The document provides information about cells and their organelles. It discusses:
1. The basic structure and types of cells, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2. The key organelles of animal cells like mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and their functions.
3. Additional structures in plant cells like chloroplasts and vacuoles.
4. The processes of cell division through mitosis and meiosis and their roles in growth and reproduction.
The document provides information about cells and their organelles. It discusses:
1. The basic structure and types of cells, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2. The key organelles of animal cells like mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and their functions.
3. Additional structures in plant cells like chloroplasts and vacuoles.
4. The processes of cell division through mitosis and meiosis and their roles in growth and reproduction.
The document provides information about cells and their organelles. It discusses:
1. The basic structure and types of cells, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2. The key organelles of animal cells like mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and their functions.
3. Additional structures in plant cells like chloroplasts and vacuoles.
4. The processes of cell division through mitosis and meiosis and their roles in growth and reproduction.
The document provides information about cells and their organelles. It discusses:
1. The basic structure and types of cells, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2. The key organelles of animal cells like mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and their functions.
3. Additional structures in plant cells like chloroplasts and vacuoles.
4. The processes of cell division through mitosis and meiosis and their roles in growth and reproduction.
GA POWER CAPSULE FOR BIOLOGY FOR DEFENCE EXAMS 2018-19
CELL Lysosomes (suicidal bag): It is a kind of waste disposal system of the cell. Cell: It is the basic structural unit of life. Cells were first discovered by Robert Hooke. Mitochondria(power house): The energy required for Note: The smallest cell is 0.1 to 0.5 micrometre in bacteria. various chemical activities headed for life is released by The largest cell measuring 170 mm ×130 mm, is the egg of an mitochondria in the form of ATP (adenosine-tri-phosphate) ostrich. molecules. Amoeba acquires its food through endocytosis. ATP is known as the energy currency of the cell. 1. Prokaryotes cells - cells that have no defined nucleus Mitochondria are strange organelles in the sense that Eg: Bacteria & Blue-green Algae they have their own DNA and ribosomes, therefore 2. Eukaryote - cells which have definite nucleus mitochondria are able to make their own protein. Eg: Other than Bacteria & Blue-green Algae Mitochondria is absent in bacteria and the red blood Compounds called proteins and phospholipids make up cells of mammals and higher animals. most of the cell membrane. Centrioles: centrioles are concerned with cell division. It Diffusion-It is a process of movements of substance from a initiates cell division. region of high concentration to a region where its concentration is low. Water also obeys the law of diffusion. Plastids: These are present only in plant cells. Eg: Substances like Co2 and O2 can move across the cell Types of plastids:- membranes by a process called diffusion. Chromoplast(colour plastides) impart colour to flowers and fruits. Osmosis: The movement of water molecules is called Leucoplasts(white or colourless plastids) present in osmosis. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion through a which starch, oils and protein are stored. selectively permeable membrane. Plastids are self-replicating. i.e. they have the power to divide, as they contain DNA, RNA and ribosomes. Types of Osmosis: Plastides contains the pigment chlorophyll that is known 1. Hypotonic: more water will come into the cell than will as chloroplast. It is the site for photo synthesis. leave. The cell is likely to swell up. non –living parts with in the cell :- 2. Isotonic: the amount going in is the same as the amount going out of the cell.The cell will stay the same size. Vacuoles: it is a fluid filled spaces enclosed by membranes. 3. Hypertonic: more water leaves the cell than enters it. Its size in animal is small and in plant it is big. Therefore the cell will shrink. Amino acids and sugars are stored in vacuoles. When a living plant cell loses water through osmosis there is shrinkage or contraction of the contents of the cell away Granules: It is not bounded by any membranes. It store fats, from the cell wall. This phenomenon is known as proteins and carbohydrates. plasmolysis. Cell nucleus: The cell nucleus acts like the brain of the cell. It Cytoplasm: It is the fluid that fills a cell. Scientists used to helps control eating, movement call the fluid protoplasm. and reproduction. Not all cells have a nucleus. The nucleus contain, the following components : Ribosomes: It synthesis protein, and Endoplasmic reticulum (a) Nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane) sent these protein in various part of the cell. Whereas (b) Chromatin : When the cell is in resting state there is Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum helps in the manufacture of something called chromatin in the nucleus. Chromatin is fats. It a made up of ribonucleic acid. made up of DNA, RNA and nucleus protein. DNA and RNA are the nucleus acids inside the cell. When the cell is going to Functions of these proteins and fats: divide, the chromatin become very compact. It condenses Protein and fat (lipid) help in building the cell when the chromatin comes together we can see the membranes. This process is known as membranes chromosomes. biogenesis. (c) Chromosomes: Chromosomes make organisms what Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum plays a crucial role in they are. They carry all the information used to help a cell detoxifying many poisons and drugs. grow, thrive and reproduce. Golgi apparatus: It is another packaging organelle like the Chromosomes are made up of DNA. endoplasmic reticulum functions: Segments of DNA in specific patterns are called genes. It is the organelle that builds lysosomes (cells digestion In prokaryotes, DNA floats in the cytoplasm in an area machines). called the nucleoid.
1 BIOLOGY CAPSULE Chromosomes are not always visible. They usually sit Columnar : its occurrence is in sweat gland, tear gland, around uncoiled and as loose shards called chromation. salivary gland its main function is to gives mechanical Chromosomes are usually found in pairs. strength concerned with secretions. Human Beings probably have 46 chromosomes (23 Squamous : when it forms a living as that of blood pairs). vessels, it is called endothelium. Peas only have 12, a dog has 78 chromosomes. Its main function is to protect the underlying parts from The number of chromosomes is not related to the injury, entry of germs, etc. intelligence or complexity of the creature. Connective tissue : Its main function is to bind and (d) Nucleolus: It is a dense spherical granule contained support other tissues. within the nucleus.It stores proteins. There are a few types of connective tissue.
Cell Division Connective Tissue
Organisms grow and reduce through cell division. Arelor There are two methods of replication mitosis and meiosis. (i) Tendon (a) Mitosis: It duplicates its DNA and the two new cells (ii) Ligament (daughter cells) have the same pieces and generic code. There are five steps in this process. You should remember Adipose Skeletal the term PMATI. It breaks down to : (i) Bone 1. Prophase (ii) Cartilage 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase Fluid 4. Telophase (i) Blood 5. Interphase. (ii) Lymph The main theme of meiosis is that there are two cell division. Mitosis has one division A. Areolar tissue : It fills spaces inside organs found around muscles, blood vessels and nerves. Its main function is to Some important facts regarding cells : joins skin to muscles, support internal organs, help in the Nerve cells in animals are the longest cells. repair of tissues. Whereas tendon’s main function is to Smallest human cell is red blood cell. connect muscles to bones and ligament is connects bones to Largest human cell is female ovum. each other. The single largest cell in the world is of an ostrich. The smallest cells are those of the mycoplasma. B. Adipose tissue : Its occurrence is below skin, between Every minute about 3 million cells in our body die. internal organs and in the yellow bone Marrow. Its main Sieve tube in plants and the mature mammalian red function is to storage of fat and to conserve heat. blood cells do not have a nucleus. The red blood cell carries respiratory gases. C. Skeletal tissue : Bone & cartilage occurrences is in nose, Sieve cells in plants transport nutrients in plants. epigotis and in intervertebral disc of mammals. Its main The lysosomal enzymes of the sperm cells digest the function is to provide support and flexibility to body part. limiting membranes of the ovum (egg). Thus the sperm Whereas bone protects internal delicate organs provides is able to enter the ovum. attachments for muscles, bone marrow makes blood cells. During the transformation of tadpole into frog. The embryonic tissues like gills and tail are digested by the D. Fluid tissue : Blood & Lymph blood transport O2 lysosome. nutrients, hormones to tissues and organs. Whereas Mitochondria contain DNA, hence capable of replication. leucocytes fight diseases and platelets help in cloting of Matrix is a transparent, homogenous semi-fluid blood. Lymph transport nutrients into the heart and it also substance. In its active state. It remains saturated with forms the defense system of the body. water. Muscular Tissue TISSUE It is specialized for ability to contract muscle cells. Epithetical Tissue Types of Muscular tissue: (i) On the basis of cell layers A. Skeletal muscle: It attached primarily to bones. Its main (a) When an epithelium has a single layer of cells it is called a function is to provide the force for locomotion and all other simple epithelium. voluntary movements of the body. (b) Where as a multiple tier of cells are known as stratified B. Cardiac muscle: It occurs only in the heart. The epithelium. contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles help to pump (ii) On the basis of simple shape of cells: the blood and distribute it to the various parts of the body. Cuboidal : its occurrence is in kidney tubules, salivery C. Smooth muscle: It can be found in stomach, intestines, glands, inner lining of the cheek. Its main function is to and blood vessels these muscles cause slow and prolonged give mechanical strength. contractions which are involuntary.
2 BIOLOGY CAPSULE D. Nervous tissue: This tissue is specialized with a Muscles have both electrical and chemical activity. capability to conduct electrical impulses and convey information from one area of the body to another. Most of Contraction of Non-muscular Cells the nervous tissue (98%) is located in the central nervous Some fish have modified muscles that discharge system. The brain and spinal cord. electricity. These fish have electric organs consisting of Types of Nervous Tissue modified muscles known as electroplates. The South neurons American electric eel has more than 6000 plates neuroglia arranged into 70 columns. Maximum discharge is 100 watts. Important facts regarding animal tissue:- Muscles contain special protein called contractile THE NERVOUS SYSTEM protein. Which contract and relax to cause Fat storing adipose tissue is found below the skin and The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes the brain between internal organs. and spinal cord. Two bones are connected to each other by a tissue called The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) connects the CNS ligament. This tissue is very elastic. to other parts of the body, and is composed of The skin, the living of the mouth, the living blood vessels, nerves(bundles of neurons) kidney tubules are all made up of epithelial tissue. Voluntary muscles and cardiac muscles are richly The Neuron supplied with blood whereas involuntary muscles are Nervous tissue is composed of two main cell types: neurons poorly supplied with blood. and glial cells. Neurons transmit nerve messages. Glial cells are in direct contact with neurons MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEM and often surround them. The neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. Skeletal Systems of Various Animals Humans have about 100 billion neurons Skeletons are either a fluid-filled body cavity, exoskeletons, in their brain alone! While variable in size and shape, or internal skeletons. Note: Spiders use a combination of an exoskeleton for Functions of the three parts of a neuron: protection and fluid pressure for movement. Axon: It conducts messages away from the cell body. Sharks, and rays have skeletons composed entirely of Dendrite: It receives information from axon of another cartilage; other vertebrates have an embryonic cartilage cell and conducts the messages towards the cell body. skeleton progressively replaced by bone as they mature Cell body: It contains nucleus, mitochondria, and other and develop. organelles. It is mainly concerned with the maintenance Some areas of the human body, however, retain cartilage and growth. in the adult: in joints and flexible structures such as the ribs, trachea, nose and ears. SYNAPSES The upper bones of the limbs are single: humerus (arm) The junction between a nerve cell and another cell is called a and femur (leg). synapse. Below a joint (elbow or knee), both limbs have a pair of The space between two cells is known as the synaptic cleft. bones (radius and ulna in the arms; tibia and fibula in The function between two neurons is called a ‘ganglion’. legs) that connect to another joint (wrist or ankle). The carpals makeup the wrist joint; the tarsals are in the HUMAN EYE ankle joint. The human eye is like a camera. Its lens system forms an image on a light-sensitive screen called the retina. Bone The eyeball is approximately spherical in shape with a Bones have cells embedded in a mineralized (calcium) diameter of about 2.3 cm. matrix and collagen fibers. The eye lens forms an inverted real image of the object on The spongy bone of the femur, humerus, and sternum the retina. contains red marrow, in which stem cells reproduce and form the cellular components of the blood and immune RETINA -> The retina is a delicate membrane having system. Yellow marrow, at the center of these bones, is enormous number of light-sensitive cells. used to store fats. The outer layer of the bones is known as the periosteum. CORNEA -> Light enters the eye through a thin membrane When fractures occur, the pain is carried to the brain by called the cornea.It is the eye’s outermost layer. It is the nerves running through the periosteum. clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. It plays an important role in focusing your vision. Skeletal Muscle Systems When one muscle flexes (or contracts) the other relaxes, a PUPIL -> The pupil is a hole located in the centre of the iris process known as antagonism. of the eye that allows light to strike the retina. It appears
3 BIOLOGY CAPSULE black because light rays entering the pupil are either It is divided into two hemispheres; called cerebral absorbed by the tissues inside the eye directly, or absorbed hemispheres. after diffuse reflections within the eye. The pupil regulates and controls the amount of light entering the eye. ➽HYPOTHALAMUS IRIS -> It is a dark muscular diaphragm that controls the size It lies at the base of the cerebrum. of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. It controls sleep and wake cycle (circadian rhythm) of CILIARY MUSCLE -> The ciliary muscle is a ring of smooth the body. muscle in the eye's middle layer that controls It also controls the urges for eating and drinking. accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and It gets the adrenaline flowing during a test or job regulates the flow of aqueous humour into Schlemm's canal. interview. It changes the shape of the lens within the eye, not the size of the pupil. ➽CEREBELLUM It lies below the cerebrum and at the back of the whole The light-sensitive cells get activated upon illumination and structure. generate electrical signals. These signals are sent to the brain It coordinates the motor functions. via the optic nerves. The brain interprets these signals, and It is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and finally, processes the information so that we perceive objects maintaining the posture and balance of the body. as they are. Example: When you are riding your bicycle; the perfect coordination between your pedaling and steering Note: When the light is very bright, the iris contracts the control is achieved by the cerebellum. pupil to allow less light to enter the eye. However, in dim light the iris expands the pupil to allow more light to enter ➽MEDULLA the eye. Thus, the pupil opens completely through the It forms the brain stem; along with the pons. relaxation of the iris. It lies at the base of the brain and continues into the spinal cord. A human being has a horizontal field of view of about It controls various involuntary functions 150° with one eye and of about 180° with two eyes. Example: heartbeat, respiration, size of the pupil, blood pressure, salivation and vomiting etc. HUMAN BRAIN ➽THALAMUS A major clearinghouse for information going to and from The brain is the most complex part of the human body. This the spinal cord and the cerebrum. three-pound organ is the seat of intelligence, interpreter of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a watery fluid that circulates the senses, initiator of body movement, and controller of through the brain's ventricles (cavities or hollow spaces) behavior. and around the surface of the brain and spinal cord. The brain can be divided into three basic units: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The forebrain, Hormones The midbrain, and The endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete The hindbrain chemical messages we call hormones. These signals are The forebrain is the largest and main thinking part of the passed through the blood to arrive at a target organ, which brain. It has regions which receive sensory impulses from has cells possessing the appropriate receptor. various receptors. Separate areas of the fore-brain are Exocrine glands (not part of the endocrine system) secrete specialised for hearing, smell, sight and so on. products that are passed outside the body. Sweat glands, The Midbrain connects the forebrain to the hindbrain. salivary glands, and digestive glands are examples of The hindbrain controls the body’s vital functions such as exocrine glands. respiration and heart rate. Hormones are grouped into three classes based on their structure: ➽CEREBRUM [Largest part of the human brain] 1. steroids 2. Peptides 3. amines It sits at the topmost part of the brain. It is the source of intellectual activities. The Nervous and Endocrine Systems It holds your memories, allows you to plan, enables you The pituitary gland (often called the master gland) is located to imagine and think. in a small bony cavity at the base It allows you to recognize friends, read books, and play of the brain. A stalk links the pituitary to the hypothalamus, games. which controls release of pituitary hormones. The pituitary It controls the voluntary motor actions. gland has two lobes: the anterior and posterior lobes. It is the seat of learning and memory. Too little or two much GH(Growth hormone) can cause It is the site of sensory perceptions; like tactile and dwarfism or gigantism, respectively. auditory perceptions. Prolactin is secreted near the end of pregnancy and prepares the breasts for milk production. www.bankersadda.com | www.sscadda.com | www.careerpower.in | ADDA247.COM | defence.adda247.com 4 BIOLOGY CAPSULE Goiter– is called enlargement of the thyroid gland. It II. THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY manifests itself as a swelling in the neck. ADH(Antidiuretic hormone) controls water balance in the A goiter may be associated with increased, normal or body and blood pressure. Oxytocin is a small peptide descreased activity of the thyroid gland. hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during Government of India launched the Universal salt iodisation childbirth. programme in 1986. Thyroid secretion is usually higher in winter than in summer. Pancreas Endocrines: The Postal System of Communication and The pancreas is a glandular organ in the digestive system Co-Ordination and endocrine system of vertebrates. Hormones are chemical substances manufactured by In humans, it is located in the abdominal cavity behind the organs called endocrine glands or ductless glands. stomach. Ductless glands are also sometimes called ‘exocrine glands’. It produce several important hormones including insulin, ENDOCRINE GLAND OF THE BODY glucagon, somatostatin, and Adrenal gland pancreatic polypeptide which circulate in the blood. The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones The pancreas is also a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic including adrenaline. juice containing digestive enzymes that assist digestion and They are found above the kidneys. absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. These enzymes help to further break down the carbohydrates, proteins, Hypothalamus and lipids in the chyme. The hypothalamus is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. Reduction on the quantity of effective insulin gives rise to Function: link the nervous system to the endocrine system diabetes mellitus (diabetes, siphon, mellitus of honey) via the pituitary gland. commonly called simply diabetes.
Pituitary gland Saliva: Tylene, Maltase
It is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing Gastric Juice: Pepsin, Renin 0.5 grams in humans. Pancreatic Juice: Trypsin, Amylase, Lipase Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland help control: Intestinal Juice: Erepsin, Maltase, Lactase, Sucrase, Lipase growth, blood pressure, LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY certain functions of the sex organs, The Lymphatic System metabolism, The spleen serves as a reservoir for blood, and filters or pregnancy, purifies the blood and lymph fluid that flows through it. childbirth, If the spleen is damaged or removed, the individual is nursing, more susceptible to infections. water/salt concentration, temperature regulation Immunity pain relief. Antibodies: Antibodies are a type of protein molecule known as immunoglobulins. Thyroid The thyroid gland, or simply the thyroid is one of the largest BLOOD endocrine glands in the body. Blood is a fluid connective tissue. It is found in the interior neck, below the Adam's apple. The quantity of blood in the human’s body is 7% of the It secretes two hormones: triodothyro (T3) and total weight. tetraiodothysonine (T4), are called tyrosine. Both these pH value of blood is 7.4. hormones contain iodine. There is an average of 5-6 litres of blood in human body. Hypothyroidism (hypo, ‘under’)–diminished thyroid Female contains half litre of blood less in comparison to activity. Hypothyroi-dism in childhood gives rise to a male. conditions called cretinism. It also fights infection and regulates temperature.
It controls Blood cells are produced in BONE MARROW
rate of use of energy sources, protein The main functions of blood are to transport oxygen, carbon synthesis, controls the body's sensitivity to other dioxide, water, nutrients, hormones and waste around the hormones. body. Blood also fights infection and regulates temperature. www.bankersadda.com | www.sscadda.com | www.careerpower.in | ADDA247.COM | defence.adda247.com 5 BIOLOGY CAPSULE Blood has four components: The human heart has four chambers: 1. Plasma The right atrium and right ventricle together make up 2. Red blood cells the "right heart," 3. White blood cells the left atrium and left ventricle make up the "left 4. Platelets heart." A wall of muscle called the septum separates the two PLASMA -> Liquid portion of Blood sides of the heart. It constitutes for about 54% of our blood. 92% of it is Valves prevent backflow, keeping the blood flowing in water. one direction through the heart. maintaining a satisfactory blood pressure volume to supplying critical proteins for blood clotting A double-walled sac called the pericardium encases the and immunity. heart, which serves to protect the heart and anchor it inside medium for exchange of vital minerals such as sodium the chest. and potassium Between the outer layer, the parietal pericardium, and the helps to maintain a proper pH (acid-base) balance in the inner layer, the serous pericardium, runs pericardial fluid, body, which is critical to cell function. which lubricates the heart during contractions and movements of the lungs and diaphragm. RED BLOOD CELLS -> Carry oxygen Red blood cells are disc-shaped cells containing The heart's outer wall consists of three layers:- haemoglobin, The outermost wall layer, or epicardium, is the inner haemoglobin (haem=iron-containing) wall of the pericardium. Haemoglobin enables the cells to pick up and deliver The middle layer, or myocardium, contains the muscle oxygen to all parts of the body, then pick up carbon that contracts. dioxide and remove it from tissues. The inner layer, or endocardium, is the lining that Its life span is from 20 days to 120 days and are then contacts the blood. broken down into pigments called bilirubin and The sinoatrial node produces the electrical pulses that biliverdin in the liver. drive heart contractions. Its destruction takes place in liver & spleen. Therefore, liver is called grave of RBC. HUMAN HEART FUNCTION they are made in the bone marrow, they have no nucleus, The heart circulates blood through two pathways: N.B. oxyhaemoglobin =oxygen rich haemoglobin, 1. The pulmonary circuit deoxyhaemoglobin=low oxygen haemoglobin 2. The systemic circuit In the pulmonary circuit, deoxygenated blood leaves the WHITE BLOOD CELLS -> Defend Body (Fighter) right ventricle of the heart via the pulmonary artery and White blood cells, also called leukocytes travels to the lungs, then returns as oxygenated blood to the White cells are the body's primary defense against left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary vein. infection. They can move out of the blood stream and reach tissues In the systemic circuit, oxygenated blood leaves the body via to fight infection. the left ventricle to the aorta, and from there enters the They are essential for good health. arteries and capillaries where it supplies the body's tissues Its life span is from 1 to 2 days. with oxygen. Deoxygenated blood returns via veins to White blood cells have nuclei and are also made in the the vena cava, re-entering the heart's right atrium. bone marrow. The cardiovascular system circulates blood from the heart PLATELETS-> Responsible for clotting to the lungs and around the body via blood vessels. Platelets are the cells that circulate within our blood and bind together when they recognize damaged blood vessels. Blockage of any artery can cause a heart attack, or damage to the muscle of the heart. A heart attack is distinct from Study of blood = HEMATOLOGY cardiac arrest, which is a sudden loss of heart function that usually occurs as a result of electrical disturbances of the THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM heart rhythm. HUMAN HEART The heart contains electrical "pacemaker" cells, which cause The human heart is an organ that pumps blood throughout it to contract — producing a heartbeat. the body via the circulatory system, supplying oxygen and The aorta is the main artery leaving the heart. nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and The pulmonary artery is the only artery that carries oxygen- other wastes. poor blood.
6 BIOLOGY CAPSULE The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the ➧Blood pressure is the force blood exerts on the walls of lungs. blood vessels. The veins have valves that prevent backflow of blood Blood ➧A sphygmomanometer is used for measuring blood pressure. pressure(normally 120/80 mmHg) ➧Atherosclerosis is the hardening of artery walls due to a Important Points: build-up of fatty deposits. ➧Aorta ➧Smoking causes heart rate and blood pressure to increase. The largest artery in the body. It carries oxygen-rich blood Diet high in saturated fats increase blood pressure and away from the heart to vessels that reach the rest of the atherosclerosis. Exercise helps lower blood pressure. body. ➧Atria Blood Groupings The chambers of the heart, to which the blood returns from Father of Blood Grouping : Karl Landsteiner the circulation. He discovered A, B and O blood groups ➧Capillaries Decastello and Sturle discovered AB blood groups The smallest of the body's blood vessels. Oxygen and glucose pass through capillary walls and enter the cells. Waste RH factor products such as carbon dioxide pass back from the cells into It is a blood antigen found in RBC the blood through capillaries. A person can be Rh+ or Rh- depending upon the ➧Cardiac Valves (Heart Valves) presence of Rh factor in RBC Any of the four heart valves that regulate the flow of blood Rh+ can receive blood from both Rh+ and Rh- but Rh- through the chambers of the heart. can receive blood only from Rh- only ➧Oxygenated Blood -> Oxygen-rich blood. Blood transfusion techniques was developed by Dr. ➧Deoxygenated Blood -> Oxygen-poor blood. James Blundell. ➧Heart Ventricles The lower right and left chambers of the heart. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ➧Interventricular Septum Asexual reproduction allows an organism to rapidly Interventricular septum is the stout wall separating the produce many offspring without the time and resources lower chambers (the ventricles) of the heart from one committed to courtship, finding a mate, and mating. The hydra produces buds; starfish can regenerate an another. entire body from a fragment of the original body. ➧Lungs One of a pair of organs in the chest that supplies the body Sexual Reproduction with oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide from the body. In sexual reproduction new individuals are produced by ➧Myocardium the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote. The muscular substance of the heart; the middle of the three Sperm are male gametes, ova (ovum singular) are female layers forming the outer wall of the human heart. gametes. ➧Pulmonary Artery Meiosis produces cells that are genetically distinct from The pulmonary artery and its branches deliver blood rich in each other. carbon dioxide (and lacking in oxygen) to the capillaries that Fertilization is the fusion of two such distinctive cells. surround the air sacs. ➧Pulmonary Circulation Human Reproduction and Development The circulation of the blood through the lungs. Gonads are sex organs that produce gametes. Male ➧Pulmonary Veins gonads are the testes, which produce sperm and male The veins that return the oxygenated blood from the lungs to sex hormones. Female gonads are the ovaries, which the left atrium of the heart. produce eggs (ova) and female sex hormones. ➧Superior Vena Cava The large vein that carries blood from the head, neck, arms, The Male Reproductive System and chest to the heart. Sperm production begins at puberty and continues ➧Vena Cava throughout life, with several hundred million sperm A large vein which returns blood from the head, neck and being produced each day. Once sperm form they move extremities to the heart. into the epididymis, where they mature and are stored. ➧Endothelium is the innermost layer of blood vessels that consists of just a single layer of cells. External Genitals ➧Veins are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart in an The female external genitals are collectively known as even flow. They have thin walls large lumens and valves. the vulva. ➧ A pulse is the alternate contraction and relaxation of an Sexually Transmitted Diseases artery as blood passes through it. STDs can affect the sex partners, fetus, and newborn infants. STDs are grouped into three categories. www.bankersadda.com | www.sscadda.com | www.careerpower.in | ADDA247.COM | defence.adda247.com 7 BIOLOGY CAPSULE Category One 2. SECRETION : release of digestive juices in response to a STDs that produce inflammation of the urethra, epididymis, specific stimulus cervix, or oviducts. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are the most 3. DIGESTION : breakdown of food into molecular common STDs in this category. Both diseases can be treated components small enough to cross the plasma membrane and cured with antibiotics, once diagnosed. 4. ABSORPTION: passage of the molecules into the body’s Category Two interior and their passage throughout the body STDs that produce sores on the external genitals. Genital 5. ELIMINATION: removal of undigested food and wastes herpes is the most common disease in this class. Symptoms of herpes can be treated by antiviral drugs, but the infection The human digestive system, is a coiled, muscular tube (6-9 cannot be cured. Syphilis is a bacterially caused infection, meters long when fully extended) stretching from the mouth and can, if left untreated, cause serious symptoms and death. to the anus. However, the disease is curable with antibiotics. Category Three The Mouth and Pharynx This class of STDs includes viral diseases that affect organ Chemical breakdown of starch by production of salivary systems other than those of the reproductive system. AIDS amylase from the salivary glands into glucose. This mixture and hepatitis B are in this category. Both can be spread by of food and saliva is then pushed into the pharynx and sexual contact or blood. Infectious individuals may appear esophagus. symptom-free for years after infection. The separation of intercourse from pregnancy uses methods The STOMACH blocking one of the three stages of reproduction release and transport of gametes Gastric juice in stomach contains: fertilization hydrochloric acid(HCl), implantation pepsinogen, and mucus PLANT REPRODUCTION Flowers Functions of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) : Reproductive parts of the flower are the stamen (male, It kills microorganisms. collectively termed the androecium) and carpel (often the It lowers the stomach pH to between 1.5 and 2.5. carpel is referred to as the pistil, the female parts collectively It lowers pH of the stomach so pepsin is activated. termed the gynoecium). Pepsinogen is an enzyme that starts protein digestion Pollen and controls the hydrolysis of proteins into peptides. Pollen grains contain the male gametophyte (microgametophyte) phase of the plant. They are produced Chyme, the mix of acid and food in the stomach, leaves the by meiosis of microspore mother cells that are located along stomach and enters the small intestine. the inner edge of the anther sacs (microsporangia). Alcohol and aspirin are absorbed through the stomach lining Pollination into the blood. The transfer of pollen from the anther to the female stigma is termed pollination. This is accomplished by a variety of Epithelial cells secrete mucus that forms a protective methods: barrier between the cells and the stomach acids. Entomophyly is the transfer of pollen by an insect. Anemophyly is the transfer of pollen by wind. ULCERS Other pollinators include birds, bats, water, and Humans. Peptic ulcers result when these protective mechanisms fail. Bleeding ulcers result when tissue damage is so severe that Double Fertilization bleeding occurs into the stomach. The process of pollination being accomplished, the pollen Perforated ulcers are life-threatening situations where a hole tube grows through the stigma and style toward the ovules has formed in the stomach wall. in the ovary. At least 90% of all peptic ulcers are caused by Helicobacter Fruit pylori. The ovary wall, after fertilization has occurred, develops into Other factors, including stress and aspirin, can also produce a fruit. Fruits may be fleshy, hard, multiple or single. ulcers. Note:- Seeds germinate, and the embryo grows into the next generation sporophyte. THE SMALL INTESTINE The small intestine is the major site for digestion and THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM absorption of nutrients. Stages in the Digestive Process it is about 22 feet (6.7 meters) long. 1. MOVEMENT : propels food through the digestive system
8 BIOLOGY CAPSULE Parts of small intestine: for export from the body. Conversely, the hormone insulin 1. Duodenum promotes the take-up of glucose into liver cells and its 2. Jejunum formation into glycogen. 3. Ileum Liver Diseases Jaundice occurs when the characteristic yellow tint to the skin is caused by excess hemoglobin Sugars and amino acids go into the bloodstream via breakdown products in the blood, a sign that the liver is not capillaries in each villus. properly functioning. Glycerol and fatty acids go into the lymphatic system. Hepatitis A, B, and C are all viral diseases that can cause Starch and glycogen are broken down into maltose by liver damage. small intestine enzymes. Cirrhosis: Cirrhosis of the liver commonly occurs in Maltose, sucrose, and lactose are the main alcoholics, who place the liver in a stress situation due to the carbohydrates present in the small intestine; they are amount of alcohol to be broken down. Cirrhosis can cause absorbed by the microvilli. the liver to become unable to perform its biochemical Enzymes in the cells convert these disaccharides into functions. Chemicals responsible for blood clotting are monosaccharides that then leave the cell and enter the synthesized in the liver, as is albumin, the major protein capillary. in blood. Gluten enteropathy is the inability to absorb gluten, a (D) The Large Intestine protein found in wheat. The large intestine is made up by the colon, cecum, appendix, Fat digestion is usually completed by the time the food and rectum. reaches the ileum (lower third) of the small intestine. Bile salts are in turn absorbed in the ileum and are VITAMINS recycled by the liver and gall bladder. Vitamins: Vitamins are organic molecules required for metabolic reactions. They usually cannot be made by the LIVER body and are needed in trace amounts. Vitamins may act as The liver produces and sends bile to the small intestine via enzyme cofactors or coenzymes. the hepatic duct. Bile contains cholesterol, phospholipids, bilirubin, and a mix of salts.
In addition to digestive functions, the liver plays several
other roles: (1) detoxification of blood; (2) synthesis of blood proteins; (3) destruction of old erythrocytes and conversion of VITAMIN K (Phylloquinone) haemoglobin into a component of bile; SOURCE (4) production of bile; Green leafy vegetables, soya beans. The human body can also (5) storage of glucose as glycogen, and its release when produce Vitamin K through germs in the colon(part of small blood sugar levels drop; and intestine). (6) production of urea from amino groups and ammonia. FUNCTION Helps blood clotting, prevent over bleeding GALL BLADDER Maintains health of the liver It stores excess bile for release at a later time. SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY We can live without our gall bladders, in fact many people Uncontrol bleeding from wounds due to clotting difficulty have had theirs removed. The drawback, however, is a need SYMPTOMS OF EXCESS to be aware of the amount of fats in the food they eat since Can lead to liver damage the stored bile of the gall bladder is no longer available. Glycogen is a polysaccharide made of chains of glucose VITAMIN E (Tocopherol)=Beauty Vitamin molecules. It is also known as Antisterility Vitamin. In plants starch stored in the form of glucose, while SOURCE animals use glycogen for the same purpose. Green leafy vegetables, whole-wheat cereals, nuts, sprouts, egg yolk Low glucose levels in the blood cause the release of hormones, such as glucagon, that travel to the liver and FUNCTION stimulate the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, which is Maintains normal conditions of cells, and healthy skin then released into the blood(raising blood glucose levels). and tissues When no glucose or glycogen is available, amino acids are Protects red blood cells converted into glucose in the liver.The process Antioxidation of deamination removes the amino groups from amino acids. Enhance immunity Urea is formed and passed through the blood to the kidney SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY www.bankersadda.com | www.sscadda.com | www.careerpower.in | ADDA247.COM | defence.adda247.com 9 BIOLOGY CAPSULE New born infants: haemolytic anaemia VITAMIN B Adults: weakness VITAMIN B1 (Thymine) SYMPTOMS OF EXCESS SOURCE Low thyroxine level sprouts, yeast Fertility Desease Desease Headache, dizziness, fatigue Beri-beri Stomach discomfort, poor appetite VITAMIN B2 (Ryboflabin) VITAMIN D (Calciferol)=(Sunhine Vitamin) SOURCE SOURCE sprout, present in cow's milk(yellowish) Egg yolk, liver, cod liver oil, fish. Our skin also produces Desease Vitamin D when exposed to sunlight. Cheilosis, ulceration
FUNCTION VITAMIN B6 (Pyridoxine)
Helps body absorb and utilize calcium and phosphorus, FUNCTION so as to maintain bones, teeth and brain healthy It is responsible for rememeber dreams. Maintains normal calcium level in blood SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY Anaemia Children: rickets Nervousness, insomnia, depression Adults: Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis Muscle cramps
SYMPTOMS OF EXCESS VITAMIN C (Ascorbic acid)
Calcified cartilage SOURCE High calcium level in the blood causes abnormal heart Citrus fruits (orange, grapefruit, lemon), strawberry, black beat and damage to organs such as kidneys current, kiwi fruit, tomato, green leafy vegetables, green pepper Vomiting, diarrhea Sore eyes FUNCTION Itchy skin Helps synthesize collagen; promotes the growth and repair of cells, gum, teeth, blood vessels and bones VITAMIN A (Retinol) SOURCE Helps healing after operation and injury Dairy products, cod liver oil,liver, dark green and yellow Helps calcium and iron absorption vegetables and fruits Enhances immunity FUNCTION Maintains eye health SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY Promotes growth and development, maintains healthy Scurvy bones and teeth Gum Enhances the protection and regeneration of cells and inflammation and bleeding, fall of teeth mucous membrane Susceptibility to skin bleeding, burst of capillary vessels Maintains healthy respiratory and intestinal tracts Weakness, fatigue Maintain healthy hair, nails and skin Bone pain, swollen and aching joints
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS OF EXCESS
Night blindness, dry eyes Abdominal pain Dry skin Diarrhea Stomach discomfort Kidney stone Poor growth Weak bones and teeth In smokers and drinkers vitamin C is absent.
SYMPTOMS OF EXCESS TYPES OF VITAMINS:
Dry, scaly, peeling, and itchy skin, rash Vitamin Chemical Name Food Deficiency Hair loss Poor appetite, fatigue Sources Diseases Vomiting, stomach discomfort A Retinol Milk, eggs, Night Liver injury fish, butter, blindness, Skin Headache, bone pain cheese and dryness. Nervousness, irritability www.bankersadda.com | www.sscadda.com | www.careerpower.in | ADDA247.COM | defence.adda247.com 10 BIOLOGY CAPSULE liver. Liver situated in the upper part of the abdomen on the B1 Thiamine Legumes, Beri-beri. right side. It is the largest gland in the body. whole grain, In the process of digestion carbohydrates get broken down into simple sugars such as glucose. Fats into fatty nuts. acid and glycerol. Proteins into amino acid. B2 Riboflavin Egg, milk, Inflammation The grass is rich in cellulose a type of carbohydrates cheese, nuts, of tongue, human cannot digest cellulose. bread sores in the Amoeba is a microscopic single celled organism found in products. corners of the pond water. When it sense food, it pushes out one or mouth. more finger like projection (pseudopodia) around the food particles and engulf it and then the food becomes B3 Niacin or Meat, fish, Skin disease, trapped in a food vacuole. Nicotinic acid pea nuts, diarrhoea, whole grain. depression, THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM dementia. Excretory Systems in Various Animals B5 Pantothenic acid Eggs, liver, Fatigue, Components of this system in vertebrates include the dairy muscle cramp. kidneys, liver, lungs, and skin. products. Pellagra Water and Salt Balance B6 Pyridoxine Organ Anaemia, The excretory system is responsible for regulating water meats, kidney stones, balance in various body fluids. cereals, nausea, Osmoregulation refers to the state aquatic animals are in: corn. depression. they are surrounded by freshwater B12 Cyanocobalamin Meat, fish. pale skin, and must constantly deal with the influx of water. constipation, Excretory System Functions fatigue. 1. Collect water and filter body fluids. C Ascorbic acid Oranges, Scurvy, 2. Remove and concentrate waste products from body fluids tomatoes, anaemia, and return other substances to body fluids as necessary for sweet and ability to fight homeostasis. white infections 3. Eliminate excretory products from the body. potatoes. decreases. The Human Excretory System D Calciferol Direct Rickets, The urinary system is made-up of the kidneys, ureters, sunlight, osteomalacia. bladder, and urethra. The nephron, an evolutionary fish oils, modification of the nephridium, is the kidney’s functional eggs. unit. E Tocopherol Vegetable Neurological The nephron has three functions: oils, olives, problems, 1. Glomerular filtration of water and solutes from the blood. 2. Tubular reabsorption of water and conserved molecules tomatoes, problems of back into the blood. almonds, reproductive 3. Tubular secretion of ions and other waste products from meat, eggs. system. surrounding capillaries into the distal tubule. K Phylloquinone Soyabeans, Failure to clot or green leafy blood. Kidney Stones Naphthoquinone vegetables, In some cases, excess wastes crystallize as kidney stones. They grow and can become a painful irritant that may dairy require surgery or ultrasound treatments. products, meat. Kidney Functions Minerals: Iron(for hemoglobin), iodine (for thyroxin), 1. Maintain volume of extracellular fluid calcium (for bones), and sodium (nerve message 2. Maintain ionic balance in extracellular fluid transmission) are examples of minerals. 3. Maintain pH and osmotic concentration of the extracellular fluid. Digestion in Animals Facts from NCERT 4. Excrete toxic metabolic by-products such as urea, Starfish feeds on animals covered by half shells of ammonia, and uric acid. calcium carbonate. The saliva breakdown the starch into sugar. Kidneys, The Fascinating Filters Nephron is the filteration unit of kidney.
11 BIOLOGY CAPSULE Excessive eating (polyphagia), excessive drinking Bryophyte (polydipsia) and too much of urine (polyusia) are three These are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom. cardinal symptoms of diabetes. The ‘hypothesis’ There is no specialized tissue for the conduction of water produces a chemical substance called ‘antidivretic and other substances from one past of the plant body to hormone (ADH). another. The Adrenal gland maintains the regulating salt in the E.g. : moss (fumaria) and marchantia body and is located in an organ lying just over the kidney. As soon as the salt (sodium) concentration Pteridophyta become just a little less than normal, it release into the In this group plant body is differentiated into roots, stem blood stream a substance called ‘aldosterone’. and leaves and has specialized tissue for the conduction Renal transplantation or dialysis (artificial kidney) are of water and other substances from one plant of the the supportive measure when the damage to kidney plant body to another. Eg- marsilea, ferns, and horse reaches a certain point. tails.
Hormone Control of Water and Salt Gymnosperms
Water reabsorption is controlled by the antidiuretic The plant of this group bear naked seeds and one usually hormone (ADH) in negative feedback. perennial and evergreen and woody. Eg- pines such as ADH is released from the pituitary gland in the brain. deodar. Dropping levels of fluid in the blood signal the hypothalamus to cause the pituitary to release ADH into the blood. ADH Angiosperms acts to increase water absorption in the kidneys. The seeds develop inside an organ which is modified to become a fruit. These are also called flowering plants. Aldosterone, a hormone secreted by the kidneys, regulates Plant embryos in seeds have structures called the transfer of sodium from the nephron to the blood. When cotyledons. Cotyledons are called seed leaves because in sodium levels in the blood fall, aldosterone is released into many instances they emerge and become green the seed the blood, causing more sodium to pass from the nephron to germinates. the blood. This causes water to flow into the blood by Plants with seeds having a single cotyledon are called osmosis. Renin is released into the blood to control monocotyledons or monocots. Eg- paphiopedilum. aldosterone. Plants with seeds having two cotyledons are called dicots. E.g-Egipomoce. PHOTOSYNTHESIS The raw materials of photosynthesis, water and carbon Pisces dioxide, enter the These are fish. They are cold blooded and their hearts cells of the leaf, and the products of photosynthesis, have only two chambers unlike the four that human sugar and oxygen leave the leaf. have. Water enters the root and is transported up to the leaves Some with skeletons made entirely of cartilage, such as through specialized plant cells known as xylem. shark. Carbon dioxide cannot pass through the protective waxy Some with skeleton made of both bones and cartilages layer covering the leaf (cuticle), but it can enter the leaf such as tuna or rohu. through an opening flanked by two guard cells. Likewise, oxygen produced during photosynthesis can Amphibian only pass out of the leaf through the opened stomata. They have mucus glands in the skin and a three chambered heart. Respiration is through either gills or Chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments lungs. Eg: frogs, toades, and salamanders. Chlorophyll, the green pigment common to all photosynthetic cells absorbs all wavelengths of visible Reptilia light except green, which it reflects to bedetected by our These animals are cold blooded have scales and breathe eyes. through lungs. While most of them have a three chamber Black pigments absorb all of the wavelengths that strike heart while crocodile have four heart chambers. Eg- them. snakes, turtles, lizards and crocodiles.
DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS Aves
These are warm blooded animals and have a four Differentiation in Plants chambered heart. They lay eggs. They breathe through Thallophyta lungs. All birds fall in this category. The plants in this group are commonly called algae. These plants are predominantly aquatic. Mammalia E.g. : Spirogyra, cladophora and chara. They are warm blooded animals with four chambered hearts.
12 BIOLOGY CAPSULE They have mammary glands for the production of milk Common Methods of to nourish their young. They produce live young ones. Preserving Food in our Homes However a few of them like platypus and the Chemical method: salt and edible oils are the common echidna(Spiny Anteater) lay eggs. chemical generally used. Sodium benzoate and sodium metabisulphite are MICRO ORGANISMS common preservatives. These are also used in the Jams Micro organisms are classified into four major groups. These and squashes to check their spoilage. groups are bacteria, fungi, protozoa and algae. Viruses: They reproduce only inside the cells of the host Preservation by sugar : organisms which may be bacterium, plants or animal. Sugar reduces the moisture context which inhibits the Common cold, influnenza and most coughs are caused by growth of bacteria which spoil food. viruses. Use of oil and vinegar prevents spoilage of pickles Serious diseases like polio and chickenpox are also become bacteria cannot live in such an environment. caused by viruses. Pasteurized milk : the milk is heated to about 70˚C for 15 Micro organisms may be single celled like bacteria, Some to 30 seconds and then suddenly chilled and stored. algae and protozoa. Multicellular such as algae and fungi. This process was discovered by Louis Pasteur. It is called Micro organisms like amoeba can live alone, while fungi pasteurisation. and bacteria may live in colonies. SOME IMPORTANT TABLES Advantages of Micro Organisms Making of curd and breed:-milk is turned into curd by Important Facts about Human Body: bacteria. The bacterium “lactobacillus” promotes the Largest and strongest Femur (thigh bone) formation of curd. Bone in the body: Yeast reproduces rapidly and produces CO2 during Smallest Bone in the Stapes in ear respiration. Bubbles of the gas fill the dough and body: increase its volume. Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and Volume of Blood in the 6 litres (in 70 kg body) wine. For this purpose yeast is grown as natural sugars body: present in grains like barley, wheat, rice, crushed fruit Number of Red Blood 1. In male: 5 to 6 juice etc. Cells(R.B.C.): million/cubic mm This process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is 2. In female: 4 to 5 known as fermentation. Lewis Pasteur discovered million/cubic mm fermentation. Life span of Red Blood 100 to 120 days Medicinal Use of Micro Organisms Cells(R.B.C.): The medicine which kills or stops the growth of diseases Life span of White Blood 3-4 days causing microorganism is called antibiotics. Cell(W.B.C.): Streptomycin, tetracycline and erythromycin are some Time taken by R.B.C. to 20 seconds of the commonly known antibiotics. Which are made from fungi and bacteria. complete Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. one cycle of circulation: Antibiotics are not effective against cold and flu as these Other name of Red Erythrocytes are caused by virus. Blood Cell (R.B.C.): Largest White Blood Monocytes Vaccine Cells: Edward Jenner discovered the vaccine for small pox. Smallest White Blood Lymphocyte Harmful Microorganisms Cells: Disease-causing microorganisms are called pathogens. Who discovered Blood Karl Landsteiner Microbial diseases that can spread from an infected Group: person to a healthy person through air water, food, or Blood Platelets count: 150,000 - 400,000 platelets physical contact are called communicable diseases. i.e.- per micro litre cholera, common cold, chicken pox and TB. Female anopheles mosquito which carries the parasite of Haemoglobin (Hb): 1. In male: 14-15 gm/100 c.c. malaria. of blood Female aedes mosquito acts as carrier of dengu virus. 2. In female: 11-14 gm/100 Robert Koch discovered the bacteria (bacillus anthracis) c.c. of blood which causes anthrax disease. Hb content in body: 500-700 gm
13 BIOLOGY CAPSULE pH of Urine: 6.5-8 or destroys micro-organisms. Eg. pH of Blood: 7.36-7.41 Penicillin. Volume of Semen: 2-5 ml/ejaculation Antihistamines It is a drug used to relieve symptoms of Normal Sperm Count: 250-400 million/ejaculation cold and allergies. Menstrual cycle: 28 days Antispasmodic It is a drug used to relieve spasm of Menopause age: 45-50 years involuntary muscle usually in stomach. Blood clotting time: 3-5 minutes Antacid It is a drug used for preventing or Weight of Brain: 1300-1400 gm in human correcting acidity, especially in the adult stomach. Normal Blood Pressure 120/80 mm Hg Diuretics It is a drug that promotes the (B.P.): production of urine. Universal blood donor: O Laxative It is a drug used to provide relief in Universal blood AB constitpation. recipient: Average body weight: 70 kg TYPES OF DISEASES List of Diseases caused by Virus, Bacteria, Protozoa and Normal body 37 degree Celsius Worm: temperature: Breathing Rate at rest: 12-16/minute Disease caused by Viruses: Number of Spinal 31 pairs 1. Chicken pox - It is caused by Varicella-zoster virus. Nerves: 2. Small Pox - It is caused by Variola virus. Largest Endocrine Thyroid gland 3. Common Cold -It is caused by Rhinovirus. Gland: 4. AIDS (Acquired Immunono Deficiency Syndrome) - It Normal Heart Beat at 72 beats per minute is caused by Human rest: Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Largest Gland: Liver 5. Measles -It is caused by Measles virus. Largest Muscle in the Gluteus Maximus or Buttock 6. Mumps -It is caused by Mumps virus. body: Muscle 7. Rabies - It is caused by Rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae Smallest Muscle in the Stapedius family). body: 8. Dengue fever -It is caused by Dengue virus. Largest Artery: Aorta 9. Viral encephalitis - It is an inflammation of the brain. It Largest Vein: Inferior Vena Cava is caused by rabies virus, Herpessimplex, polio virus, measles Largest and longest Sciatic Nerve virus, and JC virus. Nerve: Longest Cell: Neurons (nerve cells) Disease caused by Bacteria Minimum distance for 25 cm 1. Whooping Cough - It is caused by a bacterium called proper vision: Bordetella pertussis. Pulse rate: 72 per minute 2. Diphtheria - It is caused by Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae. Thinnest Skin: Eyelids 3. Cholera - It is caused by Vibrio cholerae. Weight of Heart: 200-300 gm 4. Leprosy - It is caused by Mycobacterium leprae. 5. Pneumonia-It is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Common Drugs and Their Usage 6. Tetanus -It is caused by Clostridium tetani. Drugs/Medicine Use 7. Typhoid - It is caused by Salmonella typhi. Anaesthetics It is a drug that induces insensitivity to 8. Tuberculosis -It is caused by Mycobacterium pain. tuberculosis. Antiflatulent It is a drug that reduces intestinal gas 9. Plague - It is caused by Yersinia pestis. Antipyretics It is a drug used to lower body temperature. DISEASE CAUSED BY PROTOZOANS: Analgesics It is a drug that is used to prevent or 1. Malaria It is spread by it is a celled Anopheles mosquitoes. single parasite relieve pain. Eg. Aspirin. The Plasmodium that Antibiotics It is a drug that inhibits the growth of parasite that causes multiplies www.bankersadda.com | www.sscadda.com | www.careerpower.in | ADDA247.COM | defence.adda247.com 14 BIOLOGY CAPSULE malaria is neither a virus in red Asthma Bronchial muscles nor a bacteria blood cells Bronchitis Lungs of humans. Carditis Heart 2.Amoebic It is caused by Cataract Eye dysentery Entamoebahistolytica. Cystitis Bladder 3.Sleeping It is caused by Colitis Intestine sickness Trypanosomabrucei. Conjunctivitis Eye 4. Kala azar It is caused by Dermatitis Skin Leishmaniadonovani. Diabetes Pancreas and blood DISEASE CAUSED BY WORMS Diphtheria Throat 1. They are intestinal Eczema Skin Tapeworn parasites. It cannot live Goitre Thyroid gland on its own. It survives Glossitis Tongue within the intestine of an Glaucoma Eye animal including human. Gastritis Stomach 2. Filariasis It is caused by thread like filarial Hepatitis Liver nematode worms. Jaundice Liver Most cases of filaria Malaria Spleen are caused by the parasite known as Meningitis Brain and spinal cord Wuchereriabancrof Myelitis Spinal cord ti. Neuritis Nerves 3. Pinworm It is caused by small, thin, Otitis Ear white roundworm called Osteomyelitis Bones Enterobiusvermicularis. Paralysis Nerves and limb Pyorrhoea Teeth VITAMINS AND MINERAL DEFICIENCY DISEASES Peritonitis Abdomen 1. Anaemia It is caused due to deficiency of mineral Pneumonia Lungs Iron. Rhinitis Nose 2. Ariboflavinosis It is caused due to deficiency of Rheumatism Joints Vitamin B2. 3. BeriBeri It is caused due to deficiency of Tuberculosis Lungs Vitamin B. Tonsillitis Tonsils 4. Goitre It is caused due to deficiency of Iodine. Trachoma Eye 5. Impaired It is caused due to deficiency of clotting of the Vitamin K. BLOOD GROUP AND ITS CLASSIFICATION blood K. Landsteiner: Classified human beings (1900) in four groups on the basis of the reaction of their blood: A, B, AB 6. Kwashiorkor It is caused due to deficiency of and O. Protein. Blood Carries Carries Can donate Can 7. Night Blindness It is caused due to deficiency of group antigen antibody blood to receive Vitamin A. blood 8. Osteoporosis It is caused due to deficiency of mineral from Calcium. A A B A,AB A,O 9. Rickets It is caused due to deficiency of B B A B,AB B,O Vitamin D. AB A,B None Only AB Universal 10. Scurvy It is caused due to deficiency of Accepter Vitamin C. O None A,B Universal Only O donor COMMON HUMAN DISEASES AND AFFECTED BODY PART Disease Affected Body Part AIDS Immune system of the body Arthritis Joints