The Age of The Successors and The Creation of The Hellenistic Kingdoms (323-276)
The Age of The Successors and The Creation of The Hellenistic Kingdoms (323-276)
The Age of The Successors and The Creation of The Hellenistic Kingdoms (323-276)
53
edited by
PEETERS
2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX
Conference Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI
The Strange Case of the Missing Archons. Two Lost Years in Dio-
dorus’ History of the Successors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Brian SHERIDAN
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
The age of the Successors is “a field that is too fertile to lie fallow”, as
Heckel has recently described it1. Indeed the fifty years following the
death of Alexander the Great constitute a crucial stage in world history
with the development of a balance of power that would determine the
history of the eastern Mediterranean for centuries to come. The period
is now receiving the attention it deserves, and recent years have wit-
nessed even the publication of two general overviews of the period for a
wider audience2. Many aspects of the history of the Diadochoi remain
un- or underexplored, however, and the contributions to this book aim
to help in remedying that situation.
The first two sections of the volume address questions of evidence,
studying both literary sources and material remains such as archaeologi-
cal structures, coins and wall paintings. Diodorus, for obvious reasons,
receives a great deal of attention. According to Landucci Gattinoni, the
treatment of Antipatros in the narrative on Triparadeisos suggests that
Diodorus used two different sources for this episode: she finds traces of
Hieronymus of Kardia as well as of Duris of Samos. Whereas Landucci
Gattinoni rejects the existence of a lacuna in this section of book XVIII,
in Sheridan’s view the missing chronological headings for the years 321/0
and 320/19 as well as other infelicities in the surviving narrative are best
explained on the assumption that there is such a lacuna. Diodorus’
working methods and the historiographical persona he creates for him-
self are the object of Rathmann’s study. Arguing that Diodorus usually
* We would like to thank Kerry Phelan for improving the English of this essay.
1
Heckel 2004, 586.
2
Bennett and Roberts 2008-2010; Waterfield 2011. In French (e.g. Cloché 1959) and
German (e.g. Bengtson 1987) such overviews were already available for many years, but
these are the first in English.
2 H. HAUBEN – A. MEEUS
relied on one source at a time for long stretches of his work and did less
research than his methodological statements would have us believe, he
concludes that the presence of different tendencies (such as material of
Ptolemaic or Seleucid origin) in Diodorus’ account of the Successors is
a strong indication for his use of an intermediary source, probably
Agatharchides of Knidos. Other literary sources can often supplement
the evidence from Diodorus in important ways. Engels teases out
Strabo’s view of the age of the Successors from the scattered references
to the period in his Geographika, identifying the aspects that were most
of interest to the geographer.
The common thread in these contributions is that the preserved sec-
ondary authors deserve to be studied in their own right, an approach
that does not prove incompatible with Quellenforschung. Authors like
Diodorus and Strabo had their own aims and interests which are also
reflected in their treatment of the Successors, while the influence of
their sources remains obvious, especially in Diodorus. The importance
of studying these authors will nowadays be clear to everyone: after all,
we have to deal with their texts, not with those of their sources. Never-
theless, the identification of Diodorus’ sources remains of prime impor-
tance given the scholarly tradition of attributing events that one wishes
to accept to Hieronymus and events that one wishes to question or
reject to Duris, the former allegedly being ever trustworthy, the latter
supposedly always unreliable. The viewpoints offered here show the
potential that Quellenforschung still has, but also that no consensus is to
be expected any time soon.
The fields of archaeology, numismatics, and art history are still
understudied by specialists of the early Hellenistic era, despite their sub-
stantial contribution to our knowledge of the period. The papers in the
section on these material remains study a wide range of different struc-
tures and objects which shed light on diverse aspects of the period such
as local dynastic traditions in Cyprus and the interplay between Cypriot
coinage and warfare, urban development in the new capitals and elite
Macedonian tomb decoration. Baurain offers a new interpretation of the
famous ‘Tumulus 77’ from the Royal Necropolis of Salamis. Rather
than the cenotaph of the city’s last king Nikokreon it is traditionally
taken to be, he identifies it as a dynastic heroon dedicated to Teukros
and Euagoras, the ancestors of the Teucrid dynasty. The coinage that
was issued by the Cypriot kinglets during the wars of the Successors, as
NEW PERSPECTIVES 3
well as the coins struck on the island on behalf of the Diadochoi them-
selves, are studied by Destrooper. Her analysis reveals that the tumultu-
ous military events are reflected in the coinage only to a limited extent.
In his survey of the development of Alexandria under Ptolemy I,
™ukaszewicz tries to establish what the scanty evidence allows us to
know about the latter’s role in the construction of the city, particularly
with regard to Alexander’s tomb and the lighthouse of Pharos. Palagia
offers a new perspective on the frescoes from the villa of P. Fannius
Synistor at Boscoreale: while earlier interpretations always took for
granted that the various paintings already belonged together in their
original context, Palagia argues that they are unconnected Macedonian
tomb decorations brought together specifically for this Roman villa. She
dates the originals to the time of Kassandros.
The thematic studies in the following sections address the history of
the Successors both on a local and an empire-wide level. Issues of the
Successors’ ambitions and the legitimation of their rule are a theme
common to several contributions. Strootman shows not only that the
Near Eastern royal ideology of universal rule was appropriated by
Alexander, the Successors and later Hellenistic kings, but also that their
ambitions were in line with the ideology they professed. Rather than the
commonly accepted opposition between the universalist Antigonids and
the other Successors as alleged separatists, it appears that all the Diado-
choi coveted the entire empire. This view is further developed for
Ptolemy by Hauben and Meeus. The latter argues that throughout his
career Ptolemy was striving to become Alexander’s sole successor for the
whole empire, this view being much more in accordance with Ptolemy’s
propaganda whilst not in contradiction with any of his actions. A thor-
ough analysis of Ptolemy’s campaigns in the years 310-308 also leads
Hauben to the conclusion that at this time the satrap of Egypt had far
wider ambitions than those usually attributed to him. Van der Spek
analyses an entry from the Babylonian Diadochoi Chronicle that shows
Seleukos reinstating the regnal years of Alexander IV on his return to
Babylon in 311, as well as appointing himself royal general of Asia.
Whilst thus expressing his loyalty to the Argead house, Seleukos also
professed his aim of competing with Antigonos for control of Asia.
Such evolving insights into the ambitions and self-legitimation of the
Successors not only allow us to better comprehend the collapse of
Alexander’s empire and the formation of the Hellenistic kingdoms, but
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