Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties
Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties
Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties
OR
Periodic table is the arrangement of elements in the form of a table in which elements with
similar properties are placed in the same group.
Importance of periodic table: – The periodic table is the road map to elements. It tells us
about atomic numbers, atomic masses, electronegativity, chemical properties as well as the
relationship among various elements.
Mendeleev’s periodic table;- In 1869, a Russian chemist Mendeleev for the first time
introduced the name periodic table. He arranged the known 63 elements in order of their
increasing atomic masses. The vertical columns were called groups and the horizontal rows
were called periods.
Elements having same properties are placed in the same group. This periodic table got the
name Mendeleev’s periodic table due to name of presenter scientist and was based on
Mendeleev’s law, this law states.
Merits:-
1. Systematic arrangements of 63 elements in groups and periods.
2.. Predicted properties of elements which were not discovered -like scandium, gallium,
germanium, which was corrected and left gaps for them.
Demerits of Mendeleev’s periodic table:-
In 1913 Henry Moseley discovered a new property of elements, the atomic number. He
states that atomic number determines the position of elements. He arranged elements
based on their increasing atomic number in periodic table.
Modern periodic law; – “properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic
number”.
According to Moseley atomic number is basic property of an element due to two aspects;
First period consists of only two elements and is called short period.
Second and third period consists of 8 elements each and are called normal periods.
Fourth and fifth period consists of 18 elements each and are called long periods.
Sixth period has 32 elements and is called very long or longest period.
Seventh period has 23 elements and is incomplete. This is also called very long
period.
Elements of a period show different properties.
Atomic Radius;- The half of the distance between nuclei of two adjacent same atoms is
called atomic radius.
Or Atomic radius is generally stated as being the total distance from an atom’s nucleus to
the outermost orbital of electron.
Atomic size: – the distance between the nuclei of two adjacent same atoms is called atomic
size.
Example: – The distance between nuclei of two adjacent carbon atoms in its elemental form
is 154 pm (Pico meter). It is called atomic size of carbon atom . Its half that is 77 pm is radius
of carbon atom.
Trends in periodic table;-
Variation in a period; – From left to right in a period the atomic sizes gradually decreases
because of the following reasons;
Increase in the effective nuclear charge.
Additions of electrons in the same shell.
Variation in a group: – From top to bottom in group atomic sizes increases due to
following reasons;
Addition of new shells.
Decrease in effective nuclear charge.
Variation in a period; in a period from left to right, the shielding effect decreases because of
following reason;
♦ Electrons added to same outer shell. That’s why removal of electrons from sulphur is easy
than chlorine.
Variation in a group:
From top to bottom in a group shielding effect increases due to following reason;
♦ The increase in inner electrons that repel the outer electrons by greater forces.
That is why it is easy to remove an electron from potassium (Z=19) than sodium (Z=11).
Ionization Energy; - The amount of energy required to remove an electron from the
valence shell of an isolated gaseous atom in its ground state is called ionization energy.
Explanation;- Electrons in an atom are held by electrostatic forces of attraction, that’s why
for the removal of electrons energy is needed. Such type of energy is called ionization
energy.
Variation in a period:-The Ionization energy value increases from left to right in a period.
When we moves from left to right in a period;
Nuclear charge increases.
Electrons added or enter into same shell.
Variation in a group: – Ionization energy value decreases from top to bottom in a group.
This is because of;
Variation in a period: – from left to right in a period electron affinity increases because of:
Increase in effective nuclear charge.
Size of the atoms decreases.
Example: – In HCl molecule the shared electron pair lies more towards Cl atom because Cl is
more electronegative.
Trends in Periodic table:-
Variation in a group: – Electronegativity value decreases from top to bottom in a group. This
is because of the increase in size and decrease in nuclear charges.
Variation in a period: – Electronegativity value increases from left to right in a period, this is
due to increase in nuclear charges and less shielding effect.
1)properties of elements are periodic functions of Properties of elements are periodic functions of
their atomic masses. their atomic number.
2) This law is based on atomic number. This law is based on atomic mass.
3) Atomic mass is the basic property of this law. Atomic number is the basic property of this law.