Joca 17 Online
Joca 17 Online
Joca 17 Online
tajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmif tajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmif
J o u r n a l o f
C ONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIR S
No. 17, December 2003 ISSN 1513-9182
tajccH Oya'a&;&m
♦ vl rsdK;pk jy\emES ifh tajccH Oya'a&;&mtajzrsm;
♦ Oya'ES ifh vl xkquf oG,fa&;
♦ tajccH Oya'a&;&m owif ;twd k txG mrsm;
rmwdum
tajccHOya'a&;&m
♦ vl rsdK;pk jy\emES ifh tajccH Oya'a&;&mtajzrsm; 1
♦ Oya'ES ifh vl xkquf oG,fa&; 17
♦ tajccH Oya'a&;&m owif ;twd k txG mrsm; 66
trsdK;om;nDvmcH
♦ etztrsd K;om;nD vmcH tb,f yef ;wdk ifqDodk@enf ; 34
w&m;pD&ifa&;
♦ qwf 'rf [lpdef w&m;pD &if a&;tcuf tcJ 41
awG @qHk ar;jref;cef;
♦ a':pef ;pef ;ES ifh awG @qHk ar;jref ;jcif ; 57
ydkif;jcm;pdwfjzmoHk;oyf& m
♦ tumtuG ,f rJhaeonfh t=urf ;zuf cH jref rmtrsd K;orD ;rsm; 45
♦ ar(30)'D yJ ,if ;vk yf}uH r_}uD ;. aemuf uG ,fjzpf &yf rsm;ES ifh w&m;r#wr_ 51
xkwfa0jzef @csd - jr efr mEdkif iHa&S aersm;aumifp D
rlydkif - jrefr mEdkifiH a&Saersm;aumifp DESifh pmrl&Sifrsm;
rsufESmzHk ;'D Zdkif; - barmifZif
uGefjyLwmpmpD - tJvfz&ufEdk;Edk
tajccHOya'a&;&m
tmvHef prpf
vlrsKd;pkrsm;.EdkifiHa&;
yg0if=u&a=umif; r=umc%awG@&onf?
vlrsK;d EG,pf t
k yk pf rk sm;ESihf rsK;d EG,t
f yk pf ck rJG sm;pGm&Sad omfjim;vnf; Ekid if aH &;t&
&cdkifjynfe,f/ csif;jynfe,f/ ucsifjynfe,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ u&ifeDjynfe,f/ u&if
jynfe,fEiS hf rGejf ynfe,fponfjzifh Armr[kwo f nfh vlrsK;d pk (7) pktwGuf todtrSwf
a'oqdkif&mudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh zuf'&,fpepf
uk,
d yf idk t
f yk cf sKyfciG q
hf okd nfrmS trsm;pkudk trsm;ESiq hf idk af om tusLd ;w&m;
v$r;f +cKHaprnft h m%mrsm; tyfEiS ;f xm;pOf vlrsKkd ;pkwikd ;f &if;om;rsm;ESit hf xl;oufqikd f
aomudp&P yfudk if;wk@d u, dk w f ikd f wdu
k ±f u
dk u
f sio
hf ;Hk Edik af &; awmif;qkad e=uaom vlrsKd ;pk
(ykHpH u) tcsdK;nDzuf'&,fpepf
A
B
E
D C
R
Q
V
X
C
Z
Y
V/ W/ X/ YESihf Z
wdk@onf zuf'&,ftzGJ@0ifjynfe,f,lepfrsm;jzpf=u+yD;
(C) [laomjynfaxmifpktpdk;&&Sdonf? jynfe,fwckjcif;onf jynfaxmifpkESifh
qufqH&mwGif (tm%mcGJa0r_t&) rwlnD=uay?
cGx
J u G cf iG u
hf kd jyXmef;ay;cJo
h nf? TonfrmS vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;. wpkw H &m ar#mf
vifhcsufukd tajccHOya'rl=urf;wGif vrf;n$efxm;I vlrsdK;pkrsm;u tedrfhqkH;
pnf;urf;csurf sm;jzifh vufccH jhJ cif;ukd a&mifjyef[yfcyhJ &Hk onf? (1947 cktajccHOya'.
qef ; jym;csuf r sm;tusOf ; / *sKd ; Zuf a qvf ; Am;pwd e f ; 1999/ pm 12-13)/
zuf ' &,f j ynf a xmif p k x uf a'oqd k i f & mtk y f c sKyf a &;od k @ OD ; wnf c J h a om
wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf y%mr tpnf;ta0;ESifh wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmftpnf;
ta0;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufI aqG;aEG;csurf sm;twGuf (armifarmif- 1959 wGif =unfyh g)/
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tjrifESifh ywfoufI (vsHqmacgif ENSCC 2002 rsm;odk@
=unfhyg&ef)?
ppf r S e f a om zuf ' &,f t ajccH O ya'ay:xG e f ; jcif ; r&S d a o;onf h t wG u f
vlrsKd;pkjy\emudk pDppf&ef vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf ,QKtcsdeftxd tvm;
tvm&Sad eao;onf? jrefrmjynf tajccHOya'ay:ayguaf &; txrajrmufao;r_rmS
1947 ESpfu tajccHOya'vufcHcJhaomykHpHomru tao;pdwftcsufrsm;ESifh xdk
tcsed u f Edik if aH &;wGiyf g0ifw@kd tajccHOya'ESit hf nDaqmif&u G &f ef ysuu f u G f cJ=h ujcif;
wd@k tay: tjiif;yGm;Edik =f uonf? (Federating process) t& }uD;rm;aom tusK;d
aus;Zl;rSm tjyeftvSef av;pm;aom acgi;f aqmifrsm;t=um;aqG;aEG;a&;vkyif ef;pOf
twGuf oabmwlnrD w _ ckukd óudwif}uHqjcif;jzpfonf? oabmwlnrD &_ onftxd
aqG;aEG;&ef wm0efcHr_ESifh tjyeftvSefav;pm;r_&Sd=uv#if (TtajctaersKd;wGif
tao;pdwt f csurf sm;onf auseyfb, G &f mr&Sad o;v#iyf if jyefvnfInEd id_ ;f Ekid o f nf
[k rSw, f El ikd of nfth wGu)f tajccHOya' twnfðya&;enf;vrf;onf ta&;}uD;rnf
r[kwfyg?
vuf&SdwGif jrefrmjynfudk tpOftvmzuf'a&;&Sif;ykHpHrsKd; (jynfe,fwdkif;u
rdro d abmt& jynfaxmifprk mS yg0ifjcif;)ESihf udu k n
f aD tmif jyefvnfz@JG pnf;&efvrl sK;d pk
acgif;aqmifrsm;u qEN&Sdae=uykH&onf? xdkykHpHonf Symmetrical ykpH jH zpfonf?
Oyrm - zuf'a&;&Si;f xJwiG f Armjynfe,fwe,f&rdS nf? xdjk ynfe,fonf tjcm;jynf
e,frsm;ESifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tqifw h rl nfjzpfonf? TonfrmS A[kd (zuf'&,f)
tpdk;&opfw&yf zefwD;vdkykH&onf? TykHpHonf trsKd;om;aumifpDu a&;qGJaom
tajccHOya'rl=urf;u vufco H nfyh pHk jH zpfonf? zuf'&,fpepfEiS yhf wfoufI jrefrm
ppfwyf. twdwrf S rSww f rf;rsm;t&qdv k #if tqdyk gypHk u
H kd oabmwl&efcufcaJ yrnf?
trsKd;om;nDvmcHY jynfaxmifpktpdk;&opfykHukdraz:bJ jynfe,f 7 ck ESifh wdkif; 7
ck (jynfra'o)jzifh tm%mcsKyfuikd rf a_ v#mch sa&; (Asymmetrically ykrH sK;d ) jyXmef;
csufrsm;ygaprnfhykHpHukd pGJpGJ+rJ+rJ az:aqmifaeykH&onf?
Tonfukd nEd id_ ;f rI&Edik af wmhaom oabmrwlnED ikd rf q _ oD @kd OD;wnfae+yD[k
±_jrif&ef rvdt k yfay? tajccHOya'qdik &f m taqmufttkq H okd nfrmS ndE i_d ;f r_jzpfpOfEiS hf
ykaH z:r_.tajccHrsm;rS &vmaom tajzyifjzpfonf? nEd id_ ;f r_vyk if ef;pOfonf vkyif ef;
pOfwiG yf g0ifaom yk*K~ v d rf sm;. qufqaH &;pGr;f &nfreS af y:wGif wpkw H &mtwkid ;f twm
txd a&mifjyef[yfayrnf? od@k aomf xdyk *k K~ v d rf sm;. aqG;aEG;r_prG ;f &nfEiS hf t,ltq
rsm;ay:wGiv f nf; a&mifjyef[yfayrnf? pGr;f &nfreS af =umifo h ufoufjzifh vlrsK;d pkacgi;f
aqmifrsm; qEN&adS eaom Symmetrical zuf'&,fypHk rH sKd ;trdt&qkwu f ikd Ef ikd Of ;D rnf
r[kwaf y? ok@d aomf vlrsK;d pkv@l todik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;. tusK;d pD;yGm;r&&SEd ikd af wmhay[lI
jzifh aumufcsufrqGJoifhay? trSeftm;jzifh vlrsKd;pkvl@todkif;t0dkif;rsm;twGuf
tajccHOya'qdkif&m taqmufttkHykHpHu tjcm;ykHpHxuf ydkrdkaumif;aom tusKd;
&v'fukd rv$rJ a&Smifom ay;pGr;f Edik af omt&mjzpfonf[k ,k=H unf&ef ta=umif;r&Sd
ay? tusdK;&v'fonf qENESifh tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;ay:wGifom rlwnf
onf?
nEd id_ ;f aqG;aEG;r_wiG yf g0ifaom yk*Kd~ vfrsm;u if;wk@d . vkv d m;r_/ OD;pm;ay;r_rsm;
ESiphf yfvsO;f I &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;&Sx d m;ygu if;wd@k .&nf&, G f csurf sm;ESihf uduk n f aD tmif
tjcm;ykpH rH sm;udv k nf; ðyjyifw;kd cs@J omG ;Edik o f nf? vlrsK;d pkv@l todik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;udu k , kd yf ikd f
tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf tm%mcsKyfudkifr_rsm;avsmhcsay;&ef vkdtyfaomoabm wlnD
csu&f Edik vf #if vlrsK;d pktusK;d pD;yGm;rsm;&a&;ukd udk,fpm;ðywifjyawmif;qkdaeolrsm;
twGuf tcGit hf vrf;&&Sjd cif;yifjzpfonf? tm%mcGaJ 0r_EiS hf t&if;tjrpfrsm; ok;H pGcJ iG hf
u udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh. xda&mufr_udk qkH;jzwfrnfjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif xdkt&mrsm;
onf wjynfaxmifpepfwiG af omfvnf;aumif;/ od@k r[kwzf uf'&,fypHk pH epfwiG af omf
vnf;aumif; od@k r[kwf zuf'&,f ruswusypHk w H iG af omfvnf;aumif; tajccHOya'
ESit hf nD a'oqdik &f mud, k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfrr_ sm;rSwqifh &&SEd ikd of nf? ok@d aomf t"du
jy\em&yfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufI vlrsKd ;pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;twGi;f oabmwlncD su&f a&;/
&yfwnfcsuw f al &;wk@d rmS }uKd wifvt dk yfcsujf zpfonf? acgi;f aqmifrsm;taejzifh vlrsKd ;
pktokid ;f t0kid ;f rsm;.tusKd ;pD;yGm;ESiv hf vdk m;csufrsm;ukd rnfonfhudpPrsm;u xdcdkuf
apEdik o f nfqo dk nfudk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;od&x dS m;&ayrnf? xkd@tjyif pkaygif;Iaomf
vnf;aumif;/ oD;jcm;aomfvnf;aumif; aqG;aEG;ndE_dif;&ef tcsdefa&mufvmygu
xda&mufonfh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;csEdkif&ef tqifoifhjzpfae&rnfjzpfonf?
vlrsm;pkjzpfaeI vlrsK;d pkrsm;.qENEiS v hf vkd m;csurf sm;udk xdv k rl sm;pkEiS hf if;wd@k .acgi;f
aqmifrsm;u v$rf;rdk;oGm;rnfudk tpdk;&drfqkH;jzpfonf? tpdk;&udk Armvlrsm;pku
t+rJv$rf;rdk;xm;onf[k tjrif&Sd=uonf? 'Drdkua&pDqdkonfu 1950 ckESpfrsm;u
vlxak &G;aumufwifajrmufco hJ nfh ygvrD mefukd Armvlrsm;pktm;xde;f csKyfciG ðhf ycJo h vdk
Armvlrsm;pkvr$ ;f rd;k a&;udk w&m;0ifjzpfaprnf[k jrif=uonf? DAB - NCUBzuf'
&,fjynfaxmifpk tajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &;wGif yg0if=uaom vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;u
1947 ckEpS t f ajccHOya'/ 1974 ckEpS f tajccHOya'ESihf tjcm; zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk
EdkifiHrsm;rS avhvm&&Sdxm;aomA[kokwrsm;jzifh tajccHOya'ukda&;qGJ=u&mY
txufv$wfawmf (vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmf)wGif Armr[kwfaom vlrsKd;pkrsm;uv$rf;rdk;
aprnfh tm;aumif;aom txufv$wfawmfjzpf&ef tqdkðy=uonf?
od@k aomfvnf; txufvw $ af wmfuwqifh vlrsK;d pktusK;d pDymG ; umuG,af &;
udk&Smonfh r[mAsK[monf tE W&m,f&Sdonf[k ajym&rSmjzpfonf? xdkAsK[mrSm
umvwdkwGif jynfe,f 8 ckESifh 14 ck az: jrLvmESifh umv&SnfwGif v$wfawmf 2&yf
t=um; vlrsK;d pktajcðy òyid q f ikd rf E_ iS hf tpd;k &&yfqikd ;f oGm;r_ tvm;tvmrsm;jzpfaprnfh
cg;oD;onfh xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifa&;qDodk@ OD;wnfv#uf&Sdonf? txufv$wfawmfudk
vlrsKd;pkrsm;v$rf;rdk;a&;qdkonfrsdK;xuf Armv$rf;rdk;a&;udkrvkdvm;[lonfudk if;wdk@
tm; wdkuf±kdufajymvdkufv#if ykdItðyoabm raqmifaybl;vm;?
aemufcsO;f uyfenf;wckrmS vlrsK;d pkrsm;tm; Edik if aH wmftqift h zG@J tpnf;rsm;rS
z,fcsefxm;jcif;r&Sdap&ef trsKd;rsKd;aom a&G;aumufyGJpepfrsm;jzifh óud;pm;Ekdifonf?
rJqENe,fwe,f udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;pepfudkokH;v#if e,fajrudk tpGJðyaxmufcH
=urnfjzpfI vlrsK;d pkygwD od@k r[kwf uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm; ud, k pf m;ðyEdik rf mS aocsmonf?
od@k aomf ud, k pf m;vS,&f &Srd _ avsmeh nf;aumif; avsmeh nf;aernf? tu,fI axmuf
cHrnfrh q J EN&iS rf sm;u ys@H E@HS wnf&adS ernfqv kd #if vlrsK;d pkygwrD sm;/ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u
udk,fpm;ðyr_qkH;±_H;oGm;Ekdifonf? a&G;aumufyGJwGif tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðyrJay;pepfudk
ok;H ygu if;wd@k uakd xmufcrH t _ & vlrsK;d pkygwrD sm;u ud, k pf m;ðyEdik o
f nf? a&G;aumufyJG
pepftrsK;d rsK;d ESiyhf wfoufI Reynolds ESihf Reilly (1997) pmtkyfwGif=unfhyg?
ydik ;f jcm;xm;onfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;wGif rwlnaD om a&G;aumufypJG epfrsm;ok;H jcif;.
tusK;d qufukd Reilly and Reynolds (1998) pmtkyw f iG af wG@Eikd o
f nf? tem*wf
wGif jrefrmjynfY rwlnaD om a&G;aumufypJG epfuo kd ;Hk jcif;. tusK;d qufEiS yhf wfouf
I Reynolds u 2001 ZlvdkifvwGif befaumufYusif;yaom "Managing
De-mocratic Transition in Burma" wGif wifjycJhonf? (aZmfOD; 2002) a&G;
aumufyGJtajcðy csOf;uyfr_aemufwckrSm vlrsKd;pkvl@tokdif;t0kdif;rsm;twGuf
udk,fpm;ðyr_ykHaz: jcif;udk tmrcHcsuf&Sd&eftvd@k imS tpktzG@yJ pHk H ud, k pf m;ðypepf od@k r
[kwf vlrsK;d pktxl;rJpm&if;rsm;ykpH jH zifh vlrsK;d pkrsm; ud, k pf m;ðyEdik &f ef txl;jyXmef;csuf
xm;&Sda&; jzpfonf? (Kymlicka 1995 tcef; 7)
Lijphart u 'Dru
kd a&pD (51) Edik if u
H kd ppfwrf;aumufI trsm;pkvr$ ;f rk;d onfh
ykpH H (majoritarian model) ESifh qef@usifbufjzpfonfh vlrsKd;toD;oD;.qEN
yg0ifaom (Consensus model) 'Dru kd a&pDypHk u H kd taxmuftulðyaomvufawG@
vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;ukd &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;az: jy&ef }udK;yef;cJo
h nf? jrefrmjynfupd aP qG;
aEG;csufESifhywfoufI if;.ta&;}uD;qkH; jrifawG@csufrSm zuf'&,fpepfrsm;rSm
trsm;pkv$rf;rkd;a&;r#omjzpf+yD; wjynfaxmifpepfonf vltoD;oD;. wpdwfwo
abmwnf;jzpfr_ukdaqmifapEdkifonf[lI jzpfonf?
vlrsKd;pktcGifhta&;
vlrsK;d pktcGit hf a&;udp&P yfonf trSeyf if±w _ af xG;onf? ±_@a'git hf rsK;d rsK;d &So d nf?
vlrsK;d pkrsm;. epfemcsuo f nf jrefrmhwyfrawmfEiS hf vlrsK;d pkoyl ek rf sm;wdu k yf jJG zpfaeonfh
a'orsm;wG i f vl r sKd ; pk t &yf o m;rsm;tay: r[k w f r w&m;ðyjcif ; rS o nf
rsufuef;rsKd;cspf tpdk;& ay:vpDrl0g'rsm;ESifh tðytrlrsm;rSwqifh vlrsKd;pkrsm;tm;
(Oyrm bmom pum;ay:vpD/ tpkd;&0efxrf;vkyfief;wGif &mxl;wkd;ay;jcif;/
0efxrf;opfrsm;cef@tyf jcif;wdk@Y) cGJjcm;qufqHaeonftxd wef;pD+yD;&Sdaeonf?
vufeufuikd f yËdyuQjzpfaeaoma'orsm;wGif t&yfom;rsm;tcGit hf a&; csKd ;
azgufcH&r_twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd cdkifcdkifvkHvkH pkaqmif;xm;&Sd=uonf?
xkt d axmuftxm;rsm;rSm ppfjzpfaeaoma'owGif ppfom;rsm;. aqmif&u G rf r_ sm;
ukd wm0ef&o dS rl sm;ESiw hf yfrLS ;u tjynfjynfqikd &f mOya'ESihf vlxt k m; y%mrcef@jyKrl
a=umif;xif[yfaprnfh pepfwus vkyaf qmifxm;aomtaxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfy&Hk
onf? tqk;H wGif oufqikd &f mtcGit hf a&;rsm;onf jynfwiG ;f ppfumvESihf jynfwiG ;f
ppfjzpfonfhae&m&Sd t&yfom;rsm;. tcGifhta&;jzpfonf? jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ESifh
+idr;f csr;f a&;&&Sad p&eftvk@d imS t&yfom;rsm;ukd av;pm;vmatmif ppfom;rsm;tm;
jyefvnfoifwef;ay;jcif;/ jynfwiG ;f vkòH cHa&;udpw P iG f ppfwyftzG@J tpnf;rsm;. wm0ef
&Srd u_ kd z,f&mS ;jcif;ESihf olyek x f &r_ta=umif;udk &Si;f jyapjcif;jzifh a&&Snw f iG f ukpm;cGihf
EdkifykH&Sdonf?
Tonfw@kd rmS wpkw H &mtm;jzifh tem*wftpd;k &opfrS wm0ef,v l yk af qmif
&rnf? od@k aomf tqdyk gupd &P yfrsm;udk vkyaf qmif&f eftwGuf tpd;k &tajymif;tvJjzpf
onftxd apmifq h ikd ;f ae&efrvdyk g? typftcwf&yfpaJ &; aqG;aEG;yGt J ygt0ifppftpk;d &
ESihf awG@qaHk qG;aEG;cGi}hf uKHonft h cgwikd ;f vlrsKd ;pkvufeufuidk t f zG@J tpnf;rsm;u tqkd
ygudpPukd wifjyaqG;aEG;oifhonf? &Gmrsm;xJrS ppfom;rsm;xGufcGmay;a&;ESifh/ vuf
eufuidk t f zG@J rsm;ESihf t&yfom;rsm;tjyeftvSe&f &dS rnfh usi0hf wfw@dk twGuo f abmwl
nDr_&atmif tjyif;txef aqmif&Gufjcif;onfvnf; ,ck&&Sd+yD;aomtqifhxuf
ykdrkdtjyKoabmaqmifaom typftcwf&yfpJa&; &&Sdaprnfh enf;vrf;wckjzpfay
onf? 'kuQonfrsm;jyefvnfykd@aqmifa&;ukdvnf; }udKwifvkdtyfcsufw&yftaeESifh
oabmxm;oifhonf?
odk@aomfvnf; trSefwu,fvlrsKd;pktcGifhta&;jy\em&yfrsm;onf vuf
eufuikd f yËdyuQrsm;udjk zpfymG ;apcJo h nf? vlrsK;d pktcGit hf a&;rsm;wGif vGwv f yfa&;&p
u trnfr#omtodtrSwjf y&cJ+h yD; aemufyikd ;f wGif vpfvsL±_jcif;cHc&hJ aom ud, k yf ikd f
jyXmef;cGifhESifh/ cGJjcm;r_udkumuG,fjcif;ESifh vlrsKd;pkrsm;tajctae/ bmoma&;t&
bmompum;uJjG ym;r_t& vlenf;pkrsm; tajctaeukd jriw hf ifjcif;wd@k &nf&, G o f nfh
ukvor*~v@l tcGit hf a&;jyXmef;csurf sm; yg0ifonf? vufeufuikd v f y_ &f mS ;aom tzG@J
acgif;aqmifrsm;url vlenf;pkrsm;. pmay/ bmompum;tokH;ðyr_ukd ESpf+rdK@jcif;r&Sd
ay? if;wd@k u xd@k xufyu kd s,jf yef@aom ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiu hf kd awmif;qdak pvd=k uonf?
Ttcsufudkem;vnfaomfvnf; vlrsKd;pk/ vlenf;pkrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I tjrifrwlnD
=ur_tay: ta=umif;rvSjzpfae=u&onf?
=opa=wvsypHk /H tar&duefypHk x H uf jrefrmEdik if v H kd (National minorities)
vdyk pHk rH sK;d &SEd ikd if wH iG f vlenf;pktcGit hf a&;udk (Oyrm - 1992 ckEpS f ukvor*~vel nf;pk
a=unmcsu)f vlenf;pkrsm;. rwlnaD om ,Ofaus;r_/ bmompum;ESihf bmoma&;
wk@d udk jzpfEikd o f r# xdr;f odr;f Edik &f ef aqmif&u G af y;&rnft h ajctaersm;[k t"dyg` ,zf iG hf
qdk=uonf? xdkodk@ xdef;odrf;Edkif&ef wpkHw&maom tajctaeatmufwGif udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfa&;jyXmef;ay;jcif;jzifh xde;f odr;f Edik rf nfjzpfonf? vlenf;pktcGit hf a&; …
tjynfjynf qdik &f mqufqaH &;wGif xifxif&mS ;&Sm;jyefjzpfvmcJo h nf? (kymlicka
1995 p.5) vlenf;pkrsm;ESiyhf wfoufI jzpfxeG ;f vmaom tjynfjynfqikd &f mpHrsm;jzifh
todtrSwðf yEdik &f ef jynfy&Sd vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;u raqmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif;onf if;
wd@k .vlrsKd ;pktokid ;f t0kid ;f tm; tumtuG,af y;Edik rf nfh jyXmef;csuu f dk rnfo@dk aqmif
&Gu&f rnfqo dk nfEiS hf tu|r;f r0ifjzpfaeaponf? Ttcsuu f vnf; 0rf;enf;p&myif
jzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf TonfrSm vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'ESifh ywfoufI
if;wdk@vuf&Sd&aeaom tjynfjynfqdkif&mwdk;wufaxmufcH. vufawG@tusdK;
jzpfEdkifaom tvm;tvm &Sdaeaomaea=umifhjzpfonf?
ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi[ hf al om a0g[m&onf udv k ekd pD epfzsuo f rd ;f a&;umvwGif
udv k ekd eD ,fajrrsm;tm; vGwv f yfa&;ay;a&;[laom tcGit hf a&;ESihf a,bk,stm;jzifh
twlwlyifjzpfI xdka0g[m&onf vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf ydkrdkqGJaqmifr_&Sd
ayrnf? xdka0g[m&u oD;jcm;wnf&Sdr_tjzpf qufvuftodtrSwfðya&;twGuf
vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;. awmif;qdrk u _ kd w&m;0if jzpfap&eftvd@k imS vlrsK;d pke,fajr
rsm;wGif udv k ekd aD cwfu +Adwo d #w@kd oabmwlcahJ om ud, k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfr/_ oD;jcm;jzpfr/_
xl;jcm;r_ ponfwdk@tay: xdkudk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh[laom a0g[m&tm; vlrsKd;pkrsm;u
tcGiahf umif;,l&efjzpfapcJo h nf? wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J rsm;pGmwd@k u tem*wfwiG f jrefrm
Edik if rH S oD;jcm;wnf&=dS uEdik rf nf[k pdwu f ;l ,Ofc=hJ uonf? ukvor*~tzG@J tpnf; pwif
pumvwGif udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhESifhywfoufI EdkifiHwum az:aqmifr_rSm (Oa&my)
tajccHOya'a&;&m
vSaX;
aomrwf(pf)*sufzmqif
Thomas Jefferson (1743 - 1826)
tpnf; zGòH zd;wnf+idr&f eftwGuf rÀdKif (4) ck [efcsun f nD &D zdS kd vdt
k yfwmrdk vlxk
qufo, G af &;,E &W m;udk tjcm;rÀdKifawGeJ [efcsun f aD tmif b,fvq kd ufpyfrvJ
qdkwJhtcg (Media) eJ@ Oya'xdyw f u
kd af wG@_yD; jy\emrsm; ay:aygufvmygw,f?
(1) usifh0wfoduQmydkif;qdkif&m
oifhwifhav#mufywfwJhtðytrl (Decency) eJ usifh0wfoduQm (Moral-
ty) qdik &f m apmifx
h ed ;f r_qw
kd t
hJ csu[
f m pmtkyaf wG/ zvifawG/ owif;pmawG/ pwJh
vlxkqufoG,fa&;,E W,m;awGudk xdef;csKyfzdktwGuf taumif;qHk;ta=umif;jy
csujf zpfygw,f? bmjzpfvkd vnf;qdak wmh 'Dtcsuaf wGukd t"dyg` ,zf iG q hf &kd mrSm us,f
jyefwt hJ wGuyf jJ zpfygw,f? 'Dtcsuef J ygwo f ufvkd jrefrmjynfrmS &Sw d jhJ yXmef;csux f u J
wifjyvdk &wJh jyXmef;csuu f awmh jypfrq _ ikd &f mOya'yk'rf (292)npfnrf;wJph mtkyrf sm;
eJqikd w
f hJ jyXmef;csujf zpfygw,f? tvm;wljyXmef;csu[ f m tdE, dN rSmvnf; &Syd gw,f?
'Dyk'frt& ta&;,lcH&vdk jypfr_xif&Sm; pD&ifcH&&if/ (6) vtxd axmif'g%fjzpfap/
usyw f aomif;txd aiG'g%jf zpfap 'g%f (2) &yfpvH;k jzpfap usc&H Edik yf gw,f? 'DOya'
t& pD&ifq;kH jzwfwt hJ cgrmS pmtkyðf ypko&l J &nf&, G cf suu f kd xnfo h iG ;f rpOf;pm;ygb;l ?
b,fo&l J vufxrJ mS awGovJ/ tusiyhf suaf pjcif; &Srd &Sq d w kd hJ tcsurf sm;udo k mt"du
xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;ygw,f? qdkvdkwmu pmtkyfrSm tdrfaxmifðy+yD;olrsm;twGuf
omqdk+yD; vdifynmay;pmtkyf xkwfa0jzefcsD&mrSm t&G,fra&mufao;olu
0,f v d k &Ed k i f w J h t ajctae&S d + yD ; ol w d k @ &J h p d w f u d k azguf j yef a pEd k i f w ,f v d k @
w&m;±Hk;u,lq&if tjypf'g%f uscH&Edkifygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm wzufu=unf&h if t&G,rf a&mufao;ol tusiphf m&dwrW ysuaf p
bdk twGuf txufuqdck w hJ OhJ ya' &Sod ifw h ,fvkd ,lqEdik o f vd/k wzufrmS vnf;tJ'D
Oya'a=umifh t&G,fa&mufolrsm; vdifeJygwfoufwJhowif;&,lcGifh xdcdkufwmudk
vnf; xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;zdk vdyk gw,f? vuf&dS jrefrmjynfrmS &Sad ewJOh ya'[m 'Dtajc
taeudk ajyvnfatmif zefwD;EdkifpGrf;r&Sdygbl;?
'kw, d tcsut f aeeJ yk'rf (292) rSm npfnrf;r_[m bmvJqw kd mudk &Si;f vif;
xm;jcif;r&Sdygbl;? w&m;&Hk;awGu t"dy`g,f zGifh&rSmjzpfygw,f? udk,f±Hkt0wfav#m
us+yD; uydku&dk+zpfaewJh vufwzufjywftcspfewforD;AD;eyf (venus) yef;yk&yk u f kd
tvSw&m; wcktjzpf ±_jrifo&l o Sd vdk rzG,rf &myefy&k yk t f jzpfowfrw S o f v l nf; &dyS g
vdrfhr,f? qdkvdkwmu npfnrf;r_qdkwJh t"dy`g,f[m rsm;pGmus,f0ef;oGm;atmif
vnf; zGiv hf @kd &wJth aetxm; w&m;±H;k rSm &daS eygw,f? 'Dvkd t"dyg` ,t f us,zf iG q hf Ekd ikd f
r_[m/ pme,fZif;orm;twGuf npfnrf;r_qdkwJh taetxm;ra&mufatmif rnf
onfh owif;udk rnfonfhtwdkif;twmtxday;bdk Oya'ucGifhðyw,f/ cGifhrðybl;
qdw k mudk csed q f Edik pf rG ;f uif;oGm;apygw,f? 'Dnpfnrf;r_qw kd m bmvJqw kd thJ csuef J
ygwfoufvdk t*FvefEdkifiHu tr_wckudk wifjyvdkygw,f? tr_u (D. H.
Lawrences) &J (Lady Chatterleys Lover) 0xK xkwaf 0wJo h u l w kd &m;pGq J w kd hJ
tr_jzpfygw,f? tr_pq JG wkd mu (1960) ckEpS rf mS jzpfygw,f? tJ't D r_rmS xkwaf 0olu
(1959 ckESpf npfnrf;pmayrsm; yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;Oya' (Obscene Publication
Act of 1959) &J ckcrH q _ ikd &f m jyXmef;csuaf =umifh w&m;pGq J rkd u
_ ae w&m;aovGwf
tEdkif&cJhygw,f? tJ'DOya'rSm npfnrf;pmtkyf xkwfa0r_eJygwfoufvdk ckcHEdkifwJh
tcsuu f kd jyXmef;xm;ygw,f? tJ'guawmh npfnrf;pmtkyf xkwaf 0r_eJ w&m;pGq J ckd &H
ol[m ol&J vyk af qmifr[ _ m odyyH` nmqdik &f mwefb;kd / 'grrS [kwf pmayqdik &f mwefb;kd
&Sw
d ,fqw kd mudk u|r;f usio f &l J oufaocHcsuf (Expert Evidence) jzifh axmufcH
wifjy xkacsEdkifwJh tcsufjzpfygw,f?
(3)tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m
tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;eJygwfoufwJhtydkif;rSm rD'D,mvGwfvyfr_udk tuef
towfvyk Ef ikd w f t
hJ csuf (2) ckukd wifjyvdyk gw,f? tJ'D (2) ckuawmh tpd;k & (Edik if H
awmf) udka0zefwJhudpPeJ/ EdkifiHawmfvSsKd0Sufcsufqdkif&mudpPjzpfygw,f?
'Drukd a&pD&J tajccHro l abmt& tpd;k &&Jvyk if ef;aqmif&u G rf a_ wGukd jynfol
u axmufjya0zefciG &hf ydS gw,f? jynfox l u J jynfojl zpfwphJ me,fZif;orm;awGtae
eJvnf; tpd&k &J@ pD;yGg;a&;/ vlra_ &;taqmufttHk wnfaqmufxm;yHkawG/ rl0g'
awGukd axmufjya0zefyikd cf iG &hf ydS gw,f? 'g[m pme,fZif;orm;taeeJ tcGix hf ;l &,l
wmr[kwyf gb;l ? 'Dae&mrSm ay:vmwJh jy\emu tpd&k tay:a0zefwm (attack)eJ@
tpdk&udkðzwfcszdk@ aoG;xdk;vH_aqmfwm (incite) udk b,fvkd ydik ;f jcm;rvJqw kd mbJ
jzpfygw,f? Oya'&Jh tvkyu f tJ't D aetxm;ESpcf u k kd ydik ;f jcm;uef@owfz@kd jzpfygw,f?
'gayrJh 'Dvykd ikd ;f jcm;owfrw S zf @kd upd [ P m tpOft+rJ vG,u f al csmarG@aewmawmh r[kwf
ygb;l ? wcsKd @upd aP wG[m b,ftydik ;f tjcm;xJrmS tñuH;0ifaeovJqw kd m a00g;wm
awGvnf; &dyS gw,f? tJ'v D t kd aetxm;rsKd ;rSm tpd&k awGu olv&kd m bufuq kd , JG +l yD;
owif;orm;udk zdEySd yf gw,f? teD;uyfq;kH axmufjy&&if/jrefrmEdik if jH ypfrq _ ikd &f mOya'
yk'rf 124(u) tpd;k &udk t=unfnKd ysuaf pr_jzpfygw,f? jypfrq _ ikd &f mOya'[mudv k ekd D
acwfup+yD; ,aetxd twnfjzpfqJOya' jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif jypfr_qdkif&mOya'
yk'fr (121) uae (124) txd[m 1950 ckESpfrSm udkvdkeDacwfu jyXmef;csufawG
udzk suo f rd ;f +y;D / topfjyefvnfjyXmef;xm;wmjzpfygw,f? tJ'jD yXmef;csu&f J y'k rf 124
(u) t& tpd;k &udk rke;f wD;atmif/ raxrJjh rifðyatmif/ Edik if aH &;ra=ueyfrj_ zpfatmif
a&;w,f/ ajymw,f/ odjrifEikd w f w hJ ifjyr_wckck (umwGe;f / jyZmwf -----ponfjzif)h
vkyfw,fqdk&if/ tpdk;&udk t=unfndKysufapr_eJ w&m;pGJqdkcH&Edkifygw,f? jypfr_
xif&Sm;&if wu|ef;ydk'g%f/ 'grSr[kwf (3) ESpftxd axmif'g%fuscH&Edkifygw,f?
ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwfrSm pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&mtawmfrsm;rsm;[m
tJ'Dyk'freJtxdef;odrf;cHcJh&ygw,f? 'gu ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwfrSm jzpfygw,f?
tm%m&Siaf cwfrmS awmh tJ'gxufyq kd ;kd 0g;wJh Oya'rsm;udk usio hf ;kH cJyh gw,f? emrnf
ausmfOya'uawmh (1975) ckESpf EdkifiHawmftm;aESmuf,SufzsufqD;vdkolrsm;.
ab;tE W&,frS umuG,fwm;qD;a&;Oya' jzpfygw,f? tJ'DOya'&J yk'fr (7) rSm
Edik if o
H m;wOD;OD;onf Edik if aH wmf. tcsKyftcsmtm%mESiEhf ikd if aH wmfvðkH cHa&;udjk zpfap/
trsm;jynfol. at;csrf;om,ma&;udkjzpfap xdyg;tE Wm&,fjzpfaprnfhðyvkyfr_
wckckudk ðyvkyfcJhonf/ ðyvkyfaeonf/ ðyvkyfawmhrnf[k ,kH=unfavmufaom
ta=umif;&Sdv#if 0ef}uD;tzGJonf ,if;yk*~dKvf. rlvtcGifhta&;w&yf&yfudk
(4) w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&m
w&m;pD&if;a&;qdik &f mrSm owif;orm;rsm; trsm;qH;k jzpfwwfwmuawmh
w&m;±Hk;udk raxrJhjrifðyvkyfr_ (contempt of court) jzpfygw,f? w&m;±Hk;rsm;udk
raxrJjh rifðyvkywf ,fqw kd m w&m;r#wa&;aqmif&u G rf v
_ yk if ef;xdcu kd af tmif wckck
vkyfjcif;/ 'grSr[kwf vkyfaqmif&efysufuu G jf cif;vdk a,bk,stm;jzifh qdEk ikd yf gw,f?
w&m;rw&m;±Hk;&J'D*&D/ qHk;jzwfcsufpwJh w&m;±H;k &J trdef wckcu k kd wrif&nf&, G +f yD;
remcH&if/ w&m;±Hk;udk raxrJhjrifvkyfw,fvkd q&kd ygr,f? tJ'h gukd w&m;r w&m;±H;k udk
raxrJjh rifvyk rf v _ kd ac:ygw,f? pme,fZif;orm;awGeJ odyrf ywfoufygb;l ? pme,f
Zif;orm;awG trsm;qHk;óuHawG&wmuawmh jypfr_qdkif&mw&m;±Hk;udk raxrJhjrifðy
vkyrf j_ zpfygw,f? ud, k u f ae jynfou l akd y;vdu k wf hJ owif;ay;csuw f ck[m'grrS [kwf
ud, k &hf J tðytrl wckc[ k m w&m;a&;tm%mydik w f a,mufa,muf&J vkyfief;eJywf
oufwJhtqifhtajcudk edrfhusoGm;ap&if 'grSr[kwfedrfhusoGm;apEdkif&if'grSr[kwf
tJ'Dtm%mydkifudk rcH&yfEdkifatmif oGm;ykwfavvGifhajymwJhoabma&muf &if
w&m;±Hk;udk raxrJhjrifðyr_eJ w&m;pGJqdkcH&Edkifygw,f? 'DvdkbJ aqmif&GufaeqJ
w&m;pD & if a &; vk y f i ef ; pOf r S m pG u f z uf & if / w&m;ol } uD ; / *sL&D v l } uD ; awG u d k
bufvdkufvmatmif qGJaqmif&if 'g[mvnf; w&m;±Hk;udk raxrJhjrifðyvkyfr_xJ
0ifoGm;ygw,f? aemuf+yD; w&m;±Hk;&J w&m;r_wr_twGuf pDrHaqmif&Gufr_udk
pGufzuf&if/ [efwm;&if/ [efwm;wJhoabm oufa&muf&ifvnf; w&m;±Hk;udk
raxrJhjrifðyvkyfw,fvdk w&m;±Hk;u ,lqygvdrfhr,f?
txufuwifjycJhwJh w&m;±Hk;udkraxrJhjrifðyvkyfr_jzpfEdkifwJhtcsufawGudk
=unf&h if/ owif;orm;awGeJ xw d w f ukd af wGbkd odyrf sm;aewJt
h ajctaeudk xifxif
&Sm;&Sm;bJ jrifEdkifygw,f? 'Dtajctae&J t&if;cHta=umif;uawmh r¾dKif (2) ck&J
,SOòf ydif &Sad er_a=umifv h kd bJ qd&k ygr,f? w&m;±H;k taeeJu w&m;pD&ifa&;r¾dKif wnfh
wnfhrwfrwf&Sdr_tay:rSm tm;ðyygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh w&m;r#wr_
&&Sdbdkqdkwm w&m;pD&ifa&;r¾dKif wnfhwnfhrwfrwf&SdrSom jzpfEdkifvdkjzpfygw,f?
w&m;pD&ifa&;r¾dKif wdr;f apmif;bdk jzpfEikd w f t
hJ ajctaeawGukd w&m;Oya'rloabm
u vHk;0vufrcHygbl;? pme,fZif;bufuvnf; vlxk[m udk,fhzmomudk,f csifhcsdef
pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfEikd b f kd twGuf vdt k yfrnfo h wif;tcsut f vufrsm;udak y;bdk pme,f
Zif;orm;rSm wm0ef&w dS ,fvkd cH,yl gw,f? Oya'u w&m;r#wr_udk tm;ðyygw,f?
pme,fZif;u owif;ay;r_tay:rSm tm;ðyygw,f? wcgwav owif;ay;vdkaZm
rsm;oGm;wJhtcg/ pme,fZif;orm;eJ w&m;±Hk;wdk xdyfwdkufawGrdwwfygw,f?
w&m;±H;k u tr_ppfaq;aeqJumvrSm owif;pmu "jr*d% k ;f rd+yDq+kd yD; "gwyf ekH J wuG
azmfjy vdkufwmrsdK;jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdkazmfjyvdkufwm[m w&m;&Hk;upD&ifcsufrcsrDS
owif;pmu w&m;pD&ifvu kd jf cif; (Trail by Press) oabmjzpf+y;D w&m;±H;k &J@aqmif
&GufaeqJw&m;pD&ifa&;vkyfief;pOfudk pGufzufovdkjzpfoGm;ygw,f? ,ckaemufydkif;
owif;orm;awGtaeeJ tawGtóuHrsm;vmwJhtwGufa=umifhrdk 'Dtydkif;rSm
jy\emenf;vmygw,f? w&m;±Hk;rSm ppfaq;qJtr_eJygwfoufvdk w&m;pD&ifr_
jzpfpOfudkoma&;+yD; a0zefcsuf/ rSwfcsufray;&if jy\emr&Sdygbl;? a0zefcsuf/
rSwfcsufay;rd&if jy\em &SdvmEdkifygw,f? 'gawmifrS trsm;jynfoltusdK;twGuf
oabm±d;k eJ a0zef&if uif;vGwcf iG &hf Edik yf gw,f? 'Duif;vGwcf iG ehf J pyfvsO;f +yD;pdw0f ifpm;
bdk aumif;wJt h r_wckukd wifjyvdyk gw,f? tJ'guawmh w&m;±H;k a&SwiG f ppfaq;aeqJ
(*) owif;pmvGwfvyfcGifhudkóud;qGJjcif;
owif;pmvGwfvyfcGifhudk óud;qGJw,fqdkwm owif;pmvGwfvyfcGifhudk
ydwyf ifcsKyfuikd vf ukd w f mr[kwb f J owif;pmudk ud, k t hf vdv k ukd v f matmif oG,0f u kd f
+yD;zdEydS v
f ukd w
f mjzpfygw,f? owif;pmvGwv f yfciG uhf kd wdu
k ±f u kd rf [kwb f J tpd;k & awG
u enf;vrf;aygi;f pHek J &mS }uH+yD;/ óud;udik b
f kd óud;pm;=uygw,f?xkwaf 0wJph mapmifta&
twGuo f wfrw S w f m/ pmapmifpmrsuEf mS owfrw S w f m/ pmrsuEf mS eJ owif;pmwef
bd;k tcsK;d usowfrw S wf m/ tcsyyf xkd nf&h if cGiðhf ycsuf awmif;&wm/ owif;at*sipf D
rsm;udk vuf0g;}uDtyk f 0g;rsKd wm pwJh enf;vrf;aygi;f pHek J o, G 0f u kd cf sKyfuikd +f yD;/ tkycf sKyf
olawGu owif;pmawGudk óud;udkifbdk óud;pm;ygw,f? tdENd,rSmjzpfcJhwJhtr_wck
pmudk;
(1) The Idea of Law
Dennis Lloyd (published by the penguin group)
(2) Constitutional Law of India
G.S.Pande (published by Allahabad Law Agency)
(3) Law for The Laymen
M.J.Antony (published by Hind Pocket Books (p) Ltd)
trsdK;om;nDvmcH
0if;armif
0ef}uD;csKyfopf Adv
k cf sKyfcifneG @f onf =o*kwv f 30 &ufae@wiG f vrf;jyajryk[ H k
ac:aom tcsuf (7) csufudk wdkif;jynfodk@ ausnmcJhonf? tcsuf (7) csufteuf
tcsuf (1) onf 1996 ckESpfu &yfem;xm;cJhaom trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk jyefusif;
y&ef[lI jzpfonf?
trsK;d om;nDvmcHonf jrefrmjynforl sm;. tem*wfu=H urRmudk zefw;D oGm;
rnfh nDvmcHjzpfayonf? jynfolrsm;/ tem*wfuH=urRmudk zefwD;rnfh nDvmcHjzpf
onfhtwGuf nDvmcHudkrnfolrsm;u usif;yoifhonf/ nDvmcHwGif rnfolrsm;u
yg0ifoifhonf[laom tcsufrSm tav;xm;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;jzpfayonf?
xdk@tjyif 1996 ckESpfu &yfem;xm;cJh&aom nDvmcHudk jyefvnfusif;yrnf[k
qdkaoma=umifh xdkpOfunDvmcHudk tb,fa=umifh &yfem;xm;cJh&onfudkvnf;
tav;teuf pOf;pm;&efvkdtyfayonf?
trsKd;om;nDvmcHjzpfay:vmjcif;. aemufa=umif;udk jyefaumuf&ygrl/
1989 ckEpS f ZGevf (9) &ufae@ ppftpd;k &u usi;f yaom (43) }udraf jrmuf owif;pm
&Sif;vif;yGJwGif a&G;aumufyGJY tEdkif&aomudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u 1947 ckESpf tajccH
Oya'udak omfvnf;aumif;/ 1974 ckEpS f tajccHOya'ok;H I tpd;k &zG@J Eikd af =umif;/ e0w
tpd;k &taejzifh tm%mv$aJ y;&ef toif&h adS =umif;/ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;utajccHOya'
ESpfckpvkH;udk róudufygu tajccHOya'topfudk a&;qGJEdkifa=umif; e0w (etz)
acgi;f aqmifu uwday;cJah y;onf? xd@k tjyif ppftpd;k &.ausnmcsut f rSwf 1§90
wGif tem*wf 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if .
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xm;&aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;.wm0efjzpfa=umif; az: jyxm;onf? xdka=umifh
trsK;d om;nDvmcHusi;f ycGi&hf o dS rl sm;rSm 1990 ckEpS w
f iG tf Edik &f xm;aom jynfo@l vw $ f
awmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;uom OD;aqmifusif;y&ef wm0ef&Sda=umif; &Sif;aeayonf?
od@k aomf ppftpd;k &.Adv k cf sKyf}u;D rsm;onf if;wd@k ay;xm;aom uwdrsm;/ if;wd@k xw k f
jyefxm;aom Oya'trde@f rsm;udk if;wd@k u, kd w
f ikd f csK;d azmufum Adv
k cf sKyfrsm; tm%m
v$r;f rd;k csKyfuikd rf nfh tajccHOya'jzpfa&;twGuf trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd 1993 ckEpS w f iG f
pDpOfusif;ycJhonf? xdktrsKd;om; nDvmcHwGifyg0if=uaom udk,fpm;vS,fpkpkaygif;
(702) OD;wGif jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f (99) OD;om yg0if+yD; Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;
u udk,fpm;vS,f (38) OD;omyg0ifonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,f (18)
&m cdik Ef e_ ;f r#om yg0ifciG &hf onf? Ttaetxm;ud=k unfyh g jynfov l x l v k vkd m;aom
tpdk;&w&yf/ jynfolvlxkvdkvm;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;aumif;pepfw&yf az:aqmifay;
rnfh trsKd;om;nDvmcH r[kwfa=umif;ay:vGifayonf?
jynfolrsm;vdkvm;aom trsKd;om;nDvmcH
nDvmcHtwGif;u tjzpftysufwcsKd@
rlv &nfrSef;csuf
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kd cf sKyfrsm;.tkycf sKyfrl w&m;0ifjzpfa&;/
tm%ma&&SnfudkifpGJa&; wdk@jzpfonf? tm%ma&&SnfudkifpGJa&;wGif tcsKyftjcm
tm%mudk ppftkyfpku wwfEdkifor# if;wdk@om csKyfudkifxm;a&;jzpfonf? tajc
taet& if;wd@k csn;f csKyfuikd &f efrjzpfawmhv#if t&yfom;rsm;tm; wpkw H &myg0ifap
um tm%mcsKyfudkifa&;omjzpfonf? trsKd;om;nDvmcH.csrSwfcJh+yD; tao;pdwfrl
rsm;udk=unfhv#if tm%mcsKyfudkifa&;twGuf atmufygxif&Sm;aom tcsufrsm;udk
awG@&rnfjzpfonf?
· trsK;d om;v$waf wmf (jynfo@l vw $ af wmf) wGif ppfwyfua&G;cs,af y;onfh
wyfrawmfom;rsm;onf jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;jzpfonf[lonfhtcsufudk
rarhoifyh g? ppfwyf0efxrf;ESihf t&yfbuf0efxrf; ESprf sK;d pvk;H onf jynfo@l 0efxrf;rsm;
omjzpfonf? ppft&m&SdudkrS wrlc|efI v$wfawmftrwfjzpfcGifh zefwD;ay;onfrSm
aZmufx;kd arSmufcHk 'Dru kd a&pDrsK;d jzpfacsrnf? 0efxrf;vnf; Edik if aH &;rvky&f [krqdv k /kd
odk@aomf 0efxrf;tjzpfESifh EdkifiHa&;wGifyg&ef roifhjcif;omjzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmif
qef;onfyifv#if Edik if aH &;vky&f ef Adv k cf sKyf&mxl;udk pGe@f co hJ nf r[kwyf gvm;?
vlOD;a&tcsKd;tpm;ESifhudk,fpm;ðyaom jynfol@v$wfawmfwGif oef; 50r#
aom vlO;D a&udk uk, d pf m;vS,f 330 uom ud, k pf m;ðy&+yD;/ vlO;D a& 4 ode;f r#&adS om
ppfwyfu udk,fpm;vS,fae&m 110 ,lxm;onfrSmvnf;/ enf;vrf;rusay?
txufv$wfawmfwGifvnf; udk,fpm;vS,fae&m. 4 ykH 1 ykHudk ppfwyfu,lxm;
onfrSm rwefr&m ,lxm;&musayonf? wyfrawmfom;v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f
qdkonfrSmvnf; a&G;aumufwifajrmufrnfvm; cef@tyfrnfvm; pOf;pm;p&mjzpf
onf? rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl ppfwyfu tm%mxdef;csKyfEdkifa&;twGuf jzpfEdkifor#
ud,k pf m;ðyr_rsm;rsm;,lxm;um tpk;d &zG@J rnfqv kd #if xdt
k pd;k &udk 'Dru
kd a&pDtpd;k &[k
ac:a0:okH;pGJ&efum; oifhav#mfrnfr[kwfay?
'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif tpdk;&tm%monf jynfolvlxkxHrSqif;+yD;/ tm
%m&Sipf epfwiG af wmh ajymif;jyefjzpfonf? 'Dru kd a&pDEiS t hf m%m&Sipf epf aygi;f pyfIr
&? 'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif tpdk;&udk jynfolrsm;u xdef;csKyfonf? tm%m&SifpepfwGif
jynfou l kd tm%m&Sirf sm;u xde;f csKyfonf? 'Dru kd a&pDpepfwiG f jynfow l ikd ;f Edik if aH &;
wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh&Sdonf? tm%m&SifpepfwGif jynfolwdk@yg0ifr_udk uef@owf
onf? oef; 50 aom jrefrmjynforl sm;vdv k m;csu/f usK;d yef;csurf mS 'Dru kd a&pDtpd;k &
pepfay: aygufa&;jzpfonf? jynfolrsm;u xdef;csKyf&rnfhtpdk;&pepfrsKd;jzpfonf?
aemufwcsurf mS 1990 ckEpS f arv a&G;aumufy&JG v'ftay: rnfo@kd oabm
xm;=uonfqo kd nfyif jzpfonf? Adv k cf sKyf}uD; cifneG @f u vrf;nGecf suf (7) csuw f iG f
wdkif;jynfudk pnf;urf;&Sdaom 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwnfaqmufoGm;rnf[k az: jyjcif;rSm
aus;Zl;wif&rvkdyif? okd@aomf rl/ pnf;rsOf;/ Oya'rsm;udk vdkufemwwfrS pnf;urf;&Sd
aom 'Dru kd a&pD qdo k nf jzpfvmEdik o f nf? rl/ pnf;rsO;f / Oya'rsm;udk vdu k ef mjcif;r&Syd g
bJ igvkyfcsifwm igvkyfrnfqdkv#if rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# pnf;urf;&Sdaom 'Drdkua&pD
EdkifiHjzpfay:vmrnfr[kwfay? 1990 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJonf 1989 ckESpfu jyXmef;
cJah om a&G;aumufyOJG ya't& ay:ayguv f mjcif;jzpfonf? xdak &G;aumufy&JG v'ftm;
,cktcsed t f xd todtrSwrf ðy vpfvsL±_aejcif;rSm Oya'udk av;pm;vdu k ef mwwfr_
r&Sdjcif;omjzpfonf? Oya't& jzpfay:cJhaom udpP&yfudk vpfvsL±_xm;jcif;onf
Oya'rJh/ rlrJh/ pnf;rJhvGef;&musonf? tem*wfrsKd;qufrsm;twGufvnf; Ttavh
txrsK;d udk tarGray;oifyh g? 1990 ckEpS f a&G;aumufy&JG v'fukd rlrahJ bmifryhJ pfy,f+yD;
aemufxyfa&G;aumufyGJusif;yum tpdk;&zGJ@yguvnf; rlrJhabmifrJh ypfy,fav;OD;r
vm; qkdonfukd&wufrat;&ao;ay?
tJeft,fvf'DygwDESifh a&G;aumufyGJwGiftEdkif&xm;aom ygwDrsm;ukdum;
vpfvsL±_um/ +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfxm;aom vufeufukdiftpktzGJ@rsm;/ ukdnDvmcH
twGuu f , dk pf m;vS,af y;yk@d &ef zdtm;ay;wdu k wf eG ;f aejcif;/ vuf&v dS ufeufuidk x f m;
qJtzGJ@rsm;udkvnf; pnf;±kH;zdwfr¾u jyKaejcif;onfum; &Sif;aeyg.? ppftpdk;&
taejzifh uwdu0wf/ Oya' rlpnf;urf;rsm;ESihf jynfow l @dk .qENoabmxm;rsm;ukd
tav;rxm;bJ usif;yrnf qkdonfh trsdK;om;nDvmcHonfum; if;wdk@tkyfpdk;r_
w&m;0ifjzpfa&;/ tm%mxde;f csKyfa&; [lonfh rlvyef;wkid af [mif;ukd ZGwq f aJG c:oGm;
aejcif;omjzpfa=umif; &Sif;aeayawmhonf? jynfolwkd@tzkd@ pnf;urf;&Sdaom 'Drkd
ua&pDEikd af wmfuadk z:aqmifay;rnfh trsKd ;om;nDvmcHrsKd ;ESit hf vSr;f a0;aeayOD;rnf?
w&m;pD&ifa&;
qwf'rf[pl ed wf &m;pD&ifa&;tcuftcJ
rnfonfhw&m;&kH;rSmw&m;pD&ifrvJ
EdkifiHwum&mZ0wfw&m;&kH; (International Criminal Court) rSm
w&m;pGJEdkifrvm;qdkonfudk pOf;pm;=uonf? EdkifiHwum&mZ0wfw&m;&kH;udk 2002
ckEpS f {+yDv (11) &ufae@wiG f twnfðyzG@J pnf;cJo h nf? TEdik if w
H um &mZ0wfw&m;
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pD&ifrnfjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; Tw&m;&kH;u 2002 ckESpf Zlvdkifv (1) &ufae@
aemufydkif;rS usL;vGefr_rsm;udkom w&m;pD&if&rnfjzpfonf?
EdkifiHwumw&m;&kH; oabmwlnDcsufwGif tD&wfESifhtar&duefjynf
axmifpkEdkifiHwdk@onf oabmwl vufrSwfxkd;xm;jcif;r&Sdyg?
EdkifiHwum&mZ0wfw&m;&kH; (International Criminal Court) wGif
tr_ppfaq;Edik &f efrmS vnf; w&m;pGEJ ikd af vmufaom oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;
vkt d yfO;D rnf[k vl@tcGit hf a&;v_y&f mS ;aqmif&Gufol a&S@aersm;u qdkygonf? vGefcJh
aom (12) ESpfausmfu "gwkvufeufrsm;okH;I u'fpf aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd t&yfom;rsm;
tm; tpkvu kd t f òyHvukd af oap&ef trde@f ay;cJjh cif;tay: w&m;pGq J Ekd ikd af prnfh tajccH
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aumifpu D vnf; qwf'rf[pl ed Ef iS hf if;. tpd;k &tzG@J rsm;udk ppfaq;&ef ppf&mZ0wfc&Hk ;Hk
udk qwf'rf[lpdef rzrf;rD&ufydkif;tvdkurS zGJ@pnf;&ef oabmwlcJh=uonf?
od@k aomf &k;H zGi&hf ef taqmuftOD;r&Sad o;jcif;/ aiGa=u;rvkaH vmufao;jcif;/
0efxrf;rsm;r&Sad o;jcif;/ w&m;ol}uD;ESihf vkòH cH a&;0efxrf;rsm;rcef@Eikd af o;jcif;a=umifh
qwf'rf[pl ed . f tr_ukd b,fawmh ppfaq;Edik rf nfukd rcef@reS ;f Edik af o;a=umif; tD&wf
tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0ifrsm;u qdkonf? tD&wfEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftrsm;
tjym;url jynfwGif;Yom tr_udkppfaq;apvdk=uonf? odk@aomf EdkifiHjcm;om;tkyf
csKyfr_atmufu vGwf+yD;rSom tr_udkppfaq;oifha=umif; oabmxm;&Sd=uonf?
qwf'rf[lpdef.orD;rsm;jzpf=uaom &uf*wfqwf'rfESifh &mem qwf'rfwdk@url
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aom ta&;}uD;onfrh w l &yf xm;&So d ifah =umif; if;.oabmxm;udk wifjycJo h nf?
ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; udkzDtmeefu w&m;&kH;tm;vkH;
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. pkaqmif;xm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;a=umifh vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfr_ESifh tjcm;
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&ef qEN&Sd=uonf?
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twGuf w&m;&ifqdkif&Edkifa=umif; cef@rSef;ajymqdkae=uonf?
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yxr yifv,fauG@ppfyGJt+yD; WMD udpPESifhywfoufI UN vufeuf
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rnfonfh ta=umif;wpkHw&mrS qkH;jzwfEdkifcJhjcif; r&SdcJhay?
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(Panafrican News Agency (PANA) 26/10/2003)
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aemufxyf Oya'w&yfukd a&;qGjJ yXmef;vmjcif;jzpfygonf? ( Reuters) (Asian Age
October 15, 2003)