2.4 MOMENTUM-IMPULSe PDF
2.4 MOMENTUM-IMPULSe PDF
2.4 MOMENTUM-IMPULSe PDF
● (p) = kg m/s
► a 1 kg object moving at 1000 m/s has the same momentum
as a 1000 kg object moving at 1 m/s (p = 1000 kg m/s)
Δ(mv) Δv
If the mass doesn’t change, then F= =m = ma
Δt Δt
Δp
F=
Δt
10 kg m/s =
(10N)(1s) =
(5N)(2s) =
You could stop it with your own or, you could exert a (1N)(10s) =
force – just if you exert it over a huge force over very
long, long period of time. short period of time.
(0.1N)(100s) =
h=2m m = 30 g = 0.03 kg
both eggs fall the same distance,
h h so the velocity of both eggs just
before impact is:
∆p = mv – mu = – 0.18 kg m/s
In both cases momentum is reduced to zero during impact/interaction with the
floor. But the time of interaction is different. In the case of concrete, time is
small while in the case of pillow, the stopping time is greatly increased.
If you look at the impulse-momentum relation
F∆ t = ∆p, you see that for the same change in momentum (– 0.18 kg m/s in this case),
if the time is smaller the ground must have exerted greater force on the egg. And vice
versa. The pillow will exert smaller force over greater period of time.
● Often you want to reduce the momentum of an object to zero but
with minimal impact force (or injury). How to do it? Try to maximize
the time of interaction; this way stopping force is decreased.
► Bend your knees when you jump down from high! Try keeping your knees stiff
while landing – it hurts! (only try for a small jump, otherwise you could get
injured…) Bending the knees extends the time for momentum to go to zero,
by about 10-20 times, so forces are 10-20 times less.
► Safety net used by acrobats, increases impact time, decreases the forces.
► Catching a ball –let your hand move backward with the ball after contact…
► Bungee jumping
► Riding with the punch, when boxing, rather than moving into
► Wearing the gloves when boxing versus boxing with bare fists.
● Sometimes you want to increase the force over a short time
F∆t = ∆p → ∆p = 5 kg m/s
∆p = m∆v → ∆v = 10 m/s v = u + ∆v
Favg = m ∆v/ ∆t
Kinetic energy in terms of momentum
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 linear momentum
1
𝐸𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 kinetic energy
2
EXAMPLE: Show that kinetic energy can be calculated directly from the
momentum using the following:
𝑝2
𝐸𝐾 = kinetic energy
2𝑚
SOLUTION:
𝑝
From 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 we obtain 𝑣 = . Then
𝑚
1 1 𝑝 2
𝐸𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2= 𝑚
2 2 𝑚
2
𝑚𝑝
= 2
2𝑚
𝑝2
=
2𝑚
Kinetic energy in terms of momentum
𝑝2
𝐸𝐾 = kinetic energy
2𝑚
Example: baseball is struck with a bat – duration of the collision is about 0.01 s,
and the average force the bat exerts on the ball is several thousand Newtons
what is much greater than the force of gravity, so you can ignore it. And as we
consider velocities just before and just after interaction, there is no much
change due to gravity. The system can be considered isolated and momentum
is conserved.
beauty of the law of conservation of
momentum
before after
12.0 m/s
70 60 10
u=0 v1 = ?
pbefore = pafter
0 = m1 v1 + m2 v2
0 = 60.0 v1 + 10.0 (12.0)
v1 = − 2.0 m/s
pbefore = pafter
0 = m1 v1 + m2 v2
m1 v1 = - m2 v2
● the same as untied balloon.
Similar examples are: recoil of the firing gun, recoil of the
firing cannon, ice-skater’s recoil, throwing of the package
from the boat etc.
Collisions
If we take a close-up look at a collision between two bodies,
we can plot the force acting on each mass during the
collision vs. the time :
vAi vBi “Before” F
A B phase During
Before After
FAB FBA
A B
t
“During”
FAB A B FBA
phase
FAB FBA FYI
A B
Note the perfect
vAf vBf “After” symmetry of the action-
A B
phase reaction force pairs.
Impulse and force – time graphs
Although the force varies
Force
with time, we can simplify it
by “averaging it out” as follows: F
Imagine an ant farm (two t
sheets of glass with sand in ∆t
between) filled with the sand in the shape of the above
force curve:
We now let the sand level itself out (by tapping or
shaking the ant farm):
The area of the rectangle is the same as the area
under the original force vs. time curve.
The average force F is the height of this rectangle.
Force
We define a new quantity F
called impulse J as the t
average force times the time. ∆t
Force
This amounts to the area t
under the force vs. time graph.
𝐽 = 𝐹∆𝑡 area under F vs. t graph impulse
D𝑝
Since 𝐹 = D𝑡 we see that 𝐹∆𝑡 = ∆𝑝 and so we can
interpret the impulse as the change in momentum of the
object during the collision.
For this closed system (Fnet is zero), the blades exert a force
on the air (according to newton’s 3rd law; the air will exert an
equal and opposite force upwards on the blades). The air
has a change in momentum downwards which gives rise to a
net force on the air molecules; so it produces an upwards
thrust force on the helicopter.
Since the weight of the helicopter is equal to the thrust force,
then Fnet is zero on the helicopter, so the vertical
acceleration id zero and the helicopter can be said to be
hovering.
Thrust
Weight
Conservation of linear momentum
Recall Newton’s second law (p-form):
D𝑝
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
D𝑡
Newton’s second law (p-form)
If the net force acting on an object is zero, we have
D𝑝
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
D𝑡
D𝑝
0=
D𝑡
0 = D𝑝
In words, if the net force is zero, then the momentum
does not change – p is constant.
conservation of
If Fnet = 0 then p = CONST
linear momentum
FYI If during a process a physical quantity does not
change, that quantity is said to be conserved.
The
internal
forces
cancel
Conservation of linear momentum
Recall that a system is a collection of more than one body,
mutually interacting with each other – for example, colliding
billiard balls:
The red ball has the same speed as the white ball…
u1 v u2 v
u1 v u2 v
SOLUTION: Use momentum conservation p0 = pf. Then
p1,0 + p2,0 = p1,f + p2,f
mu1 + mu2 = mv + mv
m(u1 + u2) = 2mv
10 + 5 = 2v v = 7.5 m s-1.
Quantitatively analysing inelastic collisions
If Fext = 0 then p = CONST conservation of
linear momentum
EXAMPLE: Two train cars having equal masses of 750
kg and velocities u1 = 10. m s-1 and u2 = 5.0 m s-1 collide
and hitch together. Find the change in kinetic energy.
u1 v u2 v
SOLUTION: Use EK = ½mv 2. Then
EK,f = ½(m + m) v 2
= ½(750 + 750) 7.5 2 = 42187.5 J.
EK,0 = ½(750) 10 2 + ½(750) 5 2 = 46875 J.
DEK = EK,f – EK,0 = 42187.5 – 46875 = - 4700 J.
Quantitatively analysing inelastic collisions
If Fext = 0 then p = CONST conservation of
linear momentum
EXAMPLE: Two train cars having equal masses of 750
kg and velocities u1 = 10. m s-1 and u2 = 5.0 m s-1 collide
and hitch together. Determine the type of collision.
u1 v u2 v
SOLUTION:
Since EK,f ≠ EK,0, this is an inelastic collision.
Since the two objects travel as one (they are stuck
together) this is also a completely inelastic collision.
Quantitatively analysing inelastic collisions
If Fext = 0 then p = CONST conservation of
linear momentum
EXAMPLE: Two train cars having equal masses of 750
kg and velocities u1 = 10. m s-1 and u2 = 5.0 m s-1 collide
and hitch together. Was mechanical energy conserved?
u1 v u2 v
SOLUTION:
Mechanical energy E = EK + EP.
Since the potential energy remained constant and the
kinetic energy decreased, the mechanical energy was
not conserved.
Quantitatively analysing inelastic collisions
If Fext = 0 then p = CONST conservation of
linear momentum
EXAMPLE: Two train cars having equal masses of 750
kg and velocities u1 = 10. m s-1 and u2 = 5.0 m s-1 collide
and hitch together. Was total energy conserved?
u1 v u2 v
SOLUTION:
Total energy is always conserved.
The loss in mechanical energy is DEK = - 4700 J.
The energy lost is mostly converted to heat (there is
some sound, and possibly light, but very little).
Quantitatively analysing inelastic collisions
EXAMPLE: Suppose a .020-kg bullet traveling horizontally
at 300. m/s strikes a 4.0-kg block of wood resting on a wood
floor. How fast is the block/bullet combo moving immediately
after collision?
SOLUTION:
If we consider the bullet-block combo as our system, there
are no external forces in the x-direction at collision. Thus pf =
p0 so that
mvf + MVf = mvi + MVi the bullet and the block
move at the same speed
.02v + 4 v = (.02)(300) + 4(0) after collision
4.02v = 6 (completely inelastic)
v = 1.5 m/s
f
s
Quantitatively analysing inelastic collisions
EXAMPLE: Suppose a .020-kg bullet traveling horizontally
at 300. m/s strikes a 4.0-kg block of wood resting on a wood
floor. The block/bullet combo slides 6 m before coming to a
stop. Find the friction f between the block and the floor.
SOLUTION: Use the work-kinetic energy theorem:
∆EK = W
½mv 2 – ½mu 2 = f s cos
½(4.02)(0)2 – ½(4.02)(1.5)2 = f (6) cos 180°
- 4.5225 = - 6f
−4.5225
f= −6
f = 0.75 N.
f
s
Quantitatively analysing inelastic collisions
EXAMPLE: Suppose a .020-kg bullet traveling horizontally
at 300. m/s strikes a 4.0-kg block of wood resting on a wood
floor. The block/bullet combo slides 6 m before coming to a
stop. Find the dynamic friction coefficient µd between the
block and the floor.
SOLUTION: Use f = µdR: R
Make a free-body diagram to
f
find R:
W
Note that R = W = mg
= (4.00 + 0.020)(10) = 40.2 N.
Thus
𝑓 0.75
µd = = = 0.19.
F s
pbefore = pafter
0 = m1 v1 + m2 v2
m1 v1 = - m2 v2
Example how to use law of conservation of
momentum in the case of collisions.
There are two fish in the sea. A 6 kg fish and a 2 kg fish. The big fish
swallows the small one. What is its velocity immediately after lunch?
a. the big fish swims at 1 m/s toward and
swallows the small fish that is at rest.
v = — 0.25 m/s
The minus sign tells us that after lunch the two-fish
system moves in a direction opposite to the large
fish’s direction before lunch.
A red ball traveling with a speed of 2 m/s along the x-axis hits the eight
ball. After the collision, the red ball travels with a speed of 1.6 m/s in a
direction 37o below the positive x-axis. The two balls have equal mass.
At what angle will the eight ball fall in the side pocket? What is the
speed of the blue (8th) ball after collision.
v2
before collision: after collision:
8
u1 u2 = 0 θ2
8
370
the point of
pbefore = pafter collision v1
in x – direction m u1 + 0 = m v1 cos 370 + m v2 cos 2
v2 cos 2 = u1 - v1 cos 370 = 0.72 m/s (1)
in y – direction 0 = - m v1 sin 370 + m v2 sin θ2
v2 sin θ2 = v1 sin 370 = 0.96 m/s (2)
● During the time interval the collision takes place, ∆t, impulse F1∆t
given to particle 1 will cause its momentum change ∆p1. During
the same time interval impulse F2 ∆t will change particle’s 2
momentum by ∆p2.
(p1 + p2 = p)
particle 1 : F1∆t = ∆p1
particle 2 : F2 ∆t = ∆p2