STS

HOW SCIENCE AFFECTS TECHNOLOGY

 SCIENCE EXPLORE FOR THE PURPOSES OF KNOWING, WHILE TECHNOLOGY EXPLORES

FOR THE PURPOSE OF MAKING SOMETHING USEFUL OF THE KNOWLEDGE.
 WITHOUT SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY COULD NOT PROCEED
 WITHOUT TECHNOLOGY, SOME SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS WOULD NOT BE POSSIBLE
 SCIENCE DRIVES TECHNOLOGY BY MAKING NEW TECHNOLOGY POSSIBLE THROUGH
SCIENTIFI BREAK THROUGHS
 “SCIENCE IS A WAY OF KNOWING WHILE TECHNOLOGY IS WAY OF DOING”

SCIENCE CONTRIBUTIONS:

 NEW KNOWLEDGE WHICH SERVES AS A DIRECT SOURCCE OF IDEAS FOR NEW

TECHNOLOGICAL POSIBILITIES
 SOURCE OF TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR MORE EFFICIENT ENGINEERING DESIGN AND
A KNOWDLEGE BASE FOR EVALUATION OF FEASIBILITY OF DESIGN
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTATION, LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND ANALYTICAL
METHODDS USED IN RESEARCH THAT EVENTUALLY FIND THEIR WAY INTO DESIGN AND
INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES, OFTEN THROUGH INTERMEDIATE DISCIPLINES.
 PRACTICE OF RESEARCH AS A SOURCE FOR DEVELOPMENT AND ASSIMILATION OF NEW
HUMAN SKILLS AND CAPABILITIES EVENTUALLY USEFUL FOR TECHNOLOGY
 CREATION OF KNOWDLEGE BASE THAT BECOMES INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT IN THE
ASSESSMENT OF TECHNOLOGY IN TERMS OF ITS WIDER SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS.
 KNOWLEDGE BASE THAT ENABLES MORE EFFIFICIENT STRATEGIES OF APPLIED
RESEARCY, DEVELOPMENT, AND REFINEMENT OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES

THE CONVERSE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON SCIENCE IS AT LEAST EQUAL IMPORTANCE

1. THROUGH PROVIDING A FERTILE SOURCE OF NOVEL SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS AND

THEREBY ALSO HELPING TO JUSTICE THE ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES NEEDED TO ADDRESS
THE QUESTIONS IN AN EFFICIENT AND TIMELY MANNER, EXTENDING THE AGENDA OF
SCIENCE.
 2. AS A SOURCE OF OTHERWISE UNAVAILABLE INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNIQUES
UNAVAILABLE INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNIQUES NEEDED TO ADDRESS AND MORE
DIFFICULAT SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS MORE EFFICIENTLY

HOW TECHNOLOGY AFFECTS SOCIETY

 TECHNOLOGY AFFECTS THE WAY INDIVIDUALS COMMUNICATE , LEARN AND THINK

 HELPS SOCIETY AND DETERMINES HOW PEOPLE INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER ON DAILY
BASIS
 IT HELPS PEOPLE / SOCIETY TO HAVE AN EASIER WAY OF LIVING. SINCE TODAY
TECHNOLOGIES ADVANCES AND NEW DISCOVERIES ARE BEING DEVELOPED THAT HELPS
THE SOCIETY FEEL AT EASE BECAUSE OF THESE DISCOVERIES.
 TECHNOLOGY HELPED CHANGE HUMAN SOCIETAL BEHAVIOR AND PERHAPS EVOLUTION
IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF STONE TOOLS AND THE ABILITY TO HARNESS FIRE.
 MADE LIFE EASIER FOR MULTITUDES AND HAVE GIFTED MANY WITH RESOURCES,
EDUCATION, AND TOOLS
 MECHANIZATION OF AGRICULTURE
 IMPROVEMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
 IMPROVEMENT OF COMMUNICATION
 IMPROVED THE EDUCATION AND LEARNING PROCESS

IMPORTANT PEOPLE OF STS

PHILIPPINES

 FE DEL MUNDO IMPROVED INCUBATOR AND JAUNDICE RELIEVING DEVICE (MEDICINE)

 GREGORIO ZARA INVENTED VIDEOPHONE(COMMUNICATION)

 JOSE RODRIGUEZ DISCOVERED THE METHODS OF CONTROLING LEPROSY (MEDICINE)

 BENJAMIN ALMEDA INVENTED FOOD PROCESSING MACHINE (AGRICULTURE)

 PABLO CAMPOS ( FIRST RADIOSCOPE LABORATORY ( PHYSICS)

 PEDRO FLORES INVENTED YOYO IN USA

 DIOSDADO BANATAO INVENTED THE SINGLE CHIP GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

COMPUTER MICROSHIPS

 FRANCISCO FRONDA IMPROVED METHODS OF PRODUCTION FOR THE POULTRY AND

LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY

 JULIA BANZON MADE ALTERNATIVE FUEL (ETHYL ESTER FUEL FROM SUGARCANE AND
COCONUTE)

 ANGEL ALCALA CREATED ARTIFICAL CORAL REEFS

 BENJAMIN CABRERA DEVELOP DRUG TREATMENTS AGAINSTS DISEASES CAUSED BY

MOSQUITO

 FELIX MARAMBA BUILT A COCONUTE OIL FUELED POWER GENERATOR

 DAMIEL DINGEL INVENTED WATER POWERED CAR

 ROLANDO DELA CRUZ DEVELOPED ANTI CANCER SKIN CREAM

 EDUARDO SANJUAN INVENTED LUNAR ROVER/ MOON BUGGY

 FRANCISCO QUISUMBING INVENTED QUICK INK

 ANALECTO DEL ROSARIO INVENTE A FORMULA OF A PURE BIND OF ALCOHOL FROM

TUBA OF A NIPA PALM

 PEDRO ESCURO MADE ISOLATION OF NINE RICE VARIETIES

 ROBERTO DEL ROSARIO INVENTED KARAOKE SING ALONG SYSTEM

 RAMON BARBA – TECHNIQUES TO PROMOTE CROP FLOWERING (FLOWER INDUCTION

TREATMENT)

 AGAPITO FLORES INVENTED FLUORESCENT LAMP

  ATOY LLAVE INVENTED FIRST SALAMANDER AMPHIBOUS TRICYCLE

 CARMENT VELASQUES DISCOVERED 32 SPECIES AND ONE NEW GENUS OF PARASITE

 NARCISO MOSUELA INVENTED SUPERLCALAN (ENERGY AND TRANSPO)

 SOFRONIO H. PASOLA – GAMES OF GENERAL (SPORTS AND RECREATION)

HISTORY STS IN PHILIPPINES

 STONE AGE  Around 50,000 years ago the modern men (homo sapiens) first came over-
land across narrow channels.  They lived in Palawan and Batangas.  It took 10,000
years before they have discovered how to made simple tools or weapons.  They also
formed settlements in the major Philippine islands.  By about 3,000 B.C., they were
producing adzes ornaments of seashells and pottery of various designs. It became well
developed and flourished for about 2,000 years and it came into competition with
imported Chinese porcelain.

 IRON AGE  The early Filipinos learned to make metal tools and implements—copper,
gold, bronze and later iron.  Considered to have lasted from the second or third
century B.C. to the tenth century A.D.  William Henry Scott in Prehispanic Source
Materials for the Study of Philippine History(Rev. ed.; Quezon City: New Day Publishers,
1984), points out questionable documents which have been the basis for information
about this period and which were popularized in Philippines History textbooks, that
Filipinos during this period engaged in the actual extraction of iron from ore, smelting
and refining. But it appears that the iron industry, like the manufact ure of pottery, did
not survive the competition with imported cast iron from Sarawak and much later, from
China.

 By the first century A.D., Filipinos were weaving cotton, smelting iro n, making pottery
and glass ornaments and were also engaged in agriculture. Lowlan d rice was cultivated
in diked fields, and in the interior mountain regions as in the Cordillera, in terraced fields
which utilized spring water.  Filipinos had also learned to build boats for the coastal
trade.

  By the 10th century A.D., this had become a highly developed technology. In fact, the
early Spanish chroniclers took note of the refined plank- built warship called caracoa.
 These boats were well suited for inter- island trade raids.  By the 10th century A.D., the
inhabitants of Butuan were trading with Champa (Vietnam); those of Ma-i (Mindoro)
with China.

 PRE-SPANISH PERIOD  Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine
islands, the natives of the archipelago already had practices linked to science and
technology. Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of
plants and the methods of extracting medicine from herbs. They already had an
alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring system and a calendar. Filipinos
were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving. The Banaue Rice
Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre-Spanish era
Filipinos.[2]

 SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD  The Spanish introduced formal education and founded
scientific institution.  Parish schools were established where religion, reading, writing,
arithmetic and music was taught.  Later the Spanish established colleges and
universities in the archipelago including the University of Santo Tomas.  Biology is given
focus. Contributors to science in the archipelago during the 19th century were botanists,
Fr. Ignacio Mercado., Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and Dr. Leon Ma Guerrero, chemist
Anaclento del Rosario, and medicine scholars Dr. Manuel Guerrero, Dr, Jose Montes and

 SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD  The Spanish also contributed to the field of engineering in
the islands by constructing government buildings, churches, roads, bridges and forts. 
Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of
big profits.

HISTORY OF STS WORLDWIDE (https://www.explainthatstuff.com/timeline.html)

~3.5 million years ago

Humans make the first tools from stone, wood, antlers, and bones.

Tools and machines

1–2 million years ago

Humans discover fire.

Biofuels

Candles

Car engines

Jet engines

10,000 BCE

Earliest boats are constructed.

Ships and boats

8000– 9000 BCE

Beginnings of human settlements and agriculture.

Biofuels

Water

6000– 7000 BCE

Hand-made bricks first used for construction in the Middle East.

Brick (ceramics)

Ancient times

4000 BCE

Iron used for the first time in decorative ornaments.

Iron and steel

3500– 5000 BCE

Glass is made by people for the first time.

Glass

3500 BCE
Humans invent the wheel.

Tools and machines

Wheels and axles

3000 BCE

First written languages are developed by the Sumerian people of southern Mesopotamia (part
of modern Iraq). Digital pens

Typewriters

~2500 BCE Ancient Egyptians produce papyrus, a crude early version of paper. Paper

3000– 600BCE Bronze Age: Widespread use of copper and its important alloy bronze. Copper

Alloys

Metals

2000 BCE Water-raising and irrigation devices like the shaduf (shadoof), invented by the
Ancient Egyptians, introduce the idea of lifting things using counterweights. Elevators

Tools and machines

Water

c1700 BCE

Semites of the Mediterranean develop the alphabet.

Digital pens

1000 BCE

Iron Age begins: iron is widely used for making tools and weapons in many parts of the world.

Iron and steel

600 BCE

Thales of Miletus discovers static electricity.

Electricity

Static electricity

500BCE– 900CE Nazca people of Peru are believed to have experimented with balloon
flight. Hot-air balloons

400BCE– 300BCE Chinese experiment with flying kites.Airplanes

~250 BCE

Ancient Egyptians invent lighthouses, including the huge Lighthouse of Alexandria.

Fresnel lenses

~300– 200 BCE

Chinese invent early magnetic direction finders.

Compasses

~250 BCE

Archimedes invents the screw pump for moving water and other materials.

Tools and machines

c.150– 100 BCE

Gear-driven, precision clockwork machines (such as the Antikythera mechanism) are in
existence. Clockwork

c.50 BCE

Roman engineer Vitruvius perfects the modern, vertical water wheel.

Turbines

62 CE

Hero of Alexandria, a Greek scientist, pioneers steam power.

Steam engines

Steam turbines

105 CE

Ts'ai Lun makes the first paper in China.

Paper

27 BCE–395 CE

Romans develop the first, basic concrete called pozzolana.

Steel and concrete

Middle Ages

~600 CE

Windmills are invented in the Middle East.

Wind turbines
700–900 CE

Chinese invent gunpowder and fireworks.

Bullets

Fireworks

Space rockets

800–1300 CE

Thanks to inventors such as the Banū Mūsā brothers and al-Jazari, the Islamic "Golden Age"
sees the development of a wide range of technologies, including ingenious clocks and feedback
mechanisms that are the ancestors of modern automated factory machines. Clockwork

Cams and cranks

Robots

1000 CE ??

Chinese develop eyeglasses by fixing lenses to frames that fit onto people's faces.

Lenses

1206

Arabic engineer al-Jazari invents a flushing hand-washing machine, one of the ancestors of the
modern toilet.

Toilets

1232 CE

Chinese repel Mongol invaders using early rockets.

Space rockets

1450

Johannes Gutenberg pioneers the modern printing press, using rearrangeable metal letters
called movable type.

Printing

1470s
The first parachute is sketched on paper by an unknown inventor. Parachutes

16th century

1530s Gerardus Mercator helps to revolutionize navigation with better mapmaking.

Satellite navigation

1590

A Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias Janssen makes the first compound microscope.

Microscopes

Electron microscopes

1596

Sir John Harington describes one of the first modern flush toilets. Toilets

17th century

~1600

Galileo Galilei designs a basic thermometer.

Thermometer

1600

William Gilbert publishes his great book De Magnete describing how Earth behaves like a giant
magnet. It's the beginning of the scientific study of magnetism. Magnetism

1609

Galileo Galilei builds a practical telescope and makes new astronomical discoveries.

Space telescopes

mid-17th century

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke independently develop microscopes.

Microscopes

Electron microscopes
1643 Galileo's pupil Evangelista Torricelli builds the first mercury barometer for measuring air
pressure.

Barometers

1650s Christiaan Huygens develops the pendulum clock (using Galileo's earlier discovery that a
swinging pendulum can be used to keep time). Pendulum clocks

1687

Isaac Newton formulates his three laws of motion.

Motion

1700s

Bartolomeo Cristofori invents the piano.

Pianos

18th century

1701

English farmer Jethro Tull begins the mechanization of agriculture by inventing the horse-drawn
seed drill. Tractors

1703

Gottfried Leibniz pioneers the binary number system now used in virtually all computers.

How computers work

History of computers

1712

Thomas Newcomen builds the first practical (but stationary) steam engine.

Steam engines
1700s Christiaan Huygens conceives the internal combustion engine, but never actually builds
one.

Car engines

1737 William Champion develops a commercially viable process for extracting zinc on a large
scale. Metals

1757 John Campbell invents the sextant, an improved navigational device that enables sailors
to measure latitude.

Satellite navigation

1730s– 1770s John Harrison develops reliable chronometers (seafaring clocks) that allow
sailors to measure longitude accurately for the first time.

Quartz clocks and watches

Satellite navigation

1756 Axel Cronstedt notices steam when he boils a rock—and discovers zeolites.
Zeolites

1769 Wolfgang von Kempelen develops a mechanical speaking machine: the world's first
speech synthesizer. Speech synthesizers

1770s

Abraham Darby III builds a pioneering iron bridge at a place now called Ironbridge in England.
Bridges

~1780

Josiah Wedgwood (or Thomas Massey) invents the pyrometer. Pyrometers

1783 French Brothers Joseph-Michel Montgolfier and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier make the
first practical hot-air balloon. Hot-air balloons

1791 Reverend William Gregor, a British clergyman and amateur geologist, discovers a
mysterious mineral that he calls menachite. Four years later, Martin Klaproth gives it its modern
name, titanium. Titanium

19th century

1800
Italian Alessandro Volta makes the first battery (known as a Voltaic pile).

Electricity

Batteries

1801

Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents the automated cloth-weaving loom. The punched cards it uses
to store patterns help to inspire programmable computers.

History of computers

1803

Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier develop the papermaking machine.

Paper

1806

Humphry Davy develops electrolysis into an important chemical technique and uses it to
identify a number of new elements. Electrolyzers

1806

Sir William Congreve develops long-range military rockets, based on an earlier Indian
technology known as the Mysore rocket. Space rockets

1807

Humphry Davy develops the electric arc lamp. Xenon lamps

1814

George Stephenson builds the first practical steam locomotive.

Steam engines

1816

Robert Stirling invents the efficient Stirling engine.

Stirling engines

1820s– 1830s
Michael Faraday builds primitive electric generators and motors.

Electricity generators

Electric motors

Hub motors

1824

Nicolas Sadi Carnot sets out his hugely influential theory of engine efficiency.

Heat engines

1827

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce makes the first modern photograph.

Photography

Digital cameras

1830s

William Sturgeon develops the first practical electric motor.

Electric motors

Hub motors

1830s

Louis Daguerre invents a practical method of taking pin-sharp photographs called

Daguerreotypes.

Digital cameras

Photography

1830s

William Henry Fox Talbot develops a way of making and printing photographs using reverse
images called negatives.

Digital cameras

Photography
1830s– 1840s

Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke, in England, and Samuel Morse, in the United States,
develop the electric telegraph (a forerunner of the telephone).

Telephones

1836

Englishman Francis Petit-Smith and Swedish-American John Ericsson independently develop

propellers with blades for ships. Propellers

1839

Charles Goodyear finally perfects a durable form of rubber (vulcanized rubber) after many years
of unsuccessful experimenting.

Rubber

1840s

Scottish physicist James Prescott Joule outlines the theory of the conservation of energy.

Energy

Great physics experiments

1840s

Scotsman Alexander Bain invents a primitive fax machine based on chemical technology.

Fax machines

1849

James Francis invents a water turbine now used in many of the world's hydropower plants.

Turbines

Water

1850s

Henry Bessemer pioneers a new method of making steel in large quantities.

Iron and steel

1850s

Louis Pasteur develops pasteurization: a way of preserving food by heating it to kill off bacteria.

Pasteurization

1850s

Italian Giovanni Caselli develops a mechanical fax machine called the pantelegraph.

Fax machines

1860s

Frenchman Étienne Lenoir and German Nikolaus Otto pioneer the internal combustion engine.

Car engines

Cars, history of

1860s

James Clerk Maxwell figures out that radio waves must exist and sets out basic laws of
electromagnetism.

Radio

1860s

Fire extinguishers are invented.

Fire extinguisher

1861

Elisha Graves Otis invents the elevator with built-in safety brake.

Elevators

1867

Joseph Monier invents reinforced concrete.

Reinforced concrete

1868

Christopher Latham Sholes invents the modern typewriter and QWERTY keyboard.
Typewriters

1871

Frank Wenham, a British aeronautical engineer, invents the wind tunnel.

Wind tunnels

Aerodynamics

1876

Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone, though the true ownership of the invention
remains controversial even today.

Telephones

1870s

Thomas Edison develops the phonograph, the first practical method of recording and playing
back sound on metal foil.

CD players

MP3 players

1870s

Lester Pelton invents a useful new kind of water turbine known as a Pelton wheel.

Turbines

1877

Thomas Edison invents his sound-recording machine or phonograph—a forerunner of the

record player and CD player.

Record players

Sound

1877

Edward Very invents the flare gun (Very pistol) for sending distress flares at sea.

Flares
1880

Thomas Edison patents the modern incandescent electric lamp.

Incandescent lamps

1880

Pierre and Paul-Jacques Curie discover the piezoelectric effect.

Piezoelectricity

1880s

Thomas Edison opens the world's first power plants.

Power plants

1880s

Charles Chamberland invents the autoclave (steam sterilizing machine).

Autoclaves

1880s

Charles and Julia Hall and Paul Heroult independently develop an affordable way of making
aluminum.

Aluminum

1880s

Carrie Everson invents new ways of mining silver, gold, and copper.

Copper

1881 Jacques d'Arsonval suggests heat energy could be extracted from the oceans.

OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion)

1883

George Eastman invents plastic photographic film.

Digital cameras

Plastics
1884

Charles Parsons develops the steam turbine.

Steam turbines

Turbines

1885

Karl Benz builds a gasoline-engined car.

Car engines

1886

Josephine Cochran invents the dishwasher.

Dishwashers

1888

Friedrich Reinitzer discovers liquid crystals. LCD screens and displays

1888

John Boyd Dunlop patents air-filled (pneumatic) tires.

Pneumatics

1888

Nikola Tesla patents the alternating current (AC) electric induction motor and, in opposition to
Thomas Edison, becomes a staunch advocate of AC power.

Electricity

Electric motors

Induction motors

Power plants

1899

Everett F. Morse invents the optical pyrometer for measuring temperatures at a safe distance.

Pyrometers
1890s

French brothers Joseph and Louis Lumiere invent movie projectors and open the first movie
theater.

Projection TV

1890s

German engineer Rudolf Diesel develops his diesel engine—a more efficient internal
combustion engine without a sparking plug.

Diesel engines

1890s

Russian Konstantin Tsiolkovsky figures out the theory of space rockets. Space rockets

1894

Physicist Sir Oliver Lodge sends the first ever message by radio wave in Oxford, England.

Radio

1895

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovers X rays.

X rays

1895

American Ogden Bolton, Jr. invents the electric bicycle.

Electric bikes

1884

Charles G. Curtis develops the compound, impulse steam turbine.

Steam turbines

1898

Nikola Tesla invents remote, radio control.

Remote control
20th century

1901

Guglielmo Marconi sends radio-wave signals across the Atlantic Ocean from England to Canada

Radio

1901

The first electric vacuum cleaner is developed.

Vacuum cleaners

1903

Brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright build the first engine-powered airplane.

Airplanes

Jet engines

1905

Albert Einstein explains the photoelectric effect. Photoelectric cells

1905

Samuel J. Bens invents the chainsaw.Chainsaws

1906

Willis Carrier pioneers the air conditioner.

Air conditioners

1906

Mikhail Tswett discovers chromatography.

Chromatography

1907

Leo Baekeland develops Bakelite, the first popular synthetic plastic.

Plastics
1907

Alva Fisher invents the electric clothes washer.

Clothes washer

1906-8

Frederick Gardner Cottrell develops the electrostatic smoke precipitator (smokestack pollution
scrubber).

Air pollution

Electrostatic smoke precipitators

1908

American industrialist and engineer Henry Ford launches the Ford Model T, the world's first
truly affordable car.

Car engines

Cars, history of

1909

German chemists Fritz Haber and Zygmunt Klemensiewicz develop the glass electrode, enabling
very precise measurements of acidity.

pH meters

1910

Romanian-born Henri-Marie Coandă builds a simple jet plane, but it never actually flies.

Jet engines

1912

American chemist Gilbert Lewis describes the basic chemistry that leads to practical, lithium-ion
rechargeable batteries (though they don't appear in a practical, commercial form until the
1990s).

Lithium-ion batteries
1912 Hans Geiger develops the Geiger counter, a detector for radioactivity. Geiger
counters

1916 Robert Hutchings Goddard, an American physicist, publishes influential ideas on building
space rockets. Space rockets

1919 Francis Aston pioneers the mass spectrometer and uses it to discover many isotopes.
Mass spectrometers

1920s

John Logie Baird develops mechanical television.

Television

LCD TV

1920s

Philo T. Farnsworth invents modern electronic television. Television

LCD TV

1920s

Robert H. Goddard develops the principle of the modern, liquid-fueled space rocket.

Bullets

Space rockets

1920s

German engineer Gustav Tauschek and American Paul Handel independently develop primitive
optical character recognition (OCR) scanning systems. OCR

1920s

Albert W. Hull invents the magnetron, a device that can generate microwaves from electricity.

Magnetrons

Microwave ovens

1921

Karel Capek and his brother coin the word "robot" in a play about artificial humans.
Robots

1921

John Larson develops the polygraph ("lie detector") machine. Forensic science

1928

Thomas Midgley, Jr. invents coolant chemicals for air conditioners and refrigerators.

Air conditioners

Refrigerators

1928

The electric refrigerator is invented.

Refrigerators

1920s– 1930s Frank Whittle of England and Hans Pabst von Ohain of Germany develop rival jet
engines. Jet engine

1930s

Peter Goldmark pioneers color television.

Television

LCD TV

1930s

Laszlo and Georg Biro pioneer the modern ballpoint pen.

Digital pens

1930s

Maria Telkes creates the first solar-powered house.

Passive solar

Solar cells

1930s
Wallace Carothers develops neoprene (synthetic rubber used in wetsuits) and nylon, the first
popular synthetic clothing material. Kevlar

Nomex

Nylon

Wetsuits

1930s

Robert Watson Watt oversees the development of radar.

Radar

1930s

Arnold Beckman develops the electronic pH meter.

pH meters

1931

Harold E. Edgerton invents the xenon flash lamp for high-speed photography.

Xenon lamps

1932

Arne Olander discovers the shape memory effect in a gold-cadmium alloy.

Shape memory alloys

1936

W.B. Elwood invents the magnetic reed switch.

Reed switches

1938

Chester Carlson invents the principle of photocopying (xerography).

Photocopiers

1938

Roy Plunkett accidentally invents a nonstick plastic coating called Teflon®.

GORE-TEX®

Nonstick pans

1939

Igor Sikorsky builds the first truly practical helicopter.

Helicopters

1940s

English physicists John Randall and Harry Boot develop a compact magnetron for use in airplane
radar navigation systems.

Magnetrons

Radar

1942

Enrico Fermi builds the first nuclear chain reactor at the University of Chicago.

Nuclear power

1945 US government scientist Vannevar Bush proposes a kind of desk-sized memory store
called Memex, which has some of the features later incorporated into electronic books and the
World Wide Web (WWW). Electronic books

World Wide Web

1945 Arthur C. Clarke conceives the idea of the communications satellite, a space-based signal
"mirror" that can bounce radio waves from one side of Earth to the other. Satellites

1947

John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invent the transistor, which allows
electronic equipment to made much smaller and leads to the modern computer revolution.

Amplifiers

Electronics

History of computers

Transistors
1949 Bernard Silver and N. Joseph Woodland patent barcodes—striped patterns that are
initially developed for marking products in grocery stores. Barcodes and barcode scanners

1950s

Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow invent the maser (microwave laser). Gordon Gould coins
the word "laser" and builds the first optical laser in 1958.

Lasers

1950s

Stanford Ovshinksy develops various technologies that make renewable energy more practical,
including practical solar cells and improved rechargeable batteries.

Batteries

Electric bicycles

Electric cars

Solar cells

1950s

European bus companies experiment with using flywheels as regenerative brakes

Flywheels

1950s

Percy Spencer accidentally discovers how to cook with microwaves, inadvertently inventing the
microwave oven.

Microwave ovens

1952

American John W. Hetrick and German Walter Linderer independently invent the automobile
airbag.

Airbags

1954

Indian physicist Narinder Kapany pioneers fiber optics.

Fiber optics

Endoscopes

1955

US electrical engineer Eugene Polley invents the TV remote control.

Remote control

1956

First commercial nuclear power is produced at Calder Hall, Cumbria, England.

Nuclear power plants

1957

Soviet Union (Russia and her allies) launch the Sputnik space satellite.

Satellites

1957

Lawrence Curtiss, Basil Hirschowitz, and Wilbur Peters build the first fiber-optic gastroscope.
Endoscopes

1958

Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, working independently, develop the integrated circuit.

History of computers

integrated circuits

Transistors

1959

IBM and General Motors develop Design Augmented by Computers-1 (DAC-1), the first
computer-aided design (CAD) system. Computer graphics

1960s Joseph-Armand Bombardier perfects his Ski-Doo® snowmobile. Snowmobiles

1960 Theodore Maiman invents the ruby laser.

Lasers
1962 William Armistead and S. Donald Stookey of Corning Glass Works invent light-sensitive
(photochromic) glass. Photochromic lenses

1962 Nick Holonyak invents the LED (light-emitting diode) while working at General Electric.
Diodes and LEDs

1963 Ivan Sutherland develops Sketchpad, one of the first computer-aided design programs.

Computer graphics

1964

IBM helps to pioneer e-commerce with an airline ticket reservation system called SABRE.

E-commerce

1965

Frank Pantridge develops the portable defibrillator for treating cardiac arrest patients.
Defibrillators

1966

Stephanie Kwolek patents a super-strong plastic called Kevlar.

Kevlar

1966

Robert H. Dennard of IBM invents dynamic random access memory (DRAM).

Computer memory

1967

Japanese company Noritake invents the vacuum fluorescent display (VFD). Vacuum
fluorescent displays

1968

Alfred Y. Cho and John R. Arthur, Jr invent a precise way of making single crystals called
molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).

Molecular beam epitaxy

1969
World's first solar power station opened in France.

Solar cells

Energy

1969

Robert W. Gore develops an ingenious waterproof material called GORE-TEX® by stretching

slippery, nonstick PTFE (Teflon®). GORE-TEX®

1969

Long before computers become portable, Alan Kay imagines building an electronic book, which
he nicknames the Dynabook.

Electronic books

1969

Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith invent the CCD (charge-coupled device): the light-sensitive
chip used in digital cameras, webcams, and other modern optical equipment.

CCDs

Digital cameras

1969

Astronauts walk on the Moon.

Space rockets

1960s

Douglas Engelbart develops the computer mouse.

Computer mouse

1960s

James Russell invents compact discs.

CD players

1971
Electronic ink is pioneered by Nick Sheridon at Xerox PARC. Electronic ink and paper

1971

Ted Hoff builds the first single-chip computer or microprocessor.

History of computers

1973

Martin Cooper develops the first handheld cellphone (mobile phone).

Cellphones

1973

Robert Metcalfe figures out a simple way of linking computers together that he names
Ethernet. Most computers hooked up to the Internet now use it.

Computer networks

Internet

1974 First grocery-store purchase of an item coded with a barcode. Barcodes and
barcode scanners

1975

Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman invent public-key cryptography. Encryption

1975

Pico Electronics develops X-10 home automation system. Smart homes

1976

Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs launch the Apple I: one of the world's first personal home
computers

History of computers

1970s– 1980s

James Dyson invents the bagless, cyclonic vacuum cleaner.

Vacuum cleaners
1970s– 1980s

Scientists including Charles Bennett, Paul Benioff, Richard Feynman, and David Deutsch sketch
out how quantum computers might work. Quantum computers

1980s

Japanese electrical pioneer Akio Morita develops the Sony Walkman, the first truly portable
player for recorded music.

CD players

MP3 players

1981

Stung by Apple's success, IBM releases its own affordable personal computer (PC).

History of computers

1981

The Space Shuttle makes its maiden voyage.

Space Shuttle

1981

Patricia Bath develops laser eye surgery for removing cataracts.

Lasers

1981

Fujio Masuoka files a patent for flash memory—a type of reusable computer memory that can
store information even when the power is off. Flash memory

1981– 1982

Alexei Ekimov and Louis E. Brus (independently) discover quantum dots.

Quantum dots

1983

Compact discs (CDs) are launched as a new way to store music by the Sony and Philips
corporations.
CD players

1987

Larry Hornbeck, working at Texas Instruments, develops DLP® projection—now used in many
projection TV systems. DLP® projectors

1989

Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web.

Internet

World Wide Web

1990

German watchmaking company Junghans introduces the MEGA 1, believed to be the world's
first radio-controlled wristwatch.

Radio-controlled clocks

Quartz clocks and watches

1991

Linus Torvalds creates the first version of Linux, a collaboratively written computer operating
system.

Computers

Linux

1994

American-born mathematician John Daugman perfects the mathematics that make iris scanning
systems possible.

Iris scans

1994

Israeli computer scientists Alon Cohen and Lior Haramaty invent VoIP for sending telephone
calls over the Internet.

VoIP
1995

Broadcast.com becomes one of the world's first online radio stations.

Streaming media

1995

Pierre Omidyar launches the eBay auction website.

E-commerce

1996

WRAL-HD broadcasts the first high-definition television (HDTV) signal in the United States.
HDTV

1997

Electronics companies agree to make Wi-Fi a worldwide standard for wireless Internet.

Wireless Internet

21st century

2001 Apple revolutionizes music listening by unveiling its iPod MP3 music player. MP3
players

2001

Richard Palmer develops energy-absorbing D3O plastic.

Energy-absorbing materials

2001

The Wikipedia online encyclopedia is founded by Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales.

Electronic books

2001

Bram Cohen develops BitTorrent file-sharing.

BitTorrent

Internet
2001 Scott White, Nancy Sottos, and colleagues develop self-healing materials. Self-healing
materials

2002

iRobot Corporation releases the first version of its Roomba® vacuum cleaning robot.

Roomba

Robots

2004

Electronic voting plays a major part in a controversial US Presidential Election.

Touchscreens

2004

Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov discover graphene. Graphene

2005

A pioneering low-cost laptop for developing countries called OLPC is announced by MIT
computing pioneer Nicholas Negroponte.

Computers

2007

Amazon.com launches its Kindle electronic book (e-book) reader.

Electronic books

2007

Apple introduces a touchscreen cellphone called the iPhone.

Cellphones

Touchscreens

2010

Apple releases its touchscreen tablet computer, the iPad.

Computers
Touchscreens

2010

3D TV starts to become more widely available.

3D Television

Television

2013

Elon Musk announces "hyperloop"—a giant, pneumatic tube transport system. Pneumatics

Pneumatic transport tube

2015

Supercomputers (the world's fastest computers) are now a mere 30 times less powerful than
human brains. Supercomputers

2016 Three nanotechnologists win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for building miniature
machines out of molecules. Nanotechnology

2019 Google claims to have achieved "quantum supremacy"—with a quantum computer that
calculates faster than a conventional one. Quantum computers

2020 DeepMind, Google/Alphabet's artificial intelligence computer program, cracks the

classic problem of protein folding. Neural networks