ESE-2018 Mains Test Series: Mechanical Engineering Test No: 14

Detailed Solutions
ESE-2018 Mechanical Engineering

Mains Test Series Test No : 14
Section A
Q.1 (a) Solution:
Here the control volume is concrete slab.
Volume of concrete slab, V = 5 × 8 × 0.3 = 12 m3
Mass of concrete, m = ρV = 2300 × 12 = 27600 kg
Heat transfer, Q12 = mcΔT = 27600 × 0.65 × (–5) = – 89700 kJ
T2
(ΔS)system = mc ln T
1
⎡ ( 273 + 18 ) ⎤
= 27600 × 0.65 ln ⎢ ( ⎥
⎣ 273 + 23 ) ⎦
⎛ 291 ⎞
= 27600 × 0.65 ln ⎜ ⎟ = – 305.63 kJ/K
⎝ 296 ⎠
Q2 89700
(ΔS)Surrounding = − T = + = 308.25 kJ/K
0 291
Change in entropy, (ΔS)net = (ΔS)system + (ΔS)surrounding
= –305.63 + 308.25 = 2.62 kJ/kgK Answer
Test No : 14 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 11
Q.1 (b) Solution:
From the P-V diagram, we can write:
P
3
4
2
b
a
1
0.20 Vs V
0.80 Vs
Vs
Va = V1 – 0.2 Vs
= V2 + Vs – 0.2 Vs
= V2 + 0.8 Vs
for isentropic compression between a – b, we have
P a V a γ = Pb Vb γ
1/γ 1/1.4
Va ⎛ Pb ⎞ ⎛ 0.5 ⎞
=⎜ = 3.157
Vb = ⎜⎝ pa ⎟⎠ ⎟
⎝ 0.1 ⎠
V2 + 0.8 Vs
= 3.157
V2 + 0.2 Vs
V
1 + 0.8 s
V2
V = 3.157 ...(i)
1 + 0.2 s
V2
V1 V2 + Vs V
We know that, compression ratio, rk = = = 1+ s
V2 V2 V2
Vs
= rk – 1
V2
Substituting this value in equation (i):
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12 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
1 + 0.8 ( rk − 1 )
1 + 0.2 ( rk − 1 ) = 3.157
1 + 0.8 rk – 0.8 = 3.157 + 0.6314 rk – 0.6314
rk(0.8 – 0.6314) = 3.157 – 0.6314 – 0.2
2.3256
rk = = 13.8
0.1686
Air standard cycle efficiency
1 1
η = 1− γ− 1
= 1−
rk ( 13.8 )0.4
= 0.65 or 65% Answer
Q.1 (c) Solution:

0.074
cf = 1/5
(R eL )
for the front two-third portion of the plate
0.074
cf = 1/5
⎡V ( 2 /3 ) L ⎤
⎢⎣ ν ⎥⎦
Drag for the front two-third portion of the plate is
ρV 2 0.074 ⎛2⎞ ρV 2
FD = c f × BL × = × B ⎜ ⎟ L ×
2 1/5 ⎝3⎠ 2
l
⎡ V ( 2 /3 ) L ⎤
⎢⎣ ν ⎥⎦
Similarly, drag for rear one-third of the plate is

FD2 = FD1 – FD
1/5
0.074 ρV 2 ⎡ 2 ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎤
= × BL × ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
1/5 2 ⎢⎣ 3 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦⎥
⎡ VL ⎤
⎢⎣ ν ⎥⎦
1/5
2⎛3⎞
FD1 ⎜ ⎟
So, = 3⎝2⎠
= 2.61 Answer
FD2 ⎡ 2 ⎛ 3 ⎞1/5 ⎤
⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎣ 3⎝2⎠ ⎦
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Q.1 (d) Solution:
Rapid fluctuations in the wind velocity over a wide range of frequencies and amplitudes
due to turbulence caused by mechanical mixing of lower layers of atmosphere by surface
roughness, are commonly known as gusts.
Free atmosphere
2000 m
Gradient hight
Ekman
Height z(m)
layer
Planetary
boundary
layer
Surface layer
d + z0
Wind speed uz
Wind speed variation with height
At the earth's surface, wind speed is always zero, It increases with height above the
ground. The wind near the earth's surface is retarded by surface roughness. The rate of
change of wind speed with height is called wind shear, The lower layers of the air retard
those above them, resulting in change in mean wind speed with height, until the shear
forces arc reduced to zero, This height is called the gradient bright and is typically of
about 2000 metre. Above the gradient height, known as free atmosphere changes in
wind speed are not affected by ground conditions. The layer of air from ground to
gradient height is known as planetary boundarylayer. The planetary boundary layer
mainly consists of (i) surface layer, which extends from the height of local obstructions
to a height of approximately 100 m and (ii) Ekman layer, which starts from 100 m and
extends up to gradient, height, as shown below. In the surface layer, the variaiion of
shear stress can be neglected and mean wind speed with height can be represented by
the Prandtl logarithmic law model:
⎛ z−d⎞
uz = V ln ⎜ z ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠
Q.1 (e) Solution:

For solar collector analysis, it is required to calculate the transmissivity-absorptivity of
absorber plate. It is defined as the ratio of solar flux absorbed by the absorber plate to
the solar flux incident on the cover system.
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Solar radiation after passing through the cover plate falls on the absorber plate, where
some radiation is reflected back to the cover plate. Out of the reflected part, a portion is
transmitted throught the cover plate and a part gets reflected back to the absorber plate.
This activity of absorption and reflection is shown below which goes on indefinitely.
However, the quantities involved in the process gradually gets reduced.
cover plate
(1 – α)2 τρd
(1 – α)τ
(1 – α)τρd 2
(1 – α)2 τρ d
absorber plate
τα 2 2
τα(1 – α)ρd τα(1 – α) ρ d
Figure: Absorption and reflection at an absorber plate
Reflection from the absorber plate is more diffuse and let ρd be the reflectivity of glass
cover for diffuse radiation. The fraction (1 – α)τ that reaches the cover plate is diffuese
radiation, (1 – α)ρd τ is reflected back to the absorber plate and so on.
Thus, the net radiation absorbed is the summation of
(τα)net = τα + τα(1 – α)ρd + τα(1 – α)2 ρd2 + ....
= τα[1 + (1 – α)ρd + (1 – α)2 ρd2 + .......]
As the terms under bracket are in geometric progression,
τα
(τα)net = 1 − (1 − α ) ρ
d
Q.2 (a) Solution:

T
3
4′
2 2′
4
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Tmax
Tmin = t
Wnet = WT − WC
Wnet = (T3 − T4′ ) − (T2′ − T1 )

(T2 − T1 )
Now, Wnet = (T3 − T4 ) ηT −
ηc
⎛ T4 ⎞ T1 ⎛ T2 ⎞
= T3 ⎜ 1 − T ⎟ ηt − η ⎜ T − 1 ⎟ ...(1)
⎝ 3 ⎠ c ⎝ 1 ⎠
γ− 1/γ
T2 ⎛ P2 ⎞
∴ = ⎜ ⎟ =α
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠
γ− 1/γ
T4 ⎛ P4 ⎞ 1
= ⎜ ⎟ = ...(2)
T3 ⎝ P3 ⎠ α
By (1) and (2)
⎛ 1 ⎞ T1
Wnet = T3ηT ⎜ 1 − ⎟ − ( α − 1)
⎝ α ⎠ ηc
⎛ 1⎞
T3· ηT· ηc ⎜ 1 − ⎟ − T1 (α − 1 )
= ⎝ α⎠
ηc
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ ηT· ηc· T3 − (T1 × α ) ⎞

= ⎜1 − ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ α ⎠⎝ ηc ⎠
(Assume cp = ηc × ηt × t)
⎛ ⎛ T3 ⎞ ⎞
⎜ ηT· ηc· ⎜ ⎟ − α ⎟
= ⎛⎜ 1 − 1 ⎞⎟ T1 ⎜ ⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎟
⎝ α⎠ ⎝ ⎜ ηc ⎟
⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ ηT × ηc × t − α ⎞
= ⎜⎝ 1 − α ⎟⎠ T1 ⎜ ηc ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ T1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
Wnet = ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ 1 − ⎟ (β − α ) (β = ηt ηcT )
⎝ ηc ⎠ ⎝ α⎠
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Qs = T3 – T2′
(T2 − T1 ) + T
T2′ = 1
ηc
⎧ T1 ( α − 1) ⎫
⇒ T2′ = ⎨T1 + ⎬
⎩ ηc ⎭
⎛ (α − 1 ) ⎞
Now, Qs = T3 − ⎜ T1 + T1 η ⎟
⎝ c ⎠
⎛ T3 ⎛ α − 1 ⎞⎞
⎜
Qs = ⎜ T − 1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ T1
⎝ 1 ⎝ ηc ⎠ ⎠
⎛ (α − 1) ⎞
Qs = T1 ⎜ (t − 1 ) − ⎟
⎝ ηc ⎠
T1
Qs = l [ηc (t − 1) − ( α − 1)]
c
⎛ T1 ⎞
Qs = ⎜ ⎟ [W − α + 1]
⎝ ηc ⎠
⎛ T1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ 1 − ⎟ (β − α )
⎝ ηc ⎠ ⎝ α⎠
=
⎛ T1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ( W − α + 1)
⎝ ηc ⎠
(Assume W = ηc (t – 1))
Wnet
Now, η = Qs
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ β−α ⎞
η = ⎜ 1 − ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ α ⎠ ⎝ ηc (T − 1) − α + 1 ⎠
⎡ ⎛ P ⎞ γ− 1/γ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ P2 ⎞
γ− 1/γ ⎤
1
⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ ηc × ηT × t − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ P2 ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎦⎥
η = γ− 1/ γ
⎡ ⎛P ⎞ ⎤
⎢ηc (t − 1 ) + 1 − ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎦⎥
Q.2.(b) (i) Solution:
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T
4
1 5
s
For an isentropic turbine s4 = s5 = sf + x(sg – sf )
5 5 5
⇒ 6.3487 = 0.6493 + x(8.1511 – 0.6493)
⇒ X 5 = 0.7597
The specific enthalpy h5 of the steam leaving the isentropic turbine is given by
h5 = hf + x (hg – hf) = 191.83 + 0.7597 (2584.8 – 191.83)
= 2009.77 kJ/kg
The work done on the pump
WP = h2 – h1 = vdP = 0.0010102 (150 × 105 – 10 × 103) = 15.14 kJ/kg
h2 = 191.83 + 15.14 = 206.97 kJ/kg
(i) The net work done (per kg of steam)
Wnet = WT – WP
= (h4 – h5) – (h2 – h1) = 3310.6 – 2009.77 – 15.14 = 1285.69 kJ/kg
The mass flow rate of steam through the turbine is given by
100 × 106
m = = 77.78 kg/sec
1285.69 × 10 3
(ii) The thermal efficiency of the cycle
WT − WP
η = Qs
( h4 − h5 ) − ( h2 − h1 ) = 3310.6 − 2009.77 − 15.14 = 0.4143
η=
( h 4 − h2 ) 3310.6 − 206.97
(iii) For cooling water, we have
hi at 30°C = 125.66 kJ/kg
he at 40°C = 167.45 kJ/kg
The rate at which energy is rejected in the condenser
ms(h5 – h1) = mc(ho – hi)
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77.78 × ( 2009.77 − 191.83 )

⇒ mc = = 3383.71 kg/sec
167.45 − 125.66
Q.2.(b) (ii) Solution:

Given data:
P = 8 MW = 8 × 106 W, H = 6 m, Ku = 2.09, Kf = 0.68, η0 = 90% = 0.90
d 1
=
D 3
or D = 3d
Shaft power P
Now, overall efficiency, η0 = Water power = ρQgH
8 × 106
0.90 =
1000 × Q × 9.81 × 6
or Q = 151.01 m3/s
π( 2
also discharge, Q = D − d 2 )V fi
4
=
π
4
( )
( 3d )2 − d 2 K f 2 gH
= 2πd 2 × 0.68 × 2 × 9.81 × 6

or d 2 = 3.259
d = 1.80 m
Diameter of the runner, D = 3d = 3 × 1.80 = 5.4 m
60Ku 2 gH
Speed of the runner, N =
πD
60 × 2.09 × 2 × 9.81 × 6
= = 80.24 rpm
3.14 × 5.4
N P
Specific speed of the turbine, Ns =
H 5/4
where N in rpm P in kW, H in m. Then Ns in SI unit.
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N P 80.245 8000
Ns = = = 764.376 (SI units)
5/4
H 6 5/4
Q.2 (c) Solution:

⎛ 2060 + 2080 ⎞ 200 2070 × 200
Power output when all cylinder fires = ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ × =
2 180 180
= 2300 kW
Power output, bp when kth cylinder is cut-off
N 12
= ∑ Wk
180 k = 1
IP of kth cylinder IP of kth cylinder

Cylinder number ip = 2300 – N ΣW (kW) Cylinder number ipk = 2300 –
N
ΣWi (kW)
i
cut-off
k
180 cut-off 180
200 200
1 2300 – × 1850 = 244.44 7 2300 – × 1855 = 238.9
180 180
200 200
2 2300 – × 1870 = 222.22 8 2300 – × 1880 = 211.13
180 180
200 200
3 2300 – × 1870 = 222.22 9 2300 – × 1840 = 255.576
180 180
200 200
4 2300 – × 1850 = 244.44 10 2300 – × 1860 = 233.33
180 180
200 200
5 2300 – × 1860 = 233.33 11 2300 – × 1870 = 222.22
180 180
200 200
6 2300 – × 1875 = 216.7 12 2300 – × 1850 = 244.44
180 180
Total indicated power = iP1 + iP2 + iP3 + ..... iP12 = 2788.946 kW
2300
ηmechanical = = 0.8246 = 82.46%
2788.946
bp × 60000
b mep =
LAnK
2300 × 60000
= π
600 × × 0.5 2 × 12 × 200
4
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= 48807 Pa = 48.807 kPa
Q.3 (a) Solution:

Cyclone separators are gas cleaning devices that utilize the centrifugal force created by
a spinning gas stream to separate particles from a gas. A standard tangential inlet vertical
cyclone separator is shown in Fig. (A). Another view of cyclone separator showing
principle of separation of air and solid is given in Fig. (B). The gas flow is forced to
follow the curved geometry of the
Fig. (a)
Fig. (b)
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cyclone, while the inertia of particles in the flow causes them to move toward the outer
wall, where they collide and are collected. A particle of mass mp moving in a circular
path of radius r with a tangential velocity vθ is acted upon by a centrifugal force,
mp vθ2
Fc = . At a typical velocity of vθ = 10 m/s, r = 0.5 m, Fc = 200 mp, whereas the
r
gravity force Fg = mp· g = 9.81 mp. Thus, the centrifugal force is 20.4 times the gravity
force on the same particle.
In a cyclone, the particles in the spinning gas stream move progressively closer to the
outer wall as they flow through the device, The gas stream may execute several complete
turns as it flows from one end of the device to the other.
The particle-laden gas is entered tangentially to the cyclone. The particles are forced to
the wall by centrifugal force and then fall down the wall by gravity. At the bottom of the
cyclone the gas flow reverses to form the inner core that leaves at the top of the unit.
Out of m kg of particles entering the cyclone with the gas stream, if m1 kg (fines) leave
with the gas at the top and is collected, say in a bag filter, then (m – m1)kg of particles are
⎛ m − m1 ⎞
separated by the cyclone from the gas-solid mixture, and the expression ⎜ × 100 ⎟
⎝ m ⎠
is called the collection efficiency of the cyclone.
Q.3 (b) Solution:

For the roots blower:
P2
Pressure
P1
Vs = 4 V
Volume
P-V diagram for roots blower
P 1 = 1.013 bar
P 2 = 1.8 × 1.013 = 1.8234 bar
Swept volume, Vs = 0.05 m3/rev
Work done, W1 = (P2 – P1) Vs
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= 0.8 × 1.013 × 100 × 0.05

= 4.052 kJ/rev
W1 is the work done in kJ for one revolution of the roots blower.
for the Vane-type compressor:
P2
B
Pi
b
γ
pV = C
A
P1 a
Volume
P-V diagram for vane compressor
P2 + P1 1.8 × 1.013 + 1.013

Intermediate pressure, Pi = =
2 2
= 1.4182 bar
Work required = Area (A) + Area (B)
⎡ γ −1 ⎤
γ ⎢⎛ Pi ⎞ γ ⎥
Area, A = P1Vs ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥
γ −1 ⎝P ⎠
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 0.4 ⎤
1.4 ⎢ ⎛ 1.4182 ⎞ 1.4
= × 1.013 × 100 × 0.05 ⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥
0.4 ⎢ ⎝ 1.013 ⎠ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
= 1.788 kJ/rev.
Area, B = (P2 – Pi) Vs
= (1.8234 – 1.4182) × Vb
= 0.4052 Vb
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for process a-b:
p1var = pivbr
1/r 1/1.4
⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎛ 1.013 ⎞
vb = Va ⎜ ⎟ = 0.05 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.03932 m3
⎝ Pi ⎠ ⎝ 1.418 ⎠
Area, B = 0.4052 × 0.03932 × 100

= 1.5932 kJ/rev.
Work required, W2 = 1.778 + 1.5932
= 3.382 kJ/rev (Answer)
⎛ W ⎞ ⎛ 3.382 ⎞
Percentage saving in work = ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ × 100 = ⎜ 1 − ⎟ × 100 = 16.53%
⎝ W1 ⎠ ⎝ 4.052 ⎠
Q.3 (c) Solution:

20 × 1000 × 335
Refrigerating capacity of the plant = = 77.55 kJ/s
24 × 3600
T 3
4 Condensation
Compression
20°C
tling
Throt
–20°C
1 Evaporation 2
from the given table, h2 = 1419.05 kJ/kg

hf 4 = 274.98 kJ/kg = h1
h 3 = h3′ + cpg(T3 – T3′)
h 3 = 1461.58 + 2.8(50 – 20)
= 1545.58 kJ/kg
h2 − h1 1419.05 − 274.98
Theoretical COP = h − h =
3 2 1545.58 − 1419.05
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1144.07
= = 9.042
126.53
Actual COP = 9.042 × 0.8 = 7.2336
Plant capacity 77.55
Compressor power = = = 10.72 kW
Actual COP 7.2336
Actual compressor power
=
Mass flow rate, m h3 − h2
10.72
= = 0.08473 kg/s Ans. (i)
1545.58 − 1419.05
⎛π 2 ⎞N
Volume flow rate per second = ⎜ D LηVol. ⎟ = 0.08473 × νsup.
⎝4 ⎠ 60
π 3 240
D × 0.8 × = 0.08473 × 0.624
4 60
0.08473 × 0.624
D3 = = 0.021037
π× 0.8
D = 0.276 m = 27.6 cm
L = D = 27.6 cm Ans. (ii)
Q.4 (a) Solution:

Let us first state the assumptions:
1. The fluid is inviscid which means that there are no viscosity effects. It also means
that the velocity is uniform across the tube.
2. The flow is incompressible which means that the density of the oil remains constant,
ρ = 0.8 × 1000 = 800 kg/m3
3. The flow is steady which means that the instant of interest is neither the start nor the
end of the process; there are no variations with the passage of time.
4. The vessel is large compared with the cross section of the tube:
A1 > A2
Under these assumptions, the one-dimensional continuity equation and the Bernoulli
equation may be applied between any two cross sections. Consider a cross section 1 of
the large vessel and a cross section 2 at the exit of the siphon tube.
ρU 1 A 1 = ρU 2A 2 ...(i)
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p1 U12 p U2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 ...(ii)
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
Since A1 >> A2, it follows from (i) that

U1 << U2
i.e., U1 is negligible in comparison with U2, the velocity in the siphon. The velocity in
the siphon will be designated as U.
(a) Taking the datum level a the free surface in the vessel
z1 = 0 and z2 = –5.5 m
and recognising that the atmospheric pressure acts at the oil surface in the tank as well
asa the exit of siphon,
p1 = patm = p2 = pD = 100 kN/m2
it follows from the Bernoulli equation that,
U2
= z1 – z2 = 0 – (–5.5) = 5.5
2g
U = 2 × 9.81 × 5.50 = 10.38m / s

(b) Applying the Bernoulli equation between B and D
pB UB2 p U2
+ + zB = D + D + zD
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
and recognizing that zB = +1.5 m, zD = – 5.5 m, pD = 101.325 kN/m2

and UB = UD = 10.44 m/s
pB − 101.325 × 1000
= – 5.5 – 1.5 = –7.0
800 × 9.81
pB = 46389 N/m2 = 46.389 kN/m2
(c) The pressure at the point A may also be obtained by applying the Bernoulli
equation between 1 and A. If the point A is in the vessel but outside the tube then
pA – p1 = 1.5 × 800 × 9.81 = 11775 N/m2
which means that pA is 11.75 kN/m2 above the atmospheric pressure at 1.
pA = 101.325 + 11.775 = 113.097 kN/m2
If the point A lies inside the siphon tube, the pressure there would be less.
p A − p1 10.39 2
= 1.5 − = −4.002
800 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
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pA = 101.325 × 1000 – 31825

= 31.825 kN/m2 below atmospheric pressure
= 69.92 kN/m2 absolute
Comments on the Siphon
(i) The velocity of the fluid in a siphon tube depends only upon the vertical height of
the level surface above the exit of the siphon. The velocity of water would, therefore,
be the same as that of oil, i.e. 10.39 m/s. The volumetric discharge would also be
the same.
(ii) It is seen that the pressure at B at sub-atmospheric. At a certain height, h, the pressure
would be so low that the liquid would vaporise and the siphon action would break
down. This may happen when the pressure falls below 3 m head, i.e. 29.43 kN/m2
in case of water.
The maximum height h of B should, therefore, be such that the local pressure does
not fall below the vapour pressure of the liquid.
(iii) More the depth of the right limb of the siphon below the level surface in the vessel,
more the velocity U through the siphon:
U2
= z1 – z2 = H
2g
The velocity U through the siphon increases as H increases. At large H, the velocity
may tend to be so high as to render the pressure at B below vapour pressure although
B may only be slightly above the level surface in the vessel.
Q.4 (b) Solution:
m cond = 2.73 kg/s, Th = 340 K
2
h0 = 10000 W/m K
Tube outlet
Tco ≤ 30°C
L Water
N tubes Tube inlet

D = 0.019 m Tci = 15°C
Um = 0.5 m/s
Saturated steam
Here the required heat rate and the maximum allowable temperature rise of the water
determine the minimum allowable flow rate in tube.
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cond × h fg
Q = Qcondensation = m
= 2.73 × 2.342 × 106 (J/kg × kg/s)

= 6.39 × 106 W
Q 6.39 × 106
m c ,min = C = = 101.9 kg/ s
p ,cold (Tco − Tci ) 4181 × 15
πD 2
Specified flow rate per tube, m c ,l = (ρum ) ×
4
π
m c ,l = 998 × 0.5 × × (0.019)2 = 0.141 kg/s
4
101.9
Minimum number of tubes = = 720 Answer (i)
0.141
To determine the corresponding tube length, we must first find the required heat transfer
surface area.
ρumD 998 × 0.5 × 0.019
Re D = = = 9886
μ 959 × 10 −6
From the given imperial relation,
0.8 0.4
Nu = 0.023 (ReD) Pr
k
hi = × 0.023 × (ReD )0.8 Pr 0.4
D
0.606
= × 0.023(9886)0.8 (6.62)0.4
0.019
= 2454 W/m2K
Overall heat transfer coefficient,
−1 −1
⎡1 1⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
U = ⎢ + ⎥ ⎢⎣ 2454 + 10000 ⎥⎦ ≈ 1970 W/ m 2 K
⎣ hi h0 ⎦
Cmin
Capacity ratio, Cr = C =0 (As hot fluid is steam)
max
cC p ,cold = 101.9 × 4181 = 4.26 × 105 W/K

Cmin = m
Qmax = Cmin (Thi – Tci)

= 4.26 × 105 (340 – 288) = 2.215 × 107 W
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Q 6.39 × 106
Effectiveness, ∈ = = = 0.289
Qmax 2.215 × 107
for Cr = 0, ∈ = 1 – exp (–NTU)
NTU = –ln(1 – ∈)
i.e. NTU = –ln (1 – 0.289) = 0.341
UA
Cmin = 0.341
Area, A = 2πD × L × N
A ( NTU ) × C min
L = =
2 N πD 2 πNDU
0.341 × 4.26 × 10 5
= = 0.858 m Ans. (ii)
2 π × 720 × 0.019 × 1970
If the tube-side convection coefficient is doubled, hi = 4908 W/m2K

−1 −1
⎡1 1⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
U = ⎢ + ⎥ ⎢⎣ 4908 + 10000 ⎥⎦ ≈ 3292 W/ m 2 K
⎣ hi h0 ⎦
Since, Q, Cr, Cmin, Qmax and hence effectiveness (∈) remain unchanged, the number of
transfer units is still NTU = 0.341
Hence, the tube length per pass in now,
NTU × C min 0.341 × 4.26 × 10 5

L = =
2 πNDU 2 × 720 × π(0.019) × 3292
= 0.513 m Ans. (iii)
Q.4 (c) Solution:

Bhopal = [23.2599° N, 77.4126°E]
⎛ 360 ⎞
δ = 23.45 × sin ⎜ × ( 284 × n ) ⎟
⎝ 365 ⎠
δ = 21.183°
n = 17th July = 31 + 28 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 30 + 17 = 198
Orientation: Assuming horizontal orientaion
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n = 198
⎛ ⎛ 360 ⎞⎞
In = Isc × ⎜ 1 + 0.033 × cos ⎜ ×n⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ 365 ⎠⎠
⎡ ⎛ 360 ⎞⎤
In = 1367 × ⎢1 + 0.033 × cos ⎜ × 198 ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 365 ⎠⎦
In = 1323.485 W/m2
(Collector aligned in north west direction)
ωs = cos–1(–tanφ · tanδ)
ωs = 99.58
π
⇒ ωs = 99.58 × rad
180
tss ωs
24
H0 = ∫ I n cos θ dt =
π ∫ In·cos θdω
tsR 0
24 3600 kJ
=
π
[ ωs × sin φ·sin δ + cos φ· cos δ· sin ωs ]× I n × ×
1000 m2 − hr
H0 = 39.77 MJ/m2-hr
H 0 = H0 × AC = 39.77 × 6 = 238.632 MJ/hr
ωs 99.58
length of day, tday = 2 × = 2× = 13.27 hr
15 15
Part 2: Orientation: Inclined, β = 10°
(ωs)1 = 95.239°
Now, ωs = cos–1 [– tan (φ – β) ⋅ tan δ]
ωs = cos–1 [– tan (13.2599) ⋅ tan 21.18
H0, 1 = 38.139 MJ/m2
H0,1 = 228.391 MJ/hr
Change in extraterrestrial radiation = H0 , 1 – H0 = 38.139 – 39.77 = – 1.631 MJ/m2

( H0,1 − H0 ) × 100%
%change =
H0
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%change = – 4.29%
Section B
Q.5 (a) Solution:
P(kPa)
1
600
300 2
Air
Q 600 kPa
3 927°C
0.8 m 3
V(m3 )
The process 1-2 (isothermal) and 2-3 (isochoric) are sketched on the p-V diagram as
shown. Here, we can see that no mass crosses the boundries of the system. The energy
balance for this system for the process 1-3 can be expressed as
Net energy transfer by heat, work and mass = Change in kE, PE etc.
Qin = W1–2 + W2–3 + ΔU
= W1–2 + mcv(T3 – T1) (W2–3 = 0 for isochoric process)
P1V1 600 × 0.8

Mass of air = =
RT1 0.287 × ( 927 + 273 ) = 1.394 kg
The work during process 1–2 is determined from boundary work relation for an
isothermal process to be
V2 P1
W 1–2 = mRT1 ln V = mRT1 ln P
1 2
⎛ 600 ⎞
= 1.394 × 0.287 × 1200 ln ⎜ ⎟ = 332.8 kJ
⎝ 300 ⎠
1 2 P V
For isothermal process, pV = T or P = V
2 1
from the energy balance equation:

Qin = W1–2 + mcv (T3 – T1)
= 332.8 + 1.394 × 0.718(300 – 1200)
= 332.8 – 900.8 = – 568 kJ
Thus, amount of heat transfer = 568 kJ
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Direction = Heat is going out i.e. heat loss
Q.5 (b) Solution:

Draft Tubes for Reaction Turbines : A draft tube is a continal passage provided for the
flow leaving the turbine runner until it reaches the tailrace Three different types of draft
lubes are shown below:
1
1 1
Hd
2 2 2
2 (b) Elbow type
(a) Conical type (c) Spreading type
1
2
Types of Draft Tubes for Reaction turbines

The functions of a draft tube are as follows:
(a) To recover part of the kinetic energy otherwise going waste at the exit.
(b) To allow the recovery of head between the level of the turbine runner and the tailrace
level
(c) To facilitate the installation of a turbine above the tailrace level without loss of
head.
In order to maintain the contunity of flow without vaporization, the pressure at any
place should not be allowed to drop below the vapour pressure of the liquid.
Cavitation Phenomenon
A problem commonly encountered in the operation of machines dealing with liquids is
cavitation which manifests itself in erosion, noise, vibration and loss of energy.
Cavitation is caused as follows, as demonstrated in figure shown below:
(a) vaporization of the liquid and/or release of dissolved air at low pressure,
(b) movement of the vapour/gas into a high pressure region.
(c) collapse of the vapour/gas cavities when subjected to high pressure, and
(d) release of energy and pressure wave of high intensity resulting in
(i) pitting and erosion of metal surfaces.
(ii) noise and vibration of the machine
(iii) energy loss and drop in efficiency.
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Inception with Collapse of bubble

bubble formation (wave front)
and movement
Pressure
100 × 106 N/m2
25 kHz
x
Low pressure Positive High pressure

Mechanism of cavitation during operation of fluid machinery
Q.5 (c) Solution:

1. Pressure ratio: it is the ratio of cycle’s highest of its lowest pressure, usually highest
pressure is the compressor discharges to the lowest pressure compressor inlet
pressures.
2. Work ratio: It is the ratio of net work output to the total work developed in the
turbine or turbines.
3. Air ratio. kg of air entering the compressor inlet per unit of cycle of net output, for
example, kg/kWh.
4. Compression efficiency: It is the ratio of work needed for ideal air compression
through a given pressure range to work actually used by compressor.
5. Engine efficiency: It is the ratio of the work actually developed by the turbine
expanding hot power gas through a given pressure range to that would be yielded
for ideal expansion condition.
6. Machine efficiency: It is the collective form meaning both engine efficiency and
compressor efficiency of turbine and compressor, respectively.
7. Combustion efficiency: It is the ratio of heat actually released by 1 kg of fuel to heat
that would be released by complete perfect combustion.
8. Thermal efficiency: It is the percentage of total energy input appearing as net work
output of the cycle.
Q.5 (d) Solution:

Dalton’s law of partial pressure is employed to determine the pressure of a mixture of
gases. This law states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of
partial pressure which the component gases would exert if each existed alone in the
mixture volume at the mixture temperature.
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Mass of water vapour
Specific humidity, ω = Mass of dry air
mv
ω = m
a
PaV Pv × V
ma = and mv =
RaT RvT
where Pa = Partial pressure of dry air,

P v = Partial pressure of water vapour
V = Volume of mixture
Ra = Characteristic gas constant for dry air, and
R v = Characteristic gas constant for dry water vapour
Pv × V RvT Ra Pv
ω = × = ×
RvT PaV Rv Pa
R0 8.3143
Ra = M = 28.97 = 0.287 kJ/kgK
air
R0 8.3143
Rv = M =
H2O 18 = 0.462 kJ/kgK
where Ro = Universal gas constant

Ma = Molecular weight of air = Mair
Mv = Molecular weight of water vapour = MH
2O
0.287 Pv P
ω = 0.462 P = 0.622 v
a Pa
from Dalton’s law, total pressure, Pt = Pa + Pv

Pa = Pt – Pv
Pv
ω = 0.622 P − P Hence derived part (i)
t v
ω(Pt – Pv) = 0.622 Pv

ωPt – ωPv = 0.622 Pv
ωPt = ωPv + 0.622 Pv = Pv(ω + 0.622)
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ω Pt
Pv = and
ω + 0.622
ωs Pt
Pvs = ω + 0.622
s
Pv ω ⎛ ωs + 0.622 ⎞
Relative humidity, φ = P = ω ⎜⎝ ω + 0.622 ⎟⎠
vs s
⎛ 0.622 + ωs ⎞
φ = μ⎜ ⎟ Hence proved part (ii)
⎝ 0.622 + ω ⎠
⎛ Pv ⎞
0.622 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Pt − Pv ⎠ = Pv ( Pt − Pvs )
μ =
⎛ Pvs ⎞ Pvs ( Pt − Pv )
0.622 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Pt − Pvs ⎠
⎛ Pt − Pvs ⎞
μ = φ ⎜ P − φP ⎟
⎝ t vs ⎠
φ(Pt – Pvs) = μ(Pt – φPvs)

φ(Pt – Pvs + μPvs) = μPt
μPt μ
φ = =
Pt − pvs + μPvs 1 − 1 − μ Pvs
( )
Pt
Hence proved part (ii)
Q.5.(e) Solution:
ti = 60°C, t0 = 45°C, D = 0.01 m, U = 4 m/s, ts = 40°C, ρ = 865 kg/m3, k = 0.14 W/mK, cp =
1.78 kJ/kgK.
Heat transfer, Q = mcp(ti – t0)
= (ρAfU)cp(ti – t0)
⎛ π
2 ⎞
Q = ⎜ ρ D U ⎟ c p (ti − t0 )
⎝ 4 ⎠
π
Q = 865 × × 0.01 × 4 × 1.78 × 10 ( 60 − 45 )
2 3
4
Q = 7255.6 W
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60°C
Oil
45°C
θ1
θ2
40°C 40°C
θ1 − θ 2 20 − 5
LMTD, θm = = = 10.82°C
⎛θ ⎞ ⎛ 20 ⎞
ln ⎜ 1 ⎟ ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ θ2 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
hD
Nu = k
= 3.657
3.657 × 0.14
h = = 51.2 W/m2K
0.01
Heat transfer is also given by Q = hAθm

7255.6 = 51.2 × π × 0.01 × L × 10.82 (A = πDL)
7255.6
L =
51.2 × π × 0.01 × 10.82
L = 416.89 m
Q.6 (a) Solution:

We take the tank as system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary.
from mass balance:
H2O
0.6 m3 Q
170°C
T = Constant
me
min – mout = m1 – m2
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from energy balance:

Ein – Eout = ΔEsystem
Qin = mehe + m2u2 – m1u1 (since W = kE = PE = 0)
V 0.6
Initial mass in tank, m1 = v = 0.001114 = 538.47 kg
1
1 1
m2 = m1 = ( 538.47 ) = 269.24 kg
2 2
mc = m1 – m2 = 269.24 kg
V 0.6
v 2 = m = 269.24 = 0.002229 m3/kg
2
v2 − v f v2 − v f 0.002229 − 0.001114
x2 = =
v fg vg − v f = 0.24260 − 0.001114 = 0.004614
At T 2 = 170°C and x2 = 0.004614

u 2 = uf + x2ufg
= 718.20 + 0.004614 × 1857.5 = 726.77 kJ/kg
s2 = sf + x2sfg = 2.0417 + 0.004614 × 4.6233 = 2.0630 kJ/kgK
from energy balance equation:
Qin = mehe + m2u2 – m1u1
= 269.24 × 719.08 + 269.24 × 726.77 – 538.47 × 718.20
= 2551 kJ
The exergy destroyed during a process can be determined from can exergy balance or
directly from its definition Xdestroyed = T0Sgen. The entropy generation Sgen can be found
out from entropy balance:
Sin − Sout + Sgeneration

Net entropy transfer = (ΔS)system
by heat and mass
Qin
− me se + Sgen = – m s + S
T e e gen = ΔStank = (m2s2 – m1s1)tank
Qin
Sgen = m2s2 – m1s1 + mese –
Tsource
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⎡ Qin ⎤
Xdestroyed = T0 Sgen = T0 ⎢(m2 s2 − m1s1 ) + me se − T ⎥
⎣ source ⎦
⎡ 2551.5 ⎤
= 298 ⎢269.24 × 2.063 − 538.47 × 2.0417 + 269.24 × 2.0417 −
⎣ 483 ⎥⎦
Xdestroyed = 140.84 kJ
for processes that no actual work, the reversible work output and exergy destruction
are identical. Therefore,
Wreversible, out = Xdestroyed = 140.84 kJ Answer
Q.6 (b) Solution:
Major causes for the formation of HC emission in exhaust of SI Engine are :
1. Flame quenching at the combustion chamber walls, leaving a layer of unburned
fuel-air mixture adjacent to the walls.
2. Crevices in the combustion chamber, small volumes with narrow entrances, which
are filled with the unburned mixture during compression, and remains unburned
after flame passages, since the flame cannot propagate into the crevices. The main
crevice regions are the spaces between the piston, the piston rings and the cylinder
walls. The other crevice regions are the threads around the spark plug, the space
around the plug centre electrode, crevices around the intake and exhaust valve
heads, and the head gasket crevice.
3. The oil film and deposits on the cylinder avails absorb fuel during intake and
compression, and the fuel vapour is deserbed into the cylinder during expansion
and exhaust.
4. Incomplete combustion, either partial burning or complete misfire, occurring
when the combustion quality is poor e.g. during engine transients when air-fuel
exhaust gas recirculation and spark timing may not be adequately controlled.
Hydrocarbon concentration from the exhaust of an SI engine can be decreased by the
following methods:
Increasing the exhaust gas temperature By increasing the exhaust gas temperature the
oxidation reaction of HC increases, if sufficient oxygen is present in the exhaust and this
lowers the HC emission. The exhaust gas temperature can be increased by changing the
following variables:
(a) Decreasing the compression ratio
(b) Retarding the spark
(c) Increasing the temperature of the coolant (heat lost to the cylinder walls reduces:
the gas temperature increases)
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(d) Increasing the speed

(e) Increasing the charge pressure
(f) Insulating the exhaust manifold.
More oxygen in the exhaust: Enough oxygen in the exhaust is necessary in order to
carry out oxidation reaction of hydrocarbons. It can be achieved by:
a) Using lean fuel-air mixture. However, the mixture should not be too lean to cause
misfire.
(b) If rich fuel is used or enough oxygen is not available in the exhaust some air may
be added to the exhaust manifold from the atmosphere.
Lesser mass in the quench region:
The mass of the hydrocarbons in quench regions can be reduced by:
(a) Decreasing the surface-to-volume ratio
(b) Increasing the turbulence during combustion
(c) Increasing the temperature of the coolant and the temperature of the charge
(d) Decreasing the compression ratio
{e) Decreasing the deposits at the walls {increased deposits may increase the surface
area of the combustion chamber because of their irregular porous surface, thus
increasing the mass of quenched HC).
More time for reaction: The reaction time can be increased by:
(a) Decreasing the speed
(b) Using a more homogeneous mixture
(c) Increasing the exhaust pressure
(d) Increasing the exhaust manifold volume and lengthening the flow passages by
using baffles.
The variables discussed above are not all independent of each other. They may also
oppose or aid those variables which influence HC and CO concentrations. The
CO concentration in the exhaust is primarily a function of the air fuel ratio and
does not depend upon the engine load or speed.
Q.6 (c) Solution:

The present case is for laminar flow between parallel stationary plates. In this case, the
mean velocity of flow V is equal to two-thirds of maximum velocity.
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2 2
V = (Vmax ) = × 1.5 = 1 m/s
3 3
The discharge q per meter width of the plate is given by
q = VB = 1 × 0.1 = 0.1 m3/s per meter Answer.
B2 ⎡ ∂P ⎤
V = −
12μ ⎢⎣ ∂x ⎥⎦
⎡ ∂P ⎤ 12μV
⎢⎣ − ∂x ⎥⎦ = B2
12 × 2.453 × 1
= = 2943.6 Pa/m
(0.1 )2
Shear stress at the plates,
⎛ ∂p ⎞ B 2943.6 × 0.1
τ0 = ⎜ − ⎟ = = 147.18 N/m2 Answer
⎝ ∂x ⎠ 2 2
The pressure difference between the two point is given by
12μvL
ΔP = P1 – P2 =
B2
12 × 2.453 × 1 × 25
= = 73.59 kPa Answer
(0.1 )2
The shear stress at the plates is also given by
⎛ ∂v ⎞
τ0 = μ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂y ⎠ y = 0
So, the velocity gradient at the plates is given by
⎛ ∂v ⎞ τ0 147.18
⎜ ∂y ⎟ = = = 60 s–1 Answer
⎝ ⎠y =0 μ 2.453
The velocity v at a distance of 0.02 m from the plate is given as
1 ⎛ ∂p ⎞
v = ⎜ − ⎟ By − y
2μ ⎝ ∂x ⎠
(2
)
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1 2
= × ( 2943.6 ) × ⎡0.1 × 0.02 − ( 0.02 ) ⎤
2 × 2.453 ⎢
⎣ ⎦⎥
= 0.96 m/s Answer
Q.7 (a) Solution:
Vessel A:
P A V A = n AR 0 T A
Vessel A Vessel B
P = 16 bar P = 6.4 bar

t = 55°C t = 25°C
0.6 kg mole 3 kg mole
N2 N2
Valve
PA = 16 bar – inital pressure in vessel A

VA = Volume in A (unknown)
nA = Number of mole = 0.6 kg mole
TA = 55 +273 = 328 K
R 0 = Universal gas constant = 8.314 kJ/kgK
So, 16 × 105 × VA = 0.6 × 8.314 × 103 × 328
VA = 1.022 m3
The mass of gas in vessel A
mA = nAMA
= 0.6 × 28 [MN = 28]
2
= 16.8 kg
R0 8.314
RN = = = 0.297 kJ/kgK
2 MN2 28
Vessel B: PBVB = mBRTB

6.4 × 105 × VB = 3 × 0.297 × (25 + 273)
V B = 0.415 m3
Total volume after mixing, V = VA + VB
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= 1.022 + 0.415 = 1.437 m3
Total mass of gas, m = mA + mB = 16.8 + 3 = 19.8 kg
Final temperature after mixing
T = 30 + 273 = 303 K (given in question)
I. (i) Final equilibirum pressure, P:
PV = mRT
P × 1.437 = 19.8 × 0.297 × 303 × 103
= 12.4 × 105 N/m2 = 12.4 bar Answer
II. If the vessel were insulated:
(i) If the vessel were insulated, Q= 0
Q = U2 – U1 = 0
U1 = U2
mAcVTA + mBcVTB = mcVT
m ATA + mBTB 16.8 × 328 + 3 × 298
T = m A + mB = = 323.5 K
16.8 + 3
t = T – 273 = 323.5 – 273 = 50.5°C
mRT
(ii) For final pressure, P =
V
19.8 × 0.297 × 1000 × 323.5
P =
1.437
= 13.24 × 105 N/m2 = 13.24 bar
Q.7 (b) Solution:
Case 1: Applying Bernoulli’s equation between points (1) and (2) in the reservoirs A
and B respectively, we obtain
V 2 fLV 2 V 2
HA + Z A = H B + ZB + 0.5 + +
2 g 2 gD g

entrance + pipe + exit loss
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B
HA
HB
ZA
ZB
Datum
V2 ⎛ fL ⎞
(HA + ZA) – (HB + ZB) = ⎜ 1.5 + ⎟
2g ⎝ D⎠
Net head loss, H = (HA + ZA) – (HB + ZB)
V2 ⎛ fL ⎞
H = ⎜ 1.5 + ⎟ ...(i)
2g ⎝ D⎠
Equation (i) is for first case having single pipe (0.3 m dia.)
⎡ 0.02 × 2400 ⎤ V 2
72 = ⎢ 1.5 + ⎥⎦ 2 × 9.81
⎣ 0.3
V 2 = 8.747 or V = 2.96 m/s

2
πD2 π ( 0.3 )
Discharge, Q = × V = × 2.96 = 0.2092 m3/s
4 4
Case 2:
In the second case, let Q be the total discharge. Since for the second half of length there
Q
are two parallel pipes of the same diameter, each pipe will carry discharge equal to
2
and the velocity of flow in each pipe will be equal to half the velocity of flow V in the
first half of the length.
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Thus applying Bernoulli’s equation between the water surafce in the reservoir and the
outlet of pipe, we get
2 2
⎛V ⎞ ⎛V ⎞
2 2 0.02 × 1200 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
72 = 0.5 V + 0.02 × 1200 × V + ⎝ 2⎠ +⎝ 2⎠
2g 2 g × 0.30 2 g × 0.30 2g
V2
72 = [0.5 + 80 + 20 + 0.25]
2g
V2
72 = [100.75]
2g
V = 3.744 m/s
π 2
New discharge, Q = D ×V
4
π 2
= × ( 0.3 ) × 3.744 = 0.26465 m3/s
4
Increase in discharge = 0.26465 – 0.2092 = 0.05545 m3/s Answer
0.05545
Percentage increase in discharge= × 100 = 26.5% Answer
0.2092
Q.7 (c) (i) Solution:
1
2
s
ts t2
At the apparatus dew point,

ωs = 5.25 g/kg d.a.
h s = 17.7 kJ/kg d.a.
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State of entering air, ω1 = 8.2 g/kg d.a.

v 1 = 0.872 m3/kg d.a.
h 1 = 52.5 kJ/kg d.a.
Mass flow rate of dry air,
Q v 39.6
a =
m = = 44.41 kg d.a./min
v 0.872
Cooling load per kg of dry air,
Q (12.5)(60 )
h1 – h2 = = = 16.89 kJ/kg d.a.
a
m 44.41
Enthalpy of air leaving the coil,
h 2 = 52.5 – 16.89 = 35.61 kJ/kg d.a.
Equation for the condition line,
h1 − h2 ω1 − ω2
=
h1 − hs ω1 − ωs
52.5 − 35.61 8.2 − ω2
=
52.5 − 17.7 8.2 − 5.25
where, ω2 = 6.77 g W.V./kg d.a.
Dry and wet bulb temperature of air leaving the coil for circulated values of h2, ω2 from
psychrometric chart
t2 = 18.6°C
t1 = 12.5°C
h2 − hs 35.61 − 17.7
Coil by pass factor, X = h − h = 52.5 − 17.7 = 0.515
1 s
Q.7 (c) (ii) Solution:

The processes can be shown on psychrometric chart as:
ω
Heating coil
1 3 75%
2 1
ω1
70%
ω2
3 2
4
Cooling
coil moisture
removed
14C° 22C° 30°
DBT
From the psychrometric chart,
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h1 = 82 kJ/kg d.a, h2 = 52 kJ/kg d.a, h3 = 47 kJ/kg d.a, h4 = 40 kJ/kg d.a
ω1 = 0.020 kg w.v./kg d.a., ω2 = ω3 = 0.0115 kg w.v./kg d.a.
v 1 = 0.887 m3/kg d.a.
3.33
a =
m = 3.754 kg d.a/sec
0.887
∴ Cooling coil capacity = m a ( h1 − h3 ) = 3.754 (82 – 47)
3.754 × 35
= tonnes = 37.54 tonnes
3.5
Capacity of heating coil = m a ( h2 − h3 ) = 3.754 × (52 − 47) = 18.77 kW
Rate of water vapour removed = m a (ω1 − ω3 ) = 3.754 × (0.0200 – 0.0115) – 0.0319 kg/s
Q.8 (a) Solution:

Given: Number of jets n = 3; Toal power, P = 1000 kW, Net head, H = 400 m
Blade angle at oulet,
φ = 15°;
Vr2 = 0.95 Vr ; η0 = 0.8 ;
1
u
Cv = 0.98; V = 0.46
1
frequency, f = 50 hertz/sec
P
η0 = gQH
P 10, 000
∴ Q = η ⋅ g ⋅ H = 0.8 × 9.81 × 400 = 3.18 m3/s
0
Q 3.18
Discharge through one jet = = = 1.06 m 3 / s
3 3
V 1 = C v 2 gH
= 0.98 2 × 9.81 × 400 = 87 m/s

1.06 2
Area of jet = m
87
4A 4 × 1.06
∴ Diameter of jet, d = = = 0.125 m
π 87 × 3.14
∴ d = 125 mm
Force exerted by a single jet on the bucket = ρ × discharge × (Vω1 + Vω2 )
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u2
Vω2
φ
β
Vf2
Vr 2
u1 Vr1
V1 = Vω
1
u1
Speed ratio, 2 gH = 0.46
∴ u1 = 0.46 2 × 9.81 × 400

u1 = 40.75 m/s
Vr1 = V1 – u1
= 87 – 40.75 = 46.25 m/s
Vr2 = 0.95 Vr
1
= 0.95 × 46.25 44 m/s

Vω1 = V = 87 m/s
1
Vω2 = Vr2 cos φ − u2

= 44 cos15° – 40.75 = 1.75 m/s
∴ force = 1000 × 1.06 (87 + 1.75) = 94075 N = 94.075 kN
D
Jet ratio = 10 or = 10
d
∴ Diameter of wheel,
D = 10 × 0.125 = 1.25 m
π DN 3.14 × 1.25 × N
u1 = =
60 60
60 × 40.75
∴ N = = 622 rpm
π× 1.25
60 × f
N =
P
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where, f = frequency in hertz per second
P = pairs of poles
60 f 60 × 50
∴ P = = = 4.85
N 620
Pairs of poles is always in whole number, so P = 5.
Now with the P = 5, the speed of turbine,
60 f 60 × 50
N = = = 600 rpm
P 5
π DN
u =
60
Peripheral velocity is constant,
60 u 60 × 40.75
so D = = = 1.3 m
π N 3.14 × 600
with this wheel diameter, jet ratio should be more than 10
D 1.3
∴ Jet ratio = = = 10.4 > 10
d 0.125
the corrected speed, N = 600 rpm
Q.8 (b) Solution:
The circuit that incorporates both thermal and electrical effects if called a thermoelectric
circuit. When two wires made from different metals joined at both ends (junctions)
forming a closed circuit and one of the joints is heated, a current flows continously in
the circuit. This is called the seeback effect. When a small current is passed through the
junction of two dissimilar wires, the junction is cooled. This is called the Peltier effect.
R = 0.004 Ω
U = 0.03 W/K
αab = 450 × 10–6 Volts/K
I = 20A, Th = 310 K, Tc = 270K
(α ab )2 ( 450 × 10−6 )2
figure of merit, Z = = = 1.6875 × 10–3 Answer
UR 0.03 × 0.004
Heat absorbed at the cooling junction peer couple,
1 2
Qc = αab × I × Tc – I R – U(Th – Tc)
2
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1
= 450 × 10–6 × 20 × 270 – × 202 × 0.004 – 0.03 (310 – 270)
2
= 2.43 – 0.8 – 1.2 = 0.43 W
Cooling capacity for 100 couples :
0.43 × 3600 1
= × 100 ×
1000 3.5 × 60 × 60
= 0.01228 tonne Answer
Q.8.(c) Solution:
Given: h 1 = 3215.7 kJ/kg
s1 = 6.713 kJ/kg-K
As, s1 = s2 = 6.713 kJ/kgK
6.713 = sf + x2 sfg
6.713 = 0.572 + x2 (8.258 – 0.572)
x 2 = 0.8
h 2 = hf + xhfg = 167.5 + 0.8(2574.4 –167.5)
h 2 = 2093.02 kJ/kg
h 3 = 167.5 kJ/kg
and (h4 – h3) = vf (ΔP)
h 4 = [167.5 + 0.001 (40 – 0.074) × 100] kJ/kg = 171.5 kJ/kg
h 5 = 1087.31 kJ/kg [ From steam table]
h 6 = 2801.4 kJ/kg
For mercury cycle:
ha = 363 kJ/kg
sa = 0.5167 kJ/kg
sa = Sb = 0.5167 = 0.0967 + xb(0.6385 – 0.0967)
⇒ xb = 0.7751
hb = (hf)b + xb(hfg)b
= 38.35 + 0.7751(336.55 – 38.35) = 269.48 kJ/kg
hc = 38.35 kJ/kg = hd
(Neglecting small mercury cycle pump work)
Let mass of mercury circulated per kg of steam be m.
From energy balance,
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m(hb – hc) = 1 × (h6 – h5)
⎛ h6 − hs ⎞ ⎛ 2801.4 − 1087.31 ⎞
m = ⎜h −h ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ b c ⎠ ⎝ 269.48 − 38.35 ⎠
= 7.4159 kg/kg H2O

Q1 = m(ha – hd) + 1(h1 – h6) + 1(h5 – h4)
Q1 = 7.4159(363 – 38.35) + (3215.7 – 2801.4) + (1087.31 – 171.5)
Heat added, Q1 = 3737.68 kJ/kg
Heat rejected, Q2 = h2 – h3
Q2 = (2093.02 – 167.5)kJ/kg = 1925.52 kJ/kg
Q2 ⎛ 1925.52 ⎞
ηcombined cycle = 1 − Q = ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = 0.4848 or 48.5%
1 ⎝ 3737.68 ⎠

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ESE-2018 Mains Test Series: Mechanical Engineering Test No: 14

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ESE-2018 Mains Test Series: Mechanical Engineering Test No: 14

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Detailed Solutions

ESE-2018 Mechanical Engineering

Substituting this value in equation (i):

Q.1 (c) Solution:

Drag for the front two-third portion of the plate is

Similarly, drag for rear one-third of the plate is

Wind speed variation with height

Q.1 (e) Solution:

Figure: Absorption and reflection at an absorber plate

Q.2 (a) Solution:

Wnet = (T3 − T4′ ) − (T2′ − T1 )

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ ηT· ηc· T3 − (T1 × α ) ⎞

77.78 × ( 2009.77 − 191.83 )

Q.2.(b) (ii) Solution:

= 2πd 2 × 0.68 × 2 × 9.81 × 6

Q.2 (c) Solution:

IP of kth cylinder IP of kth cylinder

Total indicated power = iP1 + iP2 + iP3 + ..... iP12 = 2788.946 kW

= 48807 Pa = 48.807 kPa

Q.3 (a) Solution:

Q.3 (b) Solution:

= 0.8 × 1.013 × 100 × 0.05

P2 + P1 1.8 × 1.013 + 1.013

Area, B = 0.4052 × 0.03932 × 100

Q.3 (c) Solution:

from the given table, h2 = 1419.05 kJ/kg

Q.4 (a) Solution:

Since A1 >> A2, it follows from (i) that

U = 2 × 9.81 × 5.50 = 10.38m / s

and recognizing that zB = +1.5 m, zD = – 5.5 m, pD = 101.325 kN/m2

pA = 101.325 × 1000 – 31825

Q.4 (b) Solution:

m cond = 2.73 kg/s, Th = 340 K

N tubes Tube inlet

= 2.73 × 2.342 × 106 (J/kg × kg/s)

cC p ,cold = 101.9 × 4181 = 4.26 × 105 W/K

Qmax = Cmin (Thi – Tci)

If the tube-side convection coefficient is doubled, hi = 4908 W/m2K

NTU × C min 0.341 × 4.26 × 10 5

Q.4 (c) Solution:

H 0 = H0 × AC = 39.77 × 6 = 238.632 MJ/hr

H0,1 = 228.391 MJ/hr

Change in extraterrestrial radiation = H0 , 1 – H0 = 38.139 – 39.77 = – 1.631 MJ/m2

P1V1 600 × 0.8

from the energy balance equation:

Q.5 (b) Solution:

Types of Draft Tubes for Reaction turbines

Inception with Collapse of bubble

Low pressure Positive High pressure

Q.5 (c) Solution:

Q.5 (d) Solution:

where Pa = Partial pressure of dry air,

where Ro = Universal gas constant

from Dalton’s law, total pressure, Pt = Pa + Pv

ω(Pt – Pv) = 0.622 Pv

φ(Pt – Pvs) = μ(Pt – φPvs)

Heat transfer is also given by Q = hAθm

Q.6 (a) Solution:

from energy balance: