What does it mean to be human?

-Its goals are explanation, understanding, prediction, and

Two Possibilities control.
-It tests its theories by logical, mathematical, and
a. Homo sapiens sapiens technological means.
- Primates who think (a lot) -Science is shaped by social forces and historical change.
-Contemplative -While seeking objectivity, science also shapes culture.
b. Homo farber Technology
-Primates who make things
-Manipulative Different technical meanings
a. Artifacts or Hardware. Products fabricated by humans
Science is. . . to meet specific needs. Tools, machines, implements.
-Natural knowledge b. Knowledge and Methods. A system of tacit and explicit
-Natural philosophy
knowledge, techniques, and materials utilized in using,
-Natural history making, or repairing a certain kind of artifact.
-Systematic inquiry into nature c. A human cultural activity or profession. e.g. military or
-A human cultural activity civil engineers, crafters, machinists.
-A total societal enterprise d. A total societal enterprise. e.g. “American
-With vast social consequences technological know-how.” R&D, invention, patronage,
-Organized, well-founded knowledge of nature and
mass production and mass consumption.
human nature
-“A sophisticated intellectual version of Esperanto or the What is Technology?
universal language that the heroes of the scientific -A discourse or treatise on an art or arts;
revolution imagined as an instrument of global -The scientific study of the practical or industrial arts.
communication” -Techne (art, craft, skill), Logos (word).
-“The cutting edge of ignorance” -A system based on the application of knowledge,
manifested in physical objects and organizational forms,
How do we define science? for the attainment of specific goals —Volti
CONTENT -Body of organized knowledge about nature
-From Latin scientia - knowledge BRIEF HISTORY OF SCIENCE, AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
METHOD -Of obtaining that knowledge, experiment,
observation, hypothesis, theory, law
STONE AGE
ATTITUDE -Organized and systematic skepticism -Archeological findings show that modern man from Asian
mainland first came over land on across narrow channels
GOALS -Explanation, understanding, prediction, control to live in Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 B.C.
LANGUAGE -Mathematics and technical vocabulary
-Subsequently they formed settlement in Sulu, Davao,
Zamboanga, Samar, Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal,
TOOLS -Uses Instruments and technologies Bulacan and Cagayan.
Inventions
COMMUNITY -Discipline, education, credentials, careers,
-They made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and
patrons, societies, “turf”
later developed method of sawing and polishing stones
PROCESS -Organized, but very diverse activity shaped by around 40,000 B.C.
social forces and historical change -By around 3,000 B.C. they were producing adzes
ornaments of seashells and pottery. Pottery flourished for
In general:
the next 2,000 years until they imported Chinese
-Science is an organized, hierarchical activity that
porcelain. Soon they learned to produce copper, bronze,
investigates nature and human nature by experiment and
iron, and gold metal tools and ornaments.
observation.
Iron Age -Development of Hospitals
-The Iron Age lasted from there third century B.C. to 11th San Juan Lazaro Hospital the oldest in the Far East
century A.D. During this period Filipinos were engaged in was founded in 1578.
extraction smelting and refining of iron from ores, until -17th and 18th Century
the importation of cast iron from Sarawak and later from Successive shipwrecks of and attacks of pirates on
China the galleons led to declining profits from the trade
Inventions/Discoveries that led to economic depression in Manila during the
-They learn to weave cotton, make glass ornaments, and later part of the 17th century.
cultivate lowland rice and dike fields of terraced fields -The Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos Del Pais de
utilizing spring water in mountain regions. Filipinas founded by Governador Jose Basco y Vargas in
-They also learned to build boats for trading purposes. 1780 encouraged research in agriculture and industry.
-Spanish chronicles noted refined plank built warships The society promoted cultivation of indigo, cotton,
called caracoa suited for interisland trade raids. cinnamon, and silk industry. In 1789 Manila was opened
to Asian shipping, inaugurating an era of increase in
10th century A.D. export of rice, hemp, tobacco, sugar, and indigo, and
-Filipinos from the Butuan were trading with Champa imports of manufacturing goods.
(Vietnam) and those from Ma-I (Mindoro) with China as -The 19th Century
noted in Chinese records containing several references to In 1863 the colonial authorities issued a royal degree
the Philippines. These archaeological findings indicated to reform the existing educational system. In 1871 the
that regular trade relations between the Philippines, school of medicine and pharmacy were opened to UST,
China and Vietnam had been well established from the after 15 years it had granted the degree of Licenciado en
10th century to the 15th century A.D.
Medicina to 62 graduates.
Trading -The licentiate degree equivalent to a Master degree was
-The People of Ma-I and San-Hsu (Palawan) traded bee granted Bachelor’s degree in pharmacy to its 1st six
wax, cotton, pearls, coconut heart mats, tortoise shell and graduates who included Leon Ma. Guerrero considered
medicinal betel nuts, panie cloth for porcelain, leads was the father of Philippine Pharmacy due to his works
fishnets sinker, colored glass beads, iron pots, iron on Medicinal Plants of the Philippines.
needles and tin -There were no school for engineering but they offered
Before the Spaniards nautical four year course for pilot of merchant marine
-Filipinos were already engage in activities and practices that includes the subject:
related to science forming primitive or first wave Arithmetic Hydrography
technology. They were curative values of some plant on Algebra Meteorology
how to extract medicine from herbs. They had an Geometry Navigation
alphabet, a system of writing, a method of counting and Trigonometry Pilotage
weights and measure. They had no calendar but counted Physics
the years by the period of the moon and from one harvest - Higher education was generally viewed with suspicion as
to another. encouraging rebellion among native Filipinos and thus
Spanish Regime only few daring students were able to undertake higher
-The later part of the 16th Century studies.
-Development of schools -The expanded world trade and commerce in the later
Colegio de San Ildefonso-Cebu-1595 part of the 19th century led to the rapid development of
Colegio de San Ignacio-Manila-1595 Manila as cosmopolitan center. Modern amenities such as
Colegio De Nuestra Senora del Rosario-Manila-1597 steam tramways, waterworks, newspaper, electric lights,
Colegio De San Jose-Manila-1601 banking system were introduce in 19th century.
-Jesuits promoted meteorological studies founding Manila
observatory at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865.
 HISTORICAL-ANTICEDENTS-IN-THE-WORLD Americas – not its location, people, history, etc.
-Europeans came into contact with people entirely
History of Science ignorant of God, Christ, etc.
It all starts with the Greeks -The plants and animals of the Americas were unknown –
- The Ancient Greeks are seen, in the west, as our although there were some that were the same.
intellectual forefathers. From Greece was born - This led to
philosophy, drama, western artistic aesthetics, geometry, 1) recognition that the Bible was not the ultimate
etc., authority on nature
-Theology was never an important aspect of Greek 2) debate over the nature of Indigenous people
thought and Orthodoxy was practically anathema. (were they animals or humans?)
- Ancient Greek society did not have a permanent priestly 3) classification of the animals & plants.
class that imposed dogma. 4) the fact that no one knew anything about the
-Greek Gods & Goddesses were NOT omnipotent nor Americas sparked curiosity – the need to know.
omniscient. Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Aristotle (384-322 BCE) - Descartes is often called the 'father' of modern
-Tutor to Alex the Great philosophy.
-His philosophy later adopted by the Christian West -Descartes argued that knowledge is genuinely possible,
-Founded the Lyceum, (peripatetic school) which and that a mathematically-based scientific knowledge of
emphasized natural philosophy. the material world is possible.
-created a hierarchy of all living things, from simple to - Cogito, ergo sum
more complex. he rejected religious authority in the quest for
scientific and philosophical knowledge (but he was a
Ptolemy devout Catholic)
- Created a Geocentric model of the universe. He argued for a rational justification for a universal,
-This worked pretty well for a long time – especially for mathematical/ quantitative understanding of nature.
planets. But, eventually, errors would be detected (once We still rely largely on the Cartesian view of the
math & technology developed more). universe – a mechanistic view of nature.

European Medieval thinking Creationism

- After the fall of the Roman Empire (~478 AD), Europe Several compelling Christian dogmas are important to
would be politically fragmented and a period of note:
intellectual conservatism would be the norm. 1. Genesis: GOD created earth in 6 days (don’t forget –
-Meanwhile, Arab civilization would be the center of he took the last day off). Creation was also centered
intellectual development – esp. in mathematics, optics, around Earth & Man (we are in his image).
medicine. 2. Relative Youth of the Earth
-In Europe, intellectual activity would be under the there was a lot of debate about the exact age . . . but
purview of the church – monasteries would be the loci of most theologians agreed it wasn’t so long ago. If the earth
study, contemplation, documentation. was indeed less than 6000 years old, then gradual change
could not have occurred.
The Day the Universe Changed
3. The Permanence of the Earth’s Physical Structure
The “New World” According to Christian thought, the appearance of
- The “discovery” of the Americas was one of the most earth is the result of two factors:
important events in European history (although historians a. Original creation by God.
mostly focus on the impact of Europe on the Americas). b. The damage done by the great flood.
-There were several troubling aspects to the discovery.
- First, the Bible had absolutely nothing to say about the
Otherwise, the earth had not changed over time, it was in Sir Charles Lyell (1797 – 1875)
a state of stasis. - Wrote: Geological Evidence of the Antiquity of Man in
4. The Fixity of Species 1863 and Principles of Geology
Likewise after God created plants & animals, these -Lyell argued that presently observable Geological
retained their true, original form, generation after processes were adequate to explain geological history;
generation. the action of the rain, sea, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc.,
- no species had been lost explained the geological history of more ancient times.
- no species had changed
Nevertheless, people did understand the process of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
selective (or artificial) breeding. - Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Bishop Ussher (1581-1656) Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)

- By working backwards from the Bible (so-and-so begat - Catastrophism
so-and-so), he calculated the first day of creation to have -Opposed Lamarck
-Convinced others that extinction was a fact
been Sunday, October 23rd, 4004 BC!
-Known as the father of Comparative anatomy
John Ray
- Natural theology: the doctrine that the wisdom and 2. Extinction
power of God could be understood by studying His - Cuvier’s work demonstrated that some species had
become extinct this raised two issues:
creation.
- Ray spent a great deal of time pondering the a. Why would God allow some of his creations
relationships of organismal form to function. to disappear.
-Living things showed adaptations to their environments, b. Young earth theory: how could so many strange
which for Ray were signs of God's design and hence species go extinct, be covered by sediments, if the earth
worthy of study. was young?
-Unlike Linnaeus, who focused almost exclusively on 3. Sequence of Fossil types
classification for its own sake, Ray began to use - By the 1830’s there was general recognition that fossils
classification to address questions in physiology, function, had been organisms.
and behavior -Further, it was apparent that older strata contained very
Argument from Design simple animals. As one moved through time, the
- Rev. William Paley – Natural Theology organisms became more and more complex.
“The marks of design are too strong to be got over. -There was no reason to believe that catastrophes had
Design must have had a designer. That designer must occurred .
have been a person. That person is GOD” 4. Existence of Rudimentary Organs
-Nature is a watch & GOD is the watchmaker. - By the late 1700s, biologists recognized that some
Essentialism animals retained parts they didn’t use
- Due to neo-Platonism, variation in species was snakes with vestiges of limbs
disregarded. Flightless insects retained stunted wings.
-As long as the ideal form existed (in God’s mind), then -These observations contradicted the argument from
subtle, minute variations were insignificant and did not design theory.
demonstrate change over time. 5. Structural similarities
- A human hand, fin of seal, wing of bat, etc. all show
Evidence supporting evolution prior to Darwin
similar structure.
1. Uniformitarianism -While Creationists argued that this was evidence of the
-James Hutton : came up with the observation uniform plan of God, evolutionists would argue that this
-Lyell made the ideas popular. was due to a common evolutionary past.
6. Embryological development
- 18th century comparative anatomists noted that as
animals went through embryonic development, it was
difficult in the early stages to tell what type of animal it
was. Chicken, lizard and human embryos look very similar
and have similar structures (gill slits, etc.). Darwin would
use this to argue common descent.

7. Artificial Selection
- Animal breeders had demonstrated that species are not
immutable . . . That is, they can be changed through
selective breeding.

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

- Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
-In nature, organisms produce far more offspring than can
survive.
-Man too is capable of overproducing if left unchecked
(advocated limiting family size)
-Famine would become globally epidemic and eventually
consume Man.

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)

- Independently developed theory of natural selection
(drew same conclusion from Malthus as had Darwin)
-Wrote an essay “On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart
Indefinitely From the Original Type”
-Send copies to Darwin for review – Darwin submitted his
own, beating Wallace to the punch!!

Herbert Spencer
- Coined the term “Survival of the Fittest”
-Tried to apply evolution to human populations and
demonstrate moral superiority of Europeans