Volume : 2 | Issue : 8 | Aug 2013 ISSN - 2250-1991

99 X PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

Research Paper
Optimum Location of Static Var Compensator (Svc)
in over Head Transmission Lines
* C. Dinakaran ** G. Balasundaram
Engineering
* Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, S.V.C.E.T, Chittoor, India
** Associate Professor, Department of EEE, S.V.C.E.T, Chittoor
ABSTRACT
This paper illustrates of the load has a signifcant effect in the electrical power systems. The effect of different static load
models on the optimal location of Static VAR Compensator (SVC). The static load types, in which active and reactive powers
vary with voltage as an exponential form, are used. The effect of appropriate location of the SVC on voltage control for variable
load conditions is designed. For this purpose each load is varied as a stair-case and voltages are controlled at the desired
levels by using minimum number of Static VAR Compensators (SVC). Modeling and simulation of the system are performed
using MATLAB SIM Power Systems Block sets. PI controllers are used to control SVC fring angles. The studied power system
is a simple fve-bus system.
SVC is modeled as a fxed shunt capacitor and connected to different load buses in a fve bus system to show the effect of
different location of this device on system voltage profle for different static load types. Six static load types in which active and
reactive powers vary with the voltage as an exponential form are used to show the effect of voltage dependent load models on
voltage profle and location of the SVC in power systems. In case our study, each load is modeled as a stair-case dynamic load
(SCDLM), in which active and reactive powers are varied at a chosen time around the base value with desired step size and
realized by simultaneous switching of static loads. To keep the bus voltages at the desired level and to show the capability of
the SVC on voltage control, the load voltages are controlled by using SVC controller. From the simulation results, it is obtained
that bus voltages for different load models have approximately the same variation with the different location of the SVC for
different static load models and the optimal location of the SVC doesnt depend on the load models.
Keywords : SVC, Load models, location of SVCs, voltage control
I. INTRODUCTION
Most of the world electric power systems are widely intercon-
nected to reduce cost of the electricity and to improve the
reliability of power supply. It is ideal to locate the generators
at load centers. Because of economical and environmental
reasons, the generating stations are usually located at remote
locations. The interconnection of generating stations and util-
ities improve the reliability with minimum generation resourc-
es. If the transmission capability is less, then more generation
would be required to serve the same load with same reliabili-
ty. Hence the cost of electricity would be higher.
The power system is a complex network consisting of syn-
chronous generations, transmission lines, loads, etc. As the
power system grows it becomes more complex to operate
the system and can become less secure for riding through
the major outages. The power that can be transmitted over
a line depends on series reactance of the line, bus voltag-
es and transmission angled. The voltage profle along the
line can be controlled by reactive shunt compensation. The
series line inductive reactance can be controlled by series
capacitive compensation. The transmission angle can be
varied by phase shifting transformer. Generally the reactive
power compensation and phase angle control are applied by
fxed or mechanically switched capacitor, reactors and tap
changing transformers to improve the power transmission.
The recovery from dynamic disturbances was accomplished
by generous stability margins at the price of relatively poor
system compensation. Speeds of operation of mechanically
controlled systems are lower compared to systems using stat-
ic devices. The mechanical devices wear out quickly hence
cannot be operated frequently.
FACTS technology opens up new opportunities for controlling
power and enhances the usable capacity of the present trans-
mission system for transmission planners. The opportunities
arise through the ability of FACTS controllers to control the
inter related parameters that govern the operation of trans-
mission systems including series impedance, shunt, imped-
ance, current, phase angle and damping of oscillations at
various frequencies below the rated frequency. These con-
straints cannot be overcome otherwise, while maintaining the
required system stability, by mechanical means without low-
ering the useable transmission capacity. By providing added
fexibility, FACTS controllers can enable a line to carry power
close to its thermal rating. Mechanical switching needs to be
supplemented by rapid power electronic devices.
The FACTS controllers by its function and types are
shown in table
Name Type
Main
Function
Controller
Used
Comment
SVC (static var
compensator)
Shunt
Voltage
control
Thyristor
Variable
impedance
device
STATCON
(static
condenser)
Shunt
Voltage
control
GTO,IGBT
or MCT
Variable
voltage
source
TCSC
(Thyristor
controlled
series
compensator)
Series
Power
fow
control
Thyristor
Variable
impedance
device
Volume : 2 | Issue : 8 | Aug 2013 ISSN - 2250-1991
100 X PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH
TCPAR
(Thyristor
controlled
phase angle
regulator)
Series
and
shunt
Power
fow
control
Thyristor
Phase
control
using series
(quadrature)
voltage
injection
SSSC (static
synchronous
series
compensator)
Series
Power
fow
control
GTO,IGBT
or MCT
Variable
voltage
source
UPFC (Unifed
power fow
controller)
Shunt
and
series
Voltage
and
power
fow
control
GTO,IGBT
or MCT
Variable
voltage
source
IPFC (Interline
power fow
controller)
Series
and
series
Power
fow
controller
GTO,IGBT
or MCT
Variable
voltage
source
TABLE 1: FACTS controllers by its function and type
II. STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC)
It is a shunt connected static VAR generator or absorber as
shown whose output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or
inductive current so as to maintain or control specifc param-
eters of the electrical system (typically bus voltage). SVC is
based on thyristors without gate turn off capability. They are
also employed for transient and dynamic stability improve-
ment. The controllable parameter of the SVC is Impedance.
Fig.1. Block diagram of static VAR compensators
It has a single port with a parallel connection to the power
system. The thyristors are naturally commutated. They switch
at the main (low) frequency; it contains insignifcant energy
storage elements; the SVC has no DC port as shown in Fig.1.
Fig.2. Description of SVC
Typically, a SVC comprises a bank of individually switched ca-
pacitors in conjunction with a Thyristor-controlled air- or iron-
core reactor. By means of phase angle modulation switched
by the thyristors, the reactor may be variably switched into
the circuit, and so provide a continuously variable MVAR in-
jection (or absorption) to the electrical network. In this confg-
uration, coarse voltage control is provided by the capacitors;
the Thyristor-controlled reactor is to provide smooth control.
Smoother control and more fexibility can be provided with
Thyristor-controlled capacitor switching.
III. SVC USING A TCR AND TSC
This compensator overcomes two major shortcomings of the
earlier compensators by reducing losses under operating
conditions and better performance under large system dis-
turbances.
Fig.3. SVC using a TCR and TSC
In view of the smaller rating of each capacitor bank, the rating
of the reactor bank will be 1/n times the maximum output of
the SVC, thus reducing the harmonics generated by the reac-
tor. In those situations where harmonics have to be reduced
further, a small amount of FCs tuned as flters may be con-
nected in parallel with the TCR.
IV. SVC OF COMBINED TSC AND TCR TYPE
In the TSCTCR scheme, due to the fexibility of rapid switch-
ing of capacitor banks without appreciable disturbance to the
power system, oscillations can be avoided, and hence the
transients in the system can also be avoided. The capital cost
of this SVC is higher than that of the earlier one due to the
increased number of capacitor switches and increased con-
trol complexity.
Fig.4. SVC of combined TSC and TCR type and voltage/
current characteristics
V. SVC USING A TCR AND AN FC
In this arrangement, two or more FC (fxed capacitor) banks
are connected to a TCR (Thyristor controlled reactor) through
a step-down transformer. The rating of the reactor is chosen
larger than the rating of the capacitor by an amount to provide
the maximum lagging VARS that have to be absorbed from
the system.
Fig.5. SVC USING A TCR AND AN FC
Volume : 2 | Issue : 8 | Aug 2013 ISSN - 2250-1991
101 X PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH
SVC of the FC/TCR type:
The main disadvantage of this confguration is the signifcant
harmonics that will be generated because of the partial con-
duction of the large reactor under normal sinusoidal steady-
state operating condition when the SVC is absorbing zero
MVAR. These harmonics are fltered in the following manner.
Triplex harmonics are canceled by arranging the TCR and
the secondary windings of the step-down transformer in delta
connection. The capacitor banks with the help of series reac-
tors are tuned to flter ffth, seventh, and other higher-order
harmonics as a high-pass flter. Further losses are high due
to the circulating current between the reactor and capacitor
banks.
Fig.6. Comparison of the loss characteristics of TSC
TCR, TCRFC
VI. SIMULATION RESULTS
SIMULINK CIRCUIT MODEL-I
Fig.7. Five bus MODEL-1
Voltage and current across bus1
Voltage and current across bus2
Voltage and current across bus3
Voltage and current across bus4
Voltage and current across bus5
Real power and Reactive power across bus1
Volume : 2 | Issue : 8 | Aug 2013 ISSN - 2250-1991
102 X PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH
SIMULINK CIRCUIT MODEL-II
Fig.8. Five bus MODEL-2
Voltage and current across bus1
Voltage and current across bus2
Voltage and current across bus3
Voltage and current across bus4
Voltage and current across bus5
Real power and Reactive power across bus1
SIMULINK MODEL CIRCUIT-III
Fig.9. Five bus MODEL-3
Volume : 2 | Issue : 8 | Aug 2013 ISSN - 2250-1991
103 X PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH
REFERENCES
[1] T. J. E. Miller, Reactive Power Control in Electric Power Systems, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1982. | [2] Bibliography on Reactive Power and Voltage Control-
IEEE VAR Management Working Group Report, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vo1.2 No.2, pp.361-370, May, 1987. | [3] Canizares C. A., Modelling of TCR and VSI
Based FACTS Controllers, internal Report for ENEL and POLIMI, September 9, 1999. | [4] Faur Z. T., Effects of FACTS Devices on Static Voltage Collapse Phenome-
na, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Chapter 5, Report-1996. | [5] Stagg G. W. and A. H. El-Abiad, Computer methods in a power system analysis, New Ork,
McGraw Hill, 1968. | [6] Stagg G. W. and A. H. El-Abiad, Computer methods in a power system analysis Newyork, McGraw Hill, 1968. |
Voltage and current across bus1
Voltage and current across bus2
Voltage and current across bus3
Voltage and current across bus4
Voltage and current across bus5
Real power and Reactive power across bus1
VII. CONCLUSION
This Paper concludes that the location of SVC at different
places to maintain power quality and power factor as unity.
Commercially the FACTS controllers are used to control the
voltages in power systems and maintain the power angle as
nearer to zero so that utility of power is more or less equal to
sending power.
The area of voltage stability and control for power systems
has yielded an extensive and diverse array of analytical
contributions. It is now well-accepted that the basic problem
is under infuence of static and dynamic aspects of system
equipments. The voltage stability and control are dynamic
phenomenon. Accordingly, these lead to dynamic modeling
and formulation of the system. Consequently one of the most
important issue states itself as the modeling requirement, and
adequacy of the various system components.
The SVCs are generally used as load balancing and pow-
er factor correcting devices by adjusting the suspectance in
each phase by controlling the conducting angles of the TCR.
SVC is basically a shunt connected static VAR generator/load
whose output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive
current. So the SVC maintains or controls the specifc power
system variables typically, the controlled variable is the bus
voltage.
The paper focuses on location of SVC at three different plac-
es which are nearer to the load, nearer to the generating sta-
tion and between the transmission lines and it gives the best
location of SVC with good voltage regulation by connecting
the flters in the feeder. By choosing the SVC at nearer to load
side is the best reduction of losses, maintain good voltage
regulation and power factor without any recovery of time for
compensating the voltage levels.