Factors Affecting The Fluctuation of Labour Productivity in The Construction Projects
Factors Affecting The Fluctuation of Labour Productivity in The Construction Projects
Factors Affecting The Fluctuation of Labour Productivity in The Construction Projects
------------------------------
------------------------------
ID: 60340102
ACKNOWLEDGMETS
Firstly, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisor Dr. Cao Hao
Thi for his professional guidance, valuable advice, continuous encouragement, and
motivated support that made this thesis possible.
I would like to extend deep senses of gratitude to Prof. Nguyen Dinh Tho and lecturers
who have taught and transferred me valuable knowledge and experience during the
period of Master of Business course at International School of Business.
Special thanks, to all of my dear friends in MBUS 2010 class, who gave me useful
material, response and experience to conducting this study.
I would like to express my grateful thanks to my friends and all the construction
company in Vietnam who participated in filling the questionnaires and provided the
valuable information for this study.
12 Dec. 12
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study have been achieved through study 233 questionnaires and
the results of analysis of 46 variables considered in questionnaire show that, there are
five main factors positively affect to Labor Productivity Fluctuation in construction
project. They are Supervision factor, Motivation factor, Workforce factor,
Material/Equipment factor and Schedule factor. After conducting Multiple Linear
Regression and ANOVA analysis, the model of study have been indentified which
could explains 68.7 % of the total variance in Labor Productivity Fluctuation and
ANOVA testing result also shows that there are significant different among project
characteristic group on LPF.
The results of this study recommend that construction companies have to conduct
labour productivity study in their project to reduce Labour Productivity Fluctuation. It
is important to have training program to increase labour skill, improve labor
commitment and the relationship among worker by increasing labor benefit and team
building program. It also suggested that the planning software should be used in the
project to have a good planning work to reduce the frequency of working overtime and
make the labor more productivity.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGMETS....................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................viii
2.2.1 Productivity................................................................................................................. 6
3.2.1Population.................................................................................................................. 28
APPENDICES .................................................................................................................. 61
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
KMO: Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
The construction industry has an important role in the developed and developing
countries. In the Vietnam, construction industry is growing very strongly and has
gained many significant achievements. The General Statistic Office of Vietnam (2011)
reported that it accounts for about 6.41 % of gross national product and 6.4 % of total
employment. The expansion of construction activities has generated a lot of jobs for
skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled labour, but beside with this, Vietnam’s labor
productivity remains low against other Southeast Asian countries despite witnessing an
on-year rise in the total productivity of 5.1% as showed in the Vietnam’s labour and
social trends report (Institute of Labour Science and Social Affairs, 2010).
A successful construction project is one that achieves the intended objectives in terms
of cost, time, quality and safety. This is possible only when the planned levels of
productivity can be attained. However, productivity, or lack of it, is perhaps one of the
main problems confronting the construction industry, the construction firm and the
construction project. As a consequence of the importance of the construction industry,
the nature of construction projects and the available economic resources, more
emphasis should be given to improving productivity.
- To identify factors affecting to the fluctuation between real and planed labor
productivity of construction projects.
- To assess the impact strength of these factors on the fluctuation of labor
productivity.
- To analysis the difference in Labor Productivity Fluctuation due to Project
Characteristics.
Chapter 1 – Introduction
This chapter includes research statement, problem outlines, research objectives and
scope of research and especially it will outline the study process which quite important
for the study as it shed a light for the successful of mater thesis.
Chapter 3 – Methodology
4
This chapter presents the research process and the methodology that will be used for
empirical testing of the research model which has been developed in chapter 2.
This chapter presents the data analysis result, this is the most significant part of the
study as it will contain the data analysis including of Sample Descriptive Statistics,
Reliability Analysis, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Multiple Regression Analysis and
ANOVA Analysis to provide a very comprehensive picture about the relationship of
factors affecting to the fluctuation of labor productivity in construction project in
Vietnam.
With results from analyzing data collected in chapter 4, a conclusion as well as the
objective required is established. The finding reconfirms the factors affecting to the
fluctuation of labor productivity in construction project. Finally, recommendations are
brought to improve labor productivity in construction project and give direction for
future research.
5
This chapter presents a review of relevant literature related to factors affecting labor
productivity and consists of definitions related to project and project management,
definitions of productivity, total productivity and construction productivity. This
chapter also states the hypotheses and propose conceptual model for this study.
2.1.1 Project
Project management has been defined by PMBOK (2008, p.8) as “The application of
knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project
requirement”
6
Yuong (2007) defined project management as “a dynamic process that utilizes the
appropriate resources in a controlled and structured manner to achieve some clearly
defined objectives indentified as strategic needs”.
2.2.1 Productivity
Prokopenko (1987) defined that “productivity is the relationship between the output
generated by a production or service system and the input provided to create this
output. Thus, productivity is defined as the efficient use of resource – labors, capital,
land, materials, energy and information – in the production of various goods or
services. Productivity can also be defined as the relationship between results and the
time it takes to accomplish them. Time is often a good denominator since it is a
universal measurement and it beyond human control. The less time taken to achieve the
desired result is the more productive the system”. Prokopenko also stated that
“regardless the type of production, economic or political system, the definition of
productivity remains the same. Thus, though productivity may mean different things to
different people, the basic concept is always the relationship between the quantity and
quality of goods or services produced and the quantity of resources used to produce
them”.
Eatwell and Newman (1991) defined productivity as a ratio of some measure of output
to some index of input use. Put differently, productivity is nothing more than arithmetic
ratio between the amount produced and the amount of any resources used in the course
of production. This conception of productivity goes to imply that it can indeed be
perceived as the output per unit input.
terms of manpower, material, machinery or tools and the result you get out of the
project. Productivity has to do with the efficiency of production. Making a site more
productive means getting more output for less cost in time, Productivity covers every
activity that goes into completing the construction site works, from the planning state
to the final site clearing, if the contractor can carry out these activities at lower cost in
less time with fewer workers or with less equipment the productivity will be
improved”.
At the national level, labor productivity is computed by taking the entire economically
active population as the input and the total value of goods and services produced as the
output (Prokopenko, 1987).
It is general knowing that almost all the definitions of productivity centre on ‘outputs’
and ‘inputs’. Unfortunately, definition of either output or input or both may sometimes
pose more difficulty to the understanding of what productivity is. For output, it is in the
form of goods if visible and services if invisible. Input on the other hand is less easily
defined. Since production (creation of goods and services) is a team effort thereby
8
making the demand for inputs to be interdependent, various elements (inputs) are
involved in the production of output. This makes the definition of input more complex
than that of output. To ease this problem of defining inputs, it is common a practice to
classify inputs into labor (human resources), capital (physical and financial assets), and
material. Again, in an attempt to circumvent the difficulty of defining inputs,
productivity is sometimes defined as goods and services produced by an individual in a
given time. In this sense, time becomes the denominator of output with the assumption
that capital, energy and other factors are regarded as aids, which make individuals
more productive.
Freeman (2008) stated that Labor productivity is equal to the ratio between a volume
measure of output (gross domestic product or gross value added) and a measure of
input use (the total number of hours worked or total employment).
“The volume measure of output reflects the goods and services produced by the
workforce. Numerator of the ratio of labor productivity, the volume measure of output
is measured either by gross domestic product (GDP) or gross value added (GVA). The
measure of input use reflects the time, effort and skills of the workforce. Labor input is
measured either by the total number of hours worked of all persons employed or total
employment”.
O
TP = [2.1]
L M C E Q
The fluctuation of labor productivity is the difference between actual labor hours and planed
labor hours of project/work package per actual labor hours of project/work package, so the
formulation the fluctuation of labor productivity will be calculated as as Equation [2.2].
W A WP
L = * 100 [2.2]
WP
Productivity in construction is often broadly defined as output per labor hour. Since
labor constitutes a large part of the construction cost and the quantity of labor hours in
performing a task in construction is more susceptible to the influence of management
than are materials or capital, this productivity measure is often referred to as labor
productivity. However, it is important to note that labor productivity is a measure of the
overall effectiveness of an operating system in utilizing labor, equipment and capital to
convert labor efforts into useful output, and is not a measure of the capabilities of labor
alone. For example, by investing in a piece of new equipment to perform certain tasks
in construction, output may be increased for the same number of labor hours, thus
resulting in higher labor productivity (Hendrickson, 1998).
There are numerous events that can cause a loss of labor productivity. Thomas and
Zavrski (as cited in Rojas, 2008) had developed a factors model, which graphically
11
show in Figure 2.1. There are two broad categories related to the work that affect labor
productivity. These are work to be done and the environment in with the work is done
and it can be viewed as either contributing to or inhibiting this conversion process. The
figure shows that the inputs in terms of labor hours are converted to outputs or
quantities of work through the application of some work method.
Article I.
cceleration
Indirect
Article III. Article V. Article VII. Article IX. S Causes
hanges vertime ncrease Manning hift Work
Article XI. Article XIII. Article XV. Article XVII. Article XXIX.
Work
ongestion equencing eather upervision lant Status
Environ.
Article XIX. Article XXI. Article XXIII. Article XXV. Article XXVII.
nformation quipment ools aterials ework
Conversion Technology
Inputs Outputs
Work to
Article XXXI. Article XXXIII. Article XXXV. Article XXXVII. Article XXXIX. be Done
omponent Size pecs & Qual. Req. ork Content esign Features ork Scope
Homyun Jang et al (2009) suggested variables affecting to labor productivity and have
been identified 25 critical variables and grouped to 4 groups of factors, namely work
management, work technique, work characteristic and worker component as shown in
Figure 2.2.
12
Labor productivity and the factors that affect it have been studied extensively in the
field of construction research. Durdyev and Mbachu (2011) indentified 56 variables
that affect construction productivity, and categorized them in to 8 factors of internal
and external Figure 2.3 and Figure 2.4. Figure 2.3 represents external constraint with
three groups of factor: Unforeseen events, statutory compliance and other external
forces. Figure 2.4 shows the internal constraints with five groups of factors: Project
characteristics, project finance, workforce, project management and
technology/process.
13
Unforeseen events Other external forces
Inclement weather Fluctuations in material prices.
Ground condition necessitating Fluctuation in exchange rate.
revisions. Energy crises/costs.
On-site accident/ Act of God Interest rate/cost of capital
External group of
Natural Disaster Market conditions and level of
factors competitions in the industry for jobs
Frequency change in government
policies/legislations on construction.
Health & Safety in employment Act. Rapid technological advances
Resource management Act Statutory compliance Increase in industry or society-wide
Local Authority bylawa litigations/adversarial relations.
Construction contracts
Building/ Act, consent, regulation.
Employment relation Act.
Consumer guarantees Act.
Fair trading Act
Kazaz et al (2008) determined four factors and it’s variables as presented in Table 2.1.
In summary, based on the previous research and after refinement, 46 variables are
selected and grouped to 7 groups according to their characteristics, namely: Workforce,
management team, motivation, schedule compression, material/equipment, supervision,
safety and. All of them are shown in Table 2.2.
16
Poor relations between labor and superintendents V.2.2 (2009). Nabil Ailabouni et al (2006).
Lack of labor surveillance V.2.3
Lack of periodic meeting with labor V.2.4
3 Late payment V.3.1 Ailabouni et al (2006), Durdyev and
Low amount of pay V.3.2 Mbachu (2011), Enshasi et al (2007
Motivation
Enshassi et al (2007) identify 8 variables related to workforce factor and the result
show that the most important variable negatively affecting the productivity is lack of
labor experience, followed by labor disloyalty, labor dissatisfaction, misunderstanding
among labor, lack of competition, increase in laborer age, labor absenteeism, and labor
personal problem. Duryev et al (2011) also identify 8 sub-factors affect to labor
productivity with level of impact is descending as level of skill and experience of the
workforce, motivation/commitment, level of familiarity with current job and
conditions, workforce absenteeism, level of staff turnover and health of the workforce.
These variables above also is supported by Kazaz et al (2008), Homyun Jang et al
(2009), Makulsawatudom et al (2001), and Soekiman et al (2010). Base on the
previous research above this study has been refined and collected 8 sub-factors related
to the main factor of workforce and stated a hypothesis as following:
Workforce
- Lack of skill and experience of the workers
- Lack of empowerment
- High workforce absenteeism H1+
Labor productivity
- High workforce turnover
fluctuation
- Low labour morale/commitment
- Increase of labourer age
- Poor health of the workers
- Poor relations among workers
Management team
- Bad leadership skill
H2+
- Poor relations between labor and superintendents Labor productivity
- Lack of labor surveillance fluctuation
- Lack of periodic meeting with labor
late payment. It also supported by the research Kazaz et al(2008) such as: on-time
payment, amount of pay, working in social insurance, incentive payments and financial
rewards, discontinuity of work and union membership. Base on the previous research
above this study have been refined and collected 7 sub-factors related to the main
factor of motivation and stated a hypothesis as following.
Motivation
- Lack of labor recognition program
- Little or no financial rewards
H3+
- Late payment Labor productivity
- Little or no welfare
- Poor condition of camping
- Lack of place for eating and relaxation
In a typical construction project, a contractor may often find that the time normally
expected to perform the work has been severely reduced. The reduction of time
available to complete a project is commonly known throughout the construction
industry as schedule compression. Schedule compression is a problem because it
negatively impacts labor productivity in various ways, and it becomes a source of
dispute between the owners and contractors. Base of the previous research of Kazaz et
al (2008), Durdyev et al (2011), Enshasi et al (2007), Ailabouni et al (2006), Soekiman
20
et al (2010), and Homyun Jang et al (2009) this study have been refined and collected 5
sub-factors related to the main factor of Schedule Compression and stated a hypothesis
as following:
Schedule compression
- Working 7 days per week without taking a holiday
- Frequency of working overtime
H4+
Labor productivity
- Shift work fluctuation
- Poor work planning
- Overcrowding
Material and Equipment are very important, as without them work cannot be done
progressively or to the required quality. Makulsawatudom et al (2001) indentified that
lack of material and lack of equipment were highlight as the most critical factor
affecting to productivity because of material are essential for the construction process.
Kazaz et al (2008) stated that lack of material is a universal problem and has a
significant degrading effect on site productivity for both developed and developing
countries. Improper material planning and on site transportation difficulties are
amongst the resource of lack of material. The case appeared as a result of material
shortage and it likely the most considerable part of material management practices
related with labor performance. When adequate supply of material is not possible,
workers try not to exhaust their current stockpile of supplies, so they may slow down
21
their pace or output in anticipation of a delivery, resulting in idle times and cost
overruns.
Material/Equipment
- Material shortages
H5+
- Low quality of raw materials Labor productivity
- Unsuitable material storage location fluctuation
- Lost time to find material because of poor arrangement
- Equipment and tools shortages
- Poor condition of equipment and tools
To follow-up and supervise labour while working is a vital aspect of any organization
because both it can result in extensions of project time and cost, and the quality on site
is controlled through inspection of the work completed by the gang. To improve the
supervision work, it is necessary to identify the factor affect on it. Enshasi et al (2007)
stated that all supervision factors have a high impact on productivity, and were ranked
according to their importance as follows: drawings and specifications alteration during
execution; inspection delay; rework; and supervisors’ absenteeism. In the study of
Henry et al (2007) also indicated the factor related to supervision group like:
incompetent supervisor, poor construction method, frequency rework, incomplete
drawing and design change, design complexity. Makulsawadom et al (2001)
indentified 7 sub-factors, including incomplete drawing, inspection delay, incompetent
supervisor, long instruction time, changing order, rework. The sub-factors related to
supervision factor also supported by Kazaz et al (2008) ), Durdyev et al (2011),
Homyun Jang et al (2009), Ailabouni et al (2006). Based on these previous research,
and after considering with Vietnamese construction project condition, this study have
been refined and collected 8 sub-factors related to the main factor of supervision and
stated a hypothesis as following
Supervision
- Poor or no supervision method
- Incompetent supervisors
- Changing of foremen H6+
Labor productivity
- Changing orders fluctuation
- Incomplete/revise drawing
- Inspection delay
- Rework
- Supervisors’ absenteeism
Safety is very important aspects of construction projects which are the most hazardous
endeavors have many work-related injuries and accidents. Accordingly, safety factors
must be considered in project lifecycle from beginning of a project to its end. To
improve project safety, the definition of safety factors and determination of their
importance are necessary. In some of the previous researches several safety factors are
introduced. Enshasi et al (2007) identified 7 factors under the safety group have been
placed in descending order as follows: accidents, violation of safety precautions,
insufficient lighting, bad ventilation, working at high places, unemployment of safety
officer on the construction site, and noise. This study also base on the past research of
Durdyev, Henry et al (2007), Homyun Jang et al (2009), and Makulsalsawadom et al
(2001) and after considering with Vietnamese construction project condition, this study
have been refined and collected 8 sub-factors related to the main factor of saftey and
stated a hypothesis as following
Hypothesis H7: There is a positive impact of safety factor on the fluctuation of labor
productivity
24
Safety
- Ignore safety precaution
- Accident
- Inadequate lighting H7+
Labor productivity
- No have safety engineer on site
fluctuation
- Noise
- Unsafe working conditions
- Inadequate safety plan
- Lack of labor safety (clothes safety, …)
Project characteristic
- Project Type
- Ownership of Project
- Project Budget
Workforce
H1+
H2+ H8
Management team
H3+
Motivation
H4+ Labor productivity
fluctuation
Schedule compression
H5+
Material/Equipment H6+
Supervision H7+
Safety
In summary, based on the past studies and the theoretical concepts. The conceptual
frameworks was constructed with seven independent factors including workforce,
management team, motivation, schedule compression, material/equipment, supervision,
and safety positive impact on the dependent factor of labour productivity fluctuation.
27
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
The purpose of this chapter is to present the research process, methods using in
research, sampling design and data collection method.
Literature Review
Conceptual Framework
Research Design
Pilot Survey
Data Analysis
Reliability Analysis Cronbach’s Alpha
3.2.1 Population
The targeted interviewees in this research will be the person work for construction
companies and took part at least one construction project in HCMC or surrounding of
HCMC. The respondents also are the people who work as clients, contractors,
operational director, project manager, project coordinator, construction manager, site
manager, site engineer, foreman, superintendent and supervisor.
There are two sampling approaches that are probability and non-probability sampling
but “There is no guarantee that the results obtained with a probability sample will be
more accurate than those obtained with non-probability sample, what the former allows
the researcher to do is measure the amount of sampling error likely to occur in his/her
sample. This provides a measure of the accuracy of the sample result. With non-
probability sampling no such error measures exists.” (Kinnear and Taylor, 1987).
Hair et al (1995) stated that “it is generally agreed that the minimum sample for
appropriate use for statistical analysis is equal to or greater than 5 time of independent
variables, but not less than 100”
This study has 46 variables, so the minimum size for this research is.
n = 5x46 = 230
Otherwise, Tabachnick & Fidell (2001) illustrated the minimum sample size for the
Multiple Regression should be
29
This study has 7 independent factor, so the minimum for multiple regression as below
n = 50 + 8x7 = 116
Givern (2006) stated that “Questionnaire is at the front line of the research – it is what
the general public understanding research, particularly social research, to be about”.
The MRS Code of Conduct (as cites in Van, 2010) stated the following to structuring
the questionnaire
- That the data collection process is fit for purpose and Clients have been advised
accordingly
- That the design and content of the data collection process or instrument is
appropriate for the audience being researched
- That Respondents are able to provide information in a way that reflects the view
they want to express, including don’t know prefer not to say where appropriate.
- That Respondents are not led towards a particular point of view
- That responses are capable of being interpreted in an unambiguous way
- That personal data collected are relevant and not excessive
Section 1: A cover letter expresses the research plan and intention to carry out the
research and research title.
30
Section 2: General information about the project which respondent has involved,
including name of project, position in project of respondent, type of project, ownership
of project, budget of project and the difference between total actual labor hours and
planed labor hours of project.
Finally the completed questionnaire in English version and Vietnamese version are
shown in Appendices 1 & 2.
Based o literature of factor affecting to labour productivity, the pilot test research of the
conceptual model have been developed with seven main factor which are supposed to
be effected to labour productivity fluctuation of construction project in Vietnam. The
draft questionnaire was built from the consolidation and citing from previous research
of the same topic. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are conducted in order to
consolidate for the quality of this research. There are two phases in research design
step of this study: Pilot test survey and main survey. Afterward, the measurement
scales and pilot questionnaire on factor affecting to the fluctuation of labour
productivity were prepare in qualitative research and the pilot survey is included two
steps
The first step: a qualitative research with preliminary questionnaire was conducted with
pilot interview with four project managers and five construction manager of
31
The second step: a quantitative research is carried out randomly with randomly 40
interviewees who are project manager, construction manager, foreman and supervisor
form difference project by face-to-face interview and sending email for the final
measurement scale testing before launching the main survey
The primary data will be collected via direct interview or indirect through email or
online survey. The secondary data sources are from extant literature, international
business journals, articles, books, professional newspaper and business or expertise
web site.
The Descriptive Statistic is conducted to provide the general information like Mode of
data collection, the Position of respondents in project, Type of project, Project
Ownership and Project Budget.
Reliability Analysis is used for Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and item tital correlation.
The reliability coefficient of Cronbach’s alpha also illustrates how relation of the items
in a set which are significantly correlated from one to another.
32
In generally, the value of Cronbach’s alpha for acceptable reliability is 0.7 and it could
decrease to 0.6 in exploratory research and any variables which have the value of
Corrected Item-Total Correlation below 0.4 would be consider to be rejected (Hair et
al, 1998).
The main task of statistic analysis is applied in the Multiple Linear Regression in order
to study the correlation and measure the prediction level of 7 independent factors on
dependent factor.
In summary this chapter draws out the research process which direct the study from
research gaps to literature review, conceptual framework, research design, pilot survey,
data collection and method using to analysis the data.
33
The previous chapter provided a theoretical discussion of the research and statistical
methodology. This chapter focuses on the interpretation and discussion of the research
result, including sample descriptive statistics, reliability & validity analysis and
hypotheses testing.
The official survey was conducted with final questionnaire by face to face interview,
online survey and sending email to experienced people in construction industry in
Vietnam. In order to get the high rate of response, the face to face interview is the best
way get the answer but due to the time constraint there are only 125 questionnaires
were sent directly to experience manager and engineer in construction industry and 390
indirectly by email with attached file or the link for doing online. There were 270
answers returned totally but only 233 answers are valid. In summary, the frequency of
each answering way is presented as Table 4.1.
The descriptive statistics will describe the characteristics of project and interviewees,
including the position of respondents in project, type of project, ownership of project
and total investment of project. These main characteristics are showed from Table 4.2
to Table 4.4.
34
As shown in Table 4.2 there were 50.21% of respondents in the Supervisor position,
9.4% of foreman position, 15.88% of respondents are supervisors of client and the
remaining position are 10.30% of project, 9.87% of site manager and 4.34% of other
position.
In term of type of project this research divides it to four areas base on its’ similar
characteristics, including civil construction, bridge and highway construction, port and
coastal construction and industrial construction. According to Table 4.3, the
35
respondents in Civil construction project has a high rate with 34.33% and 27.04% is
from Bridge and Highway construction, 24.04% of industrial construction project and
lowest rate from port and coastal construction project with 14.59%.
The Table 4.4 is about ownership of project, the most respondents are from State-
owned company with rate of 52.79%, the remaining are 20.17% of Joint-venture
company, 15.45% of Foreign company and 11,59% of Private company.
The respondents are mainly come from the big project so the budget need for the
project is quite high. As Table 4.5 the budget more than USD 20 milion has a high rate
at 42.49% and budget from USD 10 milion to USD 20 milion has 10.73%, the
36
remaining are budgets from USD 5 milion to USD 10 milion and from USD 500.000 to
USD 5 milion at rate inturn 15.02% and 31.76%.
Cronbach’s coefficient alpha was used to test the reliability of the measurement scales,
the value of Cronbach’s alpha need to be accepted is over 0.6 and any variables which
the Item-total correlation are smaller than 0.3 will be deleted. After considering the
result of the first reliability testing on all proposed factors, there were 6 variables
should be deleted because it have the Item-total correlation quite smaller than 0.3 or
minus as show in Table 4.6.
The final reliability testing were conducted after deleted 6 variables in Table 4.2 above
and gave a good result which all correlated item-total correlation value in all scales are
over 0.3. The Cronbach’s Alpha value of all factor were higher than 0.7 according to
Table 4.7.
37
Material/equipment
V.5.1 22.1202 48.692 .556 .850
V.5.2 22.5536 46.429 .618 .840
V.5.3 22.6824 45.502 .768 .814
0.858 6
V.5.4 22.3391 46.156 .630 .837
V.5.5 22.4077 45.018 .653 .833
V.5.6 22.4678 45.741 .672 .829
Supervision
V.6.1 20.7983 50.912 .502 .857
V.6.2 20.7597 48.114 .577 .845
V.6.4 20.4206 46.133 .765 .810
0.856 6
V.6.5 20.4807 47.475 .618 .837
V.6.6 20.3991 47.198 .746 .815
V.6.7 20.1674 46.080 .681 .825
Safety
V.7.1 26.7082 106.682 0.52 0.851
V.7.2 26.4721 102.121 0.586 0.844
V.7.3 26.6438 103.282 0.580 0.845
V.7.4 26.3519 96.746 0.583 0.847
0.859 8
V.7.5 25.9614 100.563 0.632 0.839
V.7.6 26.0858 101.725 0.646 0.838
V.7.7 26.1588 102.824 0.594 0.844
V.7.8 26.0086 98.155 0.714 0.830
39
The main aim of factor analysis is to describe a larger number of variables by means of
a smaller set of composite variables. This statistical technique is very useful for
investigation of the underlying structure of a questionnaire. All the items that have the
same dimension should correlate with one another and factor analysis uses this to
uncover composite variables. These cluster variables are also known as “factor” and
aid the substantive interpretation of data.
The conceptual framework of this study has been defined 46 independent variables
affecting to the fluctuation of labor productivity of construction project. After
conducting reliability analysis, totally 6 variables have been deleted because of the low
Item-total correlation. Therefore, there were 38 variables before do the EFA analysis.
At the first EFA analysis, the result in Rotated Component Matrix showed that the
variable V.7.1 get blank space because of loading score less than 0.5 and the variable
V.1.7 did not cluster with any variables, for this reason variables V.7.1 and V.1.7 were
rejected.
After deleted 2 variables, the final factor analysis was done which results of Kaiser-
Meyer-Olkin (KMO) & Bartlett’s Test, eigenvalues, scree plots and rotated factor
matrices are illustrated in the tables and figure below.
As indicated in Table 4.8, the KMO test for measuring sampling adequacy and
Bartlett’s tes of sphericity display satisfactory results. The KMO value (0.850) is
greater than 05 which mean the data set is likely to factor well. In addition, Bartlett’s
test shows the significant value smaller than 0.05 which indicating that the correlation
matrix is significant different from an identity matrix and the correlation between
variables are all zero. As result, both acceptances for diagnostic tests confirm that the
data are suitable for factor analysis.
40
Sig. .000
The determination of the number of factors is usually done by considering only factors
with Eigen values greater than 1, since each variable is expected to have a variance of
1. Table 4.9 shows 38 factors, one for each variable and it is the maximum number of
factors we can have. However, only the first 6 Factor which have the eigenvalue more
than 1 are extracted for analysis. Looking at the “% of Variance" column under “Initial
Eigenvalues” it can be seen that the first component explains 28.274% of the
information from the original variables and looking at the “Cumulative %” column
shows that with 6 factors were extracted, it could explain 62.777% of the information
contained in the original variables.
Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
Component % of Cumulative % of Cumulative % of Cumulative
Total Total Total
Variance % Variance % Variance %
… … … …
Factor 2: Safety F2
V.7.8 Lack of labor safety .784
Factor 3 Motivation F3
V.3.6 Poor condition of camping .757
Factor 4: Workforce F4
V.1.5 Low labour morales/commitment .747
team
Factor 5: Material/equipment F5
V.5.3 Unsuitable material storage location .845
After conducted Reliability analysis, there were 6 variables have been deleted because
of the Corrected Item-Total coefficient of these variables are too low or minus, that
variables are: High workforce absenteeism, increase of labour age, poor relations
between labour and superintendents, lack of place for eating and relaxation, changing
foreman frequently and high supervisor’ absenteeism. Beside that Management Team
factor has been deleted because of its variables were adapted to another factor after
conducted the Eploratory Factor Analysis. For the reason above, the conceptual model
has been revised as Figure 4.1 and the Hypothesis from H1 and H3 to H6 have the same
statement that is: its’ independent factors including workforce, motivation, schedule
compression, material/equipment, supervision, safety have a positive impact on the
fluctuation of labour productivity. The hypothesis H2 is deleted.
Project characteristic
H1+
- Project Type
Workforce
- Ownership of Project
- Project Budget
Motivation H3+
H8
Schedule Compression H4+
Labor productivity
Material/Equipment H5+
fluctuation
H6+
Supervision
H7+
Safety
Where
F1 : Supervision Factor
F2 : Safety Factor
F3 : Motivation Factor
F4 : Workforce factor
F5 : Material/Equipment Factor
F6 : Schedule Compression Factor
i : Standardized coefficient of factor i (i=1to 6)
: Errors
Considering the outcome from the Factor Analysis, the items for independent variables
were aggregated in which factor loading exceeded 0.5 were selected. After the data
were aggregated, the Multiple Regression was conducted to reveal how different
factors affecting the Labour Productivity Fluctuation (LPF). The result of Multiple
Linear Regression is indicated in Table 4.12 to Table 4.14.
46
Table 4.12 shows the adjusted R2 is 0.687, meaning that 68.7% of the variance in LPF
could be explained by the six independent factors
Regression 6 .000b
81.335 13.556 85.890
1 Residual 226
35.669 .158
Total 232
117.004
a. Dependent Variable: LPF
The next part of the output is the coefficient section, after checking for the model, the
identification of relationship between predictors and dependent factor are fit the most
important. The standardized coefficients ( ) are the coefficients of the estimated
regression model. In addition, we tested histogram and normal proability plot, they
satisfy the regression analysis. From the value in Beta Colum of Table 4.14 the
regression equation can be written as follows:
Unstandardized Standardized
Model Coefficients Coefficients t Sig. Collinearity Statistics
B Std. Error Beta Tolerance VIF
Based on the value of Beta and Sig in Table 4.14, the testing for Hypothesis is
conducted one by one as following.
Hypothesis H1
Hypothesis H3
Hypothesis H4
Hypothesis H5
Hypothesis H6
Hypothesis H7
After identifying the factors which positive impact on Labor Productivity Fluctuation
(LPF) in construction project in Vietnam, the One-way ANOVA method was
performed to analyze the difference in LPF due to the Project Characteristics, including
Type of Project, Project Ownership and the Budget of Project.
LPF
95% Confidence
Std. Std. Interval for Mean
N Mean Minimum Maximum
Deviation Error Lower Upper
Bound Bound
Port and Coastal construction 34 3.0588 .69375 .11898 2.8168 3.3009 2.00 4.00
Bridge and highway construction 63 3.6032 .55474 .06989 3.4635 3.7429 2.00 4.00
LPF
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
According to Seltman (2009) the value of the F-statistic tend to fall around 1.0 when
the null hypothesis is true and are bigger when the alternative is true. And we reject
Null Hypothesis if p =0.05.
As indicated in Table 4.17, the F-value is 4.920 and p = 0.002 < 0.05, meaning that
Null Hypothesis is rejected and Alternative Hypothesis is accepted. Therefore it could
51
be concluded that there are significant difference effect of Project Type on Labor
Productivity Fluctuation.
LPF
95% Confidence
Std. Std. Interval for Mean
N Mean Deviation Error Lower Upper Minimum Maximum
Bound Bound
Joint-venture company 64 3.3594 .76360 .09545 3.1686 3.5501 2.00 4.00
LPF
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Table 4.19 shows that the F-value is 4.851 and p = 0.003 < 0.05, meaning that Null
Hypothesis is rejected and Alternative Hypothesis is accepted. Therefore it could be
concluded that there are significant difference effect of Project Ownership on Labor
Productivity Fluctuation.
Table 4.20 shows that the F-value is 5.414 and p = 0.001 < 0.05, meaning that Null
Hypothesis is rejected and Alternative Hypothesis is accepted. Therefore it could be
concluded that there are significant difference effect of Project Budget on Labor
Productivity Fluctuation.
LPF
95% Confidence
N Mean Std. Std. Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum
Deviation Error Lower Upper
Bound Bound
From USD 500,000 to 5 milion 17 3.1176 .69663 .16896 2.7595 3.4758 2.00 4.00
From USD 5 milion to 10 milion 57 3.0877 .76253 .10100 2.8854 3.2900 2.00 4.00
From USD 10 milion to 20 milion 92 3.3696 .70660 .07367 3.2232 3.5159 2.00 4.00
More than USD 20 milion 67 3.7164 .51657 .06311 3.5904 3.8424 2.00 4.00
LPF
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Base on the result of One-Way ANOVA testing on Type of Project, Project Ownership,
Project Budget, it could be concluded that there is a significant difference in Labor
Productivity Fluctuation due to Project Characteristics. Hence, Hypothesis H8 is
accepted.
After conduct Reliability Analysis, Factor Analysis, Multi Linear Regression Analysis,
ANOVA Analysis on 46 variables affecting to labour productivity fluctuation, there
were 6 variables have been deleted because of its’ Corrected – Item Total Correlation
value are smaller than 0.3 within Reliability Analysis, including: high workforce
absenteeism , increase of labor age, poor relations between labor and superintendents,
lack of place for eating and relaxation, changing of foreman frequently, high
supervisors’ absenteeism, and after conduct Factor Analysis, the variables Poor
relations among workers and Ignore safety precaution are deleted, the management
team factor also removed because of its’ variables: Bad leadership skill, Lack of labor
surveillance, Lack of periodic meeting with labor have been moved to supervision and
workforce factor. After conducted Multi Linear Regression Analysis, workforce,
motivation, schedule compression, material/equipment, supervision factor are
supported, but safety factor was not supported by the research. Based on that result,
54
this research has indentified the research model of the factors affecting to labor
productivity in construction project in Vietnam, which is presented in Figure 4.2.
Project characteristic
1. Type of project
2. Project Ownership
3. Project Budget
Supervision 0.236
Motivation 0.310
0.217
Material/Equipment
0.229
Schedule Compression
In summary, after conduct Reliability Analysis and Exploratory analysis for 7 main
factors, there were 8 variables have been deleted and the management team factor was
remove. The remaining 6 hypothesis were tested in regression analysis and there are 5
hypothesise are supported. Beside that the objectives of this study have been achieved
through out this chapter which identify the relationship between independent factors
and dependent factor. The Hypothesis H8 also is supported by ANOVA analysis.
55
The most significant objective of this study is to develop a model in order to determine
the factors affecting on the fluctuation of labour productivity in construction project
and the strength of that affection. First, this chapter summarises the main finding and
also outline for the future research. Next, it addresses the implications of research
results. Finally, this chapter presents the limitation and future research.
The proposed concept model of this study proposed seven independent factors affect
Labour Productivity Fluctuation in construction project which are Workforce factor,
Management Team, Motivation, Schedule Compression, Material/Equipment,
Supervision and Safety Factor. After conducting Reliability analysis, Exploratory
Analysis, there were 8 independent variables are rejected because of Corrected Item-
Total coefficient less than 0.3 and loading score less than 0.5. Furthermore, variable
V.2.1 (Bad leadership skill), V.2.3 (Lack of labor surveillance) and V.2.4 (Lack of
periodic meeting with labor) in Leadership Skill Factor have been loaded to another
factor. Bad Leadership Skill variable move to Workforce Factor, Lack of labor
surveillance variable and Lack of periodic meeting with labor variable move to
Supervision Factor as presented in Table 5.7, after considering that this permutation
could be explained by the same properties of variable with the new factor it is adapted
to. There was no changing in that variables and factors and the number of factor
decrease from 7 to 6 factors with Leadership Skill factor has been deleted.
The Multiple Linear Regression was performed and defined 5 independent factors
positively affecting Labor Productivity Fluctuation as final research model in
Figure 5.7. Regression analysis indicates that the model explains 68.7% of the variance
in Labor Productivity Fluctuation. Among five extracted factors, Motivation Factor is
56
the most positively affecting to the Labor Productivity Fluctuation (LPF) with highest
standardized beta of 0.310. It means that the any changing of Motivation factor would
be most affect to LPF than others. Then the descending order of relation with LPF is
Workforce factor, Supervision factor, Schedule Compression factor and
Material/Equipment Factor. Therefore, the project manager who is handling the
construction project in Vietnam needs to pay attention on those factors, especially
Motivation factor and Workforce factor.
As finding from chapter 5, there are five factors positively affecting to the Labour
Productivity Fluctuation, including Supervision factor, Motivation factor, Workforce
factor, Material/Equipment factor and Schedule Compression Factor.
Firstly, the Motivation factor has the most affecting to the Labour Productivity
Fluctuation with the highest standardized beta of 0.310. The labor’s satisfaction is low
could make the Labor Productivity decrease, therefore, the Vietnamese construction
company should increase labor’s satisfaction by conducting a reasonable salary and
welfare structure, developing financial reward or recognition program and improving
the living condition on site.
Secondly, Workforce factor play an important role during the process of project, bad
workforce is a major problem and seriously affects the time to accomplish the project
task. Base on the standardized beta value of workforce factor, it suggested that the
project manager in Vietnamese should increase their leadership skill and the labor skill
in the project by appropriate training program, it is also necessary to improve labor
commitment and the relationship among worker by increasing labor benefit and team
building program.
57
The rest of found three factors are Supervision factor, Material/Equipment factor and
Schedule Compression factor are positively impact the Labor Productivity Fluctuation
in construction project, to mitigate that fluctuation, the construction company should
improve Supervision factor by implementing periodic meeting and ensure supervisors
were correctly selected, the designer team also should be quite experienced to avoid
revised drawing too much. Material delay and material arrangement, tool and
equipment should be improved to have the better Material/Equipment factor to increase
labor productivity. Working overtime too much also affects the labor productivity, to
improve, the planning software should be used in the project to have a good planning
work to reduce the frequency of working overtime and make the labor more
productivity.
The result of ANOVA analysis on project characteristic also indicated that, there are a
different in labour productivity fluctuation due on project characteristic.
Besides the contributions, this research also has some limitations. The projects which
are conducted the survey are mainly located in the South of Vietnam especially in
HCM, hence the result might not reflect enough for whole construction project in
Vietnam. Hopefully, this limitation would be improved in the further study by
conducting the survey more in the Middle and the North of Vietnam to have the full
perspectives about the Labour Productivity Fluctuation for the whole Vietnam range.
Another limitation arises from the use of such comprehensive questionnaire. The
questionnaire consist of 52 questions which take long time to answer, especially the
question involve to the percent of different between total actual labor hours of
project/work package in project and total planned labor hours of project/work package
58
REFERENCE
A guide to the project management body of knowledge (4th ed.). (2008). Newtown
Square: Project Management Institute.
Ailabouni, N., Gidado, K., & Painting N. (2007). Fators affecting employee
productivity in the UEA construction industry. ICONDA CIBibrary. Retrieved
2007, form http://www.irb.fraunhofer.de/CIBlibrary/search-quick-result-
list.jsp?A&idSuche =CIB+DC10773
Durdyev, S., & Mbachu, J. (2011). On-site Labour Productivity of New Zealand
Construction Industry: Key Constraints and Improvement Measures.
Australasian Journal of Construction Economic and Building, 1(3), 18-33.
Enshassi, A., Mohamed, A., Mustafa, Z. A., & Mayer, P. E. (2007). Factors affecting
labour productivity in building project in the Gaza strip. Journal of Civil
Engineering and Management, 8(4), 245-254. doi:
10.1080/13923730.2007.96364 44.
Field, A. (2nd ed.). (2005), Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. London: Sage
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (6 th ed.).
(1998) Multivariate Data analysis. Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Henry, M. J., Jackson, A. M., Bengt, H. (2007). Factors affecting the productivity of
building craftmen – studies of Uganda. Journal of Civil Engineering and
Management, 8(3), 169-176. doi: 10.1080/13923730.2007.9636434.
Homyun Jang, Kyonghoom Kim, Juhyung Kim, and Jaejun Kim. (2011). Labour
productivity model for reinforced concrete construction projects. Construction
Innovationm Process, Management,11(1), 92-113. doi:
10.1108/14714171111104 655.
Institute of Labour Science and Social Affairs. (2010). Labour and social trends in
Vietnam 2009/2010. Retrieved June, 2010, from
httpt://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/.../wcms_142174
Kazaz, A., Manisali, E., & Ulubeyli, S. (2008). Effect of basic motivational factor on
construction workforce productivity in Turkey. Journal of Civil Engineering and
Management, 14(2), 95-106. doi: 10.3846/1392-3730.2008.14.4.
Kinnear, & Taylor (1987). Marketing research: an apply approach (p. 207), New
York: McGraw Hill.
Lake, C. (2001). Mastering project management: key skill in ensuring profitable and
successful projects (p. 16). London: Thorogood.
61
Nitithamyong, P., & Skibniewski, M. J. (2011), Success factors for the impkementation
of web-based construction project management system: a cross-case analysis.
Construction Innovation: information, Process, Management, 11(1), 14-22. doi:
10.1108/14714171111104619.
Rojas, E. M. (2008). Construction productivity (p. 203). Pine Island: J.Ross Publishing
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (3 rd edi). (1991). Using multivariable statistics. New
York: HarperCollin.
62
Van, Le. (2010). Critical success factors in knowledge management: an analysis of the
construction in Vietnam. Unpublished Mater thesis. Ludwigshfen University of
Applied Science.
Young, T. L. (2nd ed.). (2007). The handbook of project management: a practical guide
to effective policies, techniques and processes (p. 18). London and Philadenphia:
Kogan Page.
63
APPENDICES
Letter of Interest
To start, I would like to present my appreciation and thanks for your time and effort to
complete this questionnaire.
The results of this research will be sent back to any of you, who pay attention to this
subject, via email of by the most convenient way as requested.
Sincerely yours
Email: [email protected]
Instruction
To answer the following questions, please think about the projects of construction in
the last ten years that you have actually been involved.
Please answer the following question by ticking “x’ in the check box ( ) or filling out
the given blanks where appropriate.
Supervisor of client
Project manager/ Deputy project manager
Construction manager
Supervisor
Foreman
Other (please specify): …………………………………………………………
Civil construction
Bridge and highway construction
Port and Coastal construction
Industrial construction
4. Ownership of project.
State-owned company
Joint-venture company
Foreign company
Private company
65
6. Total actual labor hours of project/work package in project and total planned labor
hours of project/work package in project
In the case of you do not remember exactly Total actual/planned labor hours, please
estimate percent of different between total actual labor hours of project/work package
in project and total planned labor hours of project/work package in project:
……………………………………………………………...%
In the table below, there are 7 factors with 46 variables affecting the fluctuation of
labor productivity in construction project. Base on a project or a work package in a
project has been completed. Please give your agree or not agree on the statement below
by tick on the square.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Strongly Disagree Slightly Neither disagree or Slightly Agree Strongly
disagree Disagree agree agree agree
66
disagree agree
(Low productivity because of variable below)
9 Bad leadership skill 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 Poor relations between labor and 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
superintendents
11 Lack of labor surveillance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
12 Lack of periodic meeting with labor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
III. Motivation Strongly Strongly
disagree agree
(Low productivity because of variable below)
13 Late payment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
disagree agree
(Low productivity because of variable below)
20 Working 7 days per week without taking 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a holiday
21 Frequency of working overtime 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
22 Shift work 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
23 Poor work planning 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
24 Overcrowding
V. Material/equipment Strongly Strongly
disagree agree
(Low productivity because of variable below)
25 Material shortages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
26 Low quality of raw material 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
27 Unsuitable material storage location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
28 Lost time to find material because of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
poor arrangement
29 Equipment and tools shortages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
30 Poor condition of equipment and tools 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
VI. Supervision Strongly Strongly
disagree agree
(Low productivity because of variable below)
31 Poor or no supervision method 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
32 Incompetent supervisors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
33 Changing of foreman 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
34 Changing order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
35 Incomplete/revise drawing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
68
36 Inspection delay 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
37 Rework 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
38 Supervisors’ absenteeism 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
VII. Safety Strongly Strongly
disagree agree
(Low productivity because of variable below)
39 Ignore safety precaution 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
40 Accident 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
41 Inadequate lighting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
42 No have safety engineer on site 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
43 Noise 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
44 Unsafe working conditions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
45 Inadequate safety plan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
46 Lack of labor safety 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C. RESPONDENTS INFORMATION
Company: ……………………………………………………………………...........
Jobtitle: ……………………………………………………………………………...
Th Ng
Th a Ông /Bà,
Tôi tên Bùi Trung Kiên, hi n là h c viên cao h c ngành Qu n Tr Kinh Doanh khóa
2010 c a Vi n ào T o Qu c T - Tr ng i H c Kinh T Tp. HCM. Tôi ang th c
hi n tài nghiên c u v Các y u t nh h ng n s bi n ng n ng su t lao ng
trong d án xây d ng. Ph m vi nghiên c u c gi i h n cho nh ng d án xây d ng
Vi t Nam.
Email: [email protected]
70
ng d n :
Giám sát c a Ch ut
Giám c/ Phó Giám c d án
Ch huy tr ng
Giám sát
i tr ng thi công
Khác (Vui lòng ghi rõ):…………………………………………………………..
3. Lo i hình d án?
Xây d ng dân d ng và công nghi p
Xây d ng c u ng
Xây d ng c ng và công trình th y
Xây l p
Khác (Vui lòng ghi rõ):…………………………………………………………..
4. Hình th c ch u t d án.
Công ty t nhân
Khác (Vui lòng ghi rõ):…………………………………………………………..
Có 7 y u t tác ng n s bi n ng n ng su t lao ng g m 46 bi n s c li t
kê b ng d i. a vào m t d án ho c gói công vi c c th ã hoàn thành,
Ông/Bà vui lòng cho bi t m c ng ý c a Ông/Bà i v i các phát bi u sau ây
ng cách ánh d u (X) vào ô ( ) thích h p nh t.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
13 Thanh toán l ng tr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
14 ng th p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
15 Phúc l i xã h i th p ho c không có 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
16 Th ng th p ho c không có th ng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
17 Thi u ch ng trình ghi nh n thành tích c a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ng i lao ng
18 u ki n n i trên công tr ng kém 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
19 Thi u ch n u ng và ngh tr a trên công 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
tr ng
IV. Y u t v Áp l c ti n c a d án/ gói công Hoàn toàn R t ng
vi c mà ông bà ã tham gia.
Không ng ý ý
25 Thi u v t t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
26 Ch t l ng v t t kém 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
27 Kho ch a v t t v trí không phù h p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
28 n th i gian tìm v t t vì s p x p v t t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
không phù h p
29 Thi u máy móc ho c thi t b thi công 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
30 u ki n kém c a máy móc thi t b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
`VI. Công tác Giám Sát trong d án/gói công Hoàn toàn R t ng
vi c mà ông bà ã tham gia.
Không ng ý ý
Ch c v hi n t i :………………………………………………………………….
Component Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Rotation Sums of Squared
Loadings
… … … …
29 .267 .669 95.455
Component
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
V.2.3 .788
V.6.4 .766
V.6.6 .747
V.6.2 .688
V.6.5 .687
V.6.7 .679
V.2.4 .587
V.6.1 .504
V.7.8 .770
V.7.6 .722
V.7.5 .716
V.7.7 .710
V.7.4 .644
V.7.2 .628
V.7.1
V.3.3 .762
V.3.6 .752
V.3.5 .741
V.3.4 .733
V.3.2 .716
V.3.1 .619
V.1.5 .744
V.1.1 .734
V.1.4 .730
V.1.8 .706
V.1.2 .642
V.2.1 .522
V.4.5 .820
V.4.1 .819
V.4.3 .792
V.4.2 .780
V.4.4 .748
V.5.3 .842
V.5.4 .751
V.5.5 .635
V.5.6 .619
V.5.2 .612
78
V.5.1 .584
V.1.7 .784
V.7.3 .536 .562
79