Indian J. Fert., Vol. 9 (4), pp.

160-175 (16 pages)

Fertiliser Best Management Practices in

Floriculture
T. Janakiram, Namita,
Ritu Jain, P. Pavan Kumar
and
Nikhil Dileep Narkar
Division of Floriculture and Landscaping
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi

Floriculture sector is generating higher income and employment opportunities,

promoting domestic market and exports. The traditional flower crops viz., rose, marigold,
tuberose, chrysanthemum, jasmine, china aster are grown for loose flowers under open
field conditions have different nutrient requirements compared to cut flower crops like
rose, carnation, gerbera, chrysanthemum, orchids, lilium, anthurium, etc. which are grown
under protected conditions. One of the factors affecting the productivity of most of the
floricultural crops is due to improper use of nutrients. To improve the productivity,
adequate amount of fertilisers in balanced proportion should be used. Number of trials
conducted under AICRP on Floriculture and SAUs resulted in various fertiliser
recommendations in commercial flower crops. The review on nutrition related aspects
on flower crops revealed that split doses of nutrients are superior to single application.
Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) including use of mulches, organic manures and
bio-fertilisers along with appropriate dosage of fertilisers is cost effective method to
achieve more yield and better quality crop, besides, improving the soil fertility.
Application of appropriate plant nutrients at proper time with suitable method is one of
the strategies to reduce various losses of nutrients which, in turn, increase the nutrient
use efficiency. Deficiencies of nutrient elements cause various physiological disorders in
flower crops and can be corrected by the application of appropriate nutrients.

I
ndian floriculture is Pradesh, etc. (Figure 1). The states times have become major hubs
characterized by the like West Bengal, Maharashtra, for growing quality flowers. The
cultivation of flowers that are Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Anthurium from Mizoram, the
basically suited for garland Karnataka, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Carnations from Himachal
making, worship and decoration. etc. have emerged as major cut Pradesh, Orchids from Sikkim,
The Indian floriculture industry flower growing states (Figure 2). Gerbera from Uttarakhand made
has been shifted from traditional North Eastern and other a significant impact in recent
loose flowers to cut flowers for Himalayan states in the recent times.
niche and export markets. India
is one of the leading countries in Table 1 – Area and production of flower crops in India
floriculture with an area of 1.91 Year Area Production
lakh ha producing 6903 million (in Lakh ha) Loose (in mt) Cut (Million Nos.)
cut flowers and 1.031 million
tonnes of loose flowers during 2006-07 1.44 0.88 3717
2010-11 (Table 1). The major loose
flower growing states are Tamil 2007-08 1.66 0.87 4365
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, 2008-09 1.67 0.99 4794
Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, 2009-10 1.83 1.02 6667
West Bengal, Gujarat, 2010-11 1.91 1.03 6903
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Uttar

16 0 Indian Journal of Fertilisers, April 2013

 Figure 1 – Major loose flower producing States

Floriculture sector is generating flower growers or floriculturist. sulphur are consumed in building
higher income and employment The available information up the plant architecture while
opportunities, promoting greater regarding proper use of fertilisers calcium, potassium and
involvement of women and is very much scattered in flower magnesium have both tissue
enhancement of exports. India has crops in particular. building and metabolic functions.
now emerged as the second largest However, other essential elements
grower of flowers in the world. It is well known fact that such as boron, iron, manganese,
India is exporting flowers and balanced nutrition is essential for copper, zinc and molybdenum
flower products to different the growth, development and have metabolic functions in the
countries viz., United States, flowering of crops. All the plant life.
Germany, Netherland, United elements play important role both
Kingdom, Japan, United Arab in the vegetative and reproductive In general, the micro-nutrients are
Emirates, Italy, Canada, Belgium, growth and are indispensable for found naturally in the soil in
Ethiopia, etc. (Figure 3). production of foliage and flowers. sufficient quantities, whereas the
As nitrogen, phosphorus and macro-nutrients are deficient in
It is imperative to make a mention potassium are required in large the soil and needs continuous
that the productivity of most of the quantities and hence, affect plant supply. The availability of these
flower crops is very low because growth more as compared to other nutrients in soil depends upon the
of improper use of nutrients, mineral nutrients. In addition to soil pH. Iron, zinc, manganese,
unavailability of quality planting these, secondary nutrients like aluminum and copper are
material, lack of adoption of proper calcium, sulphur and magnesium available at low pH (5.0 – 7.0),
planting methods and other agro- are also needed in fairly large whereas the availability of boron
techniques. One of the means to quantities than the other essential decreases at < 5 and > 7 pH.
improve the productivity is to use elements such as iron, manganese, However, availability of
adequate amount of fertilisers in zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum molybdenum is maximum at pH
balanced proportion which has and chlorine. Some of them viz., 6.5. Chelated compounds are used
been given less attention by the nitrogen, phosphorous and to increase the availability of

Indian Journal of Fertilisers, April 2013 16 1

 Figure 2 – Major cut flower producing States

micronutrients and make them

available to the plants.
Recommended manures and
fertilisers are conventionally
applied to the soil either as basal
dose or top dressing. However,
foliar nutrition is an effective
method of applying nutrients for
better production in crops like
orchids and potted foliage plants.
The metabolic function of all the
elements required for the plant
growth and development are
described in Table 2.

Nutritional Management in
Flower Crops under Open Field
Conditions

Rose

Roses prefer farmyard manure

(FYM), compost and leaf mould in
Figure 3 – Country-wise share of exports of flowers from India addition to concentrated organic
manures. The rate of application of

16 2 Indian Journal of Fertilisers, April 2013

Table 2 – Elements, concentration and their role in plant metabolism
Elements Quantity in Function
whole plants
Carbon 45% All cellular constituents
Oxygen 43% All cellular constituents
Hydrogen 6% All cellular constituents
Nitrogen 3-5% All living matter, amino acids, proteins
Potassium 1.5-3% Enzyme system in the change of sugar to starch, citric acid synthesis, in the
change of amino acids to proteins, respiration, interaction with iron enzymes,
photosynthesis, buffer
Calcium 0.1-3.5% Cell wall, cell permeability, buffer
Sulphur 0.05-1.5% All living matter, proteins, nodulations in legumes, allyl oils of mustards,
chlorophyll synthesis
Phosphorous 0.25-0.5% All living matter, nucleo proteins, lipids, phosphorylation enzymes
Magnesium 0.05-0.7% A part of the chlorophyll molecule, enzyme activator of hexokinase,
phosphorylase, carboxylase, dehydrogenase, peptidase, photosynthesis,
buffer
Chlorine 100-300 ppm With Na and K it helps in maintaining cation anion balance
Iron 10-1500 ppm A part of the porphyrin compounds cytochrome enzyme system,
chlorophyll synthesis
Manganese 5-1500 ppm Chlorophyll synthesis, stabilisation of H- atoms split from H-OH by
hydrogenation in photosynthesis, reduction of nitrates to nitrites, activator
of arginase, carboxylases and dehydrogenases
Zinc 3-150 ppm Tryptophan synthesis, phosphorylation enzymes, enzymes in chloroplasts
Copper 2-75 ppm Enzyme in synthesis of ascorbic acid, activator of polyphenoloxidase,
lactase and oxidase
Boron 2-75 ppm phosphorylation enzymes, glutamine synthesis, nodulation in legumes
Molybdenum Very less Nodulation in legumes, tannin synthesis, reduction of nitrates to nitrites

organic manure depends upon soil type and its fertility status. phosphorous impart vigour to the
the source and nature of the soil. Nitrogenous fertilisers are more plant, enhance flower yield and
The best time of manure important in vegetative growth quality. Application of 600 kg
application to the established and phosphates help in nitrogen in 4 split doses and 200 kg
plants is after pruning. Both production of more and good phosphorous per hectare in cv.
organic and fertilisations have quality blooms. Although Indian Montezuma proved to be very
beneficial effects on growth, soils are quite rich in potassium, effective in Nadia district of West
development and flower the potash fertilisers in Bengal for improving plant
production. The review on combination with others give good growth, yield and quality of rose
nutrition related work during results in some regions (34). flowers (51). The optimum dose of
last three decades indicated the nitrogen and potassium and low
significance of developing various To obtain maximum flower yield amount of phosphorous provides
technologies for increasing of rose cv. “Super Star ” an a better vegetative growth with
quality flower production. Each of application of 500 kg N, 800 kg P2O5, higher yield and anthocyanin
the mineral elements is specific and 700 kg K2 O along with 10 kg pigmentation in rose cv.
in its functions in plant elemental sulphur; 50 kg each of Celebration (25). The application of
metabolism. In order to maintain MgSO4 and CaSO4 per hectare per fertilisers NPK at the rate of
proper health and sustain year and foliar spray of FeSO 4 6:12:12 g/plant in Edward rose
production of roses, it is essential (0.1%), ZnSO 4 (0.5%) and Boron improved the flower production in
to apply the accurate fertiliser at (0.2%) during November and south India (21). The higher flower
correct time in appropriate January was found to be the best yield from the plants of Rosa
amounts. The nutritional under Delhi conditions. Balanced damascena was obtained with 100
requirement varies with cultivars, feeding with nitrogen and kg N, 60 kg P2O5 per hectare along

Indian Journal of Fertilisers, April 2013 16 3

with 1% Agromin + 50 ppm NAA number of flowers with more be given nitrogen in 4-5
(40). NPK fertilisation in cv. petals (5). applications at about 3 week
Superstar influenced nutrient intervals, starting the first
content in different seasons of the Fertiliser Recommendation for Rose application at one month of the
year (13). It is well known that crop age. Nitrogen application
nearly 60-70 per cent N of total  Apply a mixture of urea, single should be stopped atleast six
nitrogenous fertiliser is lost during superphosphate and potassium weeks before the harvesting of
transformation of ammonical sulphate in the ratio of 1:3:2 at 50 corms. Nitrate form of nitrogen is
form of nitrogen to nitrate form. For g per plant or 10 kg per 100 sq. m. the safest and most suitable source
increasing fertiliser, nitrogen use for three times i.e. first at of nitrogen as compared to
efficiency, there is a need to limit pruning, second at the end of ammonical form. The use of
the rate of ammonium oxidation. December when the first flush is excessive ammonical nitrogen is
Although a number of nitrification over and third at the end of detrimental to the crop as it causes
inhibitors are available now days, February when second flush of high incidence of diseases.
but all of them have limitations in blooms is over.
their usefulness in one or other Phosphorus is an essential nutrient
way. Application of nitrogen along  Foliar feeding: Spray 3 gram required for the development of
with encapsulated calcium mixture of urea, dihydrogen good root system. For better
carbide (CaC2), a nitrogen inhibitor, ammonium phosphate, potassium growth in general, the leaves of
resulted in better utilisation of phosphate and potassium nitrate gladiolus should contain 0.3-0.4
applied N by the rose plant of cv. (2:1:1:1) along with 1.5 g of teepol per cent phosphorus on dry weight
Raktagandha and also markedly at 10 days interval until last flush basis. Full dose of phosphorus
affected flowering, flower quality in March. should be applied as a basal dose.
and flower yield (4). The roots of gladiolus are highly
Gladiolus sensitive to high salt
The secondary nutrients also play concentrations in the soil.
an important role for the Corms of gladiolus are rich in Therefore, in heavy soils, the
improvement in production of carbohydrates which is sufficient phosphorus application may be
quality rose flowers. It was to sustain plant growth for initial delayed till the plant reaches 2-3
observed that, the soil application few weeks. The cormels, however, leaf stage and develops good root
of calcium, magnesium and require fairly good amount of system. Potassium is known to
sulphur appreciably affected the fertilisers because of limited increase resistance to diseases and
vegetative growth of rose cv. amount of stored food due to their photosynthetic efficacy of leaves.
Raktagandha plants under Delhi small size. Gladiolus requires both Potassium deficiency causes
conditions (6). Magnesium macro as well as micro nutrients reduction in spike length, number
increases the stem length, bud size, for good growth and flower of florets and corm size. Healthy
flower diameter and number of production. Nitrogen is primarily plants of gladiolus should contain
petals per flower. Magnesium and required to promote vegetative 3-4 per cent potassium in the
calcium applications increase the growth. Healthy gladiolus plants leaves on dry weight basis.
longevity of intact flowers. should contain 2.5 to 3.0 per cent N Potassium may be applied at the
Application of fertilisers in on dry weight basis. Nitrogen time of planting of corms or when
solution form to the soil or deficient plants remain weak, the plant reaches 1-2 leaf stage.
hydroponics or in fertigation is show pale green leaves, and
practiced for obtaining good produce shorter spikes with small- Important micro-nutrients for
exhibition blooms. The advantage sized florets. Application of gladiolus are iron (Fe), boron (B),
of this method is that nutrients nitrogen varies with the agro- manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and
solution reaches the plant root for climatic conditions, where the crop copper (Cu). Iron deficiency is,
immediate utilization. Foliar is grown. Application of excess however, most prevalent in
application of nutrients not only nitrogen should be avoided as it gladiolus especially in North
rectifies the nutrient deficiency but causes more vegetative growth Western plains of India. Iron
also increase the flower production. and lanky spikes. Nitrogen should deficiency causes interveinal
In rose cv. Superstar foliar be applied in two equal split doses; yellowing of new leaves and in
application of NPK at the rate of 200 first, when the plant reaches 3rd leaf severe deficiency, the emerging
ppm after pruning (3 weeks) at stage, and second when it reaches spikes turn light green to yellow.
fortnight interval resulted in 6th leaf stage. In addition, as and The deficiency is more pronounced
accelerated plant height, increased when the plants show symptoms in alkaline soils or in the soil where
number of shoots, enforced basal of nitrogen deficiency, an levels of copper, manganese, zinc or
diameter of shoot, induced early additional application may be phosphorus are very high. Always
flowering and produced maximum given immediately. Cormels may apply freshly prepared solution

16 4 Indian Journal of Fertilisers, April 2013

because the ferrous is oxidized to and 50 kg of nitrogen, 160 kg P2O5 was the most effective nutrient
ferric and become unavailable to and 80 kg K2O per hectare as basal which significantly increased
the plant. dose. flower number, diameter and
seed yield. Top dressing with 120
Fertiliser Recommendation for  Top dress the crop with 50 kg kg N, 80 kg P2O5 and 120 kg K2O
Gladiolus nitrogen per hectare at the time of per hectare at 10-12 leaf stage
first pinching. gave better results than at bud
 N, P, K each @ 200 kg/ha. stage or shortly before flowering.
 Nitrogen may be applied in 3-4 Marigold The application of recommended
split applications i.e. before dose of NPK and 15 t FYM/ha or 8
planting, at 2-3 leaf stage, at spike Information on requirement of t phospho-compost/ha is optimal
emergence and after completion of macro and micro nutrients is for high flower yields (40). China
flowering. scanty, although marigold aster responds well to
responds to fertilisation. Increased micronutrients and application of
Chrysanthemum number of flowers per plant was Zn, Cu, B and Mn improved the
obtained with the application of 60 quality of flowers. Asters are
The chrysanthemum is known to kg nitrogen, 90 kg P2O5 and 60 kg moderately sensitive to salinity
respond well to fertiliser K2 O per hectare (1). It was found caused by sodium salts resulted in
application. Nitrogen plays an that nitrogen levels had significant decreased plant height and flower
important role during early influence on the growth, dry size.
vegetative stage while potassium matter production, flower yield
during bud appearance stage. The and floral parameters (12). Fertiliser Recommendation for China
plants need phosphorous during Nitrogen fertilisation had a Aster
their growth period and can be marginal effect on the consumptive
easily applied as it is released use of water and water use  120 kg N, 80 kg P2O5 and 120 kg
slowly. The recommended dose of efficiency which may be due to K2O per hectare at 10-12 leaf stage.
NPK fertilisation varies with the higher flower yield at 300 kg N/ha
climatic condition of different in relation to a very small increase Tuberose
regions of our country. Liquid in evaporation (19). Few attempts
feeding is commonly preferred in have been made for foliar Tuberose requires heavy nutrition;
greenhouses as the nutrients are application for higher productivity therefore fertiliser application is
readily available to the plants. The in marigold. However, in addition essential for its cultivation. The
toxic effects due to high to NPK, foliar sprays of 0.2% urea application of organic matter is
concentrations coming into should be done at an interval of 15 essential for promoting growth
indirect contact with roots are less days. and more spike production. At the
in liquid form. Top dressing is time of land preparation, FYM
necessary because of depletion of Fertiliser Recommended Dose for should be applied at the rate of 20
nutrients, chiefly nitrogen and Marigold tonnes per hectare. The application
potassium as they are used up by of green manures like Gliricidia
growing plants. Top dressing with  200 kg N and 80 kg P and K per trilobus, Phaseolus trilobous and Oxalis
40 g nitrogen and 20 g potash per hectare for good vegetative growth corniculata at the rate of 10 tonnes/
m2 is sufficient for better growth and flower yield. ha promoted early spike emergence
and development. This dose can be (15). In tuberose, nitrogen is much
repeated after one month of  Full dose application of P and K more vital element than
planting. In potted plants, the at the time of land preparation. N phosphorous and potassium
peripheral portion near the rim of in two split doses i.e. 1st at the time which influences yield and quality
the pot is the correct location for of land preparation and 2 nd one of flowers and bulb production.
top dressing. Nitrogen application month after transplanting. Nitrogen deficiency reduces
at 100, 150 or 200 mg/litre in number of spikes and flowers as
combination with at least 10 mg/ China Aster well as turning of foliage to pale
sulphur/litre produced plants of green. However, excess nitrogen
commercial quality (24). Application of manures and makes the flower spikes quite tall
fertilisers in required quantities is and soft further making them
Fertiliser Recommendation for important for proper growth, yield vulnerable to wind and pests.
Chrysanthemum and quality of flowers. The Application of 325 kg N and 125 kg
deficiency of nitrogen causes each P 2 O 5 and K 2 O per hectare
 After land preparation, apply 10- dwarfing of plants and small size resulted in high uptake both at
12 tonnes per hectare of well flowers. Phosphorus deficiency 50% flowering and harvesting
decomposed farm yard manure causes delayed flowering. Nitrogen stage (28).

Indian Journal of Fertilisers, April 2013 165

 desired that the nutrients are
Table 3 – Fertiliser solution for roses applied in smaller quantities more
frequently, so that the plants get a
Nutrient Concentration Nutrient Concentration regular supply of the required
(mg/l) (mg/l) nutrients. Commercial grade 110%
water soluble or liquid fertilisers
No3-N 156 P 46 are used to enrich the roses that are
Ca 132 K 174 usually given through irrigation
system. During summer months,
S-SO 2 23 Fe 1.5
the nutrient requirements of roses
Mn 1.1 B 0.28 per unit area per day is distributed
Mo 0.003 Cu 0.15 into three equal parts and is
injected into the drip lines when
irrigated in the morning, afternoon
If the water has a very low EC then the above solution will have an
and evening. However, during
EC of about 1.7 mS/cm
rainy and winter seasons, the
Source: (38).
frequency of irrigation is reduced
and the nutrient content is
Fertiliser Recommendation for bimonthly interval resulted in adjusted into one or two
Tuberose higher flower yield. Similar to irrigations. Rose develops
macro-nutrients, micro-nutrients nutritional disorders and
 FYM @ 3-4 tonnes per hectare. supplemented through foliar spray deficiencies very quickly and
 100-250 kg N, 100-150 kg P2O 5 also increased flower production. recovers its normal growth very
and 75-100 kg K2O per hectare. slowly. In order to ensure the
Fertiliser Recommendation for maximum availability of all the
Jasmine Jasmine nutrients, it is advisable to
maintain a soil pH between 5.5 to
The cultivation of Jasmine is a  Jasminum auriculatum: 120 g N: 6.3. When grown under polyhouse
paying enterprise but the 240 g P2O5:120 g K2O per plant. conditions it requires heavy dose
evidences on its nutritional of nitrogen and potassium;
requirement are very meager. They  Jasminum sambac: 60 g N: 60 g moderate dose of phosphorous,
respond to intensive application of P2O5:120 g K2O per plant. magnesium, sulphur, manganese,
manures, however, heavy copper and molybdenum. It is very
manuring encouraged vegetative  Jasminum grandiflorum: 60g N: 60 sensitive to iron and boron
growth and hampers quality and g P2O5:120 g K2O per plant. deficiencies .Generally for cut
quantity of blooming. A basal dose roses, the basic nutrient
of 10 kg FYM per plant per year Nutritional Management in concentration is 150-200 ppm
along with fertiliser dose of 100 g Flower Crops under Protected nitrogen. The recommended soil
N, 150 g P 2 O 5 and 100 g K 2 O Conditions nutrient levels for roses are:
enhances the flowering of Jasminum Nitrates 25-75 mg/litre,
grandiflorum (7). However, a basal Nutrients are usually applied with Phosphorus 4-6 mg/litre,
application of 20 kg FYM per plant irrigation water in greenhouse Potassium 30-80 mg/litre (5% base
was given for enhancing the crops. Fertiliser tanks are used for solution), Calcium 80 mg/litre (60-
flower yield (46). It is evident that fertigation because of many 70% base solution), Magnesium 5
the application of 10-30 kg of FYM/ advantages such as low rate of mg/litre (10 % base saturation) (16)
plant affects the growth application, uniform distribution, (Table 3). The foliar nutrient level
performance of the different better nutrient use efficiency, easy for fertiliser application
jasmine cultivars. A significant availability of nutrients to the programme to produce good
improvement has been observed in plants, etc. quality flowers is mentioned in
flower yield and other characters Table 4.
with each increment of N dose up Rose
to 100 g/plant/year in Jasminum Gerbera
grandiflorum (7). The flower yield in The most important aspect in
Jasminum grandiflorum was found to greenhouse cultivation of roses is Gerbera plants need ample
be enhanced with the foliar nutrition. The fertiliser regime is amount of macro-nutrients
application of P and K at 120 gram followed only after the soil and especially phosphorus and
per plant (23). Application of water analysis is carried out and potassium for profuse flowering. A
nitrogen and potassium in Jasminum quantities are compared with the standard feeding solution for
sambac at 240 g/plant/year at standards available. It is always gerbera contains anions (mmol/

16 6 Indian Journal of Fertilisers, April 2013

 nutrients in small doses but more
Table 4 – Foliar nutrient level for fertiliser application programme
frequently, favours better growth
and flower production. Carnation
Nutrient Range Nutrient Range makes a good reserve of nitrogen
at the tufting stage which is
Nitrogen 3.5-4.5 % Iron 70-320 ppm utilized during flowering. The
Phosphorous 0.2-0.3 % Zinc 20-80 ppm application of well rotten FYM at
Potassium 2.0-2.5 % Copper 5-30 ppm
the rate of 5 kg/m2 is beneficial for
highest number of flower
Calcium 1.0-1.5 % Boron 30-200 ppm production in carnation cv.
Magnesium 0.28-0.32 % Manganese 35-490 ppm Marguerite Scarlet. The application
of nitrogen in three split doses i.e.
1/3rd before transplanting, 1/3rd one
litre) e.g. NO3: 8.0-13.0, Cl<4.0; SO4: planting, N: K2O at 0.1: 0.15 g/kg soil
month after transplanting and 1/
1.3-2.0; HCO 3 :0.5 and P: 0.1-0.4 at the state of rapid vegetative
3 rd one month after second
cations (mmol/lit) e.g. NH4 <1.0; K growth, N: P2O5 at 0.1:0.1 kg/soil at
application increased vegetative
1.0-2.5, Na:0-<4.0; Ca:1.0->4.0; Mg: bud formation stage and NPK at
growth and production of blue
0.7-72.0 and micro elements 0.1: 0.1: 0.23 g/kg soil at the
grade flowers as compared to
(mmol/litre) e.g. Fe:12.0-25.0; beginning of flowering gave the
single basal dose or two split doses.
Mn:1.5-10.0; Zn: 2.0-4.0; B:12.0-30.0; best results for plant growth and
Nitrogen and phosphate fertilisers
Cu:0.8-1.0; MO: 0.5; pH 5-6.5; EC: 0.5- flower production (27). The most
improved the flower yield by
2.0 ms/cm. Application of a effective dose of fertiliser for G.
increasing the number of branches
combination of NPK (2:1:3) at the Jamesonii hybrid was found to be 60
and shoot growth (32). In Dianthus
rate of 90 mg N, 130 mg P2O5 and kg N, 48 kg P2O and 90 kg K2O/1000
caryophyllus cv. Desio, it was found
400 mg K 2 O proves ideal for m2/year. (48). It was observed that
that increased concentration of
gerbera. Frequent applications of the number of marketable flowers
NO 3 -N decreased the growth
nutrients at regular intervals are increased as both N and K rates
related traits of flowers and
useful for optimum growth and were increased up to 110 kg /ha (14).
number of days to flowering (37).
development of gerbera. Micronutrients also play an Application of 1000 ppm N in two
important role in growth and perpetual carnation cultivars,
The application of NPK proved flowering of gerbera. It was namely, White Candy and Cargo
very effective in increasing the suggested that the interveinal showed beneficial effects on plant
number of leaves and suckers and chlorosis of gerbera can be height, stem length, bud size, flower
in producing larger number of corrected by the spraying of 0.1-0.2 diameter and flower yield (47).
flower heads of bigger size (8). The per cent MnSO4. H2O (49). Further, Regular soil and tissue tests
highest number of flowers was Fe deficiency could be corrected by should be taken up to determine
obtained by growing gerbera in the application of 1 g chelate per existing nutrient levels. In general,
peat with ammonium nitrate + sq. m grown in a peat substrate the optimal nitrate level in the
superphosphate + potassium having pH range 4.8-5.5 enriched medium should be 25-40 ppm;
sulphate at 4 g/L (18). An excess of with the fertiliser mixture. The phosphorus 5- 10 ppm; potassium
N reduced the yield and vase life of effect of Cu was improved by 25- 40 ppm; calcium 125 - 200 ppm;
gerbera (29). The optimum level of liming peat and the optimum rates magnesium 30 -40 ppm and boron
N as 250 mg/l for the composted were 60 g CuSO4 and 2 kg CaCO3 30-35 ppm. Tissue nutrient levels
pine bark medium was also per m3 . The application of lime are pre-requisite to determine
recorded in gerbera (41). Gerbera resulted in 46.5 per cent increase fertilisation schedule for quality
cv. Lada grown in loam and peat in the number of flowers per sq. m plant production (Table 5).
(1:2) substrate with 4 NPK and also improved flower quality.
applications, yielded maximum of Cultivars Hanny and Veromica Chrysanthemum
40 flowers per year with nitrogen exhibited better growth and yield
application in spring, summer, when 60 mg Cu was applied in the The crop needs high level of
autumn and winter at 40, 20, 10 form of solution at the rate of 5-6 g potassium in the growth medium
and 5 mg/100 g of substrate, CuSO4.5H2O per plant at 6-8 weeks for good growth and yield. The
respectively (39). The mixture of interval (17). desirable range of nutrients is 25-
peat: soil: sand (3:1:1) was used and 50 mg/litre – Nitrogen, 5-10 mg/
applied NPK fertiliser to determine Carnation litre – Phosphate, 20-40 mg/litre -
the optimum time and rate of Potassium, 100-150 mg/litre
application in relation to the plant Carnation needs regular supply of Calcium. The critical leaf K level is
development phases. N at 0.025 g/ nutrients throughout their life 2.3 - 2.8% boron and copper
kg soil applied at 15-17 days after cycle. Thus, the application of deficiencies frequently limits the

Indian Journal of Fertilisers, April 2013 16 7

 Table 5 – Tissue nutrient levels to determine fertilisation schedule
It is advised to stop application of
fertiliser about three days prior to
Nutrient Range Nutrient Range harvest of spikes as it may
Nitrogen 3.2-5.2 % Magnesium 25-75 % otherwise reduce the shelf life of
Phosphorous 0.2-0.3 % Zinc 25-75 ppm flowers. An overdose of
Potassium 2.5-6.0 % Copper 10-30 ppm nitrogenous fertilisers cause delay
Calcium 1.0-2.0 % Boron 30-100 ppm in flowering and even reduction
in quality of flowers. Plants should
growth of chrysanthemum. Since their growth period but for be flushed with plain water every
boron is easily leached from soil, younger plants, the concentration fortnight so that the salt left behind
continuous supply through should be very low. In newly from the fertilisers will not build
fertigation at low levels is essential planted orchids, no fertiliser upto toxic level. Nitrogen starved
to maintain a leaf level of 25-50 ppm application is necessary till new leaves show yellow colour, but
boron. In leaf copper should be roots are formed. such symptoms in the new growth
maintained at 8 ppm (16). can be eliminated by application of
A fertiliser complex containing nitrogen. Phosphorus deficiency
Orchids nitrogen, phosphorus and potash may hamper new growth and
in equal proportion (e.g. 17:17:17 plants may remain in vegetative
Orchids receive very small complex) is ideal for general phase. A long period of potash
quantity of nutrients under application. The concentration deficiency can result in
natural conditions. The terrestrial may be adjusted between 0.2 and discolouration of flowers and
orchids obtain nourishment from 1.0 per cent depending upon the reduction in the number of flower
the decaying leaves and other conditions. During vegetative buds.
vegetative matter. However, phase a 30:10:10 combination may
epiphytic orchids get nutrients be used which may be changed to Anthurium
from the first rain and also from 10:20:20 formulation during
the bird-droppings which are blocking stage. Anthurium needs adequate
washed by rains, from the upper amount of nutrients for proper
branches downwards. Orchid Fermented organic manures like growth and flowering. The
hybrids, however, require larger cow dung, neem oil cake, poultry application of nitrogen, potassium
amounts of nutrients since growth manure, etc. are also used for and calcium markedly improve the
and flowering rates are faster. The monopodial orchids. These are yield and quality of flowers.
type of nutrients, their quantity diluted 10-15 times with water Adequate level of calcium is
and frequency of application filtered and sprayed over the necessary for obtaining optimum
depend largely on the type of plants. Depending upon the yield and to stabilize spathe colour.
orchid, potting medium, season of various conditions such as type of The fertilisers are applied to the
the year, growing conditions, stage orchid, quantity supplied in each plants through ground level
of plant development, etc. application, stage of growth of the sprinklers or drip irrigation
plant, season etc., the frequency of system. Depending upon nutrient
The major nutrients like nitrogen; application could vary from thrice status of the medium, the following
is essential for vegetative growth, a week to once in two weeks under combinations of nutrients are
phosphorus; to initiate flowering tropical conditions, though a week supplied through irrigation water
process and potassium to build up is the usual recommendation. As by many commercial growers
strong roots and makes the plants flower buds begin to form interior (Table 6).
resistant to biotic stresses. Since, sheath, a mixture containing more
most of the cultivated orchids are of phosphorus is useful in Deficiency of nutrient elements
epiphytic in nature; the media used improving the quality of spike. adversely affects the plant growth
are highly porous. If nutrients are
applied in the media they are prone Table 6 – Nutrient status of the medium and nutrient supplied
to leaching and become through irrigation water
unavailable to the plants. Hence, in
Nutrient Concentration Nutrient Concentration
orchids, foliar feeding is ideal for
(mg/l) (mg/l)
providing proper nutrition. It is
always better to use small Sulphate 48 Iron 0.80
quantities of fertilisers at shorter Phosphate 31 Zinc 0.20
intervals than using large Potash 14 Copper 0.03
quantities at longer intervals. It Calcium 176 Boron 0.22
helps the plants to grow steadily Magnesium nitrate 6091 Manganese 0.16
without any deficiency throughout

16 8 Indian Journal of Fertilisers, April 2013

 all natural and man-made sources
Table 7 – Tissue nutrient level in lilium
of plant nutrients, so that crop
productivity increases in an
Nutrient Range Nutrient Range
efficient and environmentally
Nitrogen 2.4-4.0 % Iron 100-250 ppm benevolent manner, without
Phosphorous 0.1-0.7 % Zinc 30-70 ppm
sacrificing soil productivity for
future generations. Balanced
Potassium 2.0-5.0 % Copper 5-25 ppm application of appropriate
Calcium 0.2-0.4 % Boron 20-25 ppm fertilisers is a major component of
Magnesium 0.3-2.0 % Manganese 50-250 ppm INM.

Nutrient conservation in the soil is

and development. Potassium fertilisation throughout the another critical component of INM.
deficiency causes leaf necrosis and growing period should be done Mulch application, cover crops,
root tip death. Calcium deficiency with nitrogen at 200-500 ppm. intercropping, and biological
results in colour break down, The tissue nutrient level in lilium nitrogen fixation act as physical
instability of the middle lamella, is mentioned in Table 7 and barriers to wind and water erosion
cell separation and collapsing the fertigation scheduling in flower and help to improve soil
proximal section of the lobe and crops under protected structures characteristics and structure. Use
spathe. This problem tends to be is mentioned in Table 8. of bio-fertilisers is one the
more serious when substrate pH important components of INM due
lowers down to 3-4. Integrated Nutrient Management to cost effectiveness and a
(INM) renewable source of plant
Lilium nutrients to supplement the
INM maintains soils as fertilisers for sustainable
In Lilium, due to high nutrient storehouses of plant nutrients horticulture.
reserve in bulbs fertilisation is essential for vegetative growth.
not required during forcing. Integrated nutrient management It was reported that the
Fertilisation programme should (INM) is an approach to soil Azospirillum inoculated plants
be commenced at shoot fertility management that showed early flowering, besides
emergence using calcium nitrate combines organic and mineral extended crop period and higher
and potassium nitrate at a 2:1 ratio methods of soil fertilisation with flower yield in French marigold
on weekly basis and medium physical and biological measures (3). The application of nitrogen at
should be amended with for soil and water conservation. 37.5 kg/ha along with1000 ppm
phosphorous. Constant INM’s goal is to integrate the use of ascorbic acid spray and

Table 8 – Fertigation scheduling in flower crops under protected structures

Crop Fertigation schedule Dose (ppm)
N P K
Ro se Vegetative stage (September-October) 80 50 60
Flowering and harvesting flush (November-March) 100 60 80
Flowering and harvesting normal (April-August) 80 50 80
Chrysanthemum Vegetative stage (September-October) 80 50 60
Flowering and harvesting flush (November-April) 90 60 80
Maintenance dose (May-August) 50 30 50
Carnation Vegetative stage (September-October) 50 30 40
Flowering and harvesting flush (November-March) 60 40 60
Maintenance dose (April-August) 40 20 40
Gerbera Vegetative stage (September-October) 70 50 60
Flowering and harvesting flush (November-April) 80 60 80
Maintenance dose (May-August) 40 24 40
Lilium Vegetative stage (September-October) 60 36 60
Flowering and harvesting flush (November-March) 80 50 80
Maintenance dose (April-August) 50 30 50
Source: (20).

Indian Journal of Fertilisers, April 2013 16 9

Table 9 – Fertiliser doses in flower crops recommended by AICRP on floriculture

Crop Centres Recommended doses Reference

Rose BCKV, Kalyani 60 kg nitrogen, 20 kg phosphorous and 20 kg potassium. 44

MPUAT, Udaipur Nitrogen 60 kg, Phosphorous 40 kg and Potassium 20 kg for plant growth
and Nitrogen 20 kg, Phosphorous 20 kg and Potassium 20 kg for higher
flower yield.
Pune N: P: K at the rate of 60:40:20 gm per square meter is ideal for cv. Gladiator.

Gladiolus Delhi, Pune, Kalyani N 200 kg, 80 kg P 2O 5, 80 kg K 2O per acre.Nitrogen should be applied in two 22
and Bengaluru equal doses; first, when the plant reaches 3 leaf stage, and second when
it reaches 6 leaf stages.
Ludhiana 160 kg nitrogen, 40 kg of P 2 O5 , 40 kg of K 2 O per acre in sandy soils.
Fe deficiency can be corrected by spraying the plants with 0.2 per cent
ferrous sulphate solution twice or thrice at 10-day intervals.

Chrysanthemum West Bengal 30N: 20P: 20 K g/m 2 for optimum growth and flower yield. 36
(Kalyani)
Tamil Nadu NPK application at the rate of 300:200:200 kg/ha along with 10 tonnes of
(Coimbatore) FYM/ha has been recommended for higher flower yield.
Maharashtra (Pune)
Jammu& Kashmir N and P 2O 5 20 g each per m2 has been recommended in cv. Flirt.
(Srinagar)
Karnataka (Bengaluru) N 40: P 2O 520: K 2O 20 g per m2 has been recommended for cv.
Tamil Nadu Local white and cv. CO-1.
(Coimbatore)
Pune NPK @ 200: 200: 200 kg/hectare.
Ludhiana NPK @ 400:400:200 kg/hectare.

China Aster Karnataka (Bengaluru 90 kg N, 60 kg P and 60 kg K per hectare at the time of preparation of land. 42
West Bengal (Kalyani) 400 kg N along with 200 ha kg P 2O 5 per ha produced the highest yield of flowers.
Maharashtra (Pune) 300 kg/ha nitrogen and 200 kg/ha of phosphorus improve flower yields.

Anthurium TNAU, Coimbatore Plants of A. andraeanum cv. Temptation grown under 75% shade net sprayed 31
with NPK @ 30:10:10 at 0.2% in combination with GA 3, 100 ppm produced
the highest number of flowers and number of suckers per plant.

Tuberose BSI, Howrah 200 kg N, 400 kg P 2O 5 and 200 K 2 O per hectare has been recommended for 2
improved flowering and bulb formation.
Maharashtra (Pune) 150 kg N, 200 kg P 2O 5 and 200 kg K 2O per hectare.
TNAU, Coimbatore 200 kg N and 60 kg P 2O5 per hectare.
Karnataka (Bengaluru) 200 kg each of NPK per hectare per year.

Gerbera Jammu & Kashmir 20 g N/m2 provided increased stalk length, flower diameter and flowers per plant 43
(Srinagar) and 10 g P 2O 5/m2 resulted into more number of flowers with increased vase life.

Orchids BSI, Howrah, Kolkata Foliar application of fertiliser solution comprising of potassium nitrate (2.63 g), 30
ammonium sulphate (0.44 g), magnesium sulphate (2.04 g), mono-calcium
phosphate (1.09 g), calcium sulphate (4.86 g), ferrous sulphate (0.50 g) and
manganese sulphate (2 ml of 1% solution) in 4.5 litres of water at fortnightly
interval is recommended for improving growth and flowering in Dendrobium
moschatum and Aerides multiflorum.Irhyncostylis gigantean, foliar spray of 500 ppm
each of N, P2O5 and K 2O at fortnightly interval was found to be the best.
KAU, Vellanikkara NPK 10:20:10 at 0.2 per cent weekly twice + BA 100 ppm enhances number of
spikes per year and number of florets per spike in Dendrobium cv. Sonia 17.
Carnation Kalyani 400:200:200 kg/ha of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash is recommended for 50
(West Bengal) increasing the flower production of standard carnation.
Ludhiana, 30-40 g N, 20 g P 2O 5 and 10 g of K 2 O per sq.m is recommended.
Hessaraghatta and For Ludhiana centre, application of nitrogen in three equal splits, as basal dose,
Solan one and two months after planting proved significantly superior than single
or two doses.

17 0 Indian Journal of Fertilisers, April 2013

inoculated with Azospirillum India Coordinated Research temperature, light, aeration and
resulted in higher flower yield Programme (AICRP) on nutritional imbalances result in
after six months of planting in Floriculture revealed that split disorders. Nutritional disorders
Edward rose (33). doses of nutrients are superior to have become widespread with
single application at sowing or diminishing use of organic
It was reported that any other growing stage. The manures, unbalanced NPK
phosphobacteria treated rooted various recommendations fertiliser application and extension
cuttings of Jasminum sambac had emerged from the trials in different of horticulture to marginal lands.
given higher establishment flower crops are summarized in Therefore, proper application of
percentage in the field as well as Table 9. nutrients/fertiliser is important to
increased the plant height and prevent the crop from these
number of branches (26). In Nutrient Deficiencies and disorders. Various disorders of
marigold, plant height was found Disorders in Flower Crops flower crops and their symptoms
superior with the application of full is given in Table 10 and shown in
dose of nitrogen with Azotobacter Deficiency leads to morphological Plates 1 and 2.
and phosphorous solubilising variation, which results in low
bacteria (10). Fungi are also productivity of quality flowers. CONCLUSION
known to play a vital role in The deficiency symptoms of
releasing phosphates into the nutrients can be corrected Fertilisers play an important role
rhizosphere from insoluble through foliar feeding even after in increasing growth and flower
Phosphorous sources. Penicillium planting. The easy key for yield. Organic manures play a vital
simplicissimum, Penicillium identification of deficiencies of role as a component of integrated
aurantiogriseum and Penicillium macro and micro nutrients in nutrient management in achieving
regulosum IR-95 solubilise mineral general is summarised in Figure higher crop yields and soil health
phosphates by secretion of 4. for sustainability. Application of
gluconic and citric acid (35). appropriate plant nutrients at
Aspergillus niger showed P Nutritional disorders are basically proper time with suitable method
solubilisation ability on a variety physiological disorders in the is one of the strategies to reduce
of carbon sources (9). Penicillium plants that affect the various losses of nutrients, which
balajii solubilises Ca/P complexes productivity as well as the in turn, increase the nutrient use
by secretion of oxalic and citric quality of flowers. Disturbance in efficiency. Nutrients along with
acids (11). The combined the plant metabolic activities bio-fertilisers are beneficial for
application of Azospirillum and AM resulting from an excess or deficit enhancing quality and yield in
even with the reduction of 25% of of environmental variables like flower crops.
recommended dose of NPK
increased marigold growth (3).

Plants belong to Poaceae or

Graminae require silica which is
not supplied exogenously as a
fertiliser. Turf grasses accumulate
4-20% silica in straw and its
requirement increase with the
addition of more nitrogen as more
nitrogen makes the plant tender
and succulent, rendering a high
demand of silica which reverses
the nitrogen effect by making
sturdy and erect plants. Indian
soils exhibit deficiency of zinc with
contents much below the critical
level of 1.5 ppm (45).

Recommendations of Fertiliser
Application from AICRP on
Floriculture

Various research trials conducted Figure 4 – Identification of deficiency symptoms

at coordinated centres under All

Indian Journal of Fertilisers, April 2013 17 1

Table 10 – Nutritional deficiency disorders in commercial flower crops
Crop Nutritional Symptoms Management
Deficiency
Rose Iron • Slow growth and wilting of plants • Soil should be slightly acidic (pH 6 to 6.5).
• Interveinal chlorosis in young leaves • Use N fertilisers with higher NO4 /NO3 ratio.
• Thin leaves and stunted growth • Avoid calcareous soil and bicarbonate rich
• Necrosis at leaf margins irrigation water.
• Dull flower colour and small size • Spray 0.5 % FeSO4 at pH 4- 5 with
• Aborted flowering shoot surfactant Fe- EDTA chelate at 0.1 %.
Boron • Malformed flower buds and petals • Foliar spray of 0.2 % Boric acid twice at
• Decrease in flowers 30 and 45 days after pruning.
• Die back of stem tip and flowering shoots
• stunted root growth
• Scorched, thicken, cup shapes and
distorted leaves
• Shoot become stiff and excessively
branched
Magnesium • Large necrotic white areas located • Adding Magnesium Sulphate at 15-25 g/
symmetrically on both sides of midribs plant immediately after pruning.
of leaflets between larger veins
• Young leaves become mottled and
Chlorotic
• Immediate drop of injured leaves
• Severe root injury
Chrysanthemum Iron • Interveinal chlorosis in young leaves • Use of well decomposed FYM.
during early stages and are yellowish • Use of acidic red soil while preparing
in the severe stage Stunted growth growth media.
of plants • Foliar spray of 0.5 % ferrous sulphate
• The leaves become small and thin at pH 4.5 or Fe EDTA at 0.1 % twice once
at 30 days and another at 45 days
after pruning.
• Maintaining growth media at pH 5.5 to 6.
Copper • Few flower buds opened completely • Copper sulphate application at 10 kg/ha
• Petals curve upwards
• In severe cases flower bud initiation is
retarded
• Terminal leaf base chlorotic initially,
even veins are chlorotic in later stages
Boron • Loss of turgidity in peripheral flowers • Soil application of Boron at 2 kg/ ha
before central flowers fully open (15-20 kg borax/ha).
• The petals are twisted and cup shaped in • Foliar spray of 0.2 % Boric acid twice
severe deficiency once in 3 week after planting and again at
25 % flower bud emergence.
Gladiolus Boron • Youngest emerging leaves exhibit • Apply acid forming fertilisers which
interveinal chlorosis solubilise soil iron for the plant and
• Spike size is reduced increases iron availability.
• Flowers do not open fully • Foliar spray of 0.5% FeSO 4 at
pH 4-5 a surfactant and 0.2% urea.
Manganese • Interveinal chlorosis of young and • Foliar spray of 0.5% MnSO4 or 0.3 % MnCl2
physiologically mature leaves. The leaves immediately after foliar symptoms appear.
do not turn yellowish in severe conditions • Apply NPK fertilisers in band near the
as in iron deficiency cormels to correct the disorder.

Magnesium • The older or lower leaves are chlorotic • Applying MgSO 4 to soil at 500 kg/ha.
with the base of the leaf remaining green • If the pH is 7 or above and applying dolomite
while the tip is chlorotic at same rate as basal dose if soil is acidic.
• Foliar spray of 0.5 to 1.0 % MgSO 4.
Gerbera Iron • Interveinal chlorosis in young leaves • Use of Fe EDTA.
• Small leaf size • Foliar spray of 0.5 % FeSO 4 with 0.5 %
• Short flower stalks urea with suitable surfactant.
• The plant dies within a week or 10 days in
Continued......
severe deficiency

17 2 Indian Journal of Fertilisers, April 2013

Table 10 – Nutritional deficiency disorders in commercial flower crops (Concluded)
Crop Nutritional Symptoms Management
Deficiency
Carnation Boron • Young emerging leaf become curved • Spray 0.2 % Boric acid thrice, one at
and twisted 15 days after planting , second
• Internodes of the upper part of the shoot 30 days after planting and third when
is curved 25 % of the plants have bloomed.
• The meristem dies as the deficiency
become severe
Iron • Interveinal chlorosis in young emerging • Correct the pH of the growth medium with
Leaf blade become thin gypsum at 0.5 -1.0 t/ha if the pH exceeds
7.5.
• Spray of ferrous sulphate at 0.5 % with
surfactant at 20 ml/100 litre.
Tuberose Calcium • Spike cracking, but in acute cases • Apply 100-120 mg/litre Calcium Sulphate.
to bud rot • Foliar spray of 0.5 to 1.0 % MgSO 4.
Magnesium • Interveinal chlorosis of older leaves • Spray 0.2 % Boric acid.
Boron • Cracking of leaf margin, deformed leaves
and stunted inflorescence .

Nitrogen deficiency in rose Potassium deficiency in rose

Magnesium deficiency in poinsettia and rose

Iron deficiency in rose and petunia

Plate 1 – Deficiency symptoms in Flower crops.

Indian Journal of Fertilisers, April 2013 17 3

Molybdenum deficiency in poinsettia Boron deficiency in carnation Calcium deficiency in gerbera
(Calyx splitting)
Plate 2 – Deficiency symptoms in Flower crops

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