Physics em PDF

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Dr. G.Satheesh Reddy

D.R.D.O, Chairman
Govt. of India.
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Chapter
Heat
1
1/2 MARK QUESTION’S
1. Which of the following is warming process ?
Ans:
2.
Ans:
A) Evaporation
B (Condensation)
1 B) Condensation C) Boiling
Water at normal atmospheric pressure boils at ................

A) 00C
B(1000C)
B) 1000C C) 2500C
D) All the above
D) 500C
3. Three bodies A, B and C are in thermal equilibrium. The temperature of B is 450C. Then the tempera-
ture of ‘C’ is .........................................
A) 450C B) 500C C) 400C D) any temperature
0
Ans: A (45 C)
4. When ice melts, its temperature ........
A) remains constantB) increase C) decreases D) Can not say
Ans: A ( remains constant)
5. The temperature of a steel rod is 330K. Its temperature in 0C
Ans: 570C
6. The formula for Specific heat S =
Ans: Q/m T
7. Equal amount of spirit is taken in a pan , cup, saucer and a watch glass. In which of them,the
evaporation takes place slowly.
Ans: Cup
8. The Doctor checked the body temperature of a 10th class student and said his body temperature is
310 K. The body temperature of that boy in Celsius scale.
Ans: 370C
9. Statement A : Evaporation is a cooling process.
Statement B : Boiling is a warming process.
Which one of the following is true ?
A) A is true and B is true. B) A is true and B is not true.
C) A is false and B is true. D) A is false and B is false.
Ans: B
10. The S.I. unit of specific heat is ...............
Ans: J / kg -K
11. 1. Restricts Visibility ( ) A. humidity
2. Amount of water vapour present in air ( ) B. condensation
3. Water droplets condensed on flowers ( ) C. boiling
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4. Phase change from liquid to gas ( ) D. Fog

at constant temperature
Ans: 1-D, 2-A,3-B,4-C
12. Which of the following is Cooling process ?
A) Evaporation B) Condensation C) Boiling D) All the above
Ans: A(Evaporation)
13. Which of the following are not true
3. The furniture in the room is in thermal equilibrium with air in the room
4. To transfer the heat energy two bodies should have the same temperature
Ans: 1
14. Which of the following are true
1. Heat is form of energy that flows from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature
2. Temperature determines direction of Heat
3. Heat & Temperature are cause and effect
4. Temperature is a quantity that denotes which body is hotter and which is colder
Ans: Above all.
15. P : The average kinetic energy of the molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature
Q : Rate of rise in temperature doesn’t depends on nature of the substance
A)P: True , Q: False B) P: False , Q: True C) P: True , Q: True D) P: False, Q: False
Ans: A
16. P: During evaporation temperature of the system will decrease
Q: Evaporation is a cooling process
A) P: True, Q: True B) P: True, Q: False C) P: False, Q: True D) P; False, Q: False
Ans: A
17. What are the observation made by you in the process of Boiling of water
A) The temperature of the water rises continuously till it reaches 1000C
B) The solubility of gases decreases during boiling
C) Boiling is a process in which the liquid phase to gaseous phase at a constant temperature
D) Above all
Ans: D
18. Which of the following are true in the case of Specific Heat
1) Specific heat depends on nature of the substance.
2) Specific heat depends on mass of the substance.
3) if specific heat is high the rate of rise in temperature is low.
4) if specific heat is less the rate of rise in temperature is low.
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Ans: 1 & 3
19. Assertion(A) : Bottle contains full of water will break on freezing
Reason(R) : Volume of the water decreases on freezing
A) A is True, R is True B) A is False, Ris True C) A is True ,R is False D) A is False , R is False
Ans: C
20. Write the following material in Ascending of their specific heats. Copper, Water, Zinc, Ice & Glass
Ans: Zinc, Copper, Glass, Ice & Water
21. P: Heat energy required to change the state of 1 gm of water from liquid to gas at constant temperature
is called Latent heat of Vaporization
Q: Latent heat of vaporization of water is 540 cal/ gram
A) P: True , Q: False B) P: False , Q: True C) P: True , Q: True D) P: False, Q: False
Ans: C
22. Factors affecting the Rate of evaporation
A) Surface Area of Liquid B) Temperature C) Wind speed D) Above all
Ans: D
23. What would be the final temperature of a mixture of 50gr of water at 200C temperature and 50grms
of water at 400C
A) 300C B) 400C C) 500C D) 150C
Ans: A (300C )
24. Freezing of water takes place at a temperature and pressure.
Ans: 00C Temperature & 1 atmosphere pressure.
25. Which of the following are True
1) The temperature of the ice doesn’t change during melting
2) Value of latent heat of fusion is 80 Cal/ grm
3) In melting process a substance in liquid state converts into solid
4) If you decrease the temperature Ice melts into water
1 MARK QUESTION’S
0
1. Convert 25 C into Kelvin scale ?
Ans. 250 C (25 273) K 298K
2. Convert 300K into 0C ?
Ans. 300K = (300 – 273)0C = 270C
4. A samosa appears to be cool when touched outside but it is hot when we eat it , why ?
Ans. A samosa appears to be cool outside but it is hot when we eat it because the curry inside the samosa
contains ingredients with higher specific heats. Hence they remain not for a long time.
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6. Why do we sweat while doing a work?

Ans. When we work our body produces heat. As a result the temperature of the skin becomes higher and the
water in the sweat glands starts evaporating. This evaporation cools the body.
7. What happens to the water when wet clothes dry?
Ans. Water evaporates and mixes with air in the surroundings.
8. Equal amounts of water are kept in a cap and in a dish. Which will evaporates faster?
Ans. Evaporation of liquids depends on the surface area. Therefore, water taken in a dish evaporate faster since
the surface area of the dish is more than the surface area of a cap.
10. Why do pigs toil around in the mud ?

Ans. Pigs donot have sweat glands. Water in the mud evaporates and helps the pig to be cool from heat. So
pigs toil in the mud during summer.
11. Define Evaporation ?
Ans. The process of escaping of molecules from the surface of a liquid at any temperature is called evaporation.
Evaporation is a cooling process.
12. Explain Boiling ?
Ans. Boiling is a process in which the liquid phase changes to gaseous phase at a constant temperature at a
given pressure. This constant temperature is called boiling point of the liquid.
13. Are the processes of evaporation and boiling the same?
Ans. No, Evaporation takes place at any temperature, while boiling occurs at a definite temperature called the
boiling point.
14. What is humidity ?
Ans. The amount of water vapour present in air is called humidity.
15. Define condensation ?
Ans: The phase change from gas to liquid is called condensation.
16. Define Dew .
Ans: Dew is deposit of water drops formed on cold surfaces by condensation of water vapour in air.
17. Define Fog.
Ans: Fog is a thick cloud that remains suspended in the atmosphere at near the surface of the earth that
restricts visibility.
18. Define freezing .
Ans: The process in which the a substance in liquid phase changes to solid phase by losing some of its energy
is called freezing.
19. Define Melting.
Ans: The process in which solid phase changes to liquid phase at a constant temperature is called melting. This
constant temperature is called melting point.
20. Define Latent heat of vapourization.
Ans. The heat energy required to change 1 unit mass of liquid to gas at constant temperature is called latent
heat of vapourization.
Q
L
m
2. The value of Latent heat of vapourization of water is 540 cal /gm.
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21. Define Latent heat of fusion.
Ans. The amount of heat energy required to convert 1 unit mass of a solid to liquid at a constant temperature is
called Latent heat of fusion.
Q
L
m
2. The value of Latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 cal /gm. A
22. Why does ice floats on water ? Thermometers
Ans. The density of ice is less than that of water. Hence ice floats on water. B
23. From the given figure, in which the therometer murcury level increases.
Ans. A
coconut oil
250C
750C hot water
2 MARKS QUESTION’S
1. Write the differences between Temperature and Heat ?(OR)
How can you differentiate Temperature from heat ?
Ans : Temperature Heat
1. The degree of hotness or coldness 1. Heat is a form of energy in transits that
of a body is called temperature is transferred from a body at higher
temperature to a body at lower temperature.
2. The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K). 2. The SI unit of heat is Joule (J)
It can also be expressed as degree Celsius (0C). and CGS unit is calorie (cal).
0
3. 0 C = 273K 3. 1cal = 4.186 joules.
4.Temperature decides direction of heat 4. Heat is the energy itself that flows.
(energy) flow.
2. Write the differences between evaporation and boiling. ?

Ans : Evaporation Boiling
1. The process of escaping of molecules from 1. Boiling is a process in which the liquid phase changes to
the surface of a liquid at any temperature is gaseous phase at a constant temperature at a given
called evaporation. pressure.
2. Evaporation takes place at any temperature. 2. It takes place only at aparticular temperature called
boiling point.
3. It is a surface phenomenon. 3. It is bulk phenomenon.
4. It depends on surface area and temperature. 4. It depends on the kinetic energy of system.
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3. Your friend is not able to differentiate between evaporation and boiling. What questions do you
ask to make him know the differences between evaporation and boiling?
Ans. 1. What is meant by evaporation ?.
2. What is meant by boiling ?
3. At what temperature evaporation take place ?
4. At what temperature boiling take place ?
4. Why transfer of heat energy takes place between systems? (Or) What is thermal equilibrium?
Ans. When two bodies are placed in thermal contact, heat energy will be transferred from the ‘hotter’ body to the
‘colder’ body. This transfer of heat energy is continued till both bodies attain same degree of hotness (or)
coldness. At this stage, we say that the bodies have achieved ‘thermal equilibrium’. Thus, the state of
thermal equilibrium denotes the state of a body where it neither receives nor gives out heat energy.
Ans. Thermal equilibrium means all bodies have equal temperature. So the temperature of C is also 3000C .In
thermal Equilibrium conditions, no heat transfer takes place because heat transfer takes place only when
there is temperature difference.
6. What role does specific Heat capacity play in a watermelon to keep it Cool for long time after
removing it from a fridge on a hot day?
Ans. When a watermelon is removed from a fridge on a hot day it retains its coolness for a long time because.
1. It contains large amount of water.
2. And water has greater specific heat capacity value.
7. How do you appreciate the role of higher specific capacity value of water in establishing
atmospheric temperature during winter and summer seasons?
Ans: During winter the rate of evaporation is less. Hence much heat is not absrobed by water from the
surroundings.Hence warmness is maintained. So, the temperatures during winter remain constant for long
time. During summer the water evaporates quickly and during this process it takes heat from the
atmospheric air and surroundings, so the temperature of the surrounding air decrease a little. As such
the temperature would be a little less than its actual reading.
8. Venkatesh mother gave a cup of a hot tea to Venkatesh father. Father asked venkatesh to cool
the tea. He kept the cup of tea under the moving fan. He made the tea cool and gave to his father.
Why venkatesh kept the tea under the fan?
Ans: 1. If air is blown over the tea cup, increases evaporation as it removes the molecules. As soon as they
escape from the tea, this increases the rate of evaporation.
2. We know that evaporation is a cooling process.
9. Explain , why dogs pant during hot summer days using the concept of evaporation ?
Ans. 1. Dogs pant during hot summer days and get their body cooled. This cooling effect is due to evaporation.
evaporation is a surface phenomenon.
2. Dogs don’t have sweat glands. Their body is covered with hair. They have sweat glands only in their feet.
3. So by panting the water on the tongue evaporates resulting in the cooling of the dogs body.
10.
Ans. The temperature of surrounding air is higher than the temperature of the cold soft drink. Air contains water
molecules in the form of vapour. When the molecules of water in air, during their motion, strike the surface
of cold soft drink bottle which is cool, then the molecules of air lose their kinetic energy which leads to
lower the temperature and they get converted into droplets.
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11. If you are chilly outside the shower stall, why do you feel warm after the bath if you stay in
bathroom?
Ans. 1. In the bathroom , the number of vapour molecules per unit volume is grater than the number of vapour
molecules per unit volume outside the bathroom.
2. When we try to dry ourselves with a towel, the vapour molecule surrounding us condense on our skin.
3. Condensation is a warming process, hence we feel warm.
1. Observe the specific heats of different substances. Answer the following questions.
Substance Specific heat
In cal/g-oC. In J/Kg-K
Lead 0.031 130
Mercury 0.033 139
Brass 0.092 380
Kerosene 0.50 2100
Ice 0.50 2100
Water 1 4180
1. If we supply same amount of heat energy for Mercury and Lead which absorbs the heat
energy rapidly ? why ?
Ans. Lead receives heat energy rapidly due to low specific heat value.
2. Which of the substances in the table absorb heat energy rapidly, when compared to ice ?
Ans. The substances which have less specific heat than ice heated more rapidly
3. Which of the liquids in the table loose heat energy rapidly, when compared to water ?
Ans. Any liquid otherthan water looses heat energy more rapidly compared to water, because
their specific heat values are less than that of water.They are mercury and kerosene.
4.Write the SI Unit of Specific heat?
Ans. J/KgK
2. Answer the following questions by using the data given in the table.
Substance Specific heat (Cal / gm- oC)

Copper 0.095
Iron 0.115
Aluminium 0.21
Water 1.00
(a) Write the SI Unit of Specific heat?

(b) Which substance used as bottom of the cooking vessels? Why?
(c) What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1gm of water through 10C?
(d) Depending on the above table what are the factors effecting the specific heat?
Ans. i. J/Kg-K
ii. Copper. Because copper has low specific heat value so it heats quickly.
iii. 1 cal or 4.186 joulesJ/Kg-K
iv. Nature of the substance.
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3. Temperatures of two cities at different times are given as follows :

Time At 6AM At 11.30AM At 6 PM
City
A -3 0 C 300K 50C
B 271 K 27 0 C 270 K
On the basis of above table, answer the following questions.

1. In which city, the morning temperature at 6 o’ Clock is relatively high ?
2. At what time , both cities are having the equal temperature ?
Ans. 1. B city
2. At 11.30 AM
4. What would be the final temperature of a mixture of 50g of water at 200C temperature and
50g of water at 400C temperature ?
Ans. Mass of cool water m1 50 g , Its temperature T1 200 C
Mass of hot water m2 50 g , Its temperature T2 400 C
T1 T2 20 40
Final temperature of mixture = T = = 30
2 2
Final temperature of the mixture T = 300 C
5. Explain the procedure of finding specific heat of solid / Lead shots experimentally.
Ans. Aim: To find the specific heat of a given solid.
Material required : Calorimeter, thermometer, stirrer, water, steam heater, wooden box and lead
shots.
Procedure :
1. Measure the mass of calorimeter with stirrer = m1 gms.
2. Fill one third of the volume of Calorimeter with water.Measure its mass and temperature.
3. Mass of calorimeter with water = m2 gms.
4. Mass of water in calorimeter = ( m2 -m1 ) gms.
5. Initial temperature of water and Calorimeter = T1.
6. Take a few lead shots in steam heater and heat upto 1000C. Let this temperature be T2.
7. Transfer the hot lead shots, quickly into calorimeter without heat loss. After some time it
settles at certain temperature T3.Find the mass of contents. Let it be m3.
8. Mass of lead shots = ( m3 - m2 ) gms.
9. Let S , SW , SC are specific heats of lead shot, water and calorimeter respectively..
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10. According to principle of method of mixtures.

Heat lost by hot solid = Heat gained by Calorimeter + Heat gained by water
( m3 m2 ) S (T2 – T3) = m1 Sc (T3 – T1) + (m2 – m1) Sw (T3 – T1)
[ m1SC ( m2 m1 ) SW ](T3 T1 )
S
( m3 m2 ) (T2 T3 )
Knowing the specific heat capacities of calorimeter and water, we can calculate the specific heat of the
solid pieces.
6. Write the factors that effect the process of evaporation. Explain with suitable examples.
Ans. Process of evaporation is effected by temperature,surface area, wind speed , and humidity.
1. Temperature : As temperature increases , the average kinetic energy of the molecules increase. Hence
rate of evaporation increases.
Ex : The rate of evaporation is high during the day time when compared with during night time.
2. Surface area: As free surface area exposed to atmosphere increases, more number of molecules
escape into the atmosphere. So rate of evaporation increases.
Ex :The water kept in a china dish evaporates faster than in a cup because of more surface area.
3.Wind speed : As wind speed increases , the molecules present just above the liquid surface move away
and allow the liquid molecules present on the surface to evaporate.
Ex :Water in wet the wet clothes kept under fan evaporates faster than in normal conditions.
4. Humidity : If the humidity is more, atmosphere can not hold excess vapour from the liquid surface. Hence
rate of evaporation decreases with increase in humidity.
Ex :Water in wet clothes evaporates faster on a less humid day than on a more humid day.
7. Suggest an experiment to prove that rate of evaporation of liquid depends on its surface area.
Ans: Method : 1.Take a test tube and a saucer.
2. Pour 1ml spirit in a test tube and an equal amount of spirit in a saucer.
3. Put them under the Sun.
Observation : We observe the spirit in the saucer evaporates faster.
Conclusion :
8. Suggest an experiment to prove that rate of evaporation of liquid depends on vapour already
present in surrounding air.
Ans: Method : 1. Take two china dishes.
2. Pour 100 ml of sprit in both dishes.
3. Keep one in out side of the class room and other one in class room.
Observation : We observe the volume of sprit kept at out side is less than that of in the class
room.Because density of vapour present in air out side the class room is less than that
of density in the class room.
Conclusion : Rate of Evaporation of liquid depends on vapour already present in surroundings.
9. Explain the process of condensation with example ?
Ans: Procedure : Place a glass tumbler on the table. Pour cold water upto half of its height.
Observation : Water droplets are formed outside of the glass.
Explantion :
1. Air contains water molecules in the form of vapour.
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2. When the molecules of water in air, during their motion, strike the surface of the glass tumbler which
is cool, they lose their kinetic energy which lowers their temperature and they get converted into
droplets.
3. In this way the process of phase change from gas to liquid is called condensation.
4. The energy lost by water molecle in air is gained by the water molecules of the glass tumbler.
5. The average kinetic energy of water molecules in the tumbler rises. Hence we concluded that
condensation is a warming process.
Conclusion :
Condesation is the phase change from gas to liquid.
10. Calculate heat energy required to change 12g of ice at -100c into water vapour at1000 c.
Solution :
Stage-1 : Required heat energy to convert
ice at -100c to ice at 00c Q1 = MSDT
= 12x1/2x[0-(-10)] [Spe.heat of ice = 1/2 cal/
0
g c]
= 12x1/2x10
= 6 cal x 10 = 60 cal
ice at 00c to water at 00c Q2 = ML
=12x80 = 960 cal[ L= Latent heat of fusion of water 80 cal]

water at 00c to water at 1000c Q3 = MSDT
= 12x1x(100-0)
= 12x1x100 Cal
= 1200 Cal
water at 1000c to water vapour at 1000c Q4 = ML
= 12x540
= 540 Cal x12
= 6480 Cal
Required heat energy to change 12g of ice at -100c

into water vapour at 1000c = Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4
= 60+960+1200+6480
= 8700 Cal
11. Answer these :
a) How much energy is transferred when 1 gm of water vapour at 1000C condenses to water
at 1000C ?
:: 12 ::
b) How much energy is transferred when 1 gm of boiling water at 1000C cools to water at 00C ?
How much energy is released or obsorbed when 1 gm of water at 00C freezes to ice at 00C ?
d) How much energy is released or obsorbed when 1 gm of steam at 1000C turns to ice at 00C ?
Ans. a. Mass of water (m) = 1 gm
Heat released from 1 gm of water vapour at 1000C. When convert
into water at 1000C = Latent heat of vapourization = 540 cal/gm
`
Heat energy require to change (Q) = mL
= 1 X 540 = 540 cal
b. Heat released from 1 gm of water vapour at 1000C when converted
into water at 1000C = Latent heat of vapourization
= 540 cal/gm
0
` Heat energy released from water at 100 C
to convert into water at 00C = m s DT = 1x 1 x (1000C-00C) = 100 cal
Total energy released = 540 + 100= 640 cal.
c. Mass of water (m) = 1 gm
Heat released from 1 gm of water at 00C
when converted into ice at 00C = Latent heat of fusion
= 80 cal/gm
` Heat energy released (Q) = mL
= 1 X 80 = 80 cal
d. Step 1 :
Heat released from 1 gm of water vapour at 1000C
when converted into water at 1000C (Q1) = Latent heat of vapourization
= mL
= 1 X 540 = 540 cal
Step 2 :
Heat energy released from water at 1000C
to convert into water at 00C (Q2) = m s DT
= 1x 1 x (1000C-00C)
= 100 cal
Step 3:
Heat released from 1 gm of water at 00C
when converted into ice at 00C (Q3) = Latent heat of fusion
= 80 cal/gm
Total energy released = Q1+ Q2+ Q3
= 540 + 100 + 80 = 720 cal.
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UNIT REFRACTION AT PLANE

2 SURFACES
1/2 MARK QUESTION’S

1. The refractive index of glass is 1.5 and the refractive index of Diamond is 2.42. In which
medium the speed of light is more ?
Ans. Glass
2. Which physical quantity does not change during the refraction ?
Ans. Frequency
3. When the pencil is kept in a glass of water it seems to be broken. Why ?
Ans. Refraction.
4. What is the reason for twinkling of stars ?
Ans. Refraction.
5. What is the critical angle of water.
Ans. 48.750
6. Write the formula for critical angle ?
1 1
Ans. C Sin
n
7. Reason for shining of Diamond ?
Ans. Total internal reflection.
8. What is principle involved behind the formation of mirages ?
9. Working principle of optical fibre ?
10. How many time does the light ray refract , when the light passes through a glass slab before it
exists ?
Ans. 2
11. The angle of deviation , when the light passes through a glass slab?
Ans. 00.
12. If the temperature of the medium increases , what happens to its refractive indes ?
Ans. Increases.
13. Formula for refractive index of the glass slab , when light passes through a glass slab ?
Thickness of glass slab
Ans. n Thickness of glass slab vertical shift
14. What is the refractive index of the Benzene ?
Ans. 1.50.
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15. What is the cause of refraction of light ?

Ans. Change in speed of light.
16. Formula for absolute refractive index ?
c Speed of light in vaccum
Ans. n v Speed of light in the medium
17. Why the sun appears in oval shape during morning and evening times ?
Ans. Refraction.
18. In which case Snell’s law is not applicable ?
Ans. Normal incidence.
19. The perpendicular distance between the path of the incident ray and the path of emergent ray,
when light passes through a glass slab.
Ans. Lateral shift.
20. What will be the radius of an optical fibre ?
Ans. 1 Micrometer =10-6m.
21. Which quantity will compare the refractive indices of two media ?
Ans. Relative refractive index.
22. If an angle of incidence is 900, what is the corresponding angle of incidence called ?
Ans. Critical angle.
23. In which condition Refraction does not occur ?
Ans: Light incident normal to the surface

24. P : Total internal reflection is main reason for brilliance of diamonds
Q: To get Total internal Reflection ray should pass from denser to rarer medium
A) P: True, Q: False B) P: False , Q: True C) P: True , Q: True , D) P: False, Q: False
Ans: P: True, Q: False
25. Match the following
Material Refractive Index
1. Air a) 2.42
2. Water b) 1.50
3. Diamond c) 1.33
4. Glass d) 1.00
Ans: 1-d, 2-c, 3-a, 4-b
26. Assertion : Glass Slab Refracted the light ray
Reason : Glass slab separated by surrounding medium
A) Assertion True, Reason False B) Assertion False, Reason True
C) Assertion False, Reason False D) Assertion True , Reason True
:: 15 ::
Ans: Assertion True , Reason True

27. Assertion : It is difficult to shoot a fish swimming in water
Reason : Due to Refraction fish in water doesn’t change its position
A) Assertion True, Reason False B) Assertion False, Reason True
C) Assertion False, Reason False D) Assertion True , Reason True
Ans: Assertion True, Reason False
28. The number of telephone signals transmitted through opical fibre?
Ans: 2000
29. The optical device which is used to examine the inner parts of nose, stomach by doctors.
Ans: The group of Optical fibre’s
30. The correct order of refractive indices
a) water < air < benzene < kerosene b) kerosene < water < benzene < air
c) air < water < kerosene < benzene d) air < kerosene < benzene < water
Ans: air < water < kerosene < benzene
31. The correct order of speed of light in the given substances
a) air < kerosene < benzene b) benzene < kerosene < water < air
c) kerosene > air > benzene d) air > benzene > kerosene
Ans: benzene < kerosene < water < air
32. The refractive index values of different material are given under
Material Refractive index
Crown glass 1.52
Ruby 1.71
Ice 1.31
Sapphire 1.77
Imagine , in which of the above , the speed of light is greater.
Ans: Ice
33. How is an arrow mark drawn on a paper appears whren placed on one side of glass beaker
filled with water and watches from the other side ?
Ans: The arrow mark appers in opposite direction.
1 MARK QUESTION’S
1. What is meant by refraction?
Ans. The bending of light while travelling from one medium to another medium due to change of speed of
light is called refraction.
2. What is the cause of refraction of light ?
Ans. Light travels with different speeds in different media. The bending (or) refraction of light occurs due to
the change in speed of light as it passes from one medium to another.
:: 16 ::
3. Define refractive index ( OR ) absolute refractive index.
Ans. The ratio between speed of light in vacuum and speed of light in a medium is called absolute refractive
index (n).
Speed of light in vaccum C
n
Speed of light in medium V
4. What are the factors that influence refractive index?
Ans. 1. Nature of the medium. 2. Wavelength of the light. 3. Temperature.
5. In which cases a light ray does not deviate at the interface of two media?
Ans. 1. A light ray does not deviate at interface of two media when it is incident normally.
2. When the refractive indeces of two media are equal.
6. Does refraction of light mean just a change in the direction of light propagation ?
Ans. No. Direction of light propagation can be changed even by reflection from a mirror. But when light
travels from one medium to another , the change in the direction of light propagation is called refraction.
7. Do the frequency and wavelength change when light passes from a rarer to a denser medium ?
Ans. When light passes from a rarer to denser medium, wavelength of light changes but frequencyremains unchanged.
8. A straight rod appears bent in water. Why ?
Ans. A straight rod suffers refraction at surface of water. So the rod is appears to be bent in water.
9. Why it is too difficult to shoot a fish swimming in the water?
Ans. It is very difficult to shoot a fish swimming in water, because its position appears to be shifted up from its
original position due to refraction.
10. Why do stars appear twinkling?
Ans. Stars appear twinkling due to multiple refractions of light through different atmospheric layers with
different refractive indices.
11. Does apparent depth of a tank of water change if viewed obliquely ? If so, does the apparent depth
increase or decrease ?
Ans. Yes, The apparent depth decreases for oblique viewing from its value of normal viewing.
12. For which material the value of refractive index is (i) minimum and (ii) maximum ?
Ans. (i) Refractive index is minimum for vacuum(n=1).
(ii) Refractive index is maximum for Diamond (n=2.42).
13. State Snell’s law of refraction of light ?
Ans. According to Snell’s law , the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence and the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for a given pair of media. This constant is called refractive index of the second
medium w.r.t. first medium.
Sin i
n (n = constant)
Sin r
:: 17 ::
14. When does Snell’s law of refraction fail ?
Ans. Snell’s law of refraction fails when light is incident normally on the surface of a refracting medium. In
such, a situation i = 0 and r = 0. The ratio of Sin i / Sin r not defined.
15. What is critical angle?
Ans. Critical angle(c):- The angle of incidence at which the light ray travelling from denser to rarer , grazes
the interface is called ‘Critical angle’ for denser medium .
16. Define Total internal reflection.
Ans. When the angle of incidence in the denser medium is greater than the critical angle (>C), the light ray gets
reflected into denser medium without entering the rarer medium . This phenomenon is called Total inter-
nal reflection.
17. Optical fibre cables are oftenly used in tele-communications. What is the working principle
behind the optical fibre?
Ans. The working principle of optical fibre is “Total internal reflection”.
18. What is lateral shift in refraction ?
Ans. The perpendicular disatance between incident ray and emergent ray of the refracting medium with
parallel faces is called lateral shift.
19. The refractive index of Benzene is 1.5. What is the meaning of this statement in relation to speed
of light ?
Ans. It means that light travels 1.5 times faster in vacuum than in Benzene.
20. A light ray passes from medium I to medium II. Which of the following quantities of refracted ray
will differ from that of the incident ray?
Speed, intensity, frequency , wavelength.
Ans. Speed, intensity and wave length will differ from that of incident ray.
21. Whagt happens to a light ray when it falls perpendicular to one side of the slab surface ?
Ans. It comes out without any deviation.
22. Write the material required in finding out the relation between angle of incidence and angle of
refraction ?
Ans. A plank, scale, protractor, small black painted plank, white chart, a semi circular glass disc of
thickness nearly 2 cm , laser light and pencil.
1. Give some examples of daily life situations of refraction.
Ans. 1. A coin placed in a glass of vessel filled with water appears to be raised.
2. A lemon kept in a glass of water appears to be bigger than its size.
3. A pencil or stick appear to be bent when placed in a glass of water.
4. When a thick glass slab is placed over some printed letters, the letters appear raised when viewed
through glass slab.
2. What is the physical significance of absolute refractive index ?
Ans. Physical significance of absolute refractive index :
The refractive index of a medium gives the following two informations :
1. The extent of the change in direction that takes place when a light ray propagates through one medium
to another medium is expressed in terms of refractive index.
:: 18 ::
2. The value of refractive index gives information about the direction of bending of refracted ray. It tells
whether the ray will bend towards or away from the normal.
3. The refractive index gives us an idea how fast or how slow light travels in the medium.
4. The speed of light in a medium is low when the refractive index of the medium is high.
5. If the value of refractive index is low then the speed of light in the medium is high.
6. Refractive index ‘n’ means that the speed of light in that medium is nth part of speed of light in vaccum.
3. Optical density is a quantity quite different from mass density. Why ? Give example ?
Ans. Optical density is the ratio of the speed of light in two media , while mass density is the mass per unit
volume. Interestingly, an optically denser medium may have mass density less than an optically rarermedium.
Ex : Kerosene is optically more denser than water , but has a lower mass density than water.
4. Define relative refractive index.
Ans. The refractive index of a medium with respect to another medium is called “relative refractive index.”
Re fractive index of sec ond medium n2
Re lative refractiveindex n21
Re fractive index of first medium n1
Speed of light invaccum V1
Speed of light inmedium V2
5. The speed of the light in diamond is 1, 24, 000 km/s. Find the refractive index of diamond if
the speed of light in air is 3, 00,000 km/s.
Ans. Given: - Speed of light in a Diamond = 1, 24, 000 km/s
Speed of light in air = 3, 00,000 km/s.

Speed of light in air
Re fractive index of the diamond
Speed of light in diamond
3, 00, 000
Re fractive index of the diamond = 2.41
1, 24, 000
6. During summer noon, why do the trees and houses on the other side of an open ground appear to be
shaking ?
Ans. Open ground becomes very hot during a summer noon. It heats up the air in contact. Convection currents
are set up in air . Light rays passing through this air change their path due to refraction. This gives shaking
appearance to the objects from which these light rays start.
7. When we sit at a camp fire, objects behind the fire are seen swaying. Give reasons for it.
Ans. 1. This happens due to refraction of light when it passes through hot air to cold air.
2. So, we observe the objects behind the fire seen swaying.
8. Explain the twinkling of stars. Why do the planets not show twinkling effect ?
Ans. Twinkling of stars :
The light from stars undergoes refraction continuously before it reaches earth. So the apparent position of
:: 19 ::
the star is slightly different than its actual position. Due to variation in atmospheric conditions, like change
in temperature, density etc., this apparent position keeps on changing. The amount of light entering our
eyes from a particular star increases and decreases randomly with time. Some times , the star appears
brighter and other times, it appears fainter. This gives rise to the twinkling effect of stars.
The planets do not show twinkling effect :
As the planets are much closer to the earth, the amount of light received from them is much greater and the
fluctuations caused in the amount of light due to atmospheric refraction are negligible as compared to the
amount of light received from them.
9. Only the stars near the horizon twinkle while those overhead do not twinkle. Why ?
Ans. Light from the stars near the horizon reaches the earth obliquely through the atmosphere. Its path changes
due to refraction. Frequent atmospheric disturbances change the path of light and cause twinkling of stars.
Light from the stars overhead reaches the earth normally. It does not suffer refraction. There is no change
in tis path. Hence there is no twinkling effect.
10. A diver under water, looks obliquely at a fisherman standing on the bank of a lake. Would the
fisherman look taller or shorter to the diver than what he actually is ?
Ans. The man looks taller to a diver under water. As the fisherman is in air, the light rays travel from rarer to
denser medium. They bend towards the normal and hence appears to come from a larger distance Hence
the fisherman looks taller.
11. Write the necessary conditions for the phenomenon of total internal reflection to take place?
Ans. The necessary conditions for total internal reflection are
i) Light must travel from denser to rarer medium.
ii) The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than the critical angle for the two media.
12. What are the applications of Total internal reflection?
Ans. 1. Brilliance of Diamond.
2. Optical fibers and light pipes.
3. Formation of mirages Etc.,
13. Why does a diamond shine more than a glass piece cut to the same shape?
Ans. Light ray entering the diamond undergoes multiple total internal reflections due to low criticle angle and
high refractive index. But it doesn’t happen with glass due to its high critical angle and low refractive index.
14. What happens to the shining of diamond if it is dipped in a transparent oil ?
Ans. As the critical angle for diamond -oil interface is greater than that for the diamond - air interface, so the
shining of diamond reduces when it is dipped in a transparent oil.
15. The refractive index of diamond is much greater than that of ordinary glass. Is this fact of some use to
a diamond cutter ?
Ans. Yes , Refractive index of diamond is high. So its critical angle is small ( C = 240). A diamond cutter makes
:: 21 ::
C
1. The formulae for absolute refractive index is n . Observe the given table and find the
V
A, B, C, D and E values.
Material medium Refractive index Speed of light in the medium
Air 1.0003 2.999 X 108 m/s
Ice 1.31 A
Water B 2.25 X 108 m/s
Kerosene 1.44 2.08 X 108 m/s
Fused quartz 1.46 C
Turpentine oil 1.47 2.04 X 108 m/s
Crown glass D 1.97 X 108 m/s
Benzene 1.50 E
Ans. A) Refractive index of the Ice = n = 1.31
speed of light in vacuum = C = 3 X 108 m/s
Speed of light in ice = V = ?
C C 3x108
We know that, n V 2.28 x108 m / s
V n 1.31
B) Refractive index of the water = n = ?
Speed of light in water = V = 2.25 X 108 m/s

C
We know that, n
V
C 3x108
n 1.33
V 2.25 x108
C) Refractive index of the fused quartz = n = 1.46
Speed of light in fused quartz = V = ?
C C 3x108
V n 1.46
D) Refractive index of the Crown glass = n = ?
Speed of light in Crown glass = V = 1.97 X 108 m/s

:: 22 ::
C
We know that, n
V
C 3 x108
n 1.52
V 1.97 x108
E) Refractive index of the Benzene = n = 1.5
Speed of light in Benzene = V = ?
C C 3 x10 8
We know that, n V 2 x10 8 m / s
V n 1.46
2. Observe the values given below table and answer the questions .
Material medium Refractive index
Air 1.0003
Ruby 1.71
Sapphire 1.77
Diamond 2.42
1. Which medium is rarer w.r.t to sapphire ?
2. Which medium is denser w.r.t to air ?
3. Find the speed of light in diamond ?
Ans : 1. Ruby and air are the optically rarer w.r.t., to sapphire.
2. Ruby, sapphire and diamond are the optically denser w.r.t., to air.
3. Refractive index of the Diamond = n = 2.42
Speed of light in Diamond = V = ?
C C 3x108
V n 2.42
3. Observe the following table. Answer the following questions .
Material medium Refractive index
Air 1.0003
water 1.33
kerosene 1.44
Benzene 1.50
1. In which medium do light passes with less speed ?
2. Which is the opticlly denser either water or kerosene?
C
3. If n V , what is the speed of light in Benzene ?
4. Consider the air as surrounding medium which medium has more chances for total internal
reflection ?
Ans : 1. Benzene.
2. Kerosene.
:: 23 ::
3. Refractive index of the Benzene = n = 1.5
Speed of light in Benzene = V = ?
C C 3 x10 8
We know that, n V 2 x10 8 m / s
V n 1.5
4. Benzene.
Sini
4. How do you verify experimentally that Sin r is a constant? (OR)
Derive the formula of relation between angle of incidence and angle of refraction?
Ans. Aim:- Obtaining the relation between angle of incidence and angle of refraction.
Materials required:- A plank, white chart, protractor, scale, small black painted plank, a semi circular
glass disc of thickness nearly 2cm, pencil and laser light.
Procedure:-1. Make a chart as shown in the figure.
2. Place a semi-circular glass disc so that its diameter coincides with the line “MM”
3.Send a laser light along a line which makes 150 with “NN”.
4. Measure its corresponding angle of refraction by observing light coming from outside of the glass slab.
5. Repeat this experiment with various values of angle of incidence, refraction and noted below.
Sin i
6. From the above table we observe that Sin r is a constant.
5. How do you verify experimentally that the angle of refraction is more than angle of incidence
when light rays travel from denser(water) to rarer
(air)medium.(TQ)
Ans. 1.Take a Plastic Pro circle arrange two straws at the centre
of the pro circle in such a way that they can be rotated freely
about the centre of the pro circle.
2.Adjust one of the straws (first) to make an angle 100 .
(angle of incidence i).
Immerse half of the pro circle vertically into the water, filled in
:: 24 ::
a transparent vessel.
3.While dipping, observing from the top of the vessel, adjust the other straw (second) which is outside the
water until both straws appear to be in a single straight line.
4. Then take the pro circle out of the water. Then we will find that they are not in a single straight line.
5. Measure the angle between the normal and second straw (angle of refraction).
6. Do the same for various angles of incidence and find the corresponding angles of refraction.
7.You will observe that from the above activity, when light travels from water (denser) to air (rarer). ‘r’ is
greater than ‘i’ .
6. How can you find critical angle of water explain your steps briefly with
an activity ?
Ans. 1. Take a cylindrical transparent vessel. image
2. Place a coin at the bottom of the vessel.
3. Now pour water until you get the image of the coin on the water surface.
4. This is due to the fact that when the light ray is incident at the critical
angle, the refracted ray grazes the surface of water, so that the image ap-
pears on the surface of water.
image x
5. Now the distance between centre of the coin and wall (x) is measured. The I
y C
height of water column(y) is measured.
6. If ‘C’ is the critical angle then O
IOP = Cx x
7. In the right angle triangle IOP, Tan C = C Tan 1
y y
Thus the critical angle of water can be calculated.
7. Collect the information on working of optical fibres. Prepare a report about various uses of
optical fibres in our daily life. (OR)
While doing heart operation Lakshmi observed that a thin pipe is passed to observe
internal parts on a computer screen. She comes to know that it was an optical fibre. How
does the optical fibre works?
Ans. Optical Fibres:- 1. Total internal reflection is the basic principle behind working of optical fibre.
2. An optical fibre is very thin fibre made of glass or plastic having radius about 10-6 metre.
3. A bunch of such thin fibres form a light pipe.
Working:- 1. Because of small radius of the fibre, light core
core
entering it makes an angle greater than critical angle at wall.
2. Since the angle of incidence is greater than the critical
angle , total internal reflection takes place. Cladding
Cladding
3. Thus the light is transmitted along the fibre.
:: 25 ::
Uses:- 1. Optical fibres are used in endoscopy to see the internal organs of our body.
2. Optical fibres are used in transmitting communication signals through light pipes.
3. Optical fibres are used in international telephone cables laid under the sea, in large computer network etc.
4. Optical fibres are used in photometric sensors to measure blood flow in the heart.
8. Explain the phenomenon of Total internal reflection with an activity ?
Explain the formation of mirage?
Ans. Mirages are formed due to total internal reflection.
Formation of mirage:-1. During the hot summer day, air just above the road surface is very hot and the
air at higher altitudes is cool.
2. Light travels faster through the thinner hot air(Rarer medium)
than the denser cool air(Denser medium).
3. When light falls from tall object such as tree or from the sky
passes through a medium just above the road.
4. It suffers refraction and takes curved path because of total
internal reflection.
5. This appears to the observer as if the ray is reflected from the ground.
6. Hence we feel the illusion of water on road, virtual image of the sky and inverted image of tree on the road.
7. This is called mirage.
9. A prism is placed in water present in a tub as shwon in figure. Explain the
behaviour of the light ray while passing through the prism ?
Ans. At first the light ray enters the prism normally through the face AB. Due to
A B
normal incidence, it suffers no deviation. It is incident at the interface of glass
and water at an angle ‘ ’and undergoes total internal reflection. Hence the <
angle ‘ ’ should be an angle greater than critical angle inside the glass which
is denser medium with respect to water. Finally the light ray emerges out C
through AC due to normal incidence.
10. Explain the refraction of light through the glass slab with a neat ray diagram .
(or) Describe an activity to explain lateral shift ?
P
Ans. 1. Place a piece of chart on a plank and Clamp it. Q
2. Place a glass slab in the middle of the paper. Draw border line A B
along the edges of the slab by using a pencil.
3. Fix the pins at P and Q and looking into the other side fix
another two pins at R, S such that they appear in a straight line. D R C
Observation:- The angles of incidence and emergence are equal S
i e
:: 26 ::
Conclusion:- 1. The incident and emergent rays (PQ, RS) are parallel.
2. Measure the distance between the parallel rays (PQ, RS). This distance is called ‘Lateral shift’.
11. How do you find the refractive index of glass slab ?(or) Describe an activity to explain
vertical shift ?
Ans. 1. Measure the thickness of the slab.
2. Take the slab and place it in the middle of the white chart. Draw its
P
boundary.
3. Remove the slab from its place. The lines form a rectangle. Name the Q
glass
vertices as A,B,C and D. slab
4. Draw a perpendicular to the longer line AB of the rectangle as shown in
figure.
A
5. Place slab again in the rectangle ABCD. B
6. Take a pin. Place at a point P in such a way that its length is parallel to D C
AB on the perpendicular line at a distance of 15cm from the slab.
7. Now take another pin and by looking at the first pin from the other side
of the slab try to place the pin so that it forms a straight line with the first pin.
8. Draw a perpendicular line from the second pin to the line on which
first pin is placed. Call the intersection point Q. Find the distance between P and Q. We may call it
vertical shift.
9. By using given a formula to find out refractive index of the glass.
Thickness of the slab

Re fractive Index
Thickness of the slab Vertical shift
:: 27 ::
UNIT REFRACTION AT CURVED

3 SURFACES
1/2 Mark Question’s and Answers

1. On what factor does focal length of a lens depend ?
Ans : It depends on nature of the material of lens, nature of the surrounding medium and wave length of the
incidental light.
2. Which lens is called converging lens?
Ans: Convex lens.
3. Which lens is called diverging lens?
Ans: Concave.
4. Which lens is used in microscope?
Ans: Convex.
5. Is focal length of the lens depends upon surrounding medium ?
Ans: yes.
6. Can you photographed virtual image?
Ans: Yes.
7. Which lens is thin at middle and thick at edges ?
Ans: Concave lens.
8. Can we measure the distance of virtual image ?
Ans: yes, we can.
9. A magician kept a lens of refractive index 1.47 in vessel, and pour a liquid in it. The lens looks
disappear then what is the refractive index of liquid ?
Ans: ^Tqr
10. What are called the rays parallel near to the principal axis ?
Ans: Paraxial rays.
11. Which type of image we can see without screen ?
Ans: Virtual image.
12. How does behaves when air bubble in water ?
Ans: Diverging lens.
13. A convex lens is madeup of 7 different materials. How many images does it form ?
Ans: 7.
14. How a lemon appears when it is kept in water of glass ?
Ans: Looks big.
:: 28 ::
15. How does it behaves when a convex lens is kept in a medium whose refractive index is greater than
that of the medium ?
Ans: Converging lens.
16. How does it behaves when a convex lens is kept in a medium whose refractive index is less than that
of the medium ?
Ans: Diverging lens.
1 1 1
17. Lens makers formula f n 1 here ‘n’ denotes s
R1 R2
Ans: Refractive index of lens.
18. In the following figure ‘AB’ is incident ray, ‘BC’ is refracted ray then which type of lens is that ?
C
Ans: Concave lens. A B
>
lens
19. Which lens always forms virtual image ?
Ans: Concave lens.
20. Which is not useful for making lens of the following.
Water - Glass - plastic - Clay
Ans: Clay.
21. Which lens can form both real and virtual ?
Ans: Convex lens.
22. Which image we can see with our eyes ?
Ans: Virtual.
23. Which image forms on retina ?
Ans: Real image.
T lens focal length
A t VW cm
B ? ^u cm
Identify the convex lens from above table?
Ans: A
T Name the lens s
Ans: plano convex lens.

:: 29 ::
T Name the lens ?
Ans. Plano concave lens.
T Name the lens ?
Ans. concavo-convex lens.

T lens power
A ^D
B VD
C vD
D qD
Which is high focal length of the above
Ans. A
29. Can we change converging lens into diveging lens by changing surrounding medium ?
Ans: Yes.
30. What we call the centre of the lens ?
Ans: Optic centre.
31. What is the distance between optic centre and centre of curvature of a lens.
Ans: Radius of curvature.
T Name the lens?
Ans : Bi - Concave lens.

:: 30 ::
1 1 1
33. In which medium lens is placed , if lens Maker’s formula is n 1
f R1 R2
Ans : Air.
34. Name the lens whose focal length is positive ?
Ans: Convex lens.
35. Name the lens who focal length is negative ?
Ans: Concave lens.
36. Can laws of refraction valid if two medium are separated by curved surfaces ?
Ans: Yes.
37. What we call the centre of a curved surface , which is a part of sphere ?
Ans: Centre of sphere.
38. How a line acts which is drawn from centre of curvature to curved surface ?
Ans: Normal.
39. What is radius of curvature of a plane surface
Ans: Infinity.
40. Name the point of convergence , where all the parallel ray fall on a convex lens at point after refraction ?
Ans: Focus.
41. Where the parallel rays converge if they makes certain angle with the principal axis of a convex lens ?
Ans: At any point on focal plane.
42. Where do we kept the object , if we want to get same size of image with the Bi-Convex
lens ?
Ans: At the centre of the curvature.
43. If we want get virtual image using convex lens where do we have to kept the object ?
Ans: Betwen focus and optic centre.
44. What happens to the focal length of the concave lens when it is kept in water ?
Ans: increases.
45. How does convex lens behaves in air ?
Ans: Converging.
46. How a lens behaves when it is kept in kerosene made with ice ? ( Refractive index of ice 1.31,
Refractive of kersene is 1.44)
Ans: Concave lens (Diverging lens).
47. Light travelling from a medium of refractive index n1 to medium of refractive index n2 with radius of
cuvature R , then write the formula for image formed on curved surfaces ?
Ans: n2/v - n1/u = (n2 - n1)/R
48. If the radii of Bi - Convex surfaces are equal and the refractive index is 1.5 , then find its focal length ?
Ans: f = R
49. What is important characterstics of a substance to make lens ?
Ans: Transparent.
:: 31 ::
1 Mark Question’s and Answers
1 Write the formula for formation of image by curved surfaces?

n2 n1 n2 n1
Ans. Image formula :-
v u R
Where, n1 = Refractive index of the first medium.
n = Refractive index of the second medium.
2
u = Image distance.
v= Object distance.
R = Radius of curvature.
2. A man wants to get a picture of a zebra. He photographed a white donkey after fitting a glass
with black stripes on the lens of his camera. What photo will he get? Explain.
Ans. 1. Photographer will get a picture of white donkey.
2. This is because the reflected light from the donkey enters the lens of the camera through the openings
of the stripes and form the full image.Since some of rays are blocked the image will be slightly dull.
3. If a white sheet of paper is stained with oil, the paper turns transparent. Why?
Ans. The oil connects the fibres in the paper with a liquid which can transmit by refraction (rather than
scattering) light that falls upon it . As a result , the paper stained with oil is turned transparent.
4. Define the word lens.
Ans. Lens: - A lens is formed when a transparent material bounded by two surfaces of which one or both
surfaces are spherical.
5. How do we represent a) Convex lens (b) Concave lens.
Ans. a) Convex lens is represented with a symbol .
b) Concave lens is represented with a symbol

6. Can a virtual image be photographed by a camera?
Ans. Yes, a virtual image can be photographed by a camera.
7. What is centre of curvature ?
Ans. The centre of sphere which contains the part of curved surface is called centre of curvature
10. What is pole or optical centre ?
Ans. The midpoint of a thin lens is called pole or optical centre.
9. What is principal axis ?
Ans. The line which joins the centre of the curvature and the pole is called principal axis.
10. What is focus?
Ans. The point where refracted rays converge or the point from which refracted rays appears to diverge is
called focal point or focus.
11. What is focal length ?
Ans. The distance between pole and focus is called focal length.
12. What is focal plane ?
Ans. A plane which is perpendicular to principal axis at the focus is called focal plane.
13. What is radius of curvature?
Ans. The distance between the centre of curvature and curved surface is called radius of curvature.
:: 32 ::
14. What are paraxial rays ?
Ans. The rays which moves very close to the principal axis which can be treated as paralled are called paracial
rays.
15. Draw the refracted ray given below diagram?
>
2F2 F 2 F 1 2F1
Ans. >
2F2 F 2 F 1 2F1
16. When does a convex lens behave as a concave lens ?

Ans : When a lens is placed inside a transperent medium of refractive index greater than that of its own
material , it behaves as a concave lens.
17. What is the focal length and power of a rectangular glass slab ?
Ans : Focal length of a glass slab is infinity.
Power of a glass slab is zero.
18. Why is the power of a lens measured as the reciprocal of its focal length ?
Ans : The power of a lens represents its ability to converge or diverge a beam of light. Smaller its focal length,
larger is its bending power. That is why power is expressed as reciprocal of focal length (P = 1/f ).
19. Sun glasses (goggles) have curved surfaces but they do not have any power why ?
Ans : Both the surfaces of sun glasses are equally curved i.e, R1 R2 and hence
1 1
Power , P ( n 1) 0
R1 R2
20. Two thin lenses of powers +2D and +5D are placed in contact. Will the focal length of the
combination increase, or decrease ?
Ans : Power of combination P = P1+P2 = 2+5 = 7D
As power increases , so focal length of the combination decreses.
2 Mark Question’s.
1. A convex lens is made up of three different materials as shown in the figure. How many im-
ages does it form?
Ans. 1. The given convex is made up of three different materials. So it has three refractive indices.
2. So it forms three images.
:: 33 ::
3. Write the lens makers formula and explain the terms in it.
Ans. Lens maker’s formula,
1 1 1
P n 1 Here P = Power of the lens f = Focal length
f R1 R2
R1 and R2 are radii of curvatures. n = Refractive index.

4. The focal length of converging lens is 20 cm. An object is placed at 60 cm from the lens. Where
the image will be formed and what kind of image is?
Ans. f = 20 cm, u = 60 cm, v = ?
1 1 1
Lens formula
f v u
According to sign convention, u is negative
1 1 1
So, Lens formula be comes
f v u
1 1 1
v f u
1 1 1 3 1 2
v 20 60 60 60
V= 30 cm
Hence image is real, inverted and formed other side of the lens.
6. Suppose you are inside the water in a swimming pool near an edge. Your friend is standing on
the other edge. Do you find your friend is taller or shorter than his usual height?
Ans. 1. My friend appears to be taller.
2. This is due to the light rays bend towards the normal, when light travels from rarer medium (air) to
denser medium (water).
7. Distinguish between Convex lens and concave lens?
Ans. Convex lens Concave lens
1. Convex lens is thick at middle 1. Concave lens is thin at middle
and thin at edges. and thick at edges
2. The symbol of a convex lens is 2. The symbol of a concave lens is
3. It is also known as converging lens. 3. It is also known as diverging lens.

4. This lens is used to treat hypermetropia. 4. This lens is used to treat myopia.
8. A double convex lens has two surfaces of equal radii ‘R’ and refractive index n = 1.5. Find the
focal length ‘f’.
Ans. Given:- Refractive index = 1.5
Let R1 =R and R2 = -R ( With respect to sign convention)
:: 34 ::
1 1 1
Lens makers formula is = f ( n 1) R
1 R2
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
(1.5 1) (0.5) (0.5)
f R R R R R f R
f=R
Focal length of the lens = Radius of curvature of surface.
9. How does in behaves an air bubble inside water ? Give reason ?
Ans: Air bubble has spherical surface and is surrounded by water of higher refractive index. When light
passes from water to air it gets diverged. So air bubble behaves like a concave lens.
^WT How the focal length of convex lens changes when violet light is used instead of red light ?
Ans: We know that focal length of a lens is 1/f = (n-1) [ 1/R1 - 1 / R2 ]
f 1 / n-1 , Refractive index n
f
Since wave length of violet is less than that of red, focal length of violet is less than that of red.
Thus focal length of the lens with respect violet decreases
^^T Why a lemon appears bigger inside a glass of water compared to in air ?
Ans: When light from the edges of lemon travel from water to air , it bends away from the normal.Hence
lemon appears bulged.
4 Marks Question’s
1. Draw the ray diagrams of convex lens for the following and discribe the nature of image.
a) When the object is beyond ‘2F2’
(b) When the object is at ‘2F2’
c) When the object is between 2F2 and F2
(d) When the object is between F2 and optic centre.
Ans. a) When the object is beyond ‘2F2’
image is real ,
inverted
F1 2F1
and diminished
2F2 F2 Image
(b) When the object is at ‘2F2’

image is real ,
inverted
F1 2F1
and same size of the
2F2 F2
object.
image
www.amaravathiteacher.com Object
:: 35 ::
c) When the object is between 2F2 and F2
F1 2F1
image is real ,
2F2 F2
image inverted
and enlarged.
(d) When the object is between F2 and optic centre
F1 2F1
image is at infinity.
2F2 F2
Image at
infinity
2. How do you find the focal length of a lens experimentally by u-v method?
Ans. Aim: - To find the focal length of a lens by u-v method.
Apparatus: - Convex lens, v-stand, screen, candle, scale etc.,
Procedure: - 1. Place the lens on a v-stand and place burning candle at a distance from the lens.
2. Adjust the screen on the other side of the lens in such a way that we get a clear image of the candle flame.
3. Note the object distance (u) and the image distance (v).
4. Repeat the experiment and note the readings of ‘u’ and ‘v’ in the following table.
uv
SNo. u cm v cm f
u v
1
2
3
4
5. Find the average focal length which gives the focal length of the lens.
3. Two converging lenses are to be placed in the path of parallel rays so that the rays remain
parallel after passing through both lenses. How should the lenses be arranged? Explain with a
neat ray diagram.
Ans. 1.A parallel beam of light rays are converged at the focal point of the first lens.
2.The second lens is placed such that the focal point of first lens coincides with the focal point of the
second lens on the left side.
:: 36 ::
3.Light rays passing through the focal point will
become parallel to the principal axis after refraction
through the second lens.
4.So the two lenses are arranged on a common prin-
cipal axis such that their focal points coincide with
each other.
5.Hence these two lenses should be kept at a distance equal to f1 + f2.
4. Find the focus by drawing a ray diagram using the position of source S and the image S1 given in the
figure. S
N1 N2 L
S/
S >
F
Ans. 1. Image is real. N1 N2
2. ‘L’ is convex lens, ‘S’ is object and S1 is image.
S/
3. ‘F’ is focus.
5. Complete the following table if the object is placed at various positions infront of a convex lens.
Position of object Position of image Nature of image
At infinity
Between F1 and 2F1
Same size , real and inverted
Seen in the lens
Ans.
Position of object Position of image Nature of image
At infinity point image at F1
Beyond 2F2 Between F1 and 2F1 Diminished,real and inverted
at 2F2 at 2F1 Same size , real and inverted
Between focus and Same side of the Enlarged , virtual and erect
optical centre object.
6. A student focused the image of flame on a white screen by placing the flame at various distances from a
convex lens.He noted his observations.
SNo Distance of flame from the lens Distance of the screen from the lens
1 30cm 10cm
2 20cm 12cm
3 15cm 15cm
4 12cm 20cm
5 7.5cm 35cm
:: 37 ::
a) From the above table, find the focal length of lens without using lens formula?
b) Which set of observation is incorrect and why ?
c) In which case the size of the object and image will be same ? Give reason for your answer.
Ans.
a) From the observation, it is clear that for u = 15cm, v = 15 cm. This means this value must be equal to
twice of the focal length of the convex lens.
Focal length of convex lens = 15/2 = 7.5 cm.
b) The observation (5) is not correct because if u = 7.5cm i.e., the object is kept at focus so the image
should be at infinity and not at 35cm.
c) For twice the focal length we know that size of object = size of image. So when object is kept at 15cm
the size of object and image are same.
7. State the type of lens used as a magnifying glass. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show that the image of
the object is magnified ?
Ans: 1.A single convex lens is used as a magnifying glass.
2.When the object kept between the focus and optical centre of the lens, a virtual , erect magnified
image of object is formed at F2 as shown and convex lens is act as magnifying glass.
image
F1 2F1
2F2 F2 object
wT Observe the figure. If the object is placed at 2F1 , does object 2F2
F2
the place of image change.Draw a ray diagram showing F1
2F1
the place of for this case.
object
F2 2F2 Ans. No. In the case of concave lens the position of the
im- 2F1 F1 age doesn’t change with respect to the position of the
object.
:: 38 ::
UNIT Human Eye and

4 Colourfull World
1/2 Mark question’s and Answers
1. What is the distance of least distinct vision ?
Ans : 25cm
2. What is the value of angle of vision ofa human being ??
Ans :
3. What is the transparent protective membrane located at the front portion of an eye ?
Ans; Conea
4. What is the liquid filled in eye ball behind Cornea ?
Ans :Aqueous humour
5. What are the moving muscles located between eye lense and Aqueous humour ?
Ans :Ciliary muscles
6. What is the maximum distance between eyelens and Retina ?
Ans: 2.5 cm.
7. What is the maximum focal length of the eye lens ?
Ans: 2.5 cm
8. What is the minimum focal length of the eye lens ?
Ans: 2.27 cm
9. What is the process of adjusting the focal length of an eye lens called ?
Ans: Accommodation of the eye lens.
10. Which lens is used to correct Myopia ?
Ans: Bi-Concave lens.
11. Which lens is used to correct Hypermetropia ?
Ans: Bi-Convex lens.
12. Which lens is used to correct Presbyopia ?
Ans: Bi - focal lens.
13. The reciprocal of the focal length is called?
Ans: Power of the lens.
14. If the power of a lense is 1D, then what is its focal length ?
Ans: 100cm.
15. Which physical quantity of light doesn’t change during refraction ?
Ans: Frequency.
16. Which colours deviate minimum and maximum in a spectrum ?
Ans: Red, Violet.
17. What is the phenominon of splitting of white light into seven colors called ?
Ans: Dispersion of light.
18. During in the formation of rainbow , what is the minimum and maximum angles between incoming and
out going rays ?
Ans: -
:: 39 ::
19. At which angle the intensity of scattering is maximum ?
Ans:
20. The process of re-emission of light in all directions with different intensity by atoms and molecules called ?
Ans: Scattering.
21. What is the unit of power of a lens ?
Ans: Diopter
22. A person uses a lense with power -2.5 D , then which type of visual defect he suffers ?
Ans: Myopia
23. What type of visual defect will be there , if cones in retina are defective ?
Ans: Colour blindness.
24. Why the sky apperas white during noon hours ?
Ans: Minimum Scattering of all colours in sunlight.
25. What is the reason for twinkling of stars ?
Ans: Refraction of light through atmospheric layers.
26. Why the sky appears blue in color ?
Ans: Scattering of blue light from NO2,CO2 in atmospheric molecules.
27. Assertion(A) : Eye lens act as convex lens.
Reason(R) : A real , inverted and reduced image forms on retina.
Ans: A) A is True, R is True
28. Which colour has less energy in VIBGYOR ?
Ans: Red
29. Match the following ?
1.Scattering a. Visual defect.
2.Dispersion b. VIBGYOR
3.Power of lens c. Retina.
4.Cones and Rods d. Colour of the sky.
Ans: 1- d, 2 - b, 3- a , 4- c
30. What is the formulae for refractive index of the prism ?
A D
S in
2
n
Ans: A
S in
2
31. What is the least distance of distinct vision of a person aged 50-60 years.
Ans: 100cm - 200cm.
32. What is phenomenon behind the formation of rainbow?
Ans: Dispersion of light and Total internal reflection.
33. Assertion(A) : Bi Convex lens is used to correct Hypermetropia .
Reason(R) : A Bi Convex lens forms image of an object at farpoint.
Ans: A) A is True, R is True
:: 40 ::
34. Doctor prescribed lenses as follows to a patient.

Left eye -2.00D
Right eye -2.50D
Ans: Myopia
35. What question do you ask your teacher to understand the functioning of ciliary muscles?
Ans: How do ciliary muscles change the focal length ?
36. If there are no cones in your retina , How will you visualise this world ?
Ans: Visualise this world in blackT
37. Write the parts in our eye in order.
lens, retina, cornia, aqueous humour
Ans: Cornia, Aqueous humour, lens, Retina
fmin a. 25cm
fmax b. 2.27cm
3. least distance of distinct vision c. 2.5cm
Ans: b c a
39. What type of a visual defect is shown in the figure below
Ans: Hypermetropia
40. What type of a visual defect is shown in the figure below
Ans: Myopia
41. The eye will adjust focal length of eye lens by it self to see near and far objects. Which part of eye do
you appreciate in this process ?
Ans: Ciliary muscles
42. Which part of the eye do you appreciate that protect the eye from high intensity ?
Ans: Iris
43. Srikanth is able to read the letters in his book clearly, But he is unable to read the letters on the
black - board from last bench. What could be the defect that Srikanth is suffering from?
Ans: Myopia
44. Srinath’s grand father can’t read a news paper, But he can see all the distinct objects clearly. What could
be the defect that Srinath Grand father is suffering from ?
Ans: Hypermetropia.
45. What is the principle involved behind the functioning of human eye ?
Ans: Sensation of vision.
:: 41 ::
46. What are the factors that focal lengh of a lense depends on ?
Ans: Nature of the material made by the lense.
47. What type of an image isbe formed in an eye lense ?
Ans: Inverted real image.
48. Some people can see only near objects. What type of visual defect they suffer from ?
Ans: Myopia.
49. Maximum focal length of a person;s eye lense is less than 2.5cm.What type of visual defect they suffer from ?
Ans: Myopia.
50. A person can’t see an object placed beyond the far point.What type of visual defect he has ?
Ans: Myopia.
51. Some people can see only distant objects. What type of visual defect they suffer from ?
Ans: Hypermetropia
52. Minimum focal length of a persons eye lens is more than 2.27cm.What type of visual defect he suffer from ?
Ans: Hypermetropia.
53. Write the formula for focal length of a convex lense used to correct Hypermetropia ?
Ans: f= d d d>
54. Write the formulae for focal length of a concave lense used to correct Myopia ?
Ans: f = - d.
55. What do we call the transperent medium separted from the surrounding medium by at least two plane
surfaces which are inclined at certain angle ?
Ans: Prism.
56. What is the natural (Nature) example for dispersion of light ?
Ans: Rainbow.
57. Write the relation between angle of incidence, angle of emergence and angle of deviation and angle of prism ?
Ans: i1+ i2 = A + d
58. How will be the angles of incidence and emergence when the angle of deviation is minimum ?
Ans: i1= i2
59. What is the shape of rainbow ?
Ans. Three dimensional cone.
60. Who can see a complete rainbow ?
Ans. A Pilot, when he is in high altitude.
:: 42 ::
1 Mark questions
1. What is the least distance of distinct vision ?
Ans. The minimum distance from which we can see the objects clearly is called least distance of distinct vision.
Its value is 25 cm.
2. What is angle of vision?
Ans. The maximum angle made at eye by extremes of the object up to which we are able to see the whole object
is called as angle of vision. Its value is 600 .
3. What is meant by “accommodation” ?
Ans. The ability of the eye to adjust the focal length of the eye lens is called “accommodation”.
4. Doctor advised to use 2D lens. What is its focal length ?

1 1
Ans. P 2
f f
f 1/ 2 m 0.5m 50cm
5. Define dispersion of light.
Ans.. Dispersion of light : The splitting of white light into different colours (VIBGYOR) is called dispersion of light.
6. Define scattering of light.
Ans. The process of re - emission of absorbed light in all directions with different intensities by atoms or molecules
is called scattering of light.
7. What is Raman Effect?
Ans. Raman Effect : - The frequency of scattered light by the liquids is greater than the frequency of incident
light. This is called Raman Effect.
8. What is the use of Raman Effect?
Ans. Raman Effect is useful to determine the shapes of the molecules.
9. What are the functions of rods and cones in the eye?
Ans. 1. Rods identify the intensity of light.
2. Cones identify the colour of light.
10. Why the pupil appears black ?
Ans. Any light falling on the pupil goes into the eye without coming back to outside. Hence it appears black.
11. Why deviation is minimum for red color ?
Ans. Red color gets less refracted , so its deviation is minimum>
12 What will be the colour of the sky in the absence of atmosphere ?
Ans: The sunlight will not be scattered in the absence of atmosphere. So the sky will appear dark.
:: 43 ::
13 Why do clouds appear white ?

Ans: Clouds have large particles like dust and water droplets which scatter light of all colours almost
equally. Hence clouds generally appear white.
14 How is rainbow formed in the sky ?
Ans : Rainbow is formed by dispersion of sunlight into its constituent colours by raindrops which disperse
sunlight by refraction and deviate the colours by total internal reflection.
15 Why is the sequenc of colours in the secondary rainbow reverse of that in the primary rainbow ?
Ans : This is because a secondary rainbow is formed by two internal reflctions of light in water droplets
while a primary rainbow is formed by just one total internal reflection.
16. Lakshmi can see nearby objects clearly but not able to see distant objects clearly .
1. What is her eye defect ?
2. Which lens do you suggest to correct her eye defect ?
Ans : 1. Myopia.
2. Bi - Concave lens.
17. Vyshnavi can see letters on the black board when he sat last bench but not able to read text
book when it kept near to her .
1. What is her eye defect ?
2. Which lens do you suggest to correct her eye defect ?
Ans : 1. Hyper metropia
2. Bi - Convex lens.
18. What are L and H in the following figure?
H L
P
Ans : L = Least distance of distinct vision
H = near point A
Normal
19. Name the angles A and d in the figure. d
O Normal
Ans : A = angle of prism d = angle of deviation i1
M i2
B N
C
A
D
Q R
Pin
:: 44 ::
20. What type of eye defect in the given figure and what type of lens used to correct this eye
defect?
Ans : Eye defect is myopia and bi-concave lens is used to correct this eye defect
2 Marks Questions
2. What are the light receptors present on the retina? Explain their significance ?
Ans : Retina contains about 125 million receptors called rods and cones. Rods identify intensity of light and
cones identify colours. These signals are transmitted to the brain through 1 milllion optic nerve frbres.
Brain analysis the shape , colour and size of object.
2. Define the power of lens ?
Ans. 1. Thr reciprocal of focal length is called power of lens.
1 100
2. P f (meter ' s ) f (centi meter ' s )
3. The unit for power of lens is Dioptre (D).

3. What is the formula to find the refractive index of the prism? Explain the terms in it.
A D
sin
2
n
Ans. Refractive index of the prism, A
Sin
2
Here, A = Angle of the prism D = Angle of minimum deviation

4. Define presbyopia. How do you correct this defect?
Ans. Presbyopia: - Presbyopia is vision defect when the ability of accommodation of eye usually decreases
with ageing.
Correction: - Bi focal lens is used to correct this defect.
5. Explain briefly the reason for the blue colur of the sky.
Ans. 1. The scattering of light is responsible for the blue colour of the sky.
2. Our atmosphere contains Nitrogen (N2 ) and Oxygen (O2 ).
3. These molecules act as scattering centers for the scattering of the blue light.
4. So, the sky appears blue in colour.
6. Why sun appears red at sun set or sunrise?
Ans. 1. In morning and evening times, during sunrise and sunset except red light all colours scatter more and
vanish before they reach us.
2. Since scattering of red light is very small and wave length is large, it reaches us. As a result sun
appears red in colour during sunrise and sun set.
:: 45 ::
7. Why sun does not appears red during noon hours ?
Ans. During noon hours, the distance travelled by the sun rays in the atmosphere is less than that compared to
morning and evening hours. Therefore all colours reach our eye without scattering. Hence the sun appears
white during noon hours.
8. When Prabhakar , a ten yers old boy, saw rainbow and so many doubts are raised in his mind.
Guess those doubts and ask some questions.
Ans. 1. What colours are there in rainbow ?
2. Why cant we recognize all colours in a rainbow ?
3. What are the light phenomena are behind the formation of rainbow ?
4. What is actual shape of rainbow ?
9. Observe the figure following and answer the questions.
1. What type of lens is in the human eye ?

2. On which part of eye, the eye lens forms image ?
3. Which part of the eye helps in accommodation of the eye ?
4. Which part helps in controlling the amount of light entering the eye through pupil ?
Ans. (i) Convex lens
(ii) Retina
(iii) Ciliary muscles
(iv) iris
Y
10. Observe the figure and answer the questions.

(i) What are taken on coordinate axes in the graph?
(ii) What is the shape of the graph? D
(iii) What does D indicate?
(iv) What is the relation between i1 and i2 at D?
i1=i2 X
Ans. (i) Angle of incidence on X-Axis and Angle of Angle of incidence i1
deviation on Y-Axis
(ii) Parabola
(iii) Angle of minimum deviation
(iv) i1 = i 2
:: 46 ::
4 Marks Quetions
1. How do you appreciate the working of ciliary muscles in the eye ?
Ans. 1. The ciliary muscle to which eye lens is attached helps the eye lens to change its focal length by
changing radius of curvature of eye lens.
2. When the eye is focused on a distant object, the ciliary muscles are relaxed so that the focal length of
eye lens has its maximum value which is equal 2.5cm.
3. When the eye is focussed on a closer object, the ciliary muscles are strained and focal length of eye
decreases such that we see the objects clearly.
4. This process of adjusting focal length is called “accommodation”.
2. What is Hypermetropia ? How do you correct the eye defect ‘Hypermetropia ? (OR)
Revathi is a front bench student.She is unable to draw the picture drawn on the black - board.
She got permission from the teacher and sat in the back row. What could be the defect that
Revathi is suffering from ? Draw the diagram, which shows the correction of the above defect ?
Ans. 1. Revathi is suffering from Hyper metropia .
2. The defect in which people cannot see objects
before near point is called Hypermetropia.
H L
3. It is also known as far sightedness, because
distant objects only can be seen.
Reason: - The eye lens can form the image
beyond the retina. H
L
Correction: - Bi convex lens is used to correct
hypermetropia.
3. What is Myopia ? How do you correct the eye defect ‘myopia ? (OR)
Rama is a back bench student.She is unable to draw the picture drawn on the black - board. She
got permission from the teacher and sat in the front row. What could be the defect that Rama is
suffering from? Draw the diagram, which shows the correction of the above defect ?
Ans. 1. Rama is suffered from Myopia.
2. The defect in which people cannot see objects
beyond far point is called Myopia.
M L
3. Myopia is also known as near sightedness,
because near by objects only can be seen.
Reason: -
The eye lens forms an image before the retina. L
Correction: -
Bi concave lens is used to rectify Myopia. M
:: 47 ::
4. Explain an experiment to produce a rainbow in the class room. Dispered light

Ans. 1. Take a metal tray and fill it with water.
White light
2. Place a mirror in water such that it makes an angle to the
water surface.
3. Now focus white light on the mirror through the water.
4. Keep a white card board sheet above the water surface. Water
5. Now we can observe the white light under going dispersion Metal
and forming Rainbow. Tray Mirror
5. Explain the formation of rainbow.
Ans. Formation of rainbow: Rainbow is formed due to dispersion of the Sunlight by millions of tiny water
droplets. Let us consider a case of an individual water droplet. The ray of the Sunlight enters the droplet
near its top surface. At this first refraction, the white light is dispersed into its spectrum of colours. They
undergo total internal reflection and emerge out undergoing second refraction.All the colours are seen at
an angle between 40o and 42o, with incident light.
6. How do you find experimentally the refractive index of material of a prism.

Ans. Aim : Finding the refractive index of a prism.
Material required : Prism, piece of white chart of size 20x20 cm, pencil, pins, scale and protractor.
Procedure:
1. Take a prism and place it on the white chart. Draw
a line around the prism using a pencil. Remove P
the prism.
2. The angle between PQ and PR is called angle of the A
Normal
prism (A). d
O Normal
3. Mark M on the side of triangle PQ and also draw a i1
M i2
perpendicular to PQ at M. Mark an angle of 300 B N
C
and then draw a line up to M. This line denotes the A
D
incident ray. This angle is called angle of incidence.
4. Place the prism in its position (triangle) again. Now
Q R
fix two pins vertically on the line at points A and B Pin
as shown in figure . Look for the images of pins
through the prism from the other side (PR) and fix another two pins at points C and D in such a way
:: 48 ::
that all the four pins appear to lie along the same straight line.
5 Now remove the prism and take out pins. Draw a line joining the two pin-holes formed by the pins to
meet surface ‘PR’. This is the emergent ray which emerges
Y
from the surface PR at a point ‘N’.
6. Extend both incident and emergent rays till they meet at a
point ‘O’. Measure the angle between these two rays.
D
This is the angle of deviation. It is denoted by a letter ‘d’.
7. Repeat this procedure for various angles of incidence such
i1=i2 X
as 400,500 etc. Find the corresponding angles of deviation
Angle of incidence i1
and angles of emergence and note them in the table given
below.
8. Find the angle of minimum deviation from the i -d curve
as shown in the diagram . It is denoted by D.
9. Then find the refractive index of the prism by using the formula given below .
A D
Sin
2
n
A
Sin
2
4. Explain the Structure of human eye with neat diagram ?

(AS1)
Ans. Structure of human eye:
1. The human eye is one of the most important sense organs. It enables us to see the object and colours
around us.
2. The Figure shows schematically the basic components of human eye.
The eye ball is nearly spherical in shape. The front portion is more
sharply curved and is covered by a transparent protective membrane
called the ‘cornea’. It is this portion which is visible from outside.
3. Behind the cornea, there is place filled with a liquid called aqueous
humour and behind this a crystalline lens which is responsible for the
image formation.
4. Between the aqueous humour and the lens, we have a muscular
diaphragm called ‘iris’ which has a small hole in it called pupil. Iris is
the coloured part that we see in an eye.
5. The pupil appears black because any light falling on it goes into the eye and there is almost no change of
light coming back to the outside. Iris helps in controlling the amount of light entering the eye through
‘pupil’.
:: 49 ::
6. The light that enters the eye forms an image on the retina.
7. The distance between the lens and retina is about 2.5 cm.
8. The ciliary muscle to which eye lens is attached helps the eye lens to change its focal length by
changing the radii of curvature of the eye lens.
9. The ciliary muscles adjust the focal length in such a way that the image is formed on retina and we see the
object clearly. This process of adjusting focal length is called “accommodation of the eye”.
10. The eye-lens forms a real and inverted image of an object on the retina.
11. The retina is a delicate membrane, which contains about 125 million receptors called ‘rods’ and ‘cones’
which receive the light signal. Cones-identify the colour, Rods-identify the intensity of light.
12. These signals are transmitted to the brain through about 1 million optic-nerve fibres. The brain interprets
these signals and finally processes the information regarding the shape, size and colour of the object.
8. Explain the significance of Iris.
Ans. 1. A muscular diaphragm present between aqueous humour and the lens is called iris.
2. It is the colored part we see in an eye.
3. Iris helps in controlling the size of the pupil.Hence it controls amount of light entering the eye through
pupil.
4. Iris enables pupil to act as a “ variable aperture “ for entry of light.
5. In low light conditions it makes the pupil to expand and bright light conditions it makes the pupil to
contract.
9. Explain scattering of light.
Ans. Scattering of Light:
Scattering of light is a complex phenomenon. Atoms or molecules which are exposed to light absorb light
energy and emit some part of the light energy in different directions. This phenomenon is called scattering
of light.
EXPLINATION :
Let us consider that the free atom or free molecule is
somewhere in space as shown in figure . Light of certain Scattered light
Sun light
frequency falls on that atom or molecule. This atom or mol-
ecule responds to the light whenever the size of the atom or
molecule is comparable to the wave length of light. If this Atom
condition is satisfied, the atom absorbs light and vibrates. Due

to these vibrations, the atom re-emits a certain fraction of
absorbed energy in all directions with different intensities. The
re-emitted light is called scattered light and the process of re-emission of light in all directions with
different intensity is called scattering of light. The atoms or molecules are called scattering centre.
:: 50 ::
10. Geetha can not see the objects clearly after 2m.
(i) What is her eye defect?
(ii) Which lens do you suggest to correct her eye defect?
(iii) What is the focal length of that lens?
(iv) Find the Power of that lens.
Ans: (i) Myopia

(ii) Bi-concave lens
(iii) Since distance to far point D = 2m = 200 cm,
Focal length of bi-concave lens f = - D = - 200 cm
(iv) Power of lens P = 100 / f
= 100 / - 200
= - 0.5 D
11. Near point of a person suffering with some eye defect is 100cm.
(i) What is his eye defect?
(ii) Which lens do you suggest to correct his eye defect?
(iii) What is the focal length of that lens?
(iv) Find the Power of that lens.
Ans: (i) Hypermetropia

(ii) Bi-convex lens
(iii) Since distance to near point d = 100 cm
Focal length of bi-convex lens f = 25d/d-25
= 25(100) / (100 -25) = 25 x 100 / 75
= 100/3
= 33.33 cm
(iv) Power of lens P = 100/f
= 100/(100/3)
=3D
12. a) A prism with an angle A = 600 produces an angle of minimum deviation of 300. Find the
refractive index of material of the prism.
b) The focal length of a lens suggested to a person with Hypermetropia is 100cm. Find the
distance of near point and power of the lens?
a) Solution: Given that A = 600 and D = 300.
Using n = Sin[(A+D)/2]/Sin(A/2) = Sin(900/2)/Sin(300)
= Sin 450/ Sin300
= (1/ 2)/(1/2) = 2
n= 2
The refractive index of the given prism= 2.
b) Solution: The focal length of the lens, f= 100cm
Image distance (V) = Distance of near point = d
Object distance, u = 25 cm
:: 51 ::
1 1 1 1 1 1
Lens formula,
f v u 100 d 25
1 1 1 1 4 1 3
=
100 d 25 d 100 100
d =33.33cm.
13. a) How can you find the minimum of the angle of deviation ?
b) A light ray falls on one of the faces of prism at an angle 400 so that it suffers angle of
minimum deviation of 300. Find the angle of prism and angle of refraction at the given surface?
Ans: a) 1. Take angle of incidence along X axis and the
Y
angle of deviation along Y axis. Using a suitable scale,
mark on a graph paper for every pair of angles. Finally
join the points to obtain a graph as shown in the figure. D
2. Draw a tangent line to the curve, parallel to X axis

at the lowest point of the graph. The point where this i1=i2 X
Angle of incidence i1
line cuts the Y axis gives the angle of minimum
deviation. It is denoted by D.
b) The focal length of the lens, f = 100 cm.
Least distance d = ?
25d 25 d
f 100
25 d 25 d
d
4 100 4d d
25 d
5 d 100 d 20 cm
Power of lens (P ) = 100/f

= 100/(100/3)
=3D
:: 52 ::
UNIT CURRENT
9 ELECTRICITY
1/2 Mark Question’s
1. What is the direction of current in an electric circuit if electron flow from A to B ?
Ans: Current direction is from B to A.
2. What is the Unit of electric curent ?
Ans. Amphere.
3. Which physical quantity is expressed in Amphere - sec ?
A. Power B. Charge C. emf D. Potential
Ans. B.
4. RA and RB are the resistances of A and B then what is the relation between specific sesistances of A and B ?
A. A> B B. A= B C. A< B D. A B
Ans. C.
5. Which quantity has as unit Kilowatt - Hour ?
Ans. Electrical energy.
6. Which equation is suitable for Ohm’s law.
1. V= iR 2. i = V / R 3. R = V / i 4. None of the above
A. 1 only B. 2,3 only C. 1,2 only D. 1,2,3
Ans. D.
7. Which of the following is false.
A. Current always flow from positive to negative terminal.
B. Current flow from low potential to high potential.
C. Electrons flow from high potential to low potential
D. C only.
Ans. D
8. Which component oppose electric current in a circuit ?
Ans. Electric Resistance
1. Resistance ( ) a. IR
2. Potential difference ( ) b. ohm - meter
3. Specific Resistance ( ) c. length of the conductor
4. Conductivity ( ) d. inverse of specific resistance
Ans. 1- c, 2- a, 3-b, 4 -d.
1. ohm ( ) a. volt - amp
2. Ampere ( ) b. Coloumb / sec
3. Volt ( ) c. Volt / Amp
4. Watt ( ) d. joul / coloumb
Ans. 1- c, 2- b, 3-d, 4 -a.
:: 53 ::
11. The material used for filament in bulb ?
Ans. Tungsten.
12. The unit for consumotion of electrical energy ?
Ans. Kilo - Watt - Hour.
13. The terminals of a 8V battery are connected with a wire of 4 . Calculate the current passing
through it ?
Ans. 2 amp.
14. Current direction in the cell ?
Ans. Always positive terminal to negative terminal.
15. Which is correct statement .
A. Current through the conductor depends on potential difference of the conductor.
B. Current through the conductor depends on resistance.
C. Current through the conductor depends on nature of substance.
D. Current does’t depends on R and V.
Ans. A,B and C.
16. P : In series combination same current flows through all the resistors.
Q: In parallel combination same potential difference is applied across all resistors.
P,Q wrong.
P,Q Correct.
P Correct, Q Wrong.
P Wrong, Q Correct.
Ans. P,Q Correct.
17. Which component is used to potect house holds from over load ?
Ans. Fuse. 25
18. ‘i’ value in the given figure
Ans. i = V / R = 5 / 25 = 0.2 Amp. 5V
19. If 8 , 10 resistors are connected in series, then find the effective resistance ?
Ans. 18 .
20. What do we call the reciprocal of resistivity ?
Ans. Conductivity.
21. Match the following.
1. ( ) a. Ammeter
2. A ( ) b. Parallel combination
3. ( ) c. Voltmeter
4. v ( ) d. Series combination
Ans. 1- d, 2- a, 3-b, 4 -c.

22. Which of the following represents potnetial difference ?
A. Q/t B. W/Q C. R = Qt D. W.Q
Ans. B
:: 54 ::
23. Which perameter should be maintained constantly in Ohm’s law experiment ?
A. Potential difference B. Current C. Temperature D. Rheostat
Ans. C.Temperature.
24. Which is used to measure current ?
1. Voltmeter 2. Ammeter 3. Multimeter 4. Rheostat
Ans. 2,3
25. Which is used to measure emf ?
1. Voltmeter 2. Ammeter 3. Multimeter 4. Rheostat
Ans. 1,3
26. Which current do we get from a battery ?
1. AC 2. DC 3. Both 4. None
Ans. DC
27. Find resultant resistance when 4 , 6 are connected in parllel ?
Ans. 2.4
28. A wire of 50 resistance is cut into 5 equal parts and connected in parallel. What is the resultant
resistance ?
Ans. 2 .
29. What is the another name of Kirchhoff’s junction law ?
Ans. Law of charge.
30. Find the volt meter reading in given figure ?
Ans. V = iR = 0.2 X 5 = 1 V
0.2 amp
10
5
v
31. What is Drift speed of electrons in copper ?
Ans. 7 x 10-5 m/sec.
32. What is Symbol for representing the unit of resistance ?
Ans.
33. What is the formula for power ?
A. P = Vi B. P = i2R C. V2 / R D. ALL
Ans. D
34. Relation between resistance and length of the wire.
1. directly proportional 2. inversely proportional 3. Does not depend
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. None
Ans. A
35. The resistance of 10 cm copper wire is 100 . Then what will be the resistance of 20 cm copper wire
of same area of cross section ?
A. 100 B. 200 C. 50 D. None
Ans. B. 200
:: 55 ::
1 Mark Questions
1. What the direction of flow of electrons in a wire connected between two poles of a battery ?
Ans. When a wire connected between two poles of a battery, electrons flow from possitive pole to negative
pole.
2. What is meant by Drift velocity or Drift speed ?
Ans. The constant average velocity or speed of electrons in a conductor is called as Drift velocity or Drift
speed.
3. What is lattice ?
Ans. The arrangement of possitive ions in a conductor is called lattice.
5. What do you mean by electric current?
Ans. 1. The amount of electric charge flowing per second is called electric current.
Q
i
t
2. The S.I.Unit of electric current is Ampere.
Coloumb
Ampere
Second
5. What is ‘emf’?
Ans. Work done by the chemical force to move unit positive charge from negative to positive terminal in a
battery is called electro motive force.
W
E
Q
6. What is resistance?
Ans. The property of the conductor to oppose the current flow through it is called resistance.
V
R
i
The S.I.Unit of resistance is ohm ( ).
7. “The resistance increases with increasing temperatue”. Which materials do not follow this law ?
Ans. Silicon, Germanium, LED.
8. Give reason for the filament in a bulb made of Tungsten.
Ans. Because it has higher resistivity value and high melting point.
9. State the junction law.
Ans. The algebraic sum of the currents at any junction of a cicuit is zero . This law obeys law of conservation
of charge.
10. Define electric power?
Ans. Work done by electric field per second is called electric power.
W QV
P Vi
t t
11. What is the value of 1KWH in Joules?
Ans. 1KWH = 36 x 105 Joules.
:: 56 ::
12. Define Ohm’s Law?
Ans. Ohm’s L aw :- At constant temperature, the potential difference of a conductor is directly proportional
to the current passing through it.
V=IR
13. Why a bird does not get the shock when it stands on a high voltage wire?
Ans. 1.When the bird stands on a high voltage wire, there is no potential difference between the legs of the
bird because it stands on a single wire.
2. So no current passes through the bird. Hence, it doesn’t receive any electric shock.
14. If the resistance of your body is 100000 what would be the current that flows in your body
when you touch the terminals of a 12V battery?
Ans. Given : V=12V R = 1, 00,000 I =?
V 12
From Ohm’s law, I 0.00012 Ampere.
R 1, 00, 000
15. What is the use of a multimeter ?
Ans. 1. To measure the electric current in circuit or through a conductor.
2. To measure the resistance of the conductor.
3. To measure the potential difference between two ends of the conductor.
16. What is the use of an ammeter ? How is it connect in a circuit ?
Ans. 1. To measure the electric current in circuit or through a conductor.
2. It is connected in series in a circuit.
17. What is the use of a voltmeter ? How is it connect in a circuit ?
Ans. 1. To measure the potential difference between any two points of a circuit.
2. It is connected in parallel in a circuit.
18. What are the characterstics of the fuge wire ?
Ans. A thin wire of low melting point.
19. What are the characterstics of the heating coil ?
Ans. High resistance and high melting point.
20. Are the headlights of a car connected in series or parallel? Why?
Ans. Head lights of the car are connected in parallel because if one of the lights in the parallel combination
fails, the other head light keeps working.
21. Find the quantity of the current in the circuit?
Ans. Given V = 1.5 V., R = 3+5+2 = 10
Current, I = ?
V 1.5
I 0.15 Amp.
R 10
2 Mark Questions
1. Define conductor and insulator.
Ans. Conductor : The material which allows electric current to pass through it is called conductor.
Ex: - Copper wire.
Insulator : The material which cannot allow electric current to pass through it is called insulator.
Ex: - plastic, diamond.
:: 57 ::
Fe
2. Explain the terms in V
q
Fe
Ans. In the equavation V
q
V = Potential difference Fe = Electric field force on electron
= length of conductor q = electric charge
3. What are Ohmic materials and non-Ohmic materials?
Ans. The materials which obey Ohm’s law are Ohmic materials.
Ex: - Metals
The materials which do not obey Ohm’s law are non-Ohmic materials.
Ex: - LED, Semi conductors, (Ge, Si), gaseous conductors.
4. What is meant by electric shock?
Ans. 1. The physiological effect produced by the combined effect of voltage, electric current and resistance
of the human body when current passes through the body is called electic shock.
5. What is specific resistance and write its units?
Ans. The specific resistance or resistivity of a material is the resistance per unit length of a unit cross section
of the material. Its units are ohm-metre.
6. Write the differences between resistivity and resistance.
Ans. Resistivity: - It is property of the material which depends on the temperature and nature of the material.
Resistance: - It is the property of the conductor which depends on the temperature, nature of the
material and also geometrical factors like length and cross sectional area .
7. What are the factors on which the resistance of conductor depends? Give the corresponding
relation? (OR) Derive R

A
Ans. 1. The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to the length of the conductor.
i.e., R ................(1)
2. The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to the area of the cross section of the conductor.
1
i.e., R ................(2)
A
3. From (1) and (2), we get R R

A A
Where ‘ ’ is a constant called specific resistance or resistivity..
4. The S.I unit of resistivity is m
8. Explain over loading of household circuits?
Ans. Over loading:- 1. Generally we observe the values noted on the digital meters fixed at home as follows.
Potential difference = 240V.
Electric current = 5A – 20A.
:: 58 ::
2. This means the line wires that are entering the meter have a potential difference of 240 V.
3. The minimum and maximum limit of current that can be drawn from the mains is 5A to 20A.
4. If the current drawn from the mains is more than 20A then over heating may occur and causes fire.
5. This is called over loading of household circuit.
9. What are the limitations of Ohm’s law ?
Ans. 1. Ohm’s is applicable only for metalic conductors.
2. Ohm’s is not applicable to semiconductors like silicon, and Germanium.
3. Ohm’s is not applicable to gaseous conductors.
4. Ohm’s is not applicable to LED’s.
10. Why the resistance of an electric bulb increases when current passes through it ? (or) ‘ The resistance
of an electric bulb is higher when current passes through it, and lesser when no current passes through it’
Why ?
Ans. 1. When current passes through the bulb the temperature of the filament increases.
2. If the temperature increases its resistance also increases.
3. Hence the resistance of an electric bulb is higher when current passes through it, and lesser when no
current passes through it.
11. ‘It is return 60W,240V on a bulb’. What questions do you ask your teacher to understand this ?
Ans. 1. What is meant by ‘W’ ?
2. What is meant by ‘V’ ?
3. Is there any relation between W and V ?
4. Do we find the writtings in all electrical appliances ?
12. There is 2A electric current in a circuit consisting in a battery with 6V potential difference. Suggest some
cases in which the power of the circuit will be the same.
Ans. 1. i = 1A, V = 12V
2. i = 3A, V = 4V
3. i = 12A, V = 1V
4. i = 4A, V= 3V
13. How can you appreciate the role of a small fuse in house wiring circuit in preventing damage
to various electrical appliances connected in a circuit? (OR) Why do we use fuses in household
circuits? (OR) We can save the household wiring and devices by using fuses? Write any four
points by appreciating the role of fuse?
Ans. 1. A fuse wire is a thin wire made up of a high resistance material and has low melting point.
2. The fuse wire should be connected in series with electrical circuit.
3. So, the entire current from mains must pass through the fuse.
:: 59 ::
4. When the circuit is over loaded, the fuse wire gets heated and melted.
5. Now the circuit becomes open and prevents the flow of current.
6. Hence, all the electrical appliances are saved from damage that could be caused by overload.
7. So, I appreciate the role of small fuse in house wiring circuit in preventing damage to various electrical
appliances.
14. Why do we consider tungsten as suitable material for making the filament of a bulb?
Ans. Tungsten is a suitable material for making filament of the bulb because,
1. It has high resistance(5.56 ×10-8 -m).
2. High melting point(34220C).
3. High temperature coefficient of resistance.
4. It emits bright light.
15. Silver is a better conductor of electricity than copper. Why do we use copper wire for conduction
of electricity?
Ans. 1. Silver is a better conductor of electricity than copper.
2. But silver is a costly metal than copper.
3. Hence copper is widely used for conduction of electricity.
16. Why don’t we use series arrangement of electrical appliances like bulb, television, fan and
others in domestic circuits? (OR) Why should we connect electric appliances in parallel in
household circuit? What happens if they are connected in series?
Ans. 1. If the electrical appliance are connected in series combination then same amount of current passes
through them.
2. All the appliances start working all the time.
3. We cannot operate them individually.
4. If one of appliances is damaged, all the appliances stop working.
5. Hence we don’t use series arrangement of electrical appliances like bulb, television, fan etc.
6. So, the appliances are connected in parallel which gives same potential difference.
7. In parallel combination if one applience is damage the ramaining continue to work. Individual
operation of the appliences is possible.
17. Draw a graph between V and I where V is the potential difference between the ends of the
wire and ‘I’ is the current through it ? What is the shape of the graph?
Ans.
:: 60 ::
18. Which bulb has more resistance among 60W, 220V and 40W, 220V ?
Ans. 1.P= V2 / R or R = V2 / P
2. The resistance of first bulb R = (220)2 / 60 = 4800 / 60 = 806.6
3. The resistance of first bulbR = (220)2 / 40 = 4800 / 60 = 1210
4. The resistance of 60W, 220V bulb is more than the resistance of 40W, 220V
19. 100 wire of uniform area of cross section is liquified and remade such that its length is twice
to the previous one. What is the resistance of new wire ?
Ans. The resistance of first wire R1= R = 100
The length of first wire 1
=
The radius of cross section of first wire r1= r
The length of new wire 2
=2
The radius of cross section of new wire r2= r / 2
The resistance of new wire R2= ?
2 2 2 2 r2
R1 / R2 = 1 / 2 X r22/r12 r1 1 r2 2 r2 r2 2 r2
2
R1 / R 2 = / X ( r / 2 )2/r 2
2
R1 / R2 = / X (1/2) r r
r2
R2 =4 R1= 4 X 100 = 400 2 2
4 Marks Questions
1. How does a battery work?
Ans. Battery consists of two metal plates and an electrolyte which exerts chemical force. With this chemical
force positive ions move and accumulate on one plate and negative ions on another plate.After suf-
ficient accumulation of ions they experience electric force (Fe ) which is opposite direction to chemical
force (Fc ). If Fc = Fe , there will be no motion of electrons. A new battery maintains such condition of
constant potential difference.
2. Write the differences between potential difference and emf?
Ans. Potential Difference (Pd) Electromotive Force (emf)
1. Work done by the electric force on 1. Work done by the chemical force on unit
unit positive charge to move it between positive charge to move it from negative
two points is known as potential difference terminal to positive terminal of the battery is
known as emf.
2. S.I.Unit of potential difference is volt 2. S.I.Unit of emf is also volt
3. Potential difference is the effect 3. emf is the cause.
4. Potential difference depends on circuit 4. emf is independent of current and resistance.
parameters like current and resistance.
3. State Ohm’s law. Suggest an experiment to verify it and explain the procedure.
Ans. Ohm’s Law : At constant temperature , the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference across its ends.
:: 61 ::
Verification :
1) Connect the component battery (eliminator) ,
ammeter and plug key, Rheostat and iron wire in
series in the circuit as shown in figure with manganin
wire. Voltmeter is connected in parallel to the metal
wire.
2) Adjust rheostat such that ammeter shows 0.5A,
1.0 A, 1.5A, 2A , 2.5 A and note down respective
voltmeter readings in the table.
Observations.
v
S.No. current (i) Voltmeter reading (V)
(Amp) (volts) i
1. 0.5
2. 1.0
3. 1.5
4. 2.0
5. 2.5
v
1) Calculate the ratio in each case.
i
2) Plot a graph between v and i and observe the nature of the
graph.
The v - i graph is straight line passing through the origin. V
v ( Volts )
Result : From the table and graph, we find that is constant, hence Ohm’s law is verified.
i
4. Deduce the expression for the equivalent resistance of three resistors connected in series.
Ans. 1) If a number of resistors are joined end to end such that same current (i) flows through each
of them, then the resistors are said to be connected in series.
2) Consider three resistors of resistances R1 , R2 and R3 connected in series and a potential
difference (v) is applied across the combination as shown in figure.
3) In series combination current remains constant and voltage is divided into v1 , v2 and v3 across
R1 , R2 and R3 respectively..
i.e. v1 , v 2 an d v 3 _____________ (1)

4) According to Ohm’s law -
Potential difference across R1 is v1 iR1
:: 62 ::

V
V1 V2 V3
5) Let Req is the equivalent resistance of the combination
of resistors in series we get v i R eq
i R1 R2 R3
6) Substitutting the values of v1 , v2 , v3 and v
in the equation (i), we get
i Req iR1 iR2 iR3 Req R1 R2 R3
7) From the above equation we can conclude that the sum of individual resistances is equal to
their equivalent resistance when the resistors are connected in series.
5. Deduce the expression for the equivalent resistance of three resistors connected in parallel.
Ans. 1) If a number of resisors are connected in between two common points such that the same voltage acts
on all of them,then the resistors are said to be connected in parallel.
2) Consider three resistors of resistances R1 , R3 and R3 connected in parallel and the a potential
difference (v) is applied across the combination as shown in figure.
3) In parallel combination voltage remains constant and the current (i) gets divided into i1 , i2 and i3
through R1 , R3 and R3 respectively.. R1
A
i.e. i i1 i2 i3 ........... (1) i1
4) According to the Ohm’s law R2
A
v i i2 i
Current through R1 is i1
R1
v i3 R3
Current through R2 is i2
R2 A
v
Current through R3 is i3 R
3
5) Let Reqbe the equivalent resistance of the resistors in parallel, we get
v
i
R eq
6) Substituting the values of i1 , i2 , i3 and i in equation (1) we get
v v v v 1 1 1 1
Req R1 R2 R3 Req R1 R2 R3
7) Hence reciprocal of equivalent resistance is equal to sum of the reciprocals of individual resistances.
6. Explain Kirchhaff’s laws with examples.
Ans. 1) Two simple rules called Kirchhaff’s rules are applicable to any DC circuit containing batteries
and resistors connected in any way.
:: 63 ::
2)Junction Law : The algebraic sum of the currents at any junction of a
I6 I1
cicuit is zero . This law obeys law of conservation of charge. The current
flowing towards the junciton are taken + ve and the currents leaving the junc- I2
I5
tion are taken -ve. I3 I4
3) Example : From the adjacent figure, applying junction law,
A V1 R1
i5 i2 i3 i1 i4 i6 0 B
4) Loop Law : The algebraic sum of the increases and i1
decreases in potential difference across various
components of the circuit loop must be zero. V2 R2
C D
5) This law is based on the conservation of energy. i2
6) Applying loop law to the adjacent circuit.
i1+i2 R3
For the loop ACDBA v2 i2 R2 i1 R1 v1 0 E F
7. A house has 3 tube lights, two fans and a Television. Each tube light draws 40W. The fan draws
80W and the Television draws 60W. On the average, all the tube lights are kept on for five hours,
two fans for 12 hours and the Television for five hours every day. Find the cost of electric energy
used in 30 days at the rate of Rs.3 per KWH.
Ans. Energy consumed = n P t
Where n = number of appliances P = Power in Watt t = time in hours
Energy consumed by 3 tube lights of 40 W each used for 5 hours in a day
E1 = 3 40 5 600 WH
Energy consumed by 2 fans of 80 W each used for 12 hours in a day
E2 = 2 80 12 1920 WH
Energy consumed by 1 Television of 60W used for 5 hours in a day
E3 = 1 60 5 300 WH
Total energy consumed in a day E = E1 E2 E3 600 1920 300 = 2820 WH
Total energy (WH ) 30 2820 30

Energy consumed in KWH per month = = = 84.6 KWH
1000 1000
Rate per KWH = Rs.3
Total cost = 84.6 3 Rs . 253.8
8. How do you prove that the resistance of metal conductor is directly proportional to its lenngth
experimentally ?
Ans. Aim : To prove that the resistance of metal conductor is directly proportional to its lenngth.
Material required : Battery, plug and key, ammeater , mangnin wire of 10cm, 20cm, 30cm lengths with
uniform area of cross section.
:: 64 ::
Circuit :
P Q
() A
Procedure :
1. Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Connect each manganin wire (10cm,20cm,30cm) between P and Q , close the circuit with the help of
key and note down ammeter readings respectively.
Observations : As the length of wire increases the current in the circuit gradually decreases. It
means that the resistance is increasing.
Result : From this experiment we can concluded that the resistance of metal conductor is
directly proportional to its lenngth
9. How do you prove that the resistance of metal conductor depends on the nature of the material
experimentally ?
Ans. Aim : To prove that the resistance of metal conductor depends on the nature of the material.
Material required : Battery, plug and key, ammeater , copper , nichrome and manganin wires of same
length and with same area of cross section.
Circuit : P Q
() A
Procedure :
2. Connect copper, nichrome, manganin wires between P and Q , close the circuit with the help of
key and note down ammeter readings respectively.
Observations : Though the potential difference applied to different wires is same, the current in
different wires is different. It means that different have different resistances.
Result : From this experiment we can concluded that the resistance of metal conductor
depends on the nature of the material.
10. How do you prove that the resistance of a conducting wire depends on the area of cross section of
the conductor experimentally ?
Ans. Aim : To prove that the resistance of a conducting wire depends on the area of cross section of the conductor
Material required : Battery, plug and key, ammeater ,manganin wires of same length with different
areas of cross section.
Circuit : P Q
() A
www.amaravathiteacher.com
:: 65 ::
Procedure :
2. Connect the wires between P and Q , close the circuit with the help of key and note down
ammeter readings respectively.
Observations : It is observed that the current through a wire of lesser area of cross section is
lesser. It means that its resistance is more.
Result : From this experiment we can concluded that the resistance of a conducting wire
depends on the area of cross section of the conductor.
11. Observe the circuit diagram and anwer the following questions ?
R1
1. What do you measure with A ?
2. How do you connect V in the circuit ? R2
3. What R1,R2 represents ? V

4. What do we use to measure the potential difference across the resistorsR1,R2 ?
5. What is V in the circuit ? () A
6. What is A in the circuit ?
Ans. 1. Current 2. Parallel 3. Resistors 4. Voltmeter 5. Voltmeter 6. Ammeter.
12. This table gives readings of ammeter and voltmeter in an experiment conducted by a student while
proving Ohm’s law.
Voltmeter Readings (volts) 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5
Ammeter Readings (Amp) 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
Observe the readings and answer the following questions.

1. Is it ohmic material ? or Non ohmic material ?
2. Calculate the resistance used in the circuit ?
3. What is the shpe of v-i graph?
5. If 5V potential difference is applied what will be the current in the circuit ?
Ans. 1. Ohmic material.
2. 5 Ohm.
3. Straight line passing through origin.
4. R 5 , V 15V
V 15
i 3 amp.
R 5
12. An experiment is done to know a given material is ohmic or
non - ohmic. Current is measured applying different potential
differences and v-i graph is platted. Observe the graph and answer 2.5
the following questions. 2.0
1.5
1. Is it ohmic material ? or Non ohmic material ? 0.5
2. Calculate the resistance used in the circuit ?
3. Calculate the current when 10V is applied across the resistor ? 6 8
>
2 4
4. Calculate the potential difference when there is a current of 4A in v (volts)
the circuit ?
:: 66 ::
Ans. 1. Yes 2 V 10
R 4 i 2.5amp
0.5 R 4
R 4 , i 4 amp
V iR 4 x 4 16 V
14. This table gives specific resistance different materials.
Material ( -m) at 200C
Silver 1.59 × 10-8
Copper 1.68 × 10-8
Gold 2.44 × 10-8
Aluminium 2.82 × 10-8
Calcium 3.36 × 10-8
Tungston 5.60 × 10-8
Zinc 5.90 × 10-8
Nickle 6.99 × 10-8
iron 1.00 × 10-7
Lead 2.20 × 10-7
Nichrome 1.10 × 10-6
Carbon(Graphite) 2.50 × 10-6
Germanium 4.60 × 10-1
Observe the table and answer the following questions.
1. Which material is used in the preparation of Diode, Transistor and IC ? 2. Which is an alloy ?
3. What is the SI unit of specific resistance ? 4. Which material is used in heating element ?
5. Which is a semiconductor ? 6. Which among these is the best conductor ?
7. Which better conductor among copper and alluminium ? 8. Which material has the lowest resistivity?
Ans. 1. Germanium 2. Nichrome m 4. Tungston Germanium

6. Silver 7. Copper 8. Silver
14. How many different combinations can be prepared with three resistors of resistance R are given.
R
R R
R R
R R R
R R
R
R
:: 67 ::
UNIT ELECTROMAGNETISM
6
1/2 Mark Question’s
1. What are the devices in real life which work on the principles of electromagnetism ?
Ans. Motor, Generator, calling bell, cranes etc,.
2. Who established the relation between electricity and magnetism ?
Ans. Oersted.
3. What is the S.I unit of magnetic induction ?
Ans. Tesla.
4. In the right hand thumb rule, which physical quantity is indicated by the thumb ?
Ans. Direction of current.
5. What is the S.I unit of magnetic flux ?
Ans. Weber(Wb).
6. What is the formula for the force acting on a charged particle moving through a magnetic field ?
Ans. F qVB Sin
7. What is the formula for the force acting on a conductor of length ‘ ’ carrying current ‘i’ when
placed in a magnetic fiels of induction ‘B’?
Ans. F Bi
8. To which law the Faraday’s law is in accordance with ?
Ans. The law of conversation of energy.
9. In respect of which scientist, the unit of intensity of magnetic field given ?
Ans. Oersted.
10. What is the number of magnetic lines passing through a given normal area called ?
Ans. Magnetic Flux.
11. What is the formula for the magnetic flux density ?
Ans. B .
A
12. Which law can be used to find the direction of magnetic field fromed by a solenoid ?
Ans. Right hand rule.
13. Which device converts the electrical energy into mechanical energy ?
Ans. Electric Motor.
14. What is the phenomenon of producing induced current called ?
Ans. Electro magnetic induction.
15. What is the formula for the induced emf ?
d Change in magnetic flux
Ans. .
dt time
:: 68 ::
16. Which law states that the induced emf always opposes the change that produced it ?
Ans. Lenzs law.
17. Which phenomenon is involved in recording and reproduction of sound in the taperecorder ?
Ans. Electromagnetic induction.
18. Which law is involved in the working of ATM card ?
Ans. Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
19. On which law on induction stove works ?
20. In which type of motor commutator is not present ?
Ans. A.C.Motor.( Alternating current motor )
21. Which part of a D.C.Motor changes the direction of current ?
Ans. commutator.
22. Which device converts mechanical energy into electrical energy ?
Ans. Generator.
23. Which law states that ‘the induced emf in a closed circuit is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux’ ?
1. Magnetic flux ( ) A. Weber / m.
2. Magnetic flux density. ( ) B. Weber.
C. Weber / m2.
Ans. 1-A , 2- C.
1. Electric motor ( ) A. Heat energy converted to chemical energy.
2. Generator ( ) B. Electrical energy is converted to mechanical energy.
C. Mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy.
Ans. 1- B , 2- C.
Ans. Ampere’s right hand thumb rule.

27. Statement X : An electric motor converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Statement Y : Electric motor works on the principle of electro magnetic induction.
A. X,Y are true. B. X,Y are false C. X is true, Y is false D. X is false, Y is true.
Ans. B ( X,Y are false ).
28. What is th eformula for the force acting on a charged particle moving at an angle to the field ?
Ans. F BqV Sin
29. What is the force acting on a charged particle moving parallel to a magnetic field ?
Ans. Zero.
Ans. F Bi Sin .
:: 69 ::
31. Assertion ( A ) : Magnetic lines of forces are closed curves.

Reason ( R ) : In a bar magnet , lines of force run from north pole to south pole out
side the magnet and south pole to north pole inside the magnet.
Ans. Both A, R are true and ‘R’ is the correct explanation of A.
32. Which law states that ‘ The rate of change of magnetic flux related with a closed loop is equal
to the induced emf’ ?
Ans. Faraday’s law of electromagnetism.
Ans. Lenz’s law.

34. Write the Faraday’s law in equation form ?
Ans. .
t
35. What is the direction of magnetic lines of force inside a solenoid ?
Ans. Directed from south pole to north pole of the solenoid.
36. Assertion ( A ) : A magnetic needle kept near a conductor carrying current is deflected.
Reason ( R ) : Current carrying conductor produces a magnetic field around it .
Ans. Both A, R are true and ‘R’ is the correct explanation of A.
37. Which of the following statements is not true.
X : The product of magnetic flux and normal are gives magnetic flux density.
Z : A current carrying solenoid acts as a barmagnet.

Ans. X
38. What is the conclusion you draw from oersted’s experiment ?
Ans. A current carrying conductor produces a magnetic field around it.
39. If the angle between the direction of the magnetic field and normal to an area is then write
the equation relating magnetic flux and magnetic flux density ?
Ans. BACos
40. When a magnet and a coil are moving along the same line with same speed what is the value
of induced emf ?
Ans. Zero. ( Since there is no change of magnetic flux)
:: 70 ::
1 Mark Question’s
1. What do you conclude from Oersted experiment?
Ans. Current carrying wire produces magnetic field.
2. Define magnetic flux ?
Ans. Magnetic flux : The number of magnetic lines of force passing through a given normal area is called
“Magnetic flux” ( ).
3. Define magnetic flux density ?
Magnetic flux density or Magnetic field induction(B) : - The amount of magnetic flux passing
through one unit normal area is called “Magnetic flux density.”
B
A
4. Let be the angle between magnetic field (B) and normal to the plane with area (A). Then
Write the formulas for (i) magnetic flux density and (ii) magnetic flux through the plane?
Ans. (i) B = Ø / A Cos
(ii) Ø = BA Cos
5. What is right hand thumb rule? (or) Which rule do you use to find the direction of magnetic
field around straight wire carrying current and state that rule.
Ans. Right hand thumb rule:- If we imagine a current carrying conductior being held in the right hand such
that the thumb is along the conductor in the direction of current then other
fingers curling the wire indicate the direction of magnetic field.
6. Magnetic lines are as shown in the following
figure. What is the direction of the current
flowing through the wire?
Ans. Since the magnetic field lines are anti-clockwise
direction, the direction of the current is
vertically upwards according toright hand thumb
rule.
7. Which rule do you use to determine the direction of the filed due to coil or solenoid carrying
current and state that rule.
Ans. The direction of the filed due to coil or solenoid is determined by using “right hand rule” which
states that “when you curl your right hand finger in the direction of
current, thumb gives the direction of magnetic field”.
8. The direction of current flowing in a coil is shown
in figure. What type of magnetic pole is formed
at the face that has flow of current as shown in
figure.
Ans. Since the direction of the current is in
anticlockwise direction, North Pole is formed
at the face of the coil. X indicates the direction of B
9. Symbol ‘X’ indicates the direction of a magnetic field (B) and it is into the page
into the page. If a charge (q) moving with a velocity (v)
perpendicular to the magnetic field B as shown in the figure.
Then q v
(i) What is the magnetic force acting on the charge?
(ii) What is the magnetic force on the charge if it moving
parallel to the magnetic field?
Ans. (i) F = qvB (ii) Zero
:: 71 ::
10. Symbol X indicates the direction of a magnetic field into
i
the page. A straight long wire carrying current along its
length is kept perpendicular to the magnetic field. What is
B
the magnitude of force experienced by the wire? In what L
direction does act?
Ans. 1. F = BIL
2. As per Right hand rule direction of force is towards left side.
11. What is solenoid?
Ans A current carrying helical coil is called solenoid.
12. State Faraday’s law.
Ans. The induced emf generated in a closed loop is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux related with
it.
13. Define electromagnetic induction.
Ans. The production of induced emf in a closed circuit due a change of magnetic flux related with the circuit
is called “Electromagnetic induction.”
14. Define Lenz law.
Ans. During the electromagnetic induction, the induced emf always opposes the change that produced it.
15. The value of magnetic induction of uniform field is 2T. What is the flux passing through the
surface area of 1.5 m2 perpendicular to the field?
Ans. Given:- Magnetic field induction, B =2T
Surface area, A = 1.5 m2
Magnetic flux, =?
Formula:- Magnetic flux, = BA = 2 x 1.5 =3 Weber
16. A bar magnet with North Pole facing towards a coil
moves as shown in the figure. What happens to
the magnetic flux passing through the coil? N
Ans. Magnetic flux increases in the coil and this change
in magnetic flux produces induced emf in the coil
in anticlockwise direction.
17. Write the devices which convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and mechanical
energy into electrical energy. (or) Distinguish between electric motor and generator.
Ans. 1. Electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
2. AC, DC generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
2 Mark question’s
1. Are the magnetic lines closed? Explain?

Ans. 1. Yes, magnetic lines are always closed loops and any two field lines
never intersect each other.
2. Inside the magnet the direction of magnetic lines of force is from
south pole to north pole.
3. Outside the magnet each line comes out from north pole and goes
into the south pole.
4. Thus, the magnetic lines of force are closed loops.
:: 72 ::
2. Raj Kumar said to you that the magnetic field lines are open and they start at north pole of bar
magnet and end at south pole. What questions do you ask Rajkumar to correct him by saying
“field lines are closed”.
Ans. (i) Does magnetic field lines have direction?
(ii) What is the direction of field lines out side of the bar magnet?
(iii) Does magnetic field lines are exist inside of the bar magnet?
(iv) What is the direction of field lines inside the bar magnet?
(v) Are the magnetic field lines are linear around a bar magnet?
(vi) Why the needle compass following a curved path from one pole to another pole?
3. As shown in figure both coil and bar magnet moves in the
same direction. Your friend is arguing that there is no change
in flux. Do you agree with his statement? If not what doubts
do you have? Frame questions about the doubts you have
regarding changein flux.
Ans. No. I don’t agree. Why because if the coil and bar magnet
are with same velocity only, there will no change in the flux.
If not, there will be change in flux. I have following doubts:
(i) Is the bar magnet moving with the same velocity of the
coil?
(ii) Is the speed of the coil is more than the speed of the bar magnet?
(iii) Does the magnet or coil reversed their direction of motion?
(iv) Does the coil change its orientation?
4. A coil made of insulated copper wire is connected to a galvanometer. What happened ifa bar
magnet is
(i) Push towards the coil?
(ii) Withdrawn from inside the coil?
(iii) Held stationary inside the coil?
(iv) What is the phenomenon involved in this procedure?
Ans. (i) Current is generated in the coil
(ii) Current generated in the coil but opposite direction
(iii) Current is not generated in the coil
(iv) Electromagnetic induction
5. Abar magnet is moved to the plane of the coil with north pole pointing the coil.
(i) What is the magnetic pole form towards bar magnet north pole?
(ii) What is the direction of induced current in the coil with respect to the north pole of bar
magnet?
(iii) Which law do you use to find the direction of induced current in the coil?
(iv) What is the reason for producing the induced current in the coil?
Ans. (i) North pole
(ii) Anti-clockwise direction
(iii) Lenz’s law
(iv) Electro magnetic induction
6. How do you appreciate Faraday’s law, which is the consequence of conservation of energy?
Ans. (i) Law of conservation of energy says that energy is neither be created nor destroyed, but
can be convertedfrom one form to another form.
:: 73 ::
(ii)Faraday’s law says that whenever there is a continuous change of magnetic flux linked
with a closed coil produces an induced emf and this induced emf is directly proportional to
the rate of change in magnetic flux.
(iii) If we do some work to rotate the coil between the poles of the magnet, this work produces
energy. And this energy is converted to electrical energy in the coil.
(iv) So conservation of energy takes place in electromagnetic induction. Hence I appreciate
the Faraday’s law, which is the consequence of the conservation of energy.
7. How do you appreciate the relation between magnetic field and electricity that changed the life
style of mankind?
Ans. (i) The idea of Oersted is, current carrying conductor produces magnetic field. And Faraday’s
law is, continuous change in magnetic flux linked with a closed coil produces the induced
current.
(ii) By these, we are able to construct motors to convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy and able to construct generators to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy.
(iii) The relation between magnetic field and electricity enables to use fans, mixers, grinders,
induction stoves, ATMs, security checks, tape recorders, electric cranes etc.,
(iv) All these are possible with the relation between magnetic field and electricity hence I
appreciate this.
8. A force of 8N acts on a rectilinear conductor 20cm long placed perpendicular to a magnetic
field. Determine the magnetic field induction if the current in the conductor is 40A?
Ans. Given:- F =8N = 20 cm or 20x10-2 m
i = 40 A B =?
F
Formula:- B
i
8 8
2
1Tesla
40 x 20 x 10 8
9. Give a few applications of faraday’s law of induction in daily life?
Ans. Applications of faraday’s law:-
1. Security checking. 2. Tape recorder. 3. ATM machines. 4. Induction stove.5. Electrical
generators.
10. Which of the various methods of current generation protects the nature well? Give examples
to support your answer?
Ans. 1. Tidal Energy. 2. Hydro electrical energy. 3. Wind energy. 4. Solar energy.
5. Geothermal energy.
11. Why do the picture appear distorted when a bar magnet is brought close to the screen of a
television? Explain.
Ans. 1. Television has a picture tube which produces a motion of electrons on the screen.
2. These electrons are affected by magnetic field of a bar magnet.
3. Because the magnetic field exerts a force on the electrons reaching the screen.
4. So the picture gets distorted when a bar magnet is brought close to the screen of a television.
:: 74 ::
1. How can you verify that current carrying wire produces magnetic field with the help of
experiment? (OR) Describe oersted’s experiment.
(OR)
Explain with the help of activity , a current carrying wire produces magnetic field?
Ans. Aim:- To verify that current carrying wire produces magnetic field.
Required Apparatus: Thermocol sheet, battery, key, wooden sticks, compass needle, bar magnet
etc.
Procedure:- 1.Take a thermocol sheet and fix two thin
wooden sticks of height 1cm which have small slit at the
top of their ends.
2. A 24 gauge copper wire is passed through the slits
and its ends are connected across a battery
and plug key as shown in figure.
Observationns:-
When the key is closed and current is passed through the wire, the compass needlede flects.
Reason:- This deflection is due to magnetic field produced by current carrying conductor (wire).
Conclusion:- A current carrying wire produces a magnetic field.
2. What experiment do you suggest to understand faraday’s law? What material is required?
What suggestions do you give to get good results of the experiment? Give precautions?
(OR)
Explain Faraday’s law of induction with the help of activity?
Ans. Aim:- To understand Faraday’s law of induction.
Material Required :- Galvanometer, bar magnet and a coil of wire.
Procedure:- 1. Connect the terminals of a coil to a sensitive galvanometer as shown in the figure.
2. Push a bar magnet towards the coil whose north pole is facing the coil.
3. While the magnet is moving towards the coil, the needle
in galvanometer deflects, showing that a current has been
set up in the coil,
S
4. If the magnet is moved away from the coil, the needle in
the galvanometer again deflects but in the opposite
direction. N
5. It means that a current is set up in the coil in the opposite
direction.
6. If we use a south pole instead of north pole, the deflection
of galvanometer gets reversed.
7. Whenever there is a continuous change of magnetic flux G
linked with closed coil, current is induced in the coil.
Precautions:- 1. The coil should be kept on an insulating surface.
2. The bar magnet should be a strong magnet.
3. The area of the coil should be more.
4. The number of turns in the coil should be more.
:: 75 ::
3. Explain the working of AC electric generator with a neat diagram?
Ans. AC electric generator :- Electric generator is a device which converts the mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
Principle :- It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Working :-
1. Consider a rectangular coil held between concave
- shaped poles of a permanent magnet as shown
Rotation
in the figure the ends of the coil connected to two
slip rings.
2. When the coil is at rest in vertical position, with
side (A) of coil at top position and side (B) at A
bottom position, no current will be induced in it. S
3. When the coil is rotated in clockwise direction, B
current will be induced in it and it flows from
N
A to B. Slip rings
4. During the first quarter of rotation, the current
increases from zero to a maximum and reaches
peak value.
5. During the second quarter of the rotation, the
current decreases to zero.
6. During the third quarter of the rotation, the current
increases to maximum but in opposite direction.
7. During the fourth quarter of the rotation, the current once again reduces toBrushes
zero.
8. Since the direction of current changes every half rotation the current is called A.C.
4. Explain the working of DC generator with a neat diagram.
Ans. DC electric generator :- Electrical generator is a
device which converts the mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
Principle :- It works on the principle of electromagnetic Rotation
induction.
Working :- 1.Consider a rectangular coil held
between concave - shaped poles of a permanent
magnet as shown in the figure the ends of the coil are
connected to two split rings of a commutator system.
A
2.When the coil is in vertical position the induced current
generated during the first half rotation, rises from zero B
S
to maximum and falls to zero again.
3.As the coil moves further from this position, the ends N Commutator
of the coil go to other slip rings.
4.Hence, during the second half rotation, the current is Brush
reversed in the coil itself.
5.So the current induced during the second half of
rotation will be identical to that of the first half.
6. This current is known as direct current (DC). R
:: 76 ::
5. Explain the working of electric motor with a neat diagram?
Ans. Electric motor :- It is a device which converts the elec-
trical energy into mechanical energy. Anticlockwise
Principle:- When a rectangular coil of copper wire car- rotation
rying current is placed in a magnetic field it experi- N
ences a couple such that the coil rotates in the magnetic
field. Thus electrical energy is converted into mechanical B
C S
energy.
Working:
1.An electric motor consists of a rectangular coil ABCD
called armature kept between the permanent A
D
magnetic poles as shown in the figure. C1
Split-ring
2.When current is passed through the coil armature Communicator C2
gets half rotation due to the couple acting.
3.At this position current stops momentarily and the Current
coil rotates due to inertia. B1 (reverses at
B2 half turn)
4.During the next half rotation direction of current is Brushes
reverse by the commutator and the coil rotates in the
same direction. +
-
5.It is the working of an electrical motor.
6. Explain Faraday’s laws of induction with the help of activity?

Ans. 1. Take a wooden base and fix a soft iron cylinder
on it vertically. Soft iron
cylinder
2. Wind copper wire around the soft iron cylinder.
3. Insert a metal ring through the cylinder, whose
radius is slightly greater than that of cylinder. Metal ring
Observation : 1 (D.C.Source)
When the coil is connected across a DC source, the metal
ring rises and falls down momentarily. when the DC is Copper
switched off it behaves in the similar way. wire
Prediction : It is because of the fact that ring behaves as
magnet due to electromagnetic induction during change of
current only. Wooden base
Observation : 2 (A.C.Source)
When the coil is connected across an A.C source we notice that metal ring is levitated on the coil.
Prediction :
i) The metal ring is levitated means the net force on it should be zero according to Newton’s second law.
ii) As AC changes both its magnitude and direction in regular time intervals, the magnetic flux in the coil
also changes in both magnitude and direction.
iii) The levitation of metal ring is possible only when the metal ring behaves like a magnet and should
:: 77 ::
change its polarities in the same time intervals but opposite to that of solenoid coil.
Result :
As the magnetic induction changes in both magnitude and direction in the solenoid as well as
in the ring, the metal ring is levitated.
7. How do you verify experimentally that magnetic field lines are closed.
Ans. Material required:
Wooden plank,retort stand, 24 guage copperwire, 3V battery, switch, 6 to 10 compassneedles
Procedure:
(i) Take awooden plank and make a hole. Place this
plankonthe table. Now place a retortstand on the Stand
plank .
(ii) Pass 24 gauge copper wire through hole of the
plank and rubber knob of retort stand insuch a way
Compass
that the wire be arranged in a vertical position and
Table needle
not touch the stand.
(iii) Connectthe two ends of the wire to a 3V battery Battery
via switch. Place 6 to 10compass needles in a circular
path around the hole so that its centre coincides with Switch Wooden
plank
hole.
(iv) Now switch on. Current flows through the wire.
We can observe that the compass needles are Conducting
directed as tangents to the circle. So the shape of wire
the magnetic field lines around a straight current
carrying wire is a circular line.
Conclusion:
From the above experiment we can conclude that magnetic field lines are closed
:: 78 ::
Vertical shift P
Optical Fibre
P
core Q Q
A B glass
slab
Cladding
D R C A
S B
Refraction through glass slab D
C
Images formed by convex lens
Object F1 2F1
2F2 F2
2F2 F2 F1 2F1 Image
F1 2F1 Object F1 2F1
2F2 F2 Image 2F2 F2

Image at
infinity
image
F1 2F1
F2 F1 2F1
2F2
image 2F2 F2 object
Images formed by convex lens
Object 2F2
F2
2F1 F1 F2 2F2 Image
2F1 F1
ciliary
muscles Dispersed light
White
Y light
iris
retina
pupil D
lens
aqueous Water
humour
i1=i2 X
cornea Mirror
Angle of Metal
optic nerve incidence i1 tray
:: 79 ::
Hypermetropia and its correction Myopia and its correction
M L
H L
L
H
L
M
I
V
V (in volt)
(in volt) Non Ohimic conductior’s
Ohimic conductior’s V-i graph
Ohms law V-i graph
S
Faraday’s law of
inducion
N
Anticlockwise
rotation
N
Oiersted Experiment
B
C S
G
A.C.GENERATOR
D.C.GENERATOR A
D
C1
C2
Rotation
Rotation Current
B1 (reverses at
A Brushes
B2 half turn)
S
B
N A -
B S
N Commutator +
Brush
ELECTRIC MOTOR
R
Brushes

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www.amaravathiteacher.

Dr. G.Satheesh Reddy

Water at normal atmospheric pressure boils at ................

4. Phase change from liquid to gas ( ) D. Fog

6. Why do we sweat while doing a work?

10. Why do pigs toil around in the mud ?

750C hot water

2. Write the differences between evaporation and boiling. ?

Substance Specific heat (Cal / gm- oC)

(a) Write the SI Unit of Specific heat?

3. Temperatures of two cities at different times are given as follows :

On the basis of above table, answer the following questions.

10. According to principle of method of mixtures.

Stage-3 : Required heat energy to convert

Required heat energy to change 12g of ice at -100c

UNIT REFRACTION AT PLANE

1/2 MARK QUESTION’S

15. What is the cause of refraction of light ?

Ans: Light incident normal to the surface

Ans: Assertion True , Reason True

3. Define refractive index ( OR ) absolute refractive index.

Speed of light in air = 3, 00,000 km/s.

B) Refractive index of the water = n = ?

speed of light in vacuum = C = 3 X 108 m/s

Speed of light in water = V = 2.25 X 108 m/s

speed of light in vacuum = C = 3 X 108 m/s

Speed of light in Crown glass = V = 1.97 X 108 m/s

Thickness of the slab

UNIT REFRACTION AT CURVED

1/2 Mark Question’s and Answers

T Name the lens s

Ans: plano convex lens.

T Name the lens ?

Ans. Plano concave lens.

T Name the lens ?

Ans. concavo-convex lens.

T Name the lens?

Ans : Bi - Concave lens.

1 Write the formula for formation of image by curved surfaces?

b) Concave lens is represented with a symbol

16. When does a convex lens behave as a concave lens ?

R1 and R2 are radii of curvatures. n = Refractive index.

3. It is also known as converging lens. 3. It is also known as diverging lens.

(b) When the object is at ‘2F2’

c) When the object is between 2F2 and F2

(d) When the object is between F2 and optic centre

UNIT Human Eye and

34. Doctor prescribed lenses as follows to a patient.

4. Doctor advised to use 2D lens. What is its focal length ?

13 Why do clouds appear white ?

3. The unit for power of lens is Dioptre (D).

Here, A = Angle of the prism D = Angle of minimum deviation

1. What type of lens is in the human eye ?

10. Observe the figure and answer the questions.

Ans. (i) Angle of incidence on X-Axis and Angle of Angle of incidence i1

4. Explain an experiment to produce a rainbow in the class room. Dispered light

6. How do you find experimentally the refractive index of material of a prism.

4. Explain the Structure of human eye with neat diagram ?

2. Draw a tangent line to the curve, parallel to X axis