Schumann's superficial characterization of the G minor Symphony can help us to see
Mozart's daemon more steadily. In all of Mozart's supreme expressions of suffering and terror, there is
something shockingly voluptuous.[74]
Especially during his last decade, Mozart exploited chromatic harmony to a degree rare at the time, with remarkable
assurance and to great artistic effect.
Mozart always had a gift for absorbing and adapting valuable features of others' music. His travels helped in the
forging of a unique compositional language.[75] In London as a child, he met J.C. Bach and heard his music. In Paris,
Mannheim, and Vienna he met with other compositional influences, as well as the avant-garde capabilities of the
Mannheim orchestra. In Italy he encountered the Italian overture and opera buffa, both of which deeply affected the
evolution of his own practice. In London and Italy, the galant style was in the ascendent: simple, light music with a
mania for cadencing; an emphasis on tonic, dominant, and subdominant to the exclusion of other harmonies;
symmetrical phrases; and clearly articulated partitions in the overall form of movements.[76] Some of Mozart's early
symphonies are Italian overtures, with three movements running into each other; many are homotonal (all three
movements having the same key signature, with the slow middle movement being in the relative minor). Others
mimic the works of J.C. Bach, and others show the simple rounded binary forms turned out by Viennese composers.
As Mozart matured, he progressively incorporated more features adapted from the Baroque. For example, the
Symphony No. 29 in A Major K. 201 has a contrapuntal main theme in its first movement, and experimentation with
irregular phrase lengths. Some of his quartets from 1773 have fugal finales, probably influenced by Haydn, who had
included three such finales in his recently published Opus 20 set. The influence of the Sturm und Drang ("Storm and
Stress") period in music, with its brief foreshadowing of the Romantic era, is evident in the music of both composers
at that time. Mozart's Symphony No. 25 in G minor K. 183 is another excellent example.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 11

Mozart would sometimes switch his focus between operas and instrumental music. He produced operas in each of
the prevailing styles: opera buffa, such as The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte; opera seria,
such as Idomeneo; and Singspiel, of which Die Zauberflöte is the most famous example by any composer. In his later
operas he employed subtle changes in instrumentation, orchestral texture, and tone color, for emotional depth and to
mark dramatic shifts. Here his advances in opera and instrumental composing interacted: his increasingly
sophisticated use of the orchestra in the symphonies and concertos influenced his operatic orchestration, and his
developing subtlety in using the orchestra to psychological effect in his operas was in turn reflected in his later
non-operatic compositions.[77]

Influence
Mozart's most famous pupil, whom the Mozarts took into their Vienna
home for two years as a child, was probably Johann Nepomuk
Hummel, a transitional figure between Classical and Romantic eras.[78]
More important is the influence Mozart had on composers of later
generations. Ever since the surge in his reputation after his death,
studying his scores has been a standard part of the training of classical
musicians.

Ludwig van Beethoven, Mozart's junior by fifteen years, was deeply

influenced by his work, with which he was acquainted as a teenager.
He is thought to have performed Mozart's operas while playing in the
court orchestra at Bonn,[79] and he traveled to Vienna in 1787 hoping
to study the older composer. Some of Beethoven's works have direct Portrait of Beethoven as a young man by Carl
Traugott Riedel (1769–1832)
models in comparable works by Mozart, and he wrote cadenzas
(WoO 58) to Mozart's D minor piano concerto K. 466.

A number of composers have paid homage to Mozart by writing sets of variations on his themes. Beethoven wrote
four such sets (Op. 66, WoO 28, WoO 40, WoO 46). Others include Frédéric Chopin's Variations for Piano and
Orchestra on "Là ci darem la mano" from Don Giovanni (1827) and Max Reger's Variations and Fugue on a Theme
by Mozart (1914), based on the variation theme in the piano sonata K. 331.[80] Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky wrote his
Orchestral Suite No. 4 in G, "Mozartiana" (1887), as a tribute to Mozart.

Köchel catalogue
For unambiguous identification of works by Mozart, a Köchel catalogue number is used. This is a unique number
assigned, in regular chronological order, to every one of his known works. A work is referenced by the abbreviation
"K." followed by this number. The first edition of the catalogue was completed in 1862 by Ludwig von Köchel. It
has since been repeatedly updated, as scholarly research improves our knowledge of the dates and authenticity of
individual works.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 12

See also
• The Complete Mozart Edition, 180 compact discs arranged into 45 themed volumes released by Philips Classics
Records in 2000.
• Mozart effect
• Mozart family
• Mozart in fiction
• Mozartkugel
• Mozarteum
• Mozarthaus Vienna

Notes
[1] Sources vary in how Mozart’s name should be pronounced in English. Fradkin (1996), a guide for radio announcers, strongly recommends [ts]
for letter z, but otherwise considers English-like pronunciation fully acceptable; thus English pronunciation: /ˈwʊlfɡæŋ æməˈdeɪəs
ˈmoʊtsɑrt/.
[2] Mozart's exact name involved many complications; for details see Mozart's name.
[3] Landon 1990, p. 171
[4] Deutsch 1965, p. 9
[5] Deutsch 1965, p. 455
[6] Solomon 1995, pp. 39–40
[7] Deutsch 1965, p. 453
[8] Solomon 1995, p. 33
[9] Solomon 1995, p. 44
[10] Halliwell 1998, pp. 51, 53
[11] Halliwell 1998, pp. 47–48
[12] Halliwell 1998, pp. 82–83
[13] Halliwell 1998, pp. 99–102
[14] Halliwell 1998, pp. 172, 183–185
[15] Solomon 1995, p. 106
[16] Solomon 1995, p. 103
[17] Solomon 1995, p. 98
[18] Solomon 1995, p. 107
[19] Solomon 1995, p. 109
[20] Halliwell 1998, p. 225. Archbishop Colloredo responded to the request by dismissing both Wolfgang and Leopold, though the dismissal of
the latter was not actually carried out.
[21] Sadie 1998
[22] Deutsch 1965, p. 174
[23] Solomon 1995, p. 149
[24] Halliwell 1998, pp. 304–305
[25] Abert 2007, p. 509
[26] Halliwell 1998, p. 305
[27] Halliwell 1998, chs. 18-19
[28] Solomon 1995, p. 157
[29] Halliwell 1998, p. 322
[30] Sadie 1998, §3
[31] Deutsch 1965, p. 176
[32] Vatican 1770
[33] Sadie 1980, vol. 12, p. 700
[34] Sadie 1998, §4
[35] Solomon 1995, p. 247
[36] Solomon 1995, p. 253
[37] Solomon 1995, p. 259
[38] Solomon 1995, p. 258
[39] Eisen
[40] Solomon 1995, p. 270
[41] Barry 2000. For detailed discussion of the influence of Opus 33 on the "Haydn" quartets.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 13

[42] Mozart & Mozart 1966, p. 1331. Leopold's letter to his daughter Nannerl, 14–16 May 1785.
[43] Solomon 1995, p. 293
[44] Solomon 1995, p. 298
[45] Solomon 1995, p. 430
[46] Solomon 1995, p. 578
[47] Solomon 1995, §27
[48] Solomon 1995, p. 431
[49] Solomon 1995, p. 321
[50] Solomon 1995
[51] Solomon 1995, pp. 423–424
[52] Haberl 2006, pp. 215–55
[53] Sadie 1998, §6
[54] Solomon 1995
[55] Lorenz 2010
[56] Sadie 1980, vol. 12, p. 710
[57] Steptoe 1990, p. 208
[58] Solomon 1995, §30
[59] Solomon 1995, p. 477
[60] Solomon 1995, p. 487
[61] Solomon 1995, p. 490
[62] Solomon 1995, p. 485
[63] Solomon 1995, p. 491
[64] Solomon 1995, pp. 493
[65] Solomon 1995, p. 588
[66] Sadie 1980, vol. 12, p. 716
[67] Wakin 2010
[68] Solomon 1995, p. 499
[69] Solomon 1995, p. 308
[70] Solomon 1995, p. 310
[71] Solomon 1995, §20
[72] Solomon 1995, p. 319
[73] Solomon 1995, p. 169
[74] Rosen 1998, p. 324
[75] Solomon 1995, ch. 8. Discussion of the sources of style as well as his early imitative ability.
[76] Heartz 2003
[77] Einstein 1965
[78] Solomon 1995, p. 574
[79] Raptus
[80] March, Greenfield & Layton 2005

References
• Abert, Hermann (2007). W. A. Mozart (http://books.google.com/books?id=l6I6BwTMJ3sC). Cliff Eisen (ed.),
Stewart Spencer (trans.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300072235. OCLC 70401564.
• Barry, Barbara R (2000). The Philosopher's Stone: Essays in the Transformation of Musical Structure (http://
books.google.com/books?id=whSIM4Snh7YC). Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press. ISBN 1576470105.
OCLC 466918491.
• Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965). Mozart: A Documentary Biography (http://books.google.com/
books?id=e8AtwaddUW4C). Peter Branscombe, Eric Blom, Jeremy Noble (trans.). Stanford: Stanford University
Press. ISBN 9780804702331. OCLC 8991008.
• Einstein, Alfred (1965). Mozart: His Character, His Work (http://books.google.com/
books?id=U0KVSgAACAAJ). Galaxy Book 162. Arthur Mendel, Nathan Broder (trans.) (6th ed.). New York:
Oxford University Press. OCLC 456644858.
• Eisen, Cliff; et al. "Mozart" (http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40258pg3).
Grove Music Online (subscription required). Retrieved 09/15/2010.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 14

• (German) Haberl, Dieter (2006). "Beethovens erste Reise nach Wien: die Datierung seiner Schülerreise zu W. A.
Mozart". Neues Musikwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch (14). OCLC 634798176.
• Fradkin, Robert A. (1996) The well-tempered announcer: a pronunciation guide to classical music. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press. ISBN 025321064X.
• Halliwell, Ruth (1998). The Mozart Family: Four Lives in a Social Context (http://books.google.com/
books?id=TUMyCTKlAr0C). New York: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198163718. OCLC 36423516.
• Heartz, Daniel (2003). Music in European Capitals: The Galant Style, 1720–1780 (http://books.google.com/
books?id=Sq7rU0BGyREC) (1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393050807.
OCLC 50693068.
• Landon, Howard Chandler Robbins (1990). 1791: Mozart's Last Year (http://books.google.com/
books?id=oXdNwE0mQ9UC). London: Flamingo. ISBN 9780006543244. OCLC 20932333.
• Lorenz, Michael (9 August 2010). "Mozart's Apartment on the Alsergrund" (http://homepage.univie.ac.at/
michael.lorenz/alsergrund/). Retrieved 27 September 2010.
• March, Ivan; Greenfield, Edward; Layton, Robert (2005). Czajkowski, Paul. ed. Penguin Guide to Compact Discs
And DVDs, 2005–2006 (http://books.google.com/books?id=_H6KQgAACAAJ) (30th ed.). London: Penguin.
ISBN 0141022620. OCLC 416204627.
• Mozart, Wolfgang; Mozart, Leopold (1966). Anderson, Emily. ed. The Letters of Mozart and his Family (http://
books.google.com/books?id=VMkuAAAAIAAJ) (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. OCLC 594813.
• "Mozart, Mozart's Magic Flute and Beethoven" (http://www.raptusassociation.org/beethmoze.html). Raptus
Association for Music Appreciation. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
• Rosen, Charles (1998). The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven (http://books.google.com/
books?id=aAFUOreO-nMC) (2nd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393317129.
OCLC 246977555.
• Sadie, Stanley, ed (1998). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music Inc..
ISBN 9780333734322. OCLC 39160203.
• Sadie, Stanley, ed (1980). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (6th ed.). London: Macmillan.
ISBN 0333231112. OCLC 5676891.
• Solomon, Maynard (1995). Mozart: A Life (http://books.google.com/books?id=UuEHAQAAMAAJ) (1st ed.).
New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780060190460. OCLC 31435799.
• Steptoe, Andrew (1990). The Mozart-Da Ponte Operas: The Cultural and Musical Background to Le nozze di
Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte (http://books.google.com/books?id=s7394NpN0YQC). Oxford:
Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198162219. OCLC 22895166.
• Till, Nicholas (1995). Mozart and the Enlightenment: Truth, Virtue and Beauty in Mozart's Operas (http://books.
google.com/books?id=xCyegHQr2TwC). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0393313956. OCLC 469628809.
• "Award of the Papal Equestrian Order of the “Golden Spur” to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart" (http://asv.vatican.
va/en/doc/1770.htm). Vatican Secret Archives. 4 July 1770. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
• Wakin, Daniel J. (24 August 2010). "After Mozart’s Death, an Endless Coda" (http://www.nytimes.com/2010/
08/25/arts/music/25death.html). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 15

Further reading
• Cairns, David (2006). Mozart and His Operas (http://books.google.com/books?id=4rNjwC5HShkC).
Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520228987. OCLC 62290645.
• Eisen, Cliff; Keefe, Simon P, eds (2006). The Cambridge Mozart Encyclopedia (http://books.google.com/
books?id=8o6mVjlSzM4C). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521856590. OCLC 60245611.
• Gutman, Robert (2000). Mozart: A Cultural Biography (http://books.google.com/books?id=wKm3sCZeyr8C).
London: Harcourt Brace. ISBN 9780156011716. OCLC 45485135.
• "New Mozart Pieces Unveiled (VIDEO)" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/02/
new-mozart-pieces-unveile_n_249532.html). The Huffington Post. 8 February 2009. Retrieved 29 September
2010.

External links
• Mozarthaus Salzburg (http://www.mozarthaus.biz/)
• Salzburg Tourist Office (http://www.salzburg.info/en/art_culture/wolfgang_amadeus_mozart//) – Salzburg
City Tourist Board website.
• Works by or about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n80-22788) in libraries
(WorldCat catalog)

Digitized, scanned Material (Books, Sheet music)

• "Mozart" Titles (http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=Mozart AND mediatype:texts); Mozart as author
(http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator:(Mozart) AND mediatype:(Texts)) from archive.org
• "Mozart" Titles (http://books.google.com/books?as_q=&num=10&lr=&as_brr=3&btnG=Google+Search&
as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&lr=&as_vt=Mozart+|++Mozarts&as_auth=&
as_pub=&as_sub=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1700&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1940&
as_isbn=&as_issn=); Mozart as author (http://books.google.com/books?lr=&as_brr=3&q=inauthor:Mozart+
-inauthor:"J.+Mozart"&btnG=Search+Books&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1756&
as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1930) from books.google.com
• Digital Mozart Edition (http://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/main/index.php?l=2) (Internationale Stiftung
Mozarteum)
• (French) "Mozart" titles (http://gallica.bnf.fr/Search?q=Mozart&p=1&lang=en&
ArianeWireRechercheHaut=palette) from Gallica
• From the British Library
• Mozart's Thematic Catalogue (http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/mozart/accessible/introduction.html) (
view with "Turning the Pages" (http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/virtualbooks/detect.
html?accessfolder=mozart))
• Mozart's Musical Diary (http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/ttpbooks.html)
• Background information on Mozart and the Thematic Catalogue (http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/
musicmanu/mozart/index.html)
• (German) Letters of Leopold Mozart und Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (http://www.blb-karlsruhe.de/virt_bib/
mozart/) (Badische Landesbibliothek)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 16

Sheet music (Scores)

• Complete sheetmusic (scores) (http://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/nma/start.php?l=2) from the Neue
Mozart-Ausgabe (Internationale Stiftung Mozarteum)
• "Mozart" Titles (http://www.digital-collections.de/index.html?c=autoren_index&l=en&ab=Mozart,+
Wolfgang+Amadeus) from the Munich Digitisation Centre (MDZ)
• "Mozart" Titles (https://urresearch.rochester.edu/viewContributorPage.action?personNameId=664) from the
University of Rochester
• Free scores by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in the International Music Score Library Project
• Free scores by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
• Free scores (http://icking-music-archive.org/ByComposer/Mozart.php) by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in the
Werner Icking Music Archive (WIMA)
• Free typeset sheet music (http://cantorion.org/musicsearch/composer/mozart/) of Mozart's works from
Cantorion.org
• The Mutopia Project has compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/
make-table.cgi?Composer=MozartWA)
• Mozart as author (http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator:(Mozart) AND mediatype:(Texts)) from
archive.org
• Mozart as author (http://books.google.com/books?lr=&as_brr=3&q=inauthor:Mozart+-inauthor:"J.+
Mozart"&btnG=Search+Books&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1756&as_maxm_is=0&
as_maxy_is=1930) from books.google.com
Article Sources and Contributors 17

Article Sources and Contributors

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=400051864  Contributors: !!, *Kat*, 152.163.206.xxx, 2kyou, 3Jane, 50%quick, 6afraidof7, A Nobody, AI,
Aanselmi, Abductive, Abdullais4u, Academic Challenger, Aciram, Action Jackson IV, Adavidb, Adrian.benko, Adrigon, Adzz, Aethir, AgRince, Ahoerstemeier, Aillema, Aksi great, Al1163,
Alassius, Alaz, Aldaron, Aldoperani, Alegoo92, Alegreen, Aleph4, Alex S, Alexh19740110, Ali1986, AlienZen, Alison, Almost-instinct, Aloysius, Alpha xp5, AlphaEta, Amanmadh, Amatulic,
Amberrock, Amigo737, Amorrow, Andre Engels, Andrew w munro, Andrewjlockley, Andrewlp1991, Android79, AndyJones, Angelday, Anger22, Angr, Ann Stouter, Anomalocaris, Anonymous
editor, Antandrus, Antidote, Appleseed, Arcadie, Archangel1054, Archivman, Ardonik, Arichnad, Arpingstone, Art LaPella, ArtGriggs, Artemisstrong, Arwel Parry, Ashenai, Ashujo, Ask123,
Asphyxia666, Atavi, Atenea26, Aude, Austria, Austrian, Autoerrant, Avalon, AvicAWB, Avicennasis, Avraham, Awenty, AzaToth, Bankuroku, BarryNorton, Barrylb, Batnage, Bbatsell,
Bbsrock, Beetstra, Begoon, Ben davison, Ben-Zin, Benny.Perl, Bennybp, Beno1000, Bergonzc, Berserk798, Bevo, Bibliomaniac15, Bidgee, BigWillieSmith9389, Bigbrisco, BinaryTed,
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Bobnotts, Bobo192, Bogan123, Boothy443, Boromir123, Brainyiscool, Branden, Brandino92, Brandon, Bratsche, Brendan Moody, Brequinda, Brian Robins, Brianboulton, Brianfreud, Brion
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Croce-Mozart-Detail.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Croce-Mozart-Detail.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Herrick, Jusjih, Kasta33, Kiwa, Moxfyre,
RobertG, Shakko, Vanished user 001, Xenophon, 20 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 18

File:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Signature.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_Signature.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
User:Connormah
File:Mozart (5).JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mozart_(5).JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Jonathan White. Original uploader was Jonathanawhite at
en.wikipedia
File:Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_2.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Awadewit, Ecummenic, High
on a tree, Jusjih, Kanonkas, Kelson, Kiwa, Kyro, PKM, Spacebirdy, Tetraktys, Xenophon, 13 anonymous edits
File:Wolfgang Leopold Nannerl.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wolfgang_Leopold_Nannerl.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Awadewit, Brianboulton,
Coyau, Ecummenic, Frank C. Müller, Gilbertus, Gryffindor, Gérard Janot, Joonasl, Jusjih, Mattes, Opus33, 1 anonymous edits
File:Wolfgang01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wolfgang01.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Aavindraa, Aotake, Brianboulton, Gryffindor, Jusjih, Kiwa,
Mattes, MobyDick, Wknight94, Wst, 1 anonymous edits
File:Martini bologna mozart 1777.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Martini_bologna_mozart_1777.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Archibald Tuttle,
Davepape, Diomede, Ecummenic, G.dallorto, Jodook, Jusjih, Rl, Stefan h, Xenophon, 8 anonymous edits
File:Costanze Mozart by Lange 1782.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Costanze_Mozart_by_Lange_1782.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bohème, Frank
C. Müller, Jusjih, Makthorpe, Mattes, 3 anonymous edits
File:Mozart drawing Doris Stock 1789.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mozart_drawing_Doris_Stock_1789.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
User:Opus33
File:Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_1.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Aavindraa, Amada44,
AndreasPraefcke, El Muñeco Shakes It Up, Baby, G.dallorto, Gabor, Jarekt, Jusjih, Kilom691, Luestling, Mst, Myself488, Opus33, Spacebirdy, Thomas Gun, WikedKentaur, 15 anonymous edits
File:Mozart (unfinished) by Lange 1782.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mozart_(unfinished)_by_Lange_1782.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
AndreasPraefcke, Bogdan, Jusjih, RobertG, Shawnc, Xenophon, 8 anonymous edits
File:Mozart Sheet Music.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mozart_Sheet_Music.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Discospinster, JelloSheriffBob, Rimshot,
7 anonymous edits
File:Beethoven Riedel 1801.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Beethoven_Riedel_1801.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Riedel, Carl Traugott (1769 - 1832)

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