Surrey ENGM030 Unit 2a Presentation
Surrey ENGM030 Unit 2a Presentation
Surrey ENGM030 Unit 2a Presentation
Unit 2:
Highway Bridge Loads – EC1
Overview of Unit 2
Influence Lines
Bridge
g Loading g categories
g – EC1
Symbol and terms of reference
Design Situations
Representative and Design values
Limit State requirements
Carriageway and notional lanes
Vertical traffic actions
Horizontal traffic actions
Group of traffic actions
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 2
1
Overview of Unit 2
Influence Lines
Bridge
g Loading g categories
g – EC1
Symbol and terms of reference
Design Situations
Representative and Design values
Limit State requirements
Carriageway and notional lanes
Vertical traffic actions
Horizontal traffic actions
Group of traffic actions
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 3
Influence Lines
Influence lines provide a systematic procedure to
determine variation of the load effects at a given
point in the structure when applied load moves
about on the structure.
Influence lines are useful visual aid to determine
the distribution of the primary traffic loads to give
worst possible effects.
effects.
Can be used to calculate actual values of the
stress resultants
resultants.
Generally used by Bridge Engineers in a
qualitative manner to locate critical regions for
loading.
2
Construction of ILD
Influence lines can be constructed for
Support Reactions
Bending moments
Shear Forces
…
Construction of ILD
Support Reaction
1
x
A B
L/4 ¼
L/2 ½
3L/4 ¾ L
L 1
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 6
3
Construction of ILD
Moment and Shear at Point C
1
x
RB = 1(x)/L
A B
RA = 1(L-x)/L 0.5L C
L
1
MC
VC = -x/L x < 0.5L
VC
MC = x/2 A B
1
MC
VC x > 0.5L
VC = (L-x)/L
A B
MC =(L-x)/2
Construction of ILD
Moment and Shear at Point C
1 x > 0.5L 1
MC x < 0.5L MC
VC VC
A B A B
VC = -x/L VC = (L-x)/L
MC = x/2 MC =(L-x)/2
0.25L
0.5
4
ILD for Continuous Structures
1 2 3 4 5 6
Draped Area
Influence Line for the BM at mid-span section of span 2-3
ACCusped d section
ti ffollowed
ll dbby alternate
lt t hhumped d
and draped sections.
This pattern can be used to sketch ILD for any
number of equal or unequal spans.
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 9
1 2 3 4 5 6
Draped Area
Influence Line for the BM at support 3
5
ILD for Continuous Structures
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Influence Line for the BM at mid-span
Influence Line for the BM at support 3
section of span 2-3
23
The shaded areas shows regions where loads
should be provided; Adverse areas.
Non shaded areas are Reliving areas.
Under normal circumstances, maximum
moments are generally taken as
loading the adjacent spans for internal support
support..
loading the single span only for mid
mid--span regions
regions..
Must be checked for alternate options for sensitivity.
Warren Truss
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 12
6
ILD for Trusses
B
Force remains p positive for A
member A,A, Loaded length is
selected as full length of the
bridge. +
Both negative and positive
forces are present in member ILD for force in member A
B. Suitable loaded lengths
g
+
should be selected for
maximum effects. -
ILD for force in member B
a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a a0 a1 a2 a3 a4
5
General Case General Case
a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5
Usual Case Usual Case
⎡ (a + a ) ⎤
A = l ⎢ 0 5 + ∑ ai ⎥ l = spacing between ordinates
⎣ 2 ⎦
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 14
7
Analysis using ILD
8
Analysis using ILD
Example 1: A continuous slab bridge
consists of two spans L1 = 23.5m and L2
= 47m respectively. If the bridge has a
single lane only and is subjected to a
UDL of 30kN/m and a point load of
150kN at worst position, use influence
lines to determine:
1) The BM at the centre of the long span
2) The BM at the centre of short span
3) The BM at the central support
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 17
Overview of Unit 2
Influence Lines
Bridge
g Loading g – EC1
Symbol and terms of reference
Design Situations
Representative and Design values
Limit State requirements
Carriageway and notional lanes
Vertical traffic actions
Horizontal traffic actions
Group of traffic actions
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 18
9
Recommended Reading
BS EN 1990: Basis of Structural Design
NA to BS EN 1990
BS EN 1991
1991--2: Traffic loads on Bridges
NA to BS EN 1991
1991--2
10
Other Action Categories
Actions
Based on Position /
distribution Fixed Free
Actions
Based on application
on member / structure Direct Indirect
Actions
Based on nature of
Static Dynamic Quasi-
load static
Overview of Unit 2
Influence Lines
Bridge
g Loading g – EC1
Symbol and terms of reference
Design Situations
Representative and Design values
Limit State requirements
Carriageway and notional lanes
Vertical traffic actions
Horizontal traffic actions
Group of traffic actions
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 22
11
Key Symbols
G = permanent actions Subscripts
k = characteristic
Q = variable actions d = design
A = accidental actions m = mean
AE = Seismic actions
E = effect of actions
X = material property
a = geometric property
R = resistance of member / structure
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 23
Other Terminologies
Strength vs Resistance
Strength is a material property
Resistance relates to member / structure
12
Lead and accompanying
variable actions
Eurocode uses concept of lead and
accompanying variable for combining
different variable actions for design.
design.
Lead variable action have most
predominant effects on structures
All variable actions other than the Lead
variable are accompanying variable actions
If unsure, have to try different possibilities to
obtain most unfavourable effects.
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 25
Overview of Unit 2
Influence Lines
Bridge
g Loading g – EC1
Symbol and terms of reference
Design Situations
Representative and Design values
Limit State requirements
Carriageway and notional lanes
Vertical traffic actions
Horizontal traffic actions
Group of traffic actions
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 26
13
Design Situations
Persistent Design Situations
For periods of the same order as design life
life.
Conditions of normal use.
Transient Design Situations
For very short periods relative to design life.
e.g. during repairs and maintenance
Accidental Design Situations
Situations involving exceptional conditions
Impact, explosion, fire, etc.
Overview of Unit 2
Influence Lines
Bridge
g Loading g – EC1
Symbol and terms of reference
Design Situations
Representative and Design values
Limit State requirements
Carriageway and notional lanes
Vertical traffic actions
Horizontal traffic actions
Group of traffic actions
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 28
14
Modelling Random Uncertainty
(Resistance)
Tensile Strength = 460 N/mm2 (Deterministic)
Sayy 20 samples
p were tested.
PDF
Average Resistance:
Characteristic Resistance:
Design Resistance : Resistance to be used for limit state design
Interval in Days
Time
PDF
Maximum Weekly Load
15
Modelling Random Uncertainty
(Loads)
95%
Confidence
Nominal Load:
Design Load : Load to be used for limit state design
Representative values,
actions
Representative value of variable action, Frep
Characteristic value, Qk
Combination value, ψ0 Qk
Frequent value, ψ1 Qk
Quasi permanent value, ψ2 Qk
16
Representative value,
actions
Design values
Design value for actions
actions,, Fd = γf Frep
Design value for effects of actions actions,, Ed
Ed = γ Sd E{γ f ,i Frep,i ; ad }
γSd is equivalent to γf3 in BS code.
Design value of material properties
Xd = η Xk / γm
Design resistance
1 ⎧⎪ X ⎫⎪
Rd = R⎨η k ,i ; ad ⎬
γ Rd ⎪⎩ γ m,i ⎪⎭
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 34
17
Overview of Unit 2
Influence Lines
Bridge
g Loading g – EC1
Symbol and terms of reference
Design Situations
Representative and Design values
Limit State requirements
Carriageway and notional lanes
Vertical traffic actions
Horizontal traffic actions
Group of traffic actions
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 35
Design Requirements
Safety requirements (ULS)
Fitness for purpose (SLS)
Structural resistance adequate for required
period of time in fire (fire resistance)
Damage proportional to event (Robustness)
Deterioration should not impair the
performance over design working life
(Durability)
18
Ultimate Limit States
EQU: Loss of static equilibrium
EQU:
STR:: Internal failure or excessive
STR
deformation
GEO:: failure or excessive deformation of
GEO
the ground
FAT:: fatigue failure of the structure
FAT
Rd > Ed for each case.
Sec. 6.4.3 of EN 1990 defines combination
of actions for various design situations.
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 37
Frequent combination
Reversible limit states
Quasi--permanent combination
Quasi
Long
Long--term, e.g. appearance
19
Overview of Unit 2
Influence Lines
Bridge
g Loading g – EC1
Symbol and terms of reference
Design Situations
Representative and Design values
Limit State requirements
Carriageway and notional lanes
Vertical traffic actions
Horizontal traffic actions
Group of traffic actions
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 39
Carriageway width
Carriageway width is the width between raised curbs or
vehicle restraint systems.
For removable central reserve,
reserve, carriageway width is the
total width, including central reservation.
For permanent central reserve,
reserve, each part of the
carriageway should be separately divided into notional
lanes.
20
Carriageway width
Carriageway width is the width between raised curbs or
vehicle restraint systems.
21
No. Of Notional lanes
Example 2: 11 m wide slab bridge; 0.5m
wide edge stiffening on each side
side.
Removable central reserve; Notional Lanes
=?
22
Numbering Notional Lanes
23
No. Of Notional lanes
Example 4: 5m wide deck (existing) with a
6m wide deck extension
extension. Both on same
substructures.
Overview of Unit 2
Influence Lines
Bridge
g Loading g – EC1
Symbol and terms of reference
Design Situations
Representative and Design values
Limit State requirements
Carriageway and notional lanes
Vertical traffic actions
Horizontal traffic actions
Group of traffic actions
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 48
24
Vertical Traffic Actions
Four Load models are defined in EN1991-
EN1991-2.
Two more predominant are LM1 and LM2 LM2,
which represents the normal traffic loads for
bridges.
LM3 refers to special vehicle.
LM4 is a crowd loading model.
Load Model 1
This loading mode is similar to HA loading of BS5400.
Two parts load model.
UDL System, αq qk
25
Load Model 1
Adjustment factors given in National Annex.
Load Model 1
TS placed centrally for global analysis.
Placed for most unfavourable effects for local analysis,
Spacing can also be reduced.
Dispersal through pavement and concrete slab at 1:1.
26
Load Model 1
Loaded length is the full base length of the
adverse area
area.
ILD for MidSpan
Loaded Length
Load Model 1
For more than one adverse areas,
areas, e.g. continuous
construction, the loaded length should be taken as full
base length
g or sum of full base lengths
g of any
y combination
of the adverse areas selected.
L1 L2 L3
Loaded Length = L1 + L3
= L1
27
Load Model 1
For more than one adverse areas, e.g. continuous
construction, the loaded length should be taken as full
base length
g or sum of full base lengths
g of anyy combination
of the adverse areas selected.
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
Loaded Length = L1 + L3 + L5
= L1 + L3
= L1
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 55
Example
Determine LM1 values for the following
loaded lengths
lengths.
17m
50m
149m
28
Load Model 2
Single axle load, βQ Qak
Qak = 400kN
Di t ib t d equally
Distributed ll b
between
t ttwo wheels
h l
Generally critical for loaded lengths between 3 to
7m.
One or both wheel may be applied.
βQ =1.0
National Annex choose wheel size as 0.4 x 0.4m
Dispersal
spe sa at 1:1 tthrough
oug papavement
e e ta and
d co
concrete
c ete
deck slab.
Additional amplification factor within 6m from
joint
D = distance in m of x-
x-section under consideration.
Load Model 3
Also termed as Special vehicle.
To be used for main route bridges.
Not actual loads but models.
NA2.16 defines the special vehicles
3 SV models for STGO (Special type general order
vehicles)
4 SOV models (Special order vehicles).
R fl t abnormal
Reflects b l and
d exceptional
ti l vehicle
hi l lloads
d (i
(in
BS5400 terms).
29
Load Model 3
Load Model 3
30
DAF for LM3
Example
Determine load requirements for loaded
length of 23m,
23m assuming the carriageway
width of 10m.
31
Load Model 4
Also termed as Crowed loading.
Be applied on bridges where crowd load is
more likely, e.g. Bridges serving sports
stadium, or close to town centres.
Be used for general verification only.
For Transient design situations only.
UDL of 5 kN/m
kN/m2.
Include dynamic amplification.
Example
Show plan arrangement for highway loading
to give
g
Worst credible B.M.
Worst credible S.F.
for loaded length of 35m, and carriageway width
of 10m.
Assume SV100 for LM3.
32
Footway Loading
For bridges serving town centres and sports
stadium use LM4
stadium, LM4.
For all other bridges
Example
Show plan arrangement for highway loading to give
Worst credible B.M.
Worst credible S.F.
The beam
beam--slab bridge have a loaded length of 35m, and
carriageway width of 10m. Assume SV100 for LM3.
33
Worst position for an HB Load
Example
34
Overview of Unit 2
Influence Lines
Bridge
g Loading g – EC1
Symbol and terms of reference
Design Situations
Representative and Design values
Limit State requirements
Carriageway and notional lanes
Vertical traffic actions
Horizontal traffic actions
Group of traffic actions
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 69
35
Overview of Unit 2
Influence Lines
Bridge
g Loading g – EC1
Symbol and terms of reference
Design Situations
Representative and Design values
Limit State requirements
Carriageway and notional lanes
Vertical traffic actions
Horizontal traffic actions
Group of traffic actions
(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 71
Group of Bridges
Characteristic actions
36
Group of Bridges
Frequent values actions
End of Unit 3
37
Learning Outcomes
On attending the session, participants are expected to be
able to
D
Demonstrate
t t an understanding
d t di off th the Li
Limit
it St
State
t
Philosophy as applied to the analysis and design
apply various load combinations for the analysis
and design as specified in British Codes.
Understand and utilise ‘influence lines method’ for
the analysis and to establish loaded lengths
Demonstrate an understanding of
Primary loads on Highway Bridges
Secondary loads on Highway Bridges
application of loads to get maximum loading effects
38