Scale Deposition Removal and Prevention
Scale Deposition Removal and Prevention
Scale Deposition Removal and Prevention
REMOVAL &
PREVENTION.
S l C
Scale Contributors
t ib t
Sodium chloride Na Cl - generally known as common salt
Calcium carbonate CaCO3 - commonly found in rock, also
referred to as limestone
Calcium sulphate CaSO4 - white solid also known as gypsum
Iron carbonate FeCO3 - can be found in shale, sandstone
and sedimentary rock
Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 - inorganic compound
Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 - white solid
B i
Barium sulphate
l h t B SO4 - white
BaSO hit crystalline
t lli solid
lid
Strontium sulphate SrSO4 - white crystalline powder
Scale Deposition, Removal and Prevention
Change in pH level
Mixing of fluids
G Hydrates
Gas H d t
Scale Deposition, Removal and Prevention
Scale Deposition, Removal and Prevention
G Hydrates:
Gas H d t
• Hydrates
y have p
potential as a future energy
gy resource
• Related to climate change
• Affect strength of sediments in which they are found (care in
constructing underwater structures)
• Hydrates currently cause blocking in some underwater natural gas
pipelines
• Hydrates
y mayy be an alternative to pipeline
pp transmission as a way
y to
move natural gas from deep water to the terminals of existing
offshore pipelines
Scale Deposition, Removal and Prevention
Scale Deposition, Removal and Prevention
12000
Dewpoint Curve
10000
Critical Point
8000
ure (kPa).
Hydrate Curve
6000
Pressu
Bubblepoint Curve
4000
0 OC
2000
0
-170 -150 -130 -110 -90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50
Temperature (deg C)
C).
Scale Deposition, Removal and Prevention
Definitions:
Asphaltenes are best known for clogging wells, surface facilities and
sub-surface formations in the oil field. Changes in pressure,
temperature, composition and shear rate may cause asphaltene
precipitation and deposition.
These changes may be induced by a variety of processes,
processes including
primary depletion, injection of natural gas or carbon dioxide,
acidizing treatments and commingled production of incompatible
fl id
fluids.