Chapter 1 Set Theory PDF

Discrete Mathematics
MAT210
Chapter 1: Set Theory

1.1 Sets
Definition
A set is a collection of things, objects, items or etc.
- The objects are called the elements or members of

the set.
- Sets are denoted by capital letters
A, B, C,D…, Z.
- The elements of a set are represented by lower
case letters
a, b, c, d, … , z.
Sets
• Set: Collection of objects (“elements”)
• 𝑎∊𝐴
• 𝑎∉𝐴
• 𝐴 = 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … 𝑎𝑛
• Order of elements is meaningless
• It does not matter how often the same element is
listed
• A set is an unordered collection of different
elements.
Example of Sets
Examples:
 The set A of all positive integers

 The set B of all the planets in the solar system
 The set C of odd positive integers less than 10
Representation of a Set
Sets can be represented in three ways:
1. Roster or Tabular Form

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
2. Descriptive Form
A =set of first five Natural numbers
3. Set builder Notation
A= {𝑥 ∊ 𝑁 | 𝑥≤ 5}
Symbol
{ } Represent the set
| Such that
∊ Is a member of
Standard Sets in Math
N = Set of natural numbers
Z = Set of integers
Z+ = Set of positive integers
Q = The set of positive rational numbers
R = The set of real numbers
R+ = The set of positive real numbers
C = The set of complex numbers
Equal Sets
Two sets are equal if and only if they have the same
elements
A=B
Example
A = {1,2,3} and B ={2,1,3} are equal.
Equivalent Sets
• Two finite sets A and B are said to be equivalent if
they have the same number of elements;
n(A)=n(B)
Example
A = {a,b,c,d}
B = {r,s,t,u}
Empty Set or NULL Set
• The empty set is a set which has no elements
• It is also called null set.
• It is denoted by ∅ or { }.
Universal Set
The universal set U ( or ξ ) is a set of all elements under
discussion for possible membership in a set.
Venn Diagram
Venn diagram is a schematic diagram that shows all
possible logical relations between different
mathematical sets
To indicate the relationships between sets

Subset
• The set A is a subset of set B if and only if
every elements of A is also an elements of B
• Notation: A ⊂ B
• Example:
A = {1,3,5,7}
B = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
A⊂B
Cardinality of Sets
• Cardinality of a set is the number of elements in S.
• Denoted by |S|
• If S is an infinite set , then |S|=∞
Power Sets
• Power set is a set of all the subsets of a set.
• The power set of S denoted by P(S)
• The number of members of a set is often written as
|S|
P(S) = 2n
1.2 Set Operations
The intersection (“and”) of sets A and B (A ∩ B) is the
set of all elements that are in both A and B.
A ∩ B = *x | x ∊ A and x ∊ B }.
Example:
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Then A ∩ B =
Set Operations
The union (“or”) of sets A and B (A ∪ B) is the set of all
elements that are in both A and B.
A ∪ B = *x | x ∊ A or x ∊ B }.
Example:
If A = {1, 2, 6, 9} and B = {3, 5, 7, 9}
Then A ∪ B =
Set Operations
Let A and B be sets. The set difference A – B (or A\B) is
the set of all elements which are in A but are not in B.
A – B = *x | x ∊ A and x ∉ B +.
Example:
If A = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7} and B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Then A – B =
Set Operations
The complement of set A, denoted A’, is the set of all
elements of the universe which are not in A.
A’=U – A = *x | x ∊ U and x ∉ A +.
Example:
If U is the set of positive integers and A= {2, 4, 6, 8, …} is
the set of all even integers, then A’ = {1, 3, 5, 7, …} is
the set of all odd integers.
Task 1
Given the sets:
A = {11, 13, 15, 17}, B = {10,12, 14, 16, 18}
C = {11, 12, 14, 15, 20}
Find:
1. A ∪ B
2. B ∪ C
3. A ∪ A
4. (A ∪ B) ∪ C
5. A ∪ ( B ∪ C)
6. Are sets (A ∪ B) ∪ C and A ∪ ( B ∪ C) identical?
Task 2
Given the sets:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7}, C = {7, 8, 9}
Find:
1. A ∩ B
2. A ∩ C
3. B ∩ C
4. (A ∩ B) ∩ C
5. A ∩ ( B ∩ C)
6. Are sets (A ∪ B) ∪ C and A ∪ ( B ∪ C) identical?
Task 3
Consider the sets:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, 15} ;
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, C = {9, 11, 13, 15}
Find:
1. (A ∪ B)’
2. (B ∩ C)’
3. A’ ∩ B’
4. B’ ∪ C’
5. A ∪ (B ∩ C)
6. A ∩ (B ∪ C)
7. (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
8. A ∪ A’
9. A ∩ A’
Task 4
Shade the following sets using Venn diagram.
1. A ∪ (B ∩ C)
2. (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
3. (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
4. (A\B)’
5. A ∩ B’
6. (A ∩ B)’
1.3 Application of Set Theory
Example 1
In a class of e-PJJ, there are 30 students. 40% of the

students take statistics but not accounting and 30% of the
students take both statistics and accounting. One of the
student does not take any of the courses.
i. Present the above information in a Venn diagram.

ii. Determine the number of students who take
accounting and not statistics.
iii. Find the number of students who take statistics and
accounting.
Example 2
In a public survey of 2,500 respondents on newspapers they like to read,

the following results were obtained:
30% of respondents like to read newspaper only A and not B and C.

15% of respondents like to read newspaper only B and not A and C.
6% of respondents like to all three newspapers
13% of respondents like to read newspaper C
12% of respondents like to read both newspaper A and B.
10% of respondents like to read both newspaper A and C.
8% of respondents like to read both newspaper B and C.
i. Determine the number of respondents who like to read newspaper C

only.
ii. Determine the number of respondents who like to read at least one
newspapers.
iii. Find the number of respondents who like to read at least two
newspaper
iv. Find the number of respondents who do not like to read the three
newspapers
Exercise 1
Suppose that 120 of the 140 business students at a college
take at least one of the languages Arabic, Mandarin and
French. Also suppose
75 study Arabic
25 study Arabic and French
50 study Mandarin
18 study Arabic and Mandarin
48 study French
24 study French and Mandarin
a) Find the number of students who study all three languages.

b) Determine the number of students who study
i. Exactly one language
ii. Exactly two languages
Exercise 2
In a survey of 2000 respondents who watch television, it was

found that 1120 watch sports, 962 watch comedy, 1200 watch
movie, 650 watch movie and sport, 700 watch comedy and
sports, 555 watch movie and comedy, and 300 watch all three.
a) Draw a Venn diagram that will show the results of the

survey.
b) How many respondents watch sports, comedy or movie?
c) How many respondents do not watch any of the programs?
d) How many respondents watch sports and movie only?
e) How many respondents watch comedy only?
1.4 Laws of Set theory
1. Double Complement Law
(A’)’ = A
2. De Morgan’s Law
(A ∪ B)’ = (A’ ∩ B’)
3. Commutative law
A∪B=B∪A A∩B=B∩A
4. Associative Law
A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
5. Distributive Law
A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
6. Idempotent Law
A∪A=A
A∩A=A
7. Identity Law
A∪∅=A
A∩ξ=A
8. Dominance Law
A∩∅=∅
A∪ξ=ξ
9. Inverse Law
A ∪ A’ = ξ
A ∩ A’ = ∅
10. Absorption Law

A ∪ (A ∩ B) = A
A ∩ (A ∪ B) = A

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Discrete Mathematics

Chapter 1: Set Theory

- The objects are called the elements or members of

 The set A of all positive integers

1. Roster or Tabular Form

To indicate the relationships between sets

In a class of e-PJJ, there are 30 students. 40% of the

i. Present the above information in a Venn diagram.

In a public survey of 2,500 respondents on newspapers they like to read,

30% of respondents like to read newspaper only A and not B and C.

i. Determine the number of respondents who like to read newspaper C

a) Find the number of students who study all three languages.

In a survey of 2000 respondents who watch television, it was

a) Draw a Venn diagram that will show the results of the

10. Absorption Law

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