5.

1 EXERCISE 2 - BORN-HABER CYCLES

1. Use the data below to calculate the electron affinity of chlorine:

Process Enthalpy change/kJmol-1

Standard enthalpy of atomisation of potassium +90
First ionisation enthalpy of potassium +420
Bond dissociation enthalpy of chlorine +244
Lattice enthalpy of potassium chloride -706
Standard enthalpy of formation of potassium chloride -436

2. Calculate the lattice enthalpy of sodium chloride from the following data:

Process Enthalpy change/kJmol-1

Na(s)  Na(g) +109
Na(g)  Na+(g) + e +494
Cl2(g)  2Cl(g) +242
Cl(g) + e  Cl-(g) -360
Na(s) + 1/2Cl2(g)  NaCl(s) -411

3.a) Calculate the electron affinity of chlorine from the following data:

Process Enthalpy change/kJmol-1

Ca(s)  Ca(g) +190
Ca(g)  Ca2+(g) + 2e +1730
1/2Cl2(g)  Cl(g) +121
Ca2+(g) + 2Cl-(g)  CaCl2(s) -2184
Ca(s) + Cl2(g)  CaCl2(s) -795

b) Use the reactions

Ca(g)  Ca+(g) + e +590

Ca+(g) + Cl-(g)  CaCl(s) -760

To calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CaCl(s) and hence explain why
CaCl2 is formed in preference to CaCl.
4. A Born–Haber cycle for the formation of calcium sulphide is shown below. The
cycle includes enthalpy changes for all Steps except Step F. (The cycle is not
drawn to scale.)

2–
(a) Give the full electronic arrangement of the ion S

........................................................................................................................
..............
(1)

(b) Identify the species X formed in Step E.

........................................................................................................................
..............
(1)

(c) Suggest why Step F is an endothermic process.

........................................................................................................................
..............

........................................................................................................................
..............
(2)
 (d) Name the enthalpy change for each of the following steps.

(i) Step B
....................................................................................................

(ii) Step D
...................................................................................................

(iii) Step F
.....................................................................................................
(3)

(e) Explain why the enthalpy change for Step D is larger than that for Step C.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(f) Use the data shown in the cycle to calculate a value for the enthalpy
change for Step F.

........................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................. (2)

5. The energy level diagram (Born-Haber cycle) for caesium chloride is shown below.

–
C s+ (g ) + C l(g ) + e

–1
H 4 = + 1 2 1 k J m o l
–1
H 5 = – 3 6 4 k J m o l
–
C s +(g ) + 12 C l 2(g ) + e

–
H 3 = + 3 7 6 k J m o l
–1
C s+ (g ) + C l (g )

C s(g ) + 12 C l 2(g )

H 2 = + 7 9 k J m o l – 1
H 6
C s(s ) + 12 C l 2 (g )

–1
H 1 = – 4 3 3 k J m o l

C s C l(s )

(a) Give the names of the enthalpy changes represented by H1, H2 and
H5.
H1 .............................................................................................................
H2 .............................................................................................................
H5 .............................................................................................................
(3)
(b) Calculate the value of the lattice energy H6.

(2)
 (c) Explain why the enthalpy change represented by H3 has a lower
magnitude for caesium than for sodium.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)

6. Figure below shows the energy level diagram (Born-Haber cycle) for the formation
of rubidium iodide from its elements.

–1 H 1
H I (R b ) = + 4 0 2 k J m o l

–
R b + (g ) + I (g )
R b (g ) + I(g )

–1
H at ( 12 I 2 ) = + 1 0 7 k J m o l

1
R b (g ) + 2 I 2 (s )

–1
H at (R b ) = + 8 5 .8 k J m o l

–1
H 2 = – 6 0 9 k J m o l

–1
H f (R b I) = – 3 2 8 k J m o l

R b I( s )

(i) Complete the diagram giving the identities of the missing species
(2)

(ii) Give the names of the enthalpy changes represented by H1 and H2.

H1 ...................................................................................................

H2 ...................................................................................................
(2)

(iii) Calculate the value of the enthalpy change represented by H1.

………………………………………………………………………. (2)