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    Atomic Structure Timeline

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    Nouman1203
    Early theories of atomic structure were based on reasoning rather than experiments. Democritus first proposed the idea of atoms in 400 BC. In the early 1900s, scientists including Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, and Chadwick developed experiments and models that led to the current understanding of atomic structure, including discovering the electron and nucleus. Key developments included the plum pudding model, evidence of a nucleus from alpha particle scattering, Bohr's model of electron shells, and Chadwick's discovery of the neutron. The modern quantum mechanical model developed in the 1920s further explained atomic structure and behavior.

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    Atomic Structure Timeline

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    Nouman1203
    36 views5 pages
    Early theories of atomic structure were based on reasoning rather than experiments. Democritus first proposed the idea of atoms in 400 BC. In the early 1900s, scientists including Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, and Chadwick developed experiments and models that led to the current understanding of atomic structure, including discovering the electron and nucleus. Key developments included the plum pudding model, evidence of a nucleus from alpha particle scattering, Bohr's model of electron shells, and Chadwick's discovery of the neutron. The modern quantum mechanical model developed in the 1920s further explained atomic structure and behavior.

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    Early theories of atomic structure were based on reasoning rather than experiments. Democritus first proposed the idea of atoms in 400 BC. In the early 1900s, scientists including Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, and Chadwick developed experiments and models that led to the current understanding of atomic structure, including discovering the electron and nucleus. Key developments included the plum pudding model, evidence of a nucleus from alpha particle scattering, Bohr's model of electron shells, and Chadwick's discovery of the neutron. The modern quantum mechanical model developed in the 1920s further explained atomic structure and behavior.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    36 views5 pages

    Atomic Structure Timeline

    Uploaded by

    Nouman1203
    Early theories of atomic structure were based on reasoning rather than experiments. Democritus first proposed the idea of atoms in 400 BC. In the early 1900s, scientists including Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, and Chadwick developed experiments and models that led to the current understanding of atomic structure, including discovering the electron and nucleus. Key developments included the plum pudding model, evidence of a nucleus from alpha particle scattering, Bohr's model of electron shells, and Chadwick's discovery of the neutron. The modern quantum mechanical model developed in the 1920s further explained atomic structure and behavior.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    Atomic Structure: A Timeline

    Early theories of the structure of matter were not based upon experiments. As scientists began to study
    the relationship between several physical phenomenon such as electricity, and magnetism they began
    to develop different models about atomic structure.

    400 B.C:

    Democritus (Greek) He was the first to identify the possibility of an atom; he believed that matter
    could be divided into smaller particles, known as atoms.

    300 B.C:

    Aristotle He concluded there are four elements: earth, fire, water, believed in reasoning instead of
    scientific experiments and dismissed Democritus atom idea as worthless.

    1704:

    Isaac Newton (British) He proposed a mechanical universe with small solid masses in motion. This
    brought forward the model of the structure of atoms, though the idea was not known until 1912.

    1789:

    Antoine Lavoisier He established the Law of Conservation of Mass, suggested that elements cannot
    be broken down into simpler components and combined elements would create chemical compounds.

    1803, 1805, 1808:

    John Dalton (British) "Father of the modern atomic theory." Established 5 parts to the theory and
    stated that elements are composed of atoms; elements atoms are identical in mass. Suggested that
    matter is made of indivisible particles or atoms and that each chemical element consisted is made up of
    its own characteristic atoms. He also stated that atoms combined only in small whole-number ratios to
    form compounds.

    1894:

    George John stone Stoney (Irish) He proposed that electricity was made of discrete negative
    particles which he called ‘electrons.’ proposed that electricity was made of particles called “electrons”.
    This wasn’t confirmed as this idea was just an estimate.
    1897:

    J.J.Thomson (British) He discovered electrons and presented plum pudding model of the atom. He
    proposed that atom was a sphere of positive electricity with negative particles. He won the Nobel Prize
    in 1906.

    1900:

    Max Planck (German) He devised the Quantum Theory Explained that energy could only be
    transferred in very precise and small amounts, of which he called quanta. This contributes to the
    understanding of atoms as it comes to explain that action of an electron bound into an atom or
    molecule is quantized. Planck’s idea was that oscillating atoms absorb and emit energy only in
    bundles.

    1903:

    Nagaoka (Japanese)
    He proposed the idea of a "nucleus". Nagaoka proposed that the nucleus of an atom was very large and
    positively charged. He said that electrons that orbited the nucleus were bound by electrostatic forced.
    His incorrect planetary model was based on his fascination on the planet, Saturn.

    1909:

    Robert Millikan He measured the charge and mass of an electron using the oil drop experiment.

    1911, 1915, 1918:

    Ernest Rutherford (British) He discovered the nucleus using Gold Foil experiment He experimented
    with alpha rays leading him to confirmation of the nucleus. The nucleus is the small, positive charged
    centre of the atom, which has electrons orbiting around it in shells. He also found that the atom is
    largely empty

    1912:

    Neil Bohr (Danish) Bohr gave us the modern atomic model. His idea was that the nucleus is made up
    of neutrons and protons, with the electrons revolving around the nucleus in fixed orbits. He found that
    each electron shell could only hold a certain number of electrons and after that orbit is full, the next
    level would have to be used.

    1914:

    H.G.J. Moseley (British) He determined the charge on the nuclei of most atoms, that is, the atomic
    number of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. This work was used to
    reorganize the periodic table based upon atomic number instead of atomic mass. Moseley founded
    Moseley’s law which associated wavelength and atomic number, thus demonstrating the importance of
    atomic number over atomic weigh. He also noticed gaps in the periodic table, and predicted elements.
    1924:

    Louis de Broglie He discovered that electrons have properties of both waves and particles, group of
    waves named after him.

    1925:

    Hans Geiger He demonstrated that mass and energy are conserved in the atomic process.

    1926:

    Erwin Schrodinger He showed that electrons can be described mathematically by waves and
    determined probability location of electrons in atoms.

    1927:
    Werner Heisenberg He made the cloud model or quantum mechanical mode, and concluded it is
    impossible to determine the position and momentum of a particle at the same time.

    1932:

    James Chadwick (British) He helped with the development of the nuclear model and discovered the
    neutron. Discovered the neutron and found it to be of similar mass to the proton.

    1938:

    Lise Meitner Hahn, Strassman Conducted experiments verifying that heavy elements capture
    neutrons and form unstable products which undergo fission.  This process ejects more neutrons
    continuing the fission chain reaction.

    1941 – 51:

    Glenn Seaborg Synthesized 6 transuranium elements and suggested a change in the layout of the
    periodic table.

    1942:

    Enrico Fermi Conducted the first controlled chain reaction releasing energy from the atoms nucleus.

    1950's - :

    New particles
    Manufacturing: A Timeline
    The history of manufacturing begins with the word itself, to manufacture, meaning to make by hand. It
    spans the cottage industry of individual artisans and ends with today's mass production for mass
    consumption. Manufacturing is not, however, a simple matter of supply meeting demand, but a history
    filled with technological achievement, political struggles and social ills.

    Before 4000 B.C:


    Gold, copper, meteoric iron

    4000-3000 B.C:
    Copper casting, stone and metal molds, Lost wax process, silver lead and tin

    3000-2000 B.C:

    Bronzed casting and drawing, gold leaf

    2000-1000 B.C:

    Wrought iron and brass

    1000-1 B.C:

    Cast iron and cast steel

    1000-1500 A.D:

    Zinc and Steel

    1500-1600:

    Blast furnace, type metals, casting of bells, pewter

    1600-1700:

    Permanent mold casting, brass from copper and zinc,Boring, screw-cutting lathe, turning, press milling

    1700-1800:

    Malleable cast iron, crucible steel

    1800-1900:

    Centrifugal casting, Bessemer’s process, electrolytic, steel and aluminum


    1900-1920:

    Geared lathe, automatic screwing machine, hobbling High-speed steel tools

    1940-1950:

    Die casting

    1950-1960:

    Lost waxing process for engineering

    1960-1970:

    Ceramic mold, nodular iron, semiconductors, continuous casting

    1970-1990:

    Squeeze casting, single-crystal turbine blades, Computer simulation.

    1990-2000:

    Rheocasting, computer aided designs of moulds and dyes, rapid tooling, Micro and nano fabrication.

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