Strom Water NORTH - ZONE.
Strom Water NORTH - ZONE.
Strom Water NORTH - ZONE.
PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN / PERSPECTIVE PLAN FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND REJUVENATION OF LAKES AND RIVERS OF NAGPUR CITY FOR THE YEAR 2041
FEBRUARY 2009
With
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.0 General The report provides the Draft Detailed Project Report for the stormwater drainage system for Nagpur Municipal Corporation. The consultancy work for the master plan / perspective plan for stormwater drainage system for Nagpur City for the year 2041 has been awarded by the Nagpur Municipal Corporation to M/s Shah Technical Consultants (P) Ltd., Mumbai. The Inception Report and the Master Plan Report for the consultancy work was submitted to Nagpur Municipal Corporation. As part of the project requirements a Draft Detailed Project Report (DPR) containing detailed design, cost estimate and implementation for the stormwater drainage system is now being submitted. The DPR is organized into the following VolumesVolume I Volume II Volume III : Main Report : Hydraulic Statements of Stormwater Drainage System : Drawings
Aim of Consultancy The aim of the present consultancy assignment is to make readily available document for the implementation of technically sound and viable schemes forming integral parts of a comprehensive stormwater drainage system for Nagpur City. The assignment includes preparation of Master Plan for a stormwater drainage system, feasibility studies and preparation of Draft Detailed Project Report for the master plan components, contract procurement and provision of technical support during construction. 2.0 Existing Stormwater Drainage System Nagpur City has an area of 217.56 sq.km. The present (Year 2007) population is 25.49 Lakh. The projected population for the year 2041 is 62.75 Lakhs. The annual rainfall is 1000 mm. Existing stormwater drainage system in Nagpur City covers 3 major storm water carrying streams i.e. the Pioli river, Nag river and Pora river which falls outside NMC boundary. The Pioli river starts from the gate of Gorewada tank at the northwest end of the city runs through the north to the eastern end of the city. Final disposal of stormwater from part of west Nagpur and north Nagpur is into this river through minor and major nallahs.
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The Nag river starts from Ambazari lakes overflow weir at the western end of the city and runs through the middle of the city towards the east. The final disposal of stormwater from part of west Nagpur, south Nagpur, central Nagpur and east Nagpur is into this river through minor and major nallahs. Pora river starts from Sonegaon area. Stormwater from southern part of Nagpur city drains to this river through minor and major nallahs. At present, 40% area inside the ring road is covered with stormwater drainage network. Observations on existing stormwater drainage (SWD) network and need for comprehensive stormwater drainage system: Almost all stormwater drains get flooded during monsoon In many places, final disposal of sewage is in the stormwater drain and stormwater drainage gets flooded Nallahs, rivers, drains and chambers are heavily silted and need cleaning Many places, sewers discharge directly into the rivers and major nallahs, due to which the ground water and surface water is getting polluted
To overcome the above situation the sewerage and stormwater disposal system should be implemented, failing which problems will be posed to the environment of the city affecting public health and the commercial activities. The pollution loads to Pioli river and Nag river and other natural nallahs should be intercepted and should be conveyed to sewage treatment plant to improve the hygienic conditions. To sustain the high rate of growth in the city, the infrastructure in general has to keep up and the stormwater drainage system is one of the important components of the infrastructure that needs to be developed on priority. To avoid flooding in the project area proper stormwater drainage system is necessary. Local ponds in low lying area - The adverse topography and manmade hurdles obstruct the free disposal of the normal stormwater within the city. Ponds lead to unhygienic conditions in the surroundings. Improper inlets to the existing stormwater drains cause pool of water at few locations. To rectify the situation proper measures are necessary. River and nallahs The flood protection measures are necessary on the banks of Nag and Pioli rivers and nallahs at various locations.
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3.0
Data Collection, Topographical Survey As a part of planning and location studies, collection of all available information pertaining to the project is vital for bringing out a proper design of the project and for its successful completion. Basic data required for formulation of the project such as project area map, Nagpur city development plan showing existing and proposed landuse, existing drainage system details, rainfall data from year 1969-2000, physical characteristics of drainage basin, flood data etc. information have been collected and analysed. Topographical Survey Contour Map, Soil Investigations A topographic survey has been carried out for the un-sewered area of the city. Total length of road survey carried out is 800 Kms and a contour map has been prepared for the NMC area taking into account the new street levels as well as street levels available for the areas sewered. All new roads have been incorporated into the city map. Survey of nallahs and river basins have been carried out. L-Sections and Cross-Sections have been prepared. Total surveyed length of nallahs in the north zone is 76 kms and total surveyed length of Pioli river, Nag river and Pora river is 47.9 kms. Soil investigation has been carried out. Generally the ground water levels ranged from 0.2 m to 9.12 m in the area.
4.0
Hydrologic Analysis of Drainage Facility Design The rational method is adopted for the conversion of precipitation into runoff. The following equation is used for the calculation of peak runoff. Q where Q i C A = = = = peak runoff in m3/hr rainfall intensity in mm/hr runoff coefficient the catchment area in ha = 10 CiA Equation (1)
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4.1
Frequency of Storm As mentioned in CPHEEO manual storm frequency is adopted depending on the importance of the area to be drained. a) Residential i) ii) b) Peripheral area twice a year Central and comparatively high priced area once a year
For nallahs the storm frequency considered is once in 2 years and for river channel once in 25 years. 4.2 Storm Duration Storm duration is selected on the basis the time of concentration of the drainage basin. As per CPHEEO manual, the time of concentration (tc) is calculated as sum of (i) Inlet time (ti) & (ii) time of flow in storm drain to the outlet (tf). Time of inlet is worked out using Kirpich equation. Time of inlet adopted isRiver Nallah Road side drain 4.3 Rainfall Intensity The available data acquired from Pune Meteorological Department includes 24 hr. rainfall data from year 1969-2000 for the Nagpur City. These data sets are used to carryout frequency analysis to determine the magnitude of peak flows of known return period to achieve an optimized design. The intensities for different return periods and durations are formulated using IDF curves using empirical equations and theories of probability. Adopted intensity of storm for various return period and duration is provided in the tabular form. Table No.I shows Intensity of Storm for Various Return Period and Duration Gumbels Extreme Value (type I) distribution 60 Min. 22 to 75 Min 30 Min
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Table No.I: Intensity of Storm for Various Return Period and Duration Gumbels Extreme Value (type I) distribution Rainfall Intensity, mm/hr Time in Return Period , Years minutes 0.50 1.00 2.00 5.00 10.00 25.00 100.00 287.19 5.00 158.46 181.83 208.65 250.28 344.48 453.60 10.00 180.50 99.59 114.28 131.14 157.30 216.51 285.09 15.00 137.56 75.90 87.10 99.94 119.88 165.00 217.27 20.00 113.45 62.59 71.83 82.42 98.86 136.08 179.18 25.00 97.69 53.90 61.85 70.98 85.14 117.18 154.30 30.00 86.46 75.35 103.71 136.56 47.70 54.74 62.82 35.00 77.98 43.02 49.37 56.65 67.95 93.53 123.16 40.00 71.30 39.34 45.14 51.80 62.14 85.53 112.62 45.00 65.89 36.36 41.72 47.87 57.42 79.04 104.07 50.00 61.40 33.88 38.88 44.61 53.51 73.65 96.98 55.00 57.60 31.78 36.47 41.85 50.20 69.09 90.98 60.00 54.34 29.98 34.41 39.48 47.36 85.83 65.18 70.00 49.01 27.04 31.03 35.61 42.71 58.78 77.40 80.00 44.81 24.73 28.37 32.56 39.05 53.75 70.78 90.00 41.41 22.85 26.22 30.09 36.09 49.67 65.41 100.00 38.59 21.29 24.43 28.04 33.63 46.29 60.95 110.00 36.20 19.98 22.92 26.30 31.55 43.43 57.18 120.00 34.15 18.84 21.62 24.81 29.76 40.97 53.94
IDF CURVES
300.00 275.00 250.00 225.00
Intensity in mm/h
200.00 175.00 150.00 125.00 100.00 75.00 50.00 25.00 0.00 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
`
Duration in Minutes
4.4
Coefficient of Runoff (C) The co-efficient of runoff (C) is the portion of precipitation that makes its way to the drain. Co-efficient of runoff for various surfaces has been adopted from the Handbook and composite C value have been calculated for different land uses contributing to a single catchments.
4.5
Catchment Area Based on topography, catchment areas contributing to proposed drain is calculated in hectares.
4.6
Calculation of Peak Runoff (Stormwater Flow) From the rainfall intensity (I) catchments area (A) and composite value of C peak flow (Q) in the drain have been calculated using Equation-1.
5.0
Concept, Methodologies and Procedures Using detailed base map of the project area the project area shall be divided into catchments and sub-catchments based on topography. Surface runoff from property and roads will discharge to minor or major nallahs through road side drains and further disposal will be mainly through major nallahs to river. i) ii) Hydrologic and hydraulic analysis shall be carried out for nallahs and river sections. For preliminary design the single section method shall be used and for detailed engineering the step backwater method shall be used for nallah sections. Hydraulic analysis for nallah section be carried out for two alternatives as follows: iv) Alternative 1 Concrete lining for side walls and bottom without treatment i.e. natural channel Alternative 2 Concrete lining for side walls as well as bottom of nallah
iii)
For river channelisation hydraulic analysis shall be carried out for concrete lining on side walls and bottom without treatment. STORMCAD latest version software shall be used for design.
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STORMCAD-V8XM edition and StormCAD Version 4.1 Software shall be used for design of stormwater drainage system. v) vi) vii) viii) ix) Rectangular sections shall be proposed for river channel sections and trapezoidal sections for nallah channel section. R.C.C. structures shall be proposed for nallah and river section. Road side drains shall be proposed on both side of roads except in some part of slum area. Drains shall be planned taking into consideration the ground levels, slope of the ground, valley and ridges and also the land use planned. Drains shall be planned to get good longitudinal slope, considering the nature of soil and subsoil water level. Large areas shall be subdivided into small grids to avoid a long main drain. Efficiency in maintenance of drainage system shall be given an important consideration in selecting the size, shape and the location. An attempt shall be made in the design to provide higher starting and higher outfall bed levels in drains. A free outfall shall be attempted as far as possible. Design of main drain shall be so made as to allow use of the normal methods for desilting operations. Existing drain system shall be checked for its adequacy and replacement shall be proposed for the drains which are not adequate in capacity.
x) xi)
xii) xiii)
6.0
Design Criteria i) The design criteria adopted for the project proposals are based on: a) b) c) ii) Manual on sewerage and sewage treatment by CPHEEO Stormwater collection system design handbook by Larry W Mays ICR-SP-50- Guidelines on Urban Drainage, New Delhi 1999
Q=
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1 AR n
2/3
S 1/ 2
Equation (2)
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Whereas Q n R S A = discharge in cum/sec = mannings coefficient of roughness = hydraulic radius in m = Channel Slopes = area of cross section in m2
Mannings co-efficient of roughness for various types of surfaces Type of surface Concrete pipe Natural stream / Nallah iii) Type of drain a) Closed Conduit The pipe size of conduit shall be determined using peak discharge for each proposed pipe and the mannings formula assuming full pipe flow condition. All conduits are proposed to be designed to flow 0.8 full at peak flow. b) Minimum Conduit Size Minimum diameter of the pipe shall be 300 mm. c) Open Channel The rectangular and trapezoidal sections are easy to construct and are considered most suitable. d) Economical Sections As far as possible for obtaining economical sections for lined drains the bed width and depth shall be proposed as follows. Rectangular drain b = 2d Value of n 0.013 0.022
Trapezoidal drain
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b b e)
= =
Minimum section of drain It is recommended that minimum width of a drain should not be less than 300 mm.
iv)
Minimum and Maximum Velocities Type of Drain Pipe drain Internal drain (R.C.C.) Min drain (R.C.C.) Minimum Velocity (m/sec) 0.8 0.45 0.75 Maximum Velocity (m/sec) 3.0 3.0 3.0
Maximum spacing of inlet would depend upon various conditions of road, size and type of inlet and rainfall. Stormwater inlets A maximum spacing of 30 m shall be provided. Location of inlet for channel Rectangular Type drain -Both side of road below footpath For each inlet covered inlet chamber shall be provided for maintenance purpose.
7.0 7.1 Proposed Stormwater Drainage System
The primary goal of storm drain design is to minimize water logging and limit the amount of water flowing on the travel way or ponding at sag points in the roadway grade to quantities that will not interfere with the passage of traffic for the design frequency storm.
Drainage Basin in Project Area
7.2
Project area is divided in three river valleys. 1st in north zone i.e. Pioli river basin, 2nd in central zone i.e. Nag river basin and 3rd in south zone i.e. Pora river basin.
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7.3
Pioli river basin (North Zone) consists of roadside drain, minor and major nallahs. There are 25 minor nallahs and 14 major nallahs.
Component 1: (Roadside Drains) includes Hydrologic and Hydraulic Analyse of Existing and Proposed Roadside Drain 7.4 Roadside Drains Sizing of Drains
i) ii) iii)
Rational method is used for determination of discharge in each reach. The mannings formula is used for determination of capacity of drains. STORMCAD-V8XM edition and STORMCAD version 4.1 Software have been used for the design of stormwater drainage system.
Table II provides proposed size drain, total length and type of drain in each nallah basin in the north zone and Table III provides proposed drain size , total length and type of drain in cluster.
Table II: Proposed drain size, Total Length and Type of drain in nallah basin
S. No. Section Size Length (m) 42289 11000 7107 9538 281 5987 8107 3276 4328 313 1167 1462 4530 314 1444 12 1421 1198 104 239 38 633 Type Rectangular Channel with cover
Shanthi Nagar Nallah Basin 1 300x150 2 300x200 3 400x200 4 400x250 5 400x300 6 500x250 7 500x300 8 600x300 9 600x350 10 600x400 11 700x300 12 700x350 13 700x400 14 800x400 15 800x450 16 900x400 17 900x450 18 900x500 19 900x550 20 1000x500 21 1000x550 22 1100x550
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S. No.
Section Size
Length (m) 497 433 215 144 128 78 936 7 121 60 148 560 158 87 154575 49837 28066 28126 742 13605 18460 8014 8163 353 1724 3896 11735 216 3130 3402 150 1647 3079 471 709 1766 68 621 1266 431 326 837 145 1606 79 168 1881
Type
23 1100x600 24 1100x650 25 1200x600 26 1200x650 27 1300x650 28 1300x700 29 1400x700 30 1400x750 31 1500x750 32 1500x800 33 1600x800 34 1600x850 35 1700x900 36 1800x900 Chamar Nallah Basin 37 300x150 38 300x200 39 400x200 40 400x250 41 400x300 42 500x250 43 500x300 44 600x300 45 600x350 46 600x400 47 700x300 48 700x350 49 700x400 50 700x450 51 800x400 52 800x450 53 800x500 54 900x450 55 900x500 56 900x550 57 1000x500 58 1000x550 59 1000X900 60 1100x550 61 1100x600 62 1100x650 63 1200x600 64 1200x650 65 1300x650 66 1300x700 67 1400x700 68 1400x750 69 1500x800
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S. No. Bor Nallah Basin 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 Pioli River Basin 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115
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Section Size 300x150 300x200 400x200 400x250 400x300 500x250 500x300 600x300 600x350 600x400 700x300 700x350 700x400 800x400 800x450 800x500 900x500 1000x550 1000x600 1100x550 1100x600 1200x600 300x150 300x200 400x200 400x250 400x300 500x250 500x300 600x300 600x350 600X400 700x300 700x350 700x400 700x450 800x300 800x400 800x450 800x500 900x450 900x500 900x550 1000x500 1000x550 1000x600
Length (m) 26696 6567 2287 8598 382 1022 3874 1034 460 103 12 629 717 445 731 55 55 213 102 12 102 74 55893 14984 14087 7430 4540 4253 6943 4368 1218 30 2520 2300 2855 760 47 3214 3768 365 1121 2261 848 410 468 271
Type
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S. No. 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124
Section Size 1100x550 1100x600 1200x600 1200x650 1200x700 1400x700 1400x800 1600x800 1800x900
Type
7.5
In slum area roadside drains are proposed on both side of road on broader roads. Storm from narrow roads will be directly picked upto these drains.
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7.6
Adequacy of existing drain size have been checked using STORMCAD Software for inadequate drains replacement is proposed.
Component 2: (Major Drainage Channels) includes Hydrologic and Hydraulic Analysis of Major Drainage Channels i.e. Major & Minor Nallahs 7.7
Hydrologic and Hydraulic Analysis have been carried out for each nallah and river. Hydrologic analysis refer to the development of water flows off of the land surface. Hydrologic analysis determines how much and how fast water runoff, of the land into the systems hydraulic elements such as nallahs, culverts and the river. Hydraulic analysis determines the sections for the calculated hydraulic flow. Table IV provides proposed Nallah/Channel section, length, type and slope of each nallah.
7.8 7.9
Catchment area and time of inlet intensity rainfall of 1st reach of each nallah basin in North zone area (2 years return period) is provided in Table V. Hydraulic analysis have been carried out for each nallah and river considering concrete lined walls and natural bottom and using STORMCAD Software. Trapezoidal sections have been proposed nallah for channalisation and rectangular section for river channalisation.
Table IV: Proposed Nallah/Channel Section, Length , Type and Slope of each Nallah
Chainage S. No. Name of Nallah From 1 L1 2702 1890 1170 2 L2 (Ved Nagar) 3210 2130 To 1890 1170 0 2130 1080 Section Size Proposed (m) Top Width 15.0 19.0 22.0 6.0 7.0 Bottom Width 14.0 17.8 20.7 5.1 6.0 Water Depth 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.8 Trapezoidal " " " " 4.18 4.34 3.66 4.98 3.85 0.41 - 0.53 Section Type Slope (m/km) Coeffecient of Runoff, Composite C Coeffiecient of Roughness, Composite n 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021
0.55 - 0.57
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Chainage S. No. Name of Nallah From 1080 838 2.1 L2R1 2580 1710 900 3 L3 (Nara) 3545 3000 2178 1286 810 3.1 L3L1 1445 750 3.2 4 L3L2 L4 720 10160 8730 6390 3600 To 838 0 1710 900 0 3000 2178 1286 810 0 750 0 0 8730 6390 3600 1070
Section Size Proposed (m) Top Width 10.0 10.0 8.1 9.0 9.0 12.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 15.0 5.0 8.0 6.2 10.2 12.0 12.1 16.0 Bottom Width 8.7 8.7 7.3 8.2 8.2 11.0 11.0 12.0 13.9 13.9 4.1 7.0 5.2 9.1 10.8 10.7 14.4 Water Depth 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4
Section Type
Slope (m/km)
Trapezoidal " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "
2.94 3.15 9.01 4.67 3.48 2.42 2.45 2.52 3.63 3.62 10.00 7.97 2.34 3.18 2.36 1.96 1.61 0.6 0.50 - 0.55 0.53 - 0.55 0.36 - 0.51 0.40 - 0.53
0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021
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Chainage S. No. Name of Nallah From 1070 4.1 L4R1 1465 690 5 6 R1 R2 (Bor) 500 6225 5883 5721 5439 5400 4514 4410 4133 3600 3564 2827 2340 2110 To 0 690 0 0 5883 5721 5439 5400 4514 4410 4133 3600 3564 2827 2340 2110 1980
Section Size Proposed (m) Top Width 16.0 7.0 8.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.3 12.0 12.1 14.0 14.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.1 18.1 Bottom Width 14.4 6.4 7.4 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 11.1 11.1 13.0 13.0 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 Water Depth 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2
Section Type
Slope (m/km)
Trapezoidal " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "
1.18 4.70 3.83 253.00 30.57 17.78 13.48 10.00 8.70 6.67 5.56 5.18 5.00 4.80 4.01 4.00 4.00 0.509 0.50 - 0.56 0.52 - 0.6
0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021
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Chainage S. No. Name of Nallah From 1980 1752 810 715 6.1 R2 L1 1520 1000 450 6.2 R2 L2 1580 1260 540 6.3 R2 L3 1890 1260 630 6.4 R2 L4 980 630 240 6.5 R2 L5 450 To 1752 810 715 0 1000 450 0 1260 540 0 1260 630 0 630 240 0 0
Section Size Proposed (m) Top Width 22.2 22.2 25.0 25.0 3.2 4.7 5.1 3.3 5.2 6.6 5.1 6.1 7.2 3.2 4.1 6.0 4.1 Bottom Width 20.7 20.7 23.5 23.5 2.5 3.9 4.3 2.5 4.3 5.6 4.4 5.3 6.2 2.6 3.5 5.4 3.5 Water Depth 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.3
Section Type
Slope (m/km)
Trapezoidal " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "
3.33 3.33 2.51 2.18 16.17 9.31 7.98 60.60 14.51 6.13 23.67 8.65 5.41 56.66 19.24 11.05 48.33 0.65 0.57 - 0.61 0.55 - 0.62 0.54 - 0.61 0.40 - 0.66
0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021
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Chainage S. No. Name of Nallah From 6.6 R2 R1 1050 540 6.7 7 R2 R2 R3 (Chamar) 580 5610 5546 5481 5420 5318 5115 4717 4325 3960 3600 3193 2700 2280 1770 To 540 0 0 5546 5481 5420 5318 5115 4717 4325 3960 3600 3193 2700 2280 1770 1350
Section Size Proposed (m) Top Width 4.1 6.1 5.1 Bottom Width 3.4 5.3 4.5 8.0 8.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 14.0 14.0 16.0 20.0 20.0 22.0 Water Depth 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4
Section Type
Slope (m/km)
Trapezoidal " " Rectangular " " " " " " " " " " " " "
23.08 6.45 23.77 3.33 3.34 2.23 3.33 3.33 2.92 2.77 1.67 1.5 1.31 1.33 1.18 1.2 1.02
0.48 - 0.51
0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021
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Chainage S. No. Name of Nallah From 1350 780 360 7.1 R3 L1 1440 1037 720 439 7.2 R3 L2 810 390 7.3 R3 R1 4375 4140 3890 3600 2880 2100 1440 710 To 780 360 0 1037 720 439 0 390 0 4140 3890 3600 2880 2100 1440 710 0
Section Size Proposed (m) Top Width Bottom Width 22.0 26.0 26.0 6.0 6.0 10.0 10.0 4.5 4.5 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 11.0 11.0 Water Depth 1.4 1.6 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3
Section Type
Slope (m/km)
Rectangular " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "
1.1 1.05 1.05 9.33 9.72 5.00 6.13 4.47 4.51 2.84 2.67 2.99 2.36 1.43 1.52 1.31 1.45 0.55 - 0.59 0.64 0.61 - 0.62
0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021
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Chainage S. No. Name of Nallah From 7.4 R3 R2 1775 1380 900 360 7.5 R3 R3 1430 870 450 7.6 8 R3 R4 R4 330 3080 2070 990 9 10 11 R5 R6 R7 180 710 2270 1484 720 12 R8 570 To 1380 900 360 0 870 450 0 0 2070 990 0 0 0 1484 720 0 0
Section Size Proposed (m) Top Width Bottom Width 6.5 7.0 9.0 9.0 3.0 5.5 7.0 3.0 8.0 10.0 11.0 5.6 3.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 7 8.8 9.7 4.8 2.4 2.2 2.6 3.1 3.4 Water Depth 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4
Section Type
Slope (m/km)
Rectangular " " " " " " " Trapezoidal " " " " " " " "
12.12 10.00 8.78 6.06 8.03 4.29 3.33 7.22 11.76 6.41 5.65 17.04 11.33 12.60 7.62 6.49 8.97
0.51 - 0.52
0.54 - 0.61
0.65
0.021
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Chainage S. No. Name of Nallah From 13 R9 1830 930 14 R10 (Shantinagar) 7110 6385 6274 To 930 0 6385 6274 5670
Section Size Proposed (m) Top Width 12.1 14.0 Bottom Width 11.2 12.9 8.0 8.0 8.0 Water Depth 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7
Section Type
Slope (m/km)
0.58 - 0.60
0.54 - 0.61
5670 5333 5250 4742 4590 4060 3210 2255 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 R10 L1 R10 L2 R10 L3 R10 L4 230 580 1190 230
11.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 16.5 16.5 17.5 17.5 2.0 1.8 11.0 2.1
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4
" " " " " " " " " " " "
2.20 1.93 2.00 2.00 1.65 1.69 1.66 1.00 4.60 5.22 5.37 3.53 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65
0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021
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Chainage S. No. Name of Nallah From 14.5 14.6 R10 R1 R10 R2 380 50 To 0 0
Section Size Proposed (m) Top Width Bottom Width 2.5 2.0 Water Depth 0.4 0.2
Section Type
Slope (m/km)
Rectangular "
6.95 6.60
0.65 0.65
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Table V: Catchment Area and Time of Concentration of Nallah Basins (2 yrs Return Period)
S. No. 1 3 4 6 7 2 5 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Name of Nallah L1 L2 (Ved Nagar Nallah) L3 (Nara Nallah) L4 R1 R2 (Bor Nallah) R3 (Chamar Nallah) R4 R5 R6 R7 (Taj Nagar Nallah) R8 (Vishwas Nagar Nallah) R9 R10 (Shantinagar Nallah)
Catchment Area (ha) 973.38 375.12 754.96 1105.11 98.30 1362.21 1737.20 317.49 59.23 21.88 59.70 27.13 137.33 794.59
Highest G.L (m) 320.00 308.00 312.00 302.50 310.00 367.50 322.50 326.50 301.50 303.00 314.50 299.50 287.50 307.00
Lowest G.L (m) 308.97 294.56 303.26 297.80 307.30 341.33 300.45 318.25 296.80 301.20 311.70 297.60 285.40 299.70
Longest Length (m) 2237 1060 1950 800 640 1460 1270 950 750 545 645 555 640 950
Slope 0.0049 0.0127 0.0045 0.0059 0.0042 0.0179 0.0174 0.0087 0.0063 0.0033 0.0043 0.0034 0.0033 0.0077
Time of Concentration Tc (min) 57.13 22.34 53.31 24.19 23.14 25.02 22.75 23.76 22.45 22.47 23.03 22.48 25.49 24.90
Intensity (mm/hr) 40.80 76.52 42.74 72.56 74.74 70.94 75.60 73.44 76.27 76.23 74.99 76.22 70.05 71.16
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Pioli river return period is proposed as 25 years and with 60 minute duration. (Time of inlet) rainfall intensity is 65 mm/hr from IDF curves. Catchment area and peak flow in various reaches of Pioli river segment is provided in Table VI below.
Table VI: Catchment area and peak flow in various reaches of Pioli river segment
Sr No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Details of Pioli River Basin Chainage Catchment Area (ha) From To 0 470 205 470 2062 205 2062 2342 585 2342 4322 1344 4322 6355 533 6355 6953 793 6953 8330 933 8330 12225 451 12225 14863 1695 14863 17635 1850 17635 17815 849 Peak Flow (m 3/s) 73.24 73.24 98.82 221.21 233.16 266.24 308.60 319.26 380.37 416.06 424.12
Table VII below provides proposed hydraulic sections of Pioli river for a flood frequency of 25 years.
Table VII: Hydraulic Sections of Pioli River for a flood Frequency of 25 Years Width Chainage Depth 25 Years 0 - 470 River front development 470 - 2062 1.50 45.0 2062 - 2342 2.00 45.0 2342 - 4322 2.50 50.0 4322 - 6355 2.50 52.0 6355 - 6953 2.70 54.0 6953 - 8330 2.70 62.0 8330 - 12225 2.80 62.0 12225 - 14863 3.00 68.0 14863 - 17635 3.30 68.0 17635 - 17815 3.50 68.0
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7.11
Energy Dissipater
To control the velocity of flow, energy dissipaters i.e. check dams; vertical drop structures are proposed in nallah and river sections.
7.12 Flood Protection System
R.C.C. flood walls are proposed to protect public safety and property and for economic benefit. Flood walls shall prevent flood waters from inundating valuable agricultural land, residential and business property as well as infrastructure.
7.13 River Front Beautification
Flood walls are not proposed at the various locations of Pioli river where river front beautification is proposed. Table VIII below provide the proposed location of river front beautification.
Table VIII: Proposed Location of River front Beautification Piolli River Chainage (m) Description
Node 1 Node2
Stretch behind Vincate Pallote School Bhor nallah junction to down side Ayappa Nagar Ganga Nagar to railway bridge After railway crossing Eco park Naragaon Nallah Strech at Kausalya Nagar Yogi Arvind Nagar
Node 3(a) & 3(b) CH 3567 to CH 4496 Node 4 Node 5 Node 6 Node 7
8.0 8.1
Rainwater harvesting is the capture, diversion and storage of rainwater for a number of different purposes including landscape irrigation, drinking and domestic use, aquifer recharge.
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8.2
The state government has made rainwater harvesting mandatory for all buildings that are being constructed on plots that are more than 1000 sq.m in size NMC has made it mandatory for the buildings having land area more than 350 S.qm. This is made applicable to all new buildings
8.3
There are two main techniques of rainwater harvesting and are i) storage of rainwater on surface for future use ii) Recharge of groundwater. In the project area total annual rainfall occurs only during three to four months of monsoon. water collected during monsoon has to be stored throughout the year which means huge volumes of storage containers are required. We have proposed the rainwater harvesting system in the building as partly for storage and partly for recharge of ground water.
8.4 9.0
Rainwater harvesting system shall be as per IS 15797-2008 and Artificial recharge to ground water shall be as per IS 15792-2008.
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report and Environmental Mitigation Plan
A preliminary environmental and social assessment report and environmental mitigation plan has been prepared for the project area. The project will have significant positive impacts leading to overall improvement in the quality of life of the people with the improved drainage system and rainwater harvesting system, the acquifier yield will increase. Water logging will be considerably reduced and the quality of water will improve due to properly constructed drains. Erosion in the land will reduce due to construction of drains. There will be overall improvement in the ecology. Resettlement and rehabilitations of project affected people can have a negative social impact and the same can be solved by proper planning and providing the acceptable packages.
10.0 10.1 Operation & Maintenance
The drainage system is at its best when it is maintained as properly as designed. For this purpose, it is necessary that the drains keep this shape and slope in the designed manner during their life time. It is also necessary to ensure that the drains retain their full cross section particularly for the monsoon. Maintenance can be classified into the 3 categories (a) Continuous
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regular maintenance (b) Periodical maintenance and (c) Special maintenance / repairs of improvements. The SWD system do not require any specific operation. However, periodic cleaning of water entrants are required in the monsoon period. Desilting of nallahs before and after monsoon is necessary.
10.2
Operation and Maintenance Cost includes (i) Establishment (ii) Maintenance of machinery (iii) Maintenance cost of drains, nallah and river. O&M cost works out Rs.10 Crore. These expenses / cost are estimated to increase every year depending on various factors and mainly as price Escalation.
Project Financing
11.0
The funding pattern for the capital works / capital expenditure as suggested as follows: Funding Agency GOI Grant GOM Grant Local Bodies Source JNNURM JNNURM NMC % of Total Investment 50% 20% 30%
It is assumed that all the future works under this proposal shall be funded mainly through the 70% grants available and the balance 30% arranged by NMC through its own savings, deposits and further deficit by loans.
12.0 Organisation Setup / Institutional Management
It is desirable to have a separate operation and maintenance setup for stormwater drainage management. It is proposed to have a centralized unit for each drainage zone with support staff at ward level to address the day to day maintenance. The maintenance work such as desilting of river, nallah and drain can be outsourced. The O&M of machinery also can be given on contract basis to reduce the burden in employees in NMC.
13.0 Project Implementation
It is proposed that the execution of project will be completed within a period of 3 years and planned accordingly. The priority or phasing of works can be as follows-
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Rejuvenation of rivers and improvement of culverts and bridges Improvement of nallah Development of roadside drains
If need arises works shall progress from the downstream side of the river and outfall of nallahs as per the feasibility. The roadside drains can be developed along with the development of roads.
14.0 Project Cost
i) ii)
Total estimated capital cost (North Zone) Rs.1258 Crore Total O & M Cost (North Zone) Rs.10 Crore
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CHAPTER 1.0 SECTOR BACKGROUND CONTEXT AND BROAD PROJECT RATIONALE Existing Status of the physical infrastructure 1.1 1.2 1.3 Baseline Information of user coverage and access List of various Projects Proposed for the Sector in the City Development Plan (CDP) by NMC and confirmation of how this project is aligned with stated CDP priorities List of other capital expenditure project supported by other schemes for the sector Existing Tariff & Cost recovery Existing areas of Private Sector / Community Participation in the Sector Any other qualitative information
29-74 30 64 68
70 73 74 74 75-183 75 76 157 164 164 164 184-259 184 184 184 184 184 185
CHAPTER 2.0 PROJECT DEFINITION, CONCEPT AND SCOPE Land 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Physical Infrastructure Components Environment Compliance / protection measures / improvement measures Rehabilitation and Resettlement Specialized procured services supervision, and quality assurance Other information for design, independent
CHAPTER 3.0 PROJECT COST Land Acquisition / Site Development 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
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Physical Infrastructure Component-wise Cost Environmental Compliance Cost Rehabilitation and Resettlement Cost Cost of Survey and Geotechnical Investigation Cost of Shifting Utilities
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Description Cost of Consultancy Services Other Statutory Compliance Cost if Applicable Finance / Interest Cost during Construction Contingency Any Other
Page No 185 185 185 185 185 260-262 260 261 261 261 262 263-264 263 264 265-267 265 265 265 265 266 266 268-278 269 277 279 279
CHAPTER 4.0 PROJECT INSTITUTION FRAMEWORK (FOR CONSTRUCTION) Roles of different Institutions involved in the construction phase 4.1 of the project Manner of undertaking Construction Works 4.2 Involvement of the construction entity in the subsequent O & M 4.3 activities Areas of Involvement of the Private Sector in the Construction 4.4 Phase Construction Packages for works construction 4.5 CHAPTER 5.0 PROJECT FINANCING STRUCTURING Overall Financial Structuring of the Project 5.1 5.2 Review of options for Institutional Debt and Private Sector Participation
CHAPTER 6.0 PROJECTPHASING Schedule for Tendering / Selection for Procurement of Service 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Schedule for brining in state level and ULB level contributions to the project Schedule for obtaining all clearances (alongwith list of major clearness) Schedule for shifting utilities Project infrastructure component-wise implementation Pert & CPM diagram Project Management Tools
CHAPTER 7.0 PROJECT O&M PLANNING Institution Framework (Organization & Operations) Strategy 7.1 7.2 Tariff and User Cost Recovery
CHAPTER 8.0 PROJECT FINANAICAL VIABILITY AND SUSTAINBILITY Overall project perspectives 8.1
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Chapters 8.2
CHAPTER 9.0 PROJECT BENEFIT ASSESSMENT (SOCIAL COST BENEFITS ASSESSMENT) Benefits from the Societal Perspective 9.1 9.2 9.3 List of Negative Externalities (i.e. adverse impact) Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR)
LIST OF TABLES 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 2.1 2.2(a) 2.2 (b) 2.2 (c)
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Planning Units and Area Existing and Proposed Land Use Pattern Components of MIHAN and Present Status Estimated Employment from MIHAN Total Employment in NMC as per Census Current and Future Employment in NMC Area Population and Employment Forecast NMC & Rest of NMC Summary of Existing Stormwater Drainage System North Zone Area Coverage of Existing Stormwater Drainage System in North Zone Drainage area where SWD is joined to sewerage System and Proposed remedial Measure Flood affected Area in the North Zone and Proposed Remedial Measure Salient Features of Major Nallahs in North Zone Salient Features of Minor Nallahs in North Zone Salient Features of Pioli River Distribution of Density of Population Population Growth trend of Nagpur City over the Years Population Projections for the year 2001 by various Methods Population Projections by Various Methods Population Projections for Nagpur City considering Higher Growth Rate Inventory Data / Information Surveyed Length of Major Nallah in North Zone Surveyed Length of Minor Nallah in North Zone Surveyed Length of River
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2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32
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Analysis Results for Samples from City Nallah Ward Number, Ward Name and Return Storm Frequency Maximum Daily Rainfall Recorded During 1969-2000 Maximum Precipitation Depth for 1hr , 2hr.12 hrs Using IMD Reduction Formula Evaluation of Precipitation Depth Evaluation of Rainfall Intensity Intensity of Storm for Various Return Period and Duration Gumbels Extreme Value (type 1) distribution Intensity of Storm for Various Return Period and Duration by USWB Records of Intense Rainfalls, Number of Storms of Intensity (mm/hr) or more Intensity duration Values Evaluated coefficient from Log Duration Vs Log Intensity for Step method Intensity of Storm for Various Return Period and Duration (Frequency of Intense Storm/ Step method) Intensity of Storm for Various Return Period and Duration (Based on Published Literature) Proposed Intensity-Duration-Frequency for Roadside Drain Minor and Major Nallah Proposed Intensity Duration Frequency for River Channel Coefficient of Runoff for Various Surfaces Mannings Coefficient of Roughness for Various Types of Surface Minimum and Maximum Velocities for various Types of Drain Minimum Free Board for various Bed Width of Drain Proposed Size, Total Length and Type of Drain Proposed Size, Total Length and Type of Drain (cluster) Details of Replacement of Existing Drains Catchment Area and Time of Concentration of Nallah Basins (2 yrs Return Period) Proposed Nallah/Channel Section, Length and Type Dimensions of Vertical Drop Structure Dimensions of Check Dam of Nallah
Hydraulic Section of Pioli River for a Flood of 25 Years Frequency
80 84 86 92 95 95 96 98 98 99 99 100 102 103 103 103 106 108 108 113 116 117 130 131 141 142 151 153 154 162
Dimensions of Check Dam of River Proposed Location of Rainwater Structure / Artificial Recharge System Summary of Impacts (Air, Water and Land)
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2.33 4.1 5.1 9.1 9.2 FIGURES 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20
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Summary of Impacts (Ecology) Areas of Involvement of the Private Sector Funding Pattern for the Proposed Project Societal Benefits Negative Externalities and Impacts
Districts of Maharashtra Zonal Plan of Nagpur City City Map of Nagpur Proposed Landuse as per Nagpur Development Plan (19862011) Typical Flow Chart of Construction Wing Total Yearly Rainfall in mm during the period 1969-2000 Log Duration Vs Log Intensity for Gumbels Extreme Value (type 1) Distribution Return Period Vs Coefficient of A by Gumbels Extreme Value (type 1) distribution Intensity- Frequency-Duration Curves by Gumbels Extreme Value (type 1) distribution Log duration Vs Log Intensity for Step Method Return Period Vs coefficient of a for Step Method Intensity- Frequency-Duration Curves by Step Method Upper Course of Pioli River Middle Course of Pioli River Lower Course of Piolli River Index Map of Pioli River and Nallah Joining to Pioli River Typical Plan and L-Section Plan showing Peak Flow of Pioli River Catchment Area of L1 Nallah Catchment Area of L2 Nallah Catchment Area of L3 Nallah Catchment Area of L4 Nallah Catchment Area of R1 Nallah Catchment Area of Bor Nallah (R2) Catchment Area of Chamar Nallah
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32 33 34 37 63 85 91 96 97 99 100 101 143 144 145 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175
2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4
Catchment Area of R4 Nallah Catchment Area of R5 Nallah Catchment Area of R6 Nallah Catchment Area of R7 Nallah Catchment Area of R8 Nallah Catchment Area of New Nallah (R9) Catchment Area of Shanti Nagar Nallah (R10) Proposed Typical Inlets Suction cum Jetting Machine Amphibious Dredger High Vacuum Suction Machine Mahabali Machine
176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 276 276 276 277
BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEXURES Sector Specific Infrastructure Components 1 1.5 2 3 4 4A 4B 4C 5 6 6A 6B Drainage Project Implementation Planning: Package-wise Contracting Relationship Schedule for Financial Contribution and Sources Project Cash-flow Template Project Cash-flow for JNNURM Details of Capital Expenditure Details of Operation & Maintenance Charges ULB Cash-flow Template Loan Schedules and Loan Ageing Long Term Debit Situation of ULB / Parastatal Long Debit Situation of ULB / Parastatal
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LIST OF DRAWINGS NMC/SWD/MPNZ/01 NMC/SWD/MPNZ/02 NMC/SWD/MPNZ/03 NMC/SWD/MPNZ/04 NMC/SWD/MPNZ/05 NMC/SWD/MPNZ/06 NMC/SWD/MPNZ/07 NMC/SWD/MPNZ/08 NMC/SWD/MPNZ/09 Nagpur City Base Map Map Showing Existing and Proposed Landuse Pattern Map Showing Catchment Areas Major Nallahs, Minor Nallahs and Culverts Map Showing Runoffs in North Zone Map Showing Storm Frequency Adopted as Various Plan Showing Existing Storm Water Drainage System North Zone Plan Showing Proposed Storm Water Drainage System North Zone Plan Showing Lakes and Water Bodies in the Project Area Map Showing Flooding Areas and Low Lying Areas
NMC/SWD/MPNZ/10/1/4 Plan Showing Network Joined to Sewerage System Location at Each Zone NMC/SWD/MPNZ/10/2/4 Plan Showing Network Joined to Sewerage System Location at Each Zone NMC/SWD/MPNZ/10/3/4 Plan Showing Network Joined to Sewerage System Location at Each Zone NMC/SWD/MPNZ/10/4/4 Plan Showing Network Joined to Sewerage System Location at Each Zone NMC/MP/SWD/NZ/11 NMC/SWD/MPNZ/12 NMC/SWD/MPNZ/13 NMC/SWD/MPNZ/14 Plan Showing Slum Pockets in the Project Area Typical Cross Section of River Typical Cross Section of Roads Showing the Utility Typical Alignments Proposed for Road Side Drains
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACA BOD BOT COD CPHEEO CICR CSMC CDP DPR EIA FOP GIS GOI GOM HUDCO IDF IMD IEE IRR JNNURM MIHAN MSRTC MoUD NRCD NGO NMC NEERI NIT NPV pH
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: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
Additional Central Assistance Biological Oxygen Demand Classic Build Operate Transfer (Concession Project) Chemical Oxygen Demand Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization Central Institute of Cotton Research Institute Central Sanctioning and Monitoring Committee City Development Plan Detailed Project Report Environmental Impact Assessment Financial Operating Plans Geographic Information System Government of India Government of Maharashtra Housing and Urban Development Corporation Intensity Duration Frequency Indian Metrological Department Initial Environmental Examination Internal Rate of Return Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission Multimodal International Hub Airport at Nagpur Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation Ministry of Urban Development National River Conservation Directorate Non Governmental Organization Nagpur Municipal Corporation National Environment Engineering Research Institute Nagpur Improvement Trust Net Present Value Potential of Hydrogen Ion Concentration
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PSP PWD PMES RRHS SEZ SWD SPV SLNA TOR TSS TDS USWB ULB WHO
: : : : : : : : : : : : : :
Progressive Speed Protocols Public Works Department Project Monitoring and Evaluation System Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting System Special Economic Zone Storm Water Drainage Special Purpose Vehicle State Level Nodal Agency Terms of Reference Total Suspend Solids Total Dissolved Solids United States Weather Bureau Urban Local Bodies World Health Organization
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CHAPTER-1.0 SECTOR BACKGROUND CONTEXT AND BROAD PROJECT RATIONALE Introduction General The Nagpur Municipal Corporation (NMC) invited bids for selection and appointment of consultant for preparation of a master plan / perspective plan for drainage system and rejuvenation of lakes and rivers of Nagpur City for year 2031 (since amended to year 2041). The NMC awarded the consultancy work to M/s Shah Technical Consultants (P) Ltd. with M/s Dinesh Rathi & Associates vide Letter No.NMC/EE/STORM/31/2007 dated 2nd July 2007. Objective of the Study The main objective of the study is to prepare a comprehensive proposal, which will be technically and financially viable for the implementation of storm water drainage system and rejuvenation of lakes and rivers in Nagpur City. The Draft Detailed Project Report (DPR) will help to obtain necessary approval and funding from JNNURM. Scope of Work Preparation of Master Plan for Drainage System, Rejuvenation of Lakes and Rivers To prepare master plan for the drainage system, rejuvenation of lakes and rivers considering the base year as 2011 and the ultimate design year as 2041. In the preparation of master plan various components like land use pattern (existing and proposed), design criteria and parameters to be implemented, preliminary designs and plans of the project, block cost estimate, identification and prioritization of components shall be addressed. The project phasing will be proposed based on the prioritization and fund flow. Feasibility Study To carryout feasibility study for all the packages to ascertain both technical and utilization viability in the immediate tasks and to prepare a priority list of the packages for implementation. The feasibility study shall look into Technical, Social, Economical and Practical construction feasibility of the project components. It shall also look into Environmental impact assessments, staffing, institutional and organizational, economic and financial aspects. Based on the economical, environmental and financial criteria, the various options shall be ranked and the recommendation made for the preferred
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options. Financial analysis, tariff structure and policy for operation and maintenance for Stormwater drainage system and Rejuvenation of lakes and rivers shall also be reviewed and suggested. DPR Preparation Preparation of the DPR for the proposed package, considering priority in the feasibility study shall be taken up and shall include detailed engineering analysis and designs, specifications of works, drawings and cost estimates. These shall also include detailed implementation plans, progressive speed protocols (PSP) and management and monitoring procedures to be used during implementation. Contract Document Preparation of tender documents, tendering process, pre-bid and bid evaluation. Technical Advisory Support during Execution of Work It includes checking of survey details, review of working design, drawings, estimates, correction in design, drawing plans, clarification etc. during execution till completion of the work. 1.1 1.1.1 Existing Status of the physical infrastructure Location of Nagpur Nagpur is situated in the middle of India at 21 06' N latitude and 79 03' E longitude and a mean altitude of 310 meters above sea level. Nagpur is named after the Nag river which originates from Ambazari Lake located at the west part of Nagpur city and drains into Kanhan River in south east and the length of river in city boundary is 17 kms and this river basin is named as Central Zone. Another river originates from Gorewada lake at north west and flows from west to east in the northern part of Nagpur called Pioli River having a length of 17 km also joins Nag river and drains to Kanhan River and this river basin is named as North Zone. There is one more river named Pora River originates from Sonegaon, western part of the city and flows from west to south east outside the southern part of the city and draining into Kanhan River and this river basin is named as South Zone. There are many major Nallahs and minor Nallahs discharging stormwater into these rivers.
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Oranges are grown extensively in and around Nagpur and there is also an Orange market (Sandra Mandi) in Nagpur and therefore city is also known as Orange city. The highest and lowest temperature varies between 48.6 C and 3 C. The average rainfall is 1242 mm. Nagpur Municipal Corporation (NMC) is spread over an area of 217.65 sq.km. It has completed 300 years of establishment in 2002. Nagpur is second capital of Maharashtra and the winter session of the legislative assembly is held here. The corporation is divided into 129 wards. The population of the city is 20.5 lakhs (as per 2001 census) with an average density of 95 persons per hectare, which is quite low compared to other comparable cities of India. The present population is estimated to be around 23 lakhs and projected population is 32 lakhs by 2021. It is estimated that one-third of the city's population lives in slums. There are about 427 slum pockets jn the city spread over an area of about 17 sq. km out of the 427 slums, 292 slums are notified slums housing 80% of the slum population. The population trends of Nagpur City show a declining growth rate over the decades: it has decreased from 48.3% in 1921-31 to 32.6% in 1991-2001. Based on the linear projection method, the growth rate may decline to 22.2% in the next four decades (2011-41). The attractiveness of the city for migrants has also been decreasing. In the last decade (1991-2001), about 46% of the population growth was due to in-migration; in the last four years, the figure has declined to 24%. But, considering the development projects and investments in the pipeline, Nagpur's growth rate will revive and the population may double at a faster pace. Nagpur shows favourable demographic characteristics. The sex ratio in Nagpur is quite healthy at 936, which nearly equals the all-India figure of 933. About 84% of Nagpurs population is literate as per Census 2001. 66% of the citys population is under the age of 40; the 10-25 year age forms the largest proportion of the total population. This offers a valuable resource for economic development of the city. But, at the same time, if not given optimum opportunities, the tendency to migrate will probably be the highest in this age bracket. There are about 4.6 lakhs vehicles registered in Nagpur including two wheelers, three wheelers and four wheelers. Two wheelers constitute around 84% of the vehicle population. As per the TOR the study area is Nagpur Municipal Corporation comprising of 217.65 sq.km. Consultants have carried out detailed studies within NMC limits (as envisaged in TOR) and the area outside NMC limits have been studied taking into account storm drain requirements.
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1.1.2
Land Use of NMC Revised Development Plan of Nagpur City 1986-2011 is reviewed in the context of forecast of planning variables. The master plan for 20112021/2031/now revised to 2041 is under preparation. Total area of Development plan is 235.21 sq.km. It contains area of Nagpur Municipal Corporation, which admeasures 217.56 sq.km and area outside of Nagpur Municipal Corporation (NMC) which is included in drainage and sewage disposal scheme, which admeasures 17.65 sq.km. For planning purpose the entire area of 235.21 sq.km is divided into 7 planning units and the details are presented in Table 1.1. Table 1.1: Planning Units and Area S. No. Planning Units Planning Area in sq. NMC Area in sq. km km 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Central North East South South -West West North - East Total Area 8.29 43.49 51.39 28.14 29.23 32.10 42.57 235.21 8.29 43.49 33.74 28.14 29.23 32.10 42.57 217.56
1.1.2.1
Land Use Pattern The existing land use pattern is divided into two major categories one under developable land and the other as non-developable land. Revised Development plan by Nagpur Improvement Trust (NIT) has indicated that the developable land is 60% of the total area of 217.56 sq.km. As the city is subjected to high urbanization trend, the agricultural land only transform into residential land. Part of the non-developable land under agriculture is proposed to be converted into developable land. Therefore, the proposed land use percentages for the year 2021, 2031 and 2041 are arrived based on the proposed land use percentage for the year 2011 obtained from NIT. Table 1.2 shows the Details of the existing and proposed land use pattern.
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At present the land demand/supply situation is well balanced in the city as per NMC and NIT officials. A large percentage of land within the municipal corporation limits remains unutilized or under-utilized in terms of permissible FSI. The FSI norms under the current development control roles are conservative. With the growth in demand, the norms may be revised in select areas, allowing high-density development. As the Development Plan 1986-2011, the projected population for 2001, 2006 and 2011 is taken as 23 lakhs, 25 lakhs and 28 lakhs respectively. However as per Census data, 2001 population was only 20.5 lakhs.
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8% 46% 24%
3% 3%
15%
Figure 1.4: Proposed Landuse as per Nagpur Development Plan (19862011) 1.1.2.2 Landuse of Nagpur Metro Region (Phase-I) Land Use plan The land use plan of Phase-I of Nagpur Metropolitan Region Development Authority (NMRDA) is prepared by Nagpur Improvement Trust (NIT). The area of NMR would be 3,780 sq. km. excluding the area under Nagpur Municipal Corporation (NMC) limits. The total area of Nagpur district is 9,810 sq. km. At Present NIT has prepared the land use plan for the first phase that covers around 1,520 sq. km. The Metropolitan region is envisaged by government for catering to Nagpur region population by 2031. At present concentration is on the southern part because of the MIHAN. Land use plan has earmarked land for wholesale markets, warehouse, international airport, educational institutes and Information Technology (IT) parks in these areas. 1.1.2.3 Development Area (MIHAN) The total proposed area of Multi-Modal Hub Airport in Nagpur (MIHAN) is 4025 hectares, out of which 1475 hectares will be used for SEZ. So far 1652 hectares of land is acquired. The acquisition of remaining land is being done on fast track basis. The components of MIHAN area along with present status is presented in Table 1.3.
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Table 1.3: Components of MIHAN and Present Status S. Project Component Area in Remarks No. hectares 1 International Hub 1200 Includes MRO facility in 100 Airport hectares 2 Special Economic Zone (SEZ) a) IT Park 400 Satyam already signed MOU for 100 acre land Shapoorji Pallonji has been allocated 100 acre land for IT Park M/s L&T Infocity have shown interest in 120 acres of land for developing IT Campus DLF.Ambuja.RMZ Corp have been allocated land in MIHAN SEZ
b) c)
60 963
2000 beds capacity Hospital Includes Textiles, Gems and Jewellery, Food Processing, Pharma and Financial and Insurance Services 100 MV Coal based Captive Power Plant (in the process of tendering) Awarded to Sical Logistics
d)
Captive Plant
Power
52
200
1000
DY Patil Group has been given letter of allotment for setting up International School
Total Area
3875
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The entire Master Plan is proposed in phases, each generally covering a ten-year period: 2005-15; 2015-25 and 2025-35. However due to lag in starting the project, initial phase such as corportisation of airport, awarding the project to the developer, planning and construction activities could not take place. This may be due to the land acquisition problems and other issues. However some of the components of the MIHAN project such as rail and road terminal were awarded. There is a sea change in the scenario now as compared to 6 years back with privatisation of Delhi and Mumbai Airports, which added additional capacities in terms of passenger and cargo traffic. In addition to that, proposed development of Greater Noida and Navi Mumbai Airport near Delhi and Mumbai respectively can absorb future air traffic demand. The commissioning of international Airports in Hyderabad and Bangalore in early 2008 may also affect the phasing of the MIHAN project. Hyderabad International Airport, which is only 490 km from Nagpur is likely to compete directly with MIHAN in attracting both passenger and cargo traffic. Therefore taking into account above aspects, it is assumed, MIHAN will be operational by 2015. Employment Generation due to MIHAN MIHAN, which comprises of Hub Airport, SEZ and Residential Areas over the area of 4025 hectares, will generate huge employment. Employment Generated from MIHAN is estimated taking into account latest proposals of MADC and Consultants estimates. Table 1.4 shows the Estimates employment from MIHAN. Table 1.4: Estimated Employment from MIHAN Year Airport Centric SEZ and Other Employment Employment 2015 22383 198123 2021 2031 37375 86942 265503 393010 Total 220505 302879 479952
It can be observed that 1000 hectares of land is allocated for residential purpose in MIHAN area. This area can house maximum of 6-lakh population taking residential density of 600 persons/hectare. However significant proportion of people will still live in Nagpur City and commute on daily basis especially lowend jobs. This is due to the fact that land in MIHAN area is premium and only Executives may afford. It is therefore assumed that around 60% the employees live in MIHAN area and rest of the employees will live in Nagpur City and commute daily for work.
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1.1.2.4
Outer Ring Road The Public Works Department (PWD) has begun the construction of a part of Outer Ring Road. The total length of the Outer Ring Road is 84 km. PWD had acquired 177 hectares land for this road. The total land required for the 84-km road is 552 hectares. At present, the 22-km highway is being constructed from Gondhkhairi on Amaravati Road to Gavsi Manapur on Wardha Road. The alignment of the road will pass through Gavsi Manapur, Sondapar, Jamtha, Kotewada, Sumthana, Shiv Madka, Kirimati, Khadka, Sukli, Hingna, Raipur, Wanadongri, Sangam, Sawargota, Pendhri and Gondkhairi villages. When the Outer Ring Road is complete it will connect Kalmeshwar, Hingna and Butibori MIDCs. In the first phase, only two-lane road is being constructed. PWD will spend Rs 41.46 crore on the project. A 30-km stretch of road - Gavsi Manapur to Kamptee-Kanhan bypass proposed to be constructed under National Highway Authority of India's North-South Corridor. Gondhkhairi-Gavsi Manapur stretch will be widened to a four-lane road under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). Remaining outer ring road will be constructed by the PWD. The Outer Ring Road will have ROBs at Tarodi (SEC Railway -Kolkata line), Jamtha (Central Railway - Bombay line) and Bharatwada (Central Railway Delhi line). Department has sent a proposal to the Railway Ministry for clearance. Railway department is laying 600-mm diameter pipeline for electric cables.
1.1.3
Occupational Pattern The employment in the city for future decades are projected based on the development plan, work force participation ratio in the projected population and regional plan proposals. The projection of employment for MIHAN is also considered in estimating the employment in different zones for future years. The formal employment outside the city includes the employment in Butibori, Kamptee, Hingna, and MIHAN. Table 1.5 shows the total Employment as per 1991 and 2001 census. Table 1.5: Total Employment in NMC as per Census Year Total Population Worker Employment Participation Ratio 1991 4,54,953 16,24,752 28.0% 2001 6,27,481 20,51,320 30.6% Decadal Growth % 37.9%
Based on trends in other metropolitan cities the worker participation ratio will increase in future decades. The Worker participation ratio for 2011,2021 and 2031 is likely to be 33%, 35% and 36% respectively. The employment thus worked out to be 8.5 lakhs, 12.4 lakhs and 16.8 lakhs respectively.
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The share of formal employment will decrease as the city grows. The share of estimated formal employment in 1991 and 2001 is 77% and 75% respectively. The future share of formal employment for 2011, 2021 and 2031 is assumed as 74%, 70% and 65% respectively. Table 1.6 shows the current and future employment in NMC area. Table 1.6: Current and Future Employment in NMC Area Year Total Employment Formal Employment 1991 2001 2007 2011 2021 2031 1.1.3.1 454953 627481 743794 855679 141140 1681781 350314 472023 551984 614102 869835 1074975
Ward-wise Employment Distribution The total number of employees working in different zones within the study area and other locations within the region is an important input for the Travel Demand Modelling process. Compiled data in this regard was not available from a single source and hence consultants have to depend on the data from various sources to arrive at a reasonable estimation of employment distribution. Consultants have obtained data from Dept. of Industries and MIDC for industrial employment, NMC for data on shops and establishments and various other agencies for the respective employment. The past trend in the employment pattern of the city has been studied from the data collected from previous studies. The employment projection for the future decades has been done on the basis of data collected from the Regional Plan, Dept of industries, MIDC, NMC and Department of Statistics. The zone wise distribution of employment has been made under 3 categories i.e. Industrial, Trade and Commerce and Services. The formal employment in areas outside the city has also been calculated from the details of location of industries and establishments in the region from regional plans and other proposed developments. In distributing the employment within the city, it was assumed that the growth of employment opportunities in the zones along the proposed Public Transport corridors (BRTS/MRTS) would be higher than other zones due to higher accessibility to these zones.
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1.1.3.2
Schools and Colleges The list of educational institutions for the base year was collected from various sources. The zonewise distribution of these institutions was estimated by assigning the institutions to different zones based on the locations. For projecting the number educational institution for the horizon years, standards for different categories were finalised based on the Development Plan, UDPFI guidelines and existing standards. The additional institutions required for the future years were distributed on the basis of the set standards so that all zones meet the criteria for requirement of educational institutions. The standards adopted for the projection of number of schools and colleges for the horizon years are as follows: Primary School - For every 400 students (for every 2700 population) Higher Secondary schools - For every 750 Students (for every 9500 population) Junior Colleges and Higher education institutions - for every 12500 population
Based on above discussion employment within NMC and Rest of NMC is summarised in Table 1.7. Table 1.7: Population and Employment Forecast NMC & Rest of NMC NMC Rest of NMC Total Year POP EMP POP EMP POP EMP 2001 2052066 472023 539411 188878 2591477 660901 2007 2011 2021 2031 2399337 2593811 3548334 4673156 551984 614102 869835 1074975 629260 689159 1055572 1447922 220263 248123 390601 535786 3028597 3282971 4603906 6121078 772248 862225 1260437 1610760
Note 1: Rest of NMC implies the area between inner ring road and outer ring road Note 2: Employment figures presented above reefers to only Formal Employment
1.1.4
Ward-wise Details of Drains Proposed drainage system details are presented in Vol-IIA (Hydraulic Statement).Details of existing stormwater drainage system is described in the following paras.
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1.1.5 1.1.5.1
Existing Stormwater Drainage System Major Storm Water Carrying Streams In Nagpur City, there are 2 major stormwater carrying streams i.e. the Pioli river, Nag river and Pora river falls outside NMC boundary. The Pioli river starts from the gate of Gorewada Tank at the northwest end of the city runs through the north to the eastern end of the city. Final disposal of stormwater from part of west Nagpur and north Nagpur is into this river through minor and major Nallahs. The Nag river starts from Ambazari lakes overflow weir at the western end of the city and runs overflow through the middle of the city towards the east. The final disposal of stormwater from part of west Nagpur, South Nagpur, Central Nagpur and east Nagpur is into this river through minor and major Nallahs. Pora river starts from Sonegaon area. Stormwater from southern part of Nagpur city drains to this river through minor and major Nallahs.
1.1.5.2
Road Side Drains At present 40% area inside the ring road is covered with stormwater drainage network. During year 2002 to 2004, stormwater drainage (SWD) network is developed along the major road constructed under Integrated Road Development Project (IRDP) in the city. The other developing authority in Nagpur, Nagpur Improvement Trust is also developed the stormwater drainage network in various layouts sanctioned in periphery of the existing ring road. As part of the Master Plan study, an assessment of the existing SWD system has been made by Visual Inspection Discussion with NMC Officials
1.1.6
Observations on Existing SWD Almost all stormwater drains get flooded during monsoon In many places, final disposal of sewage is in the stormwater drain and SWD gets surcharged due to carrying both stormwater and sewage Nallahs, rivers, drains and chambers are heavily silted and need cleaning Many places, sewers discharge directly into the Pioli river and Nallahs
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Table 1.8 shows the Summary of existing stormwater drainage system in north zone. Table 1.9 shows Area coverage and final disposal point of existing SWD in north zone .Table 1.10 shows the drainage areas where SWD is joined to sewerage system and the proposed remedial measure. Table 1.11 gives the details of flood affected areas in the North Zone and Proposed remedial measures. Table 1.12 gives the Salient features of Major Nallah. Table 1.13 gives the Salient features of Minor Nallah. Table 1.14 provides Salient features of Pioli River.
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Drain Size (Range) Drain material RCC/ Unlined RCC RCC RCC RCC/Stone RCC RCC/Unlined RCC RCC RCC RCC/Unlined RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC/Unlined RCC RCC RCC Channel Size (m) 0.6x0.75-0.9x2.2 0.25x0.25-1.2x1.2 0.15x0.15-1x1.8 0.4x0.3-1x1.1 0.3x0.2-0.85x0.65 0.5x0.3-0.8x0.65 0.3x0.3-1x1 0.3x0.3-0.9x1.1 0.3x0.3-1x0.9 0.2x0.3-1.2x1.0 0.2x0.1-1.2x1.1 0.5x0.4-1.1x0.8 0.2x0.2-1.2x1.0 0.45x0.45-1.2x1.0 1.0x0.6-1.0x0.9 0.3x0.4-1.1x0.9 0.3x0.2-1.0x0.9 1.0x0.8-1.1x0.9 0.25x0.25-0.3x0.2 0.3x0.2-1.0x1.5 0.75X0.6-1.0X0.7 0.2x0.3-1.0x0.6 0.2x0.3-1.0x0.6 0.2x0.3-1.0x0.9 0.2x0.15-1.2x0.9 Pipe Dia. (mm) 225-300 225-750 300-450 300 150-1200 300-1200 300-600 150-450 150-300 100-600 300-450 150-500 300 225-330 225-450 225-300 225-300 -
Chamber material BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC
Chamber size (Range) (m) 0.7 x 0.8- 1.20 x 0.9 0.75 x 0.75 -1.80 x 1.20 0.9x0.6-1.50 x 1.20 0.75x0.75-1.20 x 1.80 0.75 x 0.75-1.70 x 1.70 0.5 x 0.90-1.70 x 1.70 0.6x0.7-1.2x0.9 0.9x0.75-1.2x0.9 1.2x0.9 0.5 x 0.9-1.5 x 1.20 0.75 x 0.6-1.20 x 0.9 0.5 x 0.9-1.50 x 1.20 0.5 x 0.9-1.50 x 1.20 0.75 x 0.75-1.50 x 1.20 0.9 x 0.75-1.50 x 1.20 1.20 x 1.20 1.20 x 1.50 0.75 x 0.75-1.50 x 1.20 0.9 x 0.75-1.20 x 0.9 1.2X1.2 1.20 x 0.9 0.9x0.75-1.20x1.20 1.20x0.8-1.20x1.20
Total no of Chambers 288 114 47 163 136 122 236 232 43 353 20 60 39 119 77 5 7 55 290 2 8 14 33
Chambers in good condition 1261 93 32 137 128 112 214 224 40 311 16 47 36 115 72 4 5 42 230 2 6 10 27
Disposal Point Pioli/Nallah/Open Pioli/Nallah/Open Pioli/Nallah/Open Nallah/Open/SWMH* Nallah/Open/SWMH Nallah/Open Nallah/Open/SWMH Nallah/Open/SWMH Nallah/Open/SWMH Nallah/Few Open Nallah/SWMH Nallah/SWMH Nallah Nallah /SWMH/Open Nallah /SWMH Nallah /Out fall Nallah/Pond/SWMH/Open Nallah /SWMH Nallah Nallah /Open Nallah /Open Nallah Nallah /Open Nallah /SWMH Nallah /Out fall
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Ward 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 86/P 87/P 88 89 90 91 92 93 94/P 109 110 111 112 113 114/P 124 125
Drain Size (Range) Drain material RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC RCC Channel Size (m) 0.3x0.3-1.2x1.1 0.15x0.15-1.2x1.0 0.2x0.3-2.1x1.1 0.7x0.2-1.2x1.1 0.25x0.3-1.2x1.0 0.5x0.4-1.1x0.9 0.5x0.4-1.1x0.9 0.4x0.5-0.9x0.7 0.4x0.45-0.9x0.7 0.25x0.25-1.0x0.8 0.7x0.5-1.0x0.9 0.15x0.15-1.0x1.1 0.15x0.15-1.4.0x0.5 1.0x0.75-1.2x0.9 0.25x0.25-1.2x0.9 0.5x0.4-1.0x0.9 0.3x0.30 0.3x0.3-1.25x0.75 0.45x0.6-1.0x0.6 0.15x0.15-0.9x1.0 0.3x0.2-0.9x1.0 0.25x0.3-0.4x0.6 0.6x0.4-0.9x1.0 0.7x0.5-1x0.6 0.9x1.0-0.7x0.4 Pipe Dia. (mm) 225-600 225-300 225-300 150-225 225-450 225-900 225-600 225-500 225-300 300 150-300 150-300 300 -
Chamber material BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC
Chamber size (Range) (m) 1.00 x 0.9-1.50 x 1.40 0.75 x 0.75-1.50 x 1.20 0.75 x 0.75-1.10 x 1.00 0.75 x 0.7-1.50 x 1.20 0.75 x 0.7-1.50 x 1.20 0.5 x 0.50-1.50 x 1.20 0.9 x 0.75-1.50 x 1.20 0.9 x 0.9-1.50 x 1.20 0.75 x 0.75-1.50 x 1.20 0.5 x 0.90-1.50 x 1.20 1.20x1.20 0.75 x 0.75-1.10 x 1.10 0.5 x 0.90-1.50 x1.20 0.75 x 0.75-1.20 x 1.20 0.9 x 0.10-1.50 x 1.20 0.9 x 0.9 0.5 x 0.90-1.50 x 1.20 0.5 x 0.90-1.50 x 1.20 1.20 x 0.9-1.20 x 1.20 0.5 x 0.90-1.20 x 1.20
Disposal Point Nallah /Open Out fall Nallah Nallah Nallah /Open Nallah /SWMH Nallah /SWMH/Out fall Nallah /SWMH Nallah /SWMH Nallah /SWMH/Out fall Nallah Nallah Nallah/Open Nallah Nallah /SWMH/Open Nallah /SWMH SWMH Talav/SWMH Nallah /SWMH Nallah Nallah SWMH SWMH SWMH/Nallah/Out fall Nallah/Out fall Nallah
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Table 1.9: Area Coverage of Existing Stormwater Drainage System in North Zone Ward No Area covered by existing system 1 Jhingabaitekly Nagar, Goregowda village 2 Kalpana nagar, Kabir nagar, sugath nagar, Hudco colony, Viswas nagar, Krushi nagar 3 Santhos nagar, Vinobha nagar, Nageswar nagar, Kamkar nagar, Kapil nagar, Ramay nagar, Samrat nagar, Naribasti slum area, Wanjri, Ambetkar nagar, Pioli village 4 Yadav nagar, Prakash nagar, Sangam Nagar, Sangeevan nagar, Yahoda nagar, Vinijri village, Shiva shankti nagar, Sangharh nagar, NIT quatres, Aravind nagar, Pawan nagar, ramana nagar 5 Kalmana village 6 Surya nagar, Netaji nagar, Gujarat colony, Jalaram nagar 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Thekkadi, Sariputra nagar layout, New jagruti colony, Jagruti colony, Dabha village, New hazari pahad nagar, friends colony, kolbaswamy nagar, Veenvan colony, Akbar layout, Jagdish nagar, Makardhokda, Kpileswar nagar Patel nagar, Manasa sarowar colony, Amant nagar, Swagat nagar, Kapileswar nagar Shilpa nagar, Gittikadan basti, Pension nagar, police lines, samdhan nagar, Kamgar nagar Rajnagar Byramji town (Rec.area), Manav nagar, Chawoni chowk Gvind nagar, bank colony, Jaripatka, satyanand nagar, Arun nagar Republican nagar, Bada Indor missal layout, Amarjyoti nagar, Ahhuja nagar, nagasen nagar, mishal layout
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Final disposal Partially open area disposal, nallah disposal and sewage manhole disposal Nallah disposal and Open area disposal Nallah disposal, Open area disposal and few lines are connected to sewage manhole Nallah disposal and few open area disposal Major pipelines disposal to nallah and few lines to open area disposal Partially open area disposal, nallah disposal and few sewage manhole disposal Nallah disposal and Open area disposal Open area disposal and few manhole, Nallah disposal Nallah disposal few open area disposal and few sewage manhole disposal Open area disposal and few sewage manhole, Nallah disposal Nallah disposal few open area disposal and few sewage manhole disposal Nallah disposal
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Ward No 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
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Area covered by existing system Siddarth nagar, Shinde nagar, manav nagar, Angtimala, satyog nagar, Prabhat colony, Taware nagar (colony) Mahendra nagar, babu buddaji nagar, Habeeb nagar Indiramata nagar, Panchavati nagar, Dharmadeep nagar, sanjay gandthi nagar, Anand nagar Binaki mangalwari village, Kundala gupa nagar, Brindavan nagar, Jamdthar wadi Premnagar Shanti nagar Surya nagar, Dipti signal Minimata nagar Ravi nagar CPWD quarters, Rajiv colony, Govind gorkhade layouts, Surendra gate CPWD quarters, Gowlipura, Kadhan, Gondpurinagar, Bijji nagar, P&T colony Gawali pura, Sardar village Newbasti Cristian colony, lumbini nagar, Ambetkar nagar, Bensiion bagh nagar Indora Chocks colony, Audenagar, maya nagar, Indora village, Republican nagar Ashok nagar, Buddha nagar Milind nagar basti, Baba budda nagar, Taj nagar Vishali nagar, Jhipura, Bholinagar, panchasheel nagar Bangladesh nayak wadi, Nayak talav Khairipura
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Final disposal Partially open and partially nallah disposal Partially open and partially nallah disposal Partially open and partially nallah disposal Nallah disposal Nallah disposal Nallah disposal Open area disposal Nallah disposal Nallah Disposal and few Sewage manhole disposal Nallah Disposal and few Sewage manhole disposal Open area and Nallah disposal (mostly) Nallah disposal Nallah Disposal and few Sewage manhole disposal Nallah Disposal and few Sewage manhole disposal Open area and Nallah disposal (mostly) Open area disposal Nallah Disposal and few Sewage manhole
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Ward No 68 69 88 89 90 91 92 93 Bastarwari
Netaji Subash Chandra pose ward laskanbagh Kamal chowk, gurunanak pura, Nvanaksa, Motibagh road, Gurunanak nagar Kurkatkarpeth, Ambetkar nagar, Buslewadi Sweeper colony, Balbahu peth Adar winker colony, thanda pet Lendi Thalao (overflow)
Final disposal disposal, open disposal Nallah Disposal and few Sewage manhole disposal Nallah disposal and few open area disposal Nallah disposal Nallah disposal and few line open area disposal Nallah disposal Partially nallah and partially open area disposal Nallah disposal
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Table 1.10: Drainage area where SWD is joined to sewerage System and Proposed remedial Measure S. Ward Area Drain Size Remedial Measure No. No 1 Kalpana Nagar Alternate drain proposed 2 300 2 Gareeb Nawaz Nagar Connect to nearby Nallah 4 300 3 Sugath Nagar Alternate drain proposed 225 4 Chikl Nagar Alternate drain proposed 5 225 5 Sevasreenagar Connect to nearby Nallah 6 800x600 6 Bharat Nagar Connect to nearby Nallah 800x600 7 Friends Colony Connect to Proposed Network 17 300 8 Makardhokada Connect to Proposed Network 300x300 9 Gandhi Layout Alternate drain proposed 18 150 10 Lekha Apartment Connect to nearby Nallah 19 300X300 11 Connect to Proposed Network 21 Vijay Nagar 600 12 Connect to Proposed Network Chaaoni 450 13 Alternate drain proposed Juna Jaripatka 225 22 14 Connect to nearby Nallah Sri Basavansha Chowk 500X400 15 Connect to nearby Nallah 24 Sathyog Nagar 300 16 Connect to nearby Nallah Sathiyog Nagar 300 17 Connect to nearby Nallah Sathyog Nagar 300 18 Alternate drain proposed 25 Takanagar Basti 225 19 Connect to nearby Nallah Shorakati Shanthi Nagar 300 20 Shorakati Shanthi Nagar 1000x900 Connect to nearby Nallah 21 Shorakati Shanthi Nagar 1000x900 Connect to nearby Nallah 22 Shorakati Shanthi Nagar 1000x900 Connect to nearby Nallah 23 Connect to nearby Nallah Mahendra Nagar 900X800 24 26 Panchavadi Nagar 1000X900 Connect to nearby Nallah 25 27 Indra Gandhi Colony 1000x900 Connect to nearby Nallah 26 Connect to nearby Nallah Binaki Mangalwari 700X600 Village 27 Connect to nearby Nallah Rani Durgawati Nagar 1100 28 Alternate drain proposed 28 Gondpura Balster Wadi 300 29 Alternate drain proposed Prem Nagar Chowk 300 30 Alternate drain proposed Prem Nagar Chowk 300 31 Alternate drain proposed 57 C.P.W.D Quarters 300x400 32 Alternate drain proposed Seminary Hills 300x300 33 Alternate drain proposed Gondpuri Nagar 150X150 34 Alternate drain proposed Gondpuri Nagar 150X150 35 Alternate drain proposed Bijli Nagar 225 36 Connect to nearby Nallah 63 Ashoka Nagar 225X225 37 64 Vaishali nagar 1100X900 Connect to nearby Nallah 38 Connect to nearby Nallah 65 Juna Jaripatka 900X600 39 Connect to nearby Nallah 67 Khairipura 900x700 40 Connect to nearby Nallah Gondpura 600
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S. No.
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
Ward No
68 90 91 92 94 111 112
Area Lal Kanjku Jri Chowk Gondpura Balster Wadi Kururkar Peth Slums Sweeper Colony Thanda Pet Bank Of Maharashra Timki Slums Base Nagar Base Nagar Shobha Keth Nagar Base nagar Shabha keth Nagar Dewkar Pura
Drain Size 500 500 300X200 150 300X300 600x700 225 600X400 300X300 300X300 350x300 250X300 600X500
Remedial Measure
Connect to Proposed Network Alternate drain proposed Alternate drain proposed Alternate drain proposed Alternate drain proposed Connect to Proposed Network Alternate drain proposed Connect to Proposed Network Connect to Proposed Network Connect to Proposed Network Connect to Proposed Network Connect to Proposed Network Connect to Proposed Network
113
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Table 1.11: Flood affected Area in the North Zone and Proposed Remedial Measure S. Pt. Location of the submergence Ward Name of the disposal Reasons for stagnation of No. No. No. point water or Flooding 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 P1 Jajadish nagar near Khadan 17 Bor Nallah Pond flooding 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P 10 P 11 P 12 Bor Nallah Slum Krishna Nagar / Azad Nagar Sheela Nagar Katol road Dasharath Nagar Gorewada road Dhore layout , Mankapur Mankapur basti near Pioli River Zingabai Takli near Pioli River Bajarang Nagar, Zingabai Takli Indira Nagar (Newly identified slum) Kushi Nagar Bhadant Anand kausalyan Nagar (Notified slu22m) 17 57 19 19 20 20 1 1 2 2 3 Bor Nallah Bor Nallah Bor Nallah Bor Nallah Pioli River Pioli River Pioli River L2 Nallah Pioli River Pioli River Pioli River Low lying area Pond flooding Low lying area Pond flooding Nallah flooding River flooding River flooding Low lying area Low lying area, Drainage system does not exist Low lying area, insufficient drainage system Low lying area, Drainage system does not exist
Remedial Measures 7 Deepening and Widening of Nallah Adequate drainage system proposed Deepening and Widening of Nallah Adequate drainage system proposed Deepening and Widening of Nallah Deepening and Widening of Nallah River Bed deepening / widening River Bed deepening / widening Drainage system proposed Adequate proposed drainage system
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S. No. 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Pt. No. 2 P 13 P 14 P 15 P 16 P 17 P 18 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Location of the submergence 3 Bezonbagh behind Mahatma Gandhi School Wadpakhad (baba Indora slum) Jagrut Nagar Ramai nagar (Notified slum) Gulshan Nagar Basti Adjoining Bridge over Pioli River near Kalumna Goa Colony behind Govt. Polytechnic Pardesi Mohalla Gaddigodam Kamptee road near Nagpur bar Dobi Nagar Khadan Adiwasi Nagar
Name of the disposal point 5 Chamar nallah Chamar nallah Chamar nallah Chamar nallah Pioli River Pioli River Chamar Nallah Chamar Nallah Chamar Nallah Chamar Nallah Chamar Nallah
Reasons for stagnation of water or Flooding 6 Insufficient drainage system Low lying area, raising of cement road surface, short nallah width Low lying area, Low lying area, raising the level of Ring of road Flooding of Pioli River Flooding of Pioli River Low lying area Low lying area Low lying area Low lying area and cattle waste thrown in nallah Low lying area
Adequate drainage system proposed, Widening and Deepening of Nallah Adequate drainage system proposed Adequate drainage system proposed River Bed Widening River Bed Widening Adequate drainage system proposed Adequate drainage system proposed Adequate drainage system proposed Adequate drainage system proposed Adequate drainage system proposed
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Location of the submergence 3 Christian Colony Lumbini Nagar Indira Mata Nagar Dhamma Deep Nagar near H/o Shri Gajbhiye Near Zunka Bhakar Kendra, Mehandibagh road on ring road Kundanlal Gupta nagar near ring road Near Mangalwari Talao
Ward No. 4 60 26 26 27 27
Name of the disposal point 5 Chamar Nallah Chamar Nallah Chamar Nallah Chamar Nallah Chamar Nallah
Reasons for stagnation of water or Flooding 6 Low lying area Inadequate Section Inadequate section Inadequate drainage Low lying area and inadequate stormwater drain Low lying area, and inadequate stormwater drain Low lying area and encroachment of hutments in talao catchment Low lying area and insufficient stormwater drain
Remedial Measures 7 Adequate drainage system proposed Adequate drainage system proposed Adequate drainage system proposed Adequate drainage system proposed Adequate drainage system proposed Adequate drainage system proposed
29
C11
27
Chamar Nallah
30
SH1
94
Adequate drainage system and Removal of encroachment proposed Adequate drainage system proposed
31
SH2
67
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S. No. 1 32 33 34
Location of the submergence 3 Near 40 Laterines Near MSEB Office Shanti Nagar Hsg. Board Colony on old Kamptee road near Kuttewala Baba Ashram Ghat Chowk to Kawrapeth Railway line
Ward No. 4 29 29 28
Name of the disposal point 5 Shanti Nagar Nallah Shanti Nagar Nallah Shanti Nagar Nallah
Reasons for stagnation of water or Flooding 6 Low lying area Low lying area Insufficient capacity of nallah Insufficient capacity of nallah
Remedial Measures 7 Adequate drainage system proposed Adequate drainage system proposed Widening and Deepening of Nallah proposed Widening and Deepening of Nallah proposed
35
SH6
29
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Table 1.12: Salient Features of Major Nallahs in North Zone S.No. Nomenclature / Name of Nallah Coverage Area Orignates at: Gorewada Passes through: Madhav Ashram Joins Pioli River at: Chainage 2062m Orignates at: Shri Krishna Nagar Passes through: Sadbhavna Nagar, Geeta Nagar:Tirupati Nagar, Veda Nagar Joins Pioli River at: Aradhana Colony Orignates at: Pokara village Passes through: Nara village Joins Pioli River at: Chainage 6953m Orignates at: Cultivated land Passes through: Fathima Nagar, Uppal Wadi Joins Pioli River at: Kalmana Village Orignates at: Marshy land Passes through: NMC Water Treatment Plant Joins Pioli River at: Chainage 490m Orignates at: Gowtham Nagar Passes through: Hajari Pahad, Aakar nagar, Kolba Swamy Nagar, Defence Land, Prashant Layout Joins Pioli River at: Ayappa Nagar Length of Nallah (m) 2702 Existing Width of Nallah (m) 3.0 - 44.0 Existing Minor Catchment Depth of Nallahs area (ha) Nallah (m) Joining 0.26 - 2.19 973 Outfall
3210
2.1 - 16.0
0.72 - 3.6
375
3545
5.4 - 26.0
0.46 - 2.44
755
2 Pioli River
10160
6.0 - 20.0
0.25 - 3.55
1105
R1
500
4.0 - 14.0
1.29 - 1.75
98
R2 (BOR NALLAH)
6225
3.1 - 25.0
0.3 - 3.3
1362
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S.No.
Coverage Area
Existing Minor Catchment Depth of Nallahs area (ha) Nallah (m) Joining
Outfall
R3 (Chamar Nallah)
R4
9 10
11 12
Orignates at: Timki nagar Passes through: Lashkari Bagh, Jyothi nagar, Boudha Nagar, Sanjay Gandhi Nagar, Dharma Deep Nagar, Panchsheel Nagar Joins Pioli River at: Sangam Nagar Orignates at: P & T Colony Passes through: Police Lines, Awasthi Nagar, Prasanth Nagar Joins Pioli River at: Ambuth Colony Orignates at: Gyaneshwar Nagar Joins Pioli River at: Chainage 4550m Orignates at: Manakapura Passes through: Gyaneshwar Nagar Joins Pioli River at: Chainage 4816m Orignates at: Juna Jaripatka Passes through: Bhim Nagar, Saint Martin Nagar, Kasturba Nagar, Jaripatka Nagar, Taj Nagar Joins Pioli River at: Chainage 5676m Orignates at: Sai Julelal Marg: Passes through: Viswas Nagar Nagar
3080
1.6 - 17.0
0.84 - 4.75
317
180 710
59 22
2270 570
60 27
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S.No.
Coverage Area Joins Pioli River at: Viswas Nagar Orignates at: Santosh Nagar Passes through: Nagsenwan Nagar, Vaishnu Devi Nagar, Gulshan Nagar Joins Pioli River at: Kalamana Orignates at: Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose ward Passes through: Prem Nagar, Shanti Nagar, Dipti Signal, Pardi Joins Pioli River at: Chainage 17635m
Existing Minor Catchment Depth of Nallahs area (ha) Nallah (m) Joining
Outfall
13
R9
1830
12 - 18.5
1.01 - 2.65
137
14
7710
5.0 - 17.0
1 - 2.79
795
Pioli River
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Table 1.13: Salient Features of Minor Nallahs in North Zone S. Nomenclature / No. Name of Nallah 1 L2/R1 Coverage Area Orignates at: Prasanth Nahar Passes through: Manodha Nagar, Prem Nagar, Swami Vrijananda Nagar Joins L2 at: Nara Colony Orignates at: Open Area Passes through: cultivated Land Joins L3 at: Nara Village Orignates at:Pokara village Joins L3 at: Chainage 545m Orignates at: Tiwari Nagar Passes through: Cultivated Land Joins L4 at: Chainage 4593m Orignates at: Police Line Takli Passes through: Pension nagar, ahbab Nagar, Netaji Nagar, Anand Nagar Joins R2 (Bor Nallah) at: Swagath Nagar Orignates at: Vishwas Nagar Passes through: Kadhan, Slum Area, Military Area, Anant Nagar, Patil Nagar, Boregaon Slums Joins R2 (Bor Nallah) at: Prashant Layout Orignates at: Surendra Nagar Passes through: Surendra Ghat, Slum Area, Hajaripahad Joins R2 (Bor Nallah) at: Defence Land (Restricted Area) Orignates Near: Veterinary College
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Outfall
L2
2 3 4
L3 L3 L4
R2/L1
1520
1.2 - 5.5
0.4 - 2.3
R2
R2/L2
1580
1.7 - 9.5
0.5 - 2.8
R2
7 8
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R2/L3 R2/L4
1930 980
R2 R2
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Coverage Area Passes through: Manavslva Nagar Joins R2 (Bor Nallah) at: Akar Nagar Orignates Near: Haed Qtrs of India Airforce Maintenance Command Passes through: New hajari Pahad Nagar Joins R2 (Bor Nallah) at: Chainage 1711m Orignates at: Open Area Joins R2 (Bor Nallah) at: Chainage 342m Orignates at: Jagadish Nagar Passes through: Makar Dhokada Joins R2 (Bor Nallah) at: Chainage 3388m Orignates at: Open Area Passes through: Ganga Nagar Joins R2 (Bor Nallah) at: Chainage 1092m Orignates at: Open Area Joins R2 (Bor Nallah) at: Chainage 504m Orignates at: Kumbhar Pura Passes through: Slums, Tandapeth, Milind Nagar Basthi, Ashoka Nagar Joins R3 (Chamar Nallah) at: Mahendra Nagar Orignates at: Lashkaribagh Passes through: Moti Bagh, Nawa Nakasha Joins R3 (Chamar Nallah) at: Gurunanak Pura Orignates at: Shahid Hemu Chowk Passes through: Slums, Nagasen Nagar, Siddarth Nagar, Kamgar Nagar, Sangharsh Nagar, Ramna Nagar (Slums), Shiv Shakti Nagar
Outfall
9 10 11 12 13
0.5 - 1.3 0.2 - 1.2 0.6 - 2.4 0.6 - 1.8 0.5 - 0.8
R2 R2 R2 R2 R2
14
R3/L1
1440
2.4 - 10.2
1.1 - 4.0
R3
15 16
R3/L2 R3/R1
810 4375
R3 R3
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Coverage Area Joins R3 (Chamar Nallah) at: Yasodhara Nagar Orignates at: Chhaoni Passes through: Mecosa Bagh, Bezonbagh, Nayee Basti Joins R3 (Chamar Nallah) at: 10 No. Puliya Chowk Orignates at: Nayee Basti Passes through: Punjabi Nagar, Bezonbagh Joins R3 (Chamar Nallah) at: Moti Bagh Orignates at: Moti Bagh Joins R3 (Chamar Nallah) at: Chainage 2382m Orignates at: Shivaji Chowk Passes through: Sanjay Nagar Joins R10 (Shantinagar Nallah) at: Chainage 2350m Orignates at: Vairagade Badi Passes through: Sanjay Nagar, Dipti Signal Joins R10 (Shantinagar Nallah) at: Chainage 3860m Orignates at: Netaji Subhash Nagar Bose ward Passes through: Vairagade Badi Joins R10 (Shantinagar Nallah) at: Shanti Nagar Orignates at: Jai Bhim Chowk Joins R10 (Shantinagar Nallah) at: Chainage 818m Orignates at: Open Scrub Joins R10 (Shantinagar Nallah) at: Chainage 3050m Orignates at: Prem Nagar Joins R10 (Shantinagar Nallah) at: Chainage 707m
Existing Width of Nallah (m) 1.6 - 18 1.1 - 9.0 3.4 - 4.5 1.8 - 2.1 1 - 1.3 6 - 16.5 1.4 - 3.0 2.7 - 3.0 1.8 - 3.1
Existing Depth of Nallah (m) 0.6 - 2.9 0.6 - 4.5 1.0 - 1.3 0.8 - 1.1 0.5 - 1.8 0.8 - 2.5 0.6 - 0.98 0.78 - 1.0 1.0 - 1.1
Outfall
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
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Existing Depth of River (m) 2.01 - 4.67 1.1 - 2.3 2.32 - 2.37 1.43 - 3.3
Major Nallah Joining R1 L1 Bor Nallah Taj Nagar, Vishvas Nagar, Ved Nagar Nallah Nara Nallah Chamar Nallah L4 Shanti Nagar Nallah
Remark Very Steep Gradient Wide section with shallow depth Flooding
2033
40 - 58
2.44 - 5.06
639.31
633
Flooding
6 7 8 9 10 11
57 - 60 50 - 88 46 - 105 41 - 75 30 - 71 40 - 45
2.48 - 4.52 1.62 - 3.68 2.34 - 6.44 2.22 - 5.3 1.85 - 5.76 3.49 - 4.48
Flooding Wide section with shallow depth Flooding Flooding Meet Nag River
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1.1.7 1.1.7.1
Organization Structure Administrative Wing The Nagpur Corporation has a Mayor and councilors. Mayor is head of council. The commissioner is the administrative head and is responsible for providing day to day basic civic amenities and maintaining them. The commissioner is assisted by the following, operating departments such as Engineering, Public Health, Accounts etc. At zonal level the administrative is decentralized with one additional commissioner for each zone and there are seven zones. The project construction department, structure is as given below:
1.1.7.2
1.1.7.3
Executive Engineer (Construction) Assistant Executive Engineer Figure 1.5: Typical Flow Chart of Construction Wing
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1.1.7.4
O & M Wing At present there is no proper set up for a separate O & M wing. The O & M work is attended at ward level and zonal level. A separate organizational, structural set up is necessary for the proper operation and maintenance of stormwater drainage system.
Baseline Information of user coverage and access Demographic Trends Population Nagpur has a population of 20.5 lakhs as per the 2001 census with a decadal growth rate of 26.4%; the decadal growth during 1991-2001 was low compared to that of the past decades. It is observed that the decadal growth rate of population during 1971-1981 was 40%, which has dropped to 26% in the decade 1991-2001.The current population of the city is 23.3 lakhs
1.2.1.2
Population Density It can be observed that average density in NMC is 102 persons / hectare. Frequency distribution of wards by area is presented in Table 1.15. It can be observed that density is less than or equal 350 persons/hectare for 86 wards out of 129 wards. Only 17 wards are having density more than 500. Table 1.15: Distribution of Density of Population No. of S. No Density in Wards % persons/ha in each Wards range 1 0-50 13 10 2 51-100 10 8 3 101-150 16 12 4 151-200 12 9 5 201-250 13 10 6 251-300 12 9 7 301-350 10 10 8 351-400 12 9 9 401-450 6 8 10 451-500 7 9 11 501-550 4 5 12 551-600 2 5 13 601-600 2 3 14 650-700 4 2 15 701-750 2 2 16 750-800 0 0
% Cumulative 10 18 30 40 50 59 67 76 81 86 89 91 92 95 97 97
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S. No 17 18 19 20 1.2.2 1.2.2.1
% Wards 1 1 0 2 100
% Cumulative 98 98 98 100
Guidelines for population projection Population Projection by Various Methods Historical population data for the Nagpur Municipal Corporation is available since 1921 from the census department and is presented in the Table 1.16. Table 1.16: Population Growth trend of Nagpur City over the Years Year Population Growth Rate (%) 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 145000 215000 302000 449000 644000 866000 1217000 1622818 2051320 48 40 49 43 34 40 34 26
According to the Revised Master Plan the projected population for 2001 and 2011 are 23 lakhs and 28 lakhs respectively. As per 2001 census the total population of the city is 20.51 lakhs. This is less than the projected population as per the Nagpur Master Plan. The pattern shows that there is a reduction in total growth rate in the city in the last two decades, which implies that there is need to improve the economic activities of the city and improve the infrastructure facilities in the city. Employment generation activities need to be improved to bring in and boost the economic status of the city. Population projections are carried out by various methods to identify the most appropriate method for projecting the future population. The various methods considered are Arithmetic Increase method, Geometric Increase Method, Incremental Increase Method, Decreasing Rate Method and Simple Graphical Method.
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1.2.2.2
Arithmetic Increase method This method is based upon the assumption that the population is increasing at a constant rate, i.e. the rate of change of population with time is constant. From the population data for the last 4 to 5 decades, the average increase per decade is calculated which is then used as the design rate of increase for calculating the design population. This method is of limited value and may be useful for smaller design periods for old and very large cities with no industries and which have practically reached their maximum development. For developing areas, which develop faster than the past, this method is likely to give low results.
1.2.2.3
Geometric Increase Method In this method, it is assumed that the percentage increase in population from decade remains constant. Therefore, the average value of the percentage increase is calculated and the future populations are calculated at this rate. For a young city, which at present is expanding at fasted rate, this method may give very high results and is useful for old developed cities.
1.2.2.4
Incremental Increase Method In this method the average increase per decade is found out. The average incremental increase for each decade is also found out. The future population is calculated from the average increase and average incremental increase of population. This method is a combination of the above two methods and therefore gives the advantages of both and hence gives satisfactory results.
1.2.2.5
Decreasing Rate Method Rate of increase in population goes on reducing as the cities reach towards saturation. A method which makes use of the decrease in the percentage increase is many a times used and gives quite rational increase, which is then subtracted from the latest percentage increase for each successive decades.
1.2.2.6
Simple Graphical Method In this method a graph is plotted from the available data, between time and population. The curve is then smoothly extended up to the desired year. This method however gives approximate results as the extension of the curve is done only by the intelligence of the designer. The population has been forecasted using census data from 1921 to 1991. Table 1.17 shows the projected population figures by using various methods for the year 2001. The projected population for the year 2001 is compared with the actual population. It is noted from the table that the simple graphical method gives the least percentage of error.
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Table 1.17: Population Projections for the year 2001 by various Methods S. Method Projected Actual Error No. 1 Arithmetic Increase Method 1833935 2051320 11% 2 Geometric Increase Method 2293263 2051320 -12% 3 Incremental Increase Method 1889905 2051320 8% 4 Decreasing Rate Method 2252881 2051320 -10% 5 Simple Graphical Method 2038209 2051320 1% The population is projected for the year 2011, 2021 and 2031 by using all the methods. Table 1.18 shows the population projected by various methods. Table 1.18: Population Projections by Various Methods S. Method 2011 2021 No. 1 Arithmetic Increase Method 2289610 2527900 2 Geometric Increase Method 2860566 3989060 3 Incremental Increase Method 2340825 2630329 4 Decreasing Rate Method 2796474 3812309 5 Simple Graphical Method 2531428 3082239 2031 2766190 5562745 2919834 5197153 3690642
Simple Graphical method, though gives least error does not take into consideration major employment generation activities such as MIHAN which is expected to start functioning in full swing by 2015 (see section 2-1-5). Also in the last few years there has been a concentrated effort to improve the basic infrastructure facilities in Nagpur City and in this connection major road network has been widened and other basic infrastructure facilities have been improved. The development of MIHAN in turn will lead to development of allied economic activities in the city. With these developments it is assumed that the population growth rate will take an upward trend after 2011. The growth rate of the latest decade has been assumed (same growth rate between 1991 and 2001) for 2001-2011. This is based on the assumption that the growth rate will stabilise in this decade due to the proposed development schemes in and around the city, many of which will be in implementation stage or in operation, towards end of the decade. Due to induced developments like MIHAN, Boeing MRO facility, Improved Public Transport System and industrial developments at Butibori, Kamptee and Hingna in the region outside the city, it is expected that the city would experience a higher growth rate in population after 2011. To arrive at a realistic projection of population, consultants have studied the earlier growth trends of the city and the trends in other Indian cities of comparable sizes and characteristics, like Pune, Hyderabad and Bangalore, which had experienced high population growth rates due to induced developments. Based on the above analysis, Consultants have estimated a growth rate of 36.8% for the decade 2011-2021.
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Most of these development projects will be either complete or in the advanced stages of completion by the year 2021. Therefore, for the decade 2021-2031, a growth rate of 31.7% has been projected with the assumption that the population growth would stabilize in the later decades once the development activities are completed. The total population has been calculated using these growth rates. Table 1.19 gives the Population projections for the Nagpur city Considering Higher Growth Rate. Table 1.19: Population Projections for Growth Rate S. Method of Projection No. 1 Arithmetical Increase Method 2 Incremental Increase Method 3 Geometrical Progression Method 4 Exponential Method 5 Geometrical Method based on Annual growth rate based on past growth trend as adopted in Water supply project and Master plan / CDP Nagpur City considering Higher Project Population 2011 2026 2041 2377563 2749658 3121752 2440063 3023095 3746752 2915711 4671376 7484197 2830000 5000000 8200000 2830000 4225780 6275531
The distribution of population among the zones were made taking following parameters into account. Due weightage is given to each parameter for arriving the distribution. 1.3 Density of population Landuse Accessibility Special reasons (such as topography, availability of infrastructure etc.)
List of various Projects Proposed for the Sector in the City Development Plan (CDP) by NMC and confirmation of how this project is aligned with stated CDP priorities S. No. 1. Sector Water Supply Pench IV Leak detection Energy and water audit reports Strengthening of water supply system Sub Total Sewerage & Sanitation North Zone Central Zone South Zone Cost (in Rs. Cr.) 422 3 50 115 590.31 130 239 147
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2.
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Sector Water recycling and reuse Sub Total Roads Outer ring road 6 lane highway Seven ROBs within the city Ten flyovers Road widening and improvement works Bridges over rivers Sub Total Drains Drainage along roads Nallah canalization Strengthening existing nallahs Rejuvenation of rivers Lake rejuvenation Sub total Solid Waster Management Sanitary landfill Bin free city Sub Total Urban Poor and Slums NIT (EWS/LIG Housing) MHADA SRA Urban poor amenities Sub Total Public Transport and Traffic Management Traffic management Maharashtra Roadways Transport Services Sub Total Others Destitute homes Marriage halls Night shelters Public toilets Sub Total Grand total
Cost (in Rs. Cr.) 250 515.00 650 128 100 200 8 1085.60 45 56 45 50 50 245.50 25 25 50 125 42 1350 75 1550.00 50 1500 1550 1 5 4 5 15 5894
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.4
List of other capital expenditure project supported by other schemes for the sector
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Central Tender Processing Centre Project Details Works of NMC are done through the contractors for which tenders are floated. For bringing transparency in the work of calling of tenders, opening of tenders, release of work orders etc., centralization of tender procedure has been adopted. For this, a separate section has been started central office of NMC. All the activities to tender procedures such as publication, distribution, receipt of tenders are done from this centre.
City Road Improvement Program (CRIP) Project Details On the lines of IRDP which mainly catered to improvement on the major city roads, NMC with its own funds is carrying out the development of major roads of the city. In the last financial year 2003-04, 44 roads covering 52 kilometers in length amounting to Rs.64.00 Crore have been carried out. In the financial year 2004-05 another 16 kilometers of roads at the cost of Rs.21.64 Crore have been approved.
Clock Tower (Ghantaghar) Project Details In addition to beautification of Nagpur City and for improving tourism and also to attract citizens, construction of a Clock tower at north side of Ajni Square on Wardha Road has been taken for which the work order has been issued. High lights for the said work is as under: 1. Height 21 meters. It is proposed to prepare the Clock Tower from stainless steel with parabolic shape.
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Project Details NMC came into existence in the year 1951 and considering the citys expansion and growing needs, staff of the NMC have also been increased but NMCs administrative work is still being carried on in the existing building which are located in the different parts of the city. Various important departments of NMC are situated in different localities causing inconvenience to the citizens. To solve this problem, NMC has started the work of construction of new Administrative Building. Development of Octroi Check Posts Project Details With the help of 32 octroi check posts, the Octroi Department of NMC is doing the work of octroi collection and prevention of octroi evasion. i) In order to modernize the Octroi Nakas, the NMC has passed the resolution to spend Rs.1.5 Crore each on Hingna Road Naka, Amravati Road Naka and Wardha Road Naka. ii) Sanction has been granted for the development plan of these octroi check posts and further process is in progress.
Flyover in front of Railway Station Project Details As an addition to the city development, a project of construction of Flyover with shopping complex as pass anger facility centre is undertaken. For this project an expenditure of Rs.16.23 crores is estimated. Main characteristics of Flyover
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Project Details At present N.M.C is having ten Burning Ghats under its control. In the first phase, the work of beautification and alterations of Burning Ghats at Gangabai Burning Ghat in East Nagpur, Mokshadham in south Nagpur and Ambazzari ghat in west Nagpur have been completed. The said work was executed from NMC own contribution and Shri Vilasrao Muttemwars local funds. Integrated Road Development Project (IRDP) Project Details For the development of main road of Nagpur city, the state Government with the help of MSDRC had provided Rs.113.08 Crore for construction of 106 kilometers length of roads. The improvement in the roads included widening of the roads, providing drains on both sides, construction of footpaths, centralized dividers, signage, traffice channelizers and street furniture. The NMC has also taken up the work of beautification of squares. Internal Roads Improvement Program (IRIP) Project Details To keep the city clean and beautiful apart from improving the major roads, improvement of the internal roads was also required and, therefore, on developing such internal roads, NMC has spent Rs.1.73 Crore during the year 2002-03 and during the year 2003-04, NMC has carried out improvement works admeasuring 191 kilometers at the cost of Rs.14.82 Crore. Most of these works have been completed and few are in progress.
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Mahatma Fuley Vegetable Market Complex Project Details At Mahatma Fuley Vegetable Market sanction has accorded for construction of vegetable market with Business Complex. In this scheme preference will be given to license holders vegetable vendors. The allotment will be on first cum first serve basis by taking advance deposit for a period of thirty years lease.
New Centers of Fire Brigade Department Project Details NMC is trying its best to provide sufficient Fire Bridage Stations in Nagpur City considering its population. At present six Fire Bridage Stations are working as follows: 1. Central Fire Bridage Station : West Nagpur, 2. Panchpaoli Fire Bridage Station : North Nagpur, 3. Lakadganj Fire Bridage Station : East Nagpur, 4. Sakkardara Fire Bridage Station : East Nagpur, 5. Ganjipeth Fire Bridage Station : Central Nagpur, Fire Bridage Station : South Nagpur.
Scientific efforts to be taken for disposal solid waste (Construction of Sanitary Land Fill Site) Project Details Since last so many years cities sold waste is being dumped at Bhandewadi dumping yard and that too without following the scientific method causing ground water and air pollution. The following measures are proposed to be undertaken to change the existing scenario.
1.5
Existing Tariff & Cost Recovery As far as SWD is concerned and it is not possible to levy separate charges for this and the expenses to be incurred from general capital works grant and revenue grant. In case of new developments, development charges can be levied from the developer or alternatively the developer can be asked to develop the drains in their development area alongwith roads as the care may be and handed over to corporator for future maintenance.
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1.6
Existing areas of Private Sector / Community Participation in the Sector Design, construction and project management are carried out through private sector participation. O & M services can be arranged through departmental, Private Sectors / Community Participation as per needs and areas of activity.
1.7
Any other qualitative information Public Awareness and Public Participation The programme for improvement of SWD system can succeed only if there is public awareness and participation. The public at large should know about the project and also the benefits they are going to derive from the project. They shall be also aware about the cost implication and there should be preparedness from there side. If the communities are effectively involved in all stages of the project cycle from conceptualation, to preparation, to finalization, to implementation and finally O&M, issues involved in the conservation of water body need to be identified and the programme will need to focus on them. The objectives of the awareness plan will be determined by the issues identified. Special campaigns and publicity shall be made to make the people aware of the consequences of the littering of drains with plastic. The general public shall be prevented from using the open drains as public toilets. These programmes can be undertaken or entrusted to NGOs and social activists in the field. This progrmames will also help to minimize the negative social impacts. These programmes will also educate the public from the adverse effects of stormwater pollution / river pollution, and encourage them to practice to abete the pollution.
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CHAPTER-2.0 PROJECT DEFINITION, CONCEPT AND SCOPE Key issue Objective of the study The main objective of the study is to prepare a comprehensive proposal, which will be technically and financially viable for the implementation of stormwater drainage system and rejuvenation of lakes and rivers in Nagpur City. Description of Project Area Nagpur is situated in the middle of India at 21 06' N latitude and 79 03' E longitude and a mean altitude of 310 meters above sea level. Nagpur is named after the Nag river which originates from Ambazari Lake located at the west part of Nagpur city and drains into Kanhan River in south east and the length of river in city boundary is 17 kms. Another river originates from Gorewada lake at north west and flows from west to east in the northern part of Nagpur called Pioli River having a length of 17 km also joins to Nag river and drains to Kanhan River. There is one more river named Pora River originates from Sonegaon, western part of the city and flows from west to south east outside the southern part of the city and draining into Kanhan River. There are many major Nallahs and minor Nallahs discharging stormwater into these rivers. Oranges are grown extensively in and around Nagpur and there is also an Orange market (Santra Mandi) in Nagpur and therefore city is also known as Orange city. 2.1 Land Additional land requirement is minimum for the nallahs and rivers as they are existing and only improvements are required. It may be possible that some of the areas of natural waters can be included and removal of encroachment may be necessary from the existing map. It is not possible to identify the exact area of land to be acquired from the private owners unless otherwise a detailed survey of the area alongwith the revenue land record staff is carried out. Major portion of the land required is under the possession of the ULB as the drain to be constructed is on the road side.
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2.2 2.2.1
Physical Infrastructure Components Data Collection As part of planning and location studies, collection of all available information pertaining to the project is vital for bringing out a proper design of the project and for its successful completion. Several categories of data have been obtained and evaluated including; Physical characteristics of drainage basin Maps and topographic data including Nallah survey, river basin survey and cross sections Runoff quantity data (hydrologic and precipitation data) Channel and floodplain delineations and related studies Flood history and problem inventory Existing stormwater drainage system details Development of alternative plan concepts Hydrologic and hydraulic analysis of alternative concepts
The data that have been collected for the present project are given in Table No. 2.1 below. Table 2.1: Inventory Data / Information S. No. Data Description 1. Plan showing the project area 2. Toposheets 3. Plan showing ward boundaries 4. Plan showing roads 5. Nagpur city development plan showing existing and proposed land use 6. Existing drainage system details 7. Layout maps/ cluster maps of layout regularized by NIT under GUNTHEWARI VIKAS ACT 2001 (Regularization, upgradation and development) 8. Rainfall data from year 1969-2000 (Hydrologic data) 9. Flood data 10.
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Source NMC Survey of India NMC NMC NMC NMC, Field survey NIT
Interviews with residents, local officials, past flood records High water information (High flood Interviews with residents levels)
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2.2.2
Topographical Survey, Nallah and River Basin Survey, Geo-Technical Investigations Stormwater drainage system is affected by gravity and therefore accurate topographic survey of the project area based on street levels is of prime importance to the design of the system and its subsequent efficient performance. A topographic survey has been carried out for the unsewered area of the city and a contour map has been prepared for the NMC area taking into account the new street levels as well as street levels available for the areas sewered. All new roads have been incorporated into the city map.
2.2.3
Nallah and River Survey Since final disposal of storm will be in river basins through minor and major Nallahs, levels of all disposal points, chainages are very important, hence survey of Nallahs and river basins have been carried out, L-Sections and cross sections have been prepared. Surveyed length of major nallahs, minor nallahs in North Zone and surveyed length of Pioli and Nag river is given in Table 2.2(a), 2.2(b) and 2.2(c) respectively. Table 2.2 (a): Surveyed Length of Major Nallah in North Zone S. No Nomenclature / Name of Length of Nallah (m) Nallah 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 L1 L2 (Ved Nagar Nallah) L3 (Nara Nallah) L4 R1 R2 (Bor Nallah) R3 (Chamar Nallah) R4 R5 R6 R7 (Taj Nagar Nallah) R8 (Vishwas Nagar Nallah) R9 R10 (Shantinagar Nallah) 2702 3210 3545 10160 500 6225 5610 3080 180 710 2270 570 1830 7710
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Table 2.2 (b): Surveyed Length of Minor Nallah in North Zone S. No Nomenclature / Length of Nallah (m) Name of Nallah 1 L2/R1 2580 2 L3/L1 1445 3 L3/L2 720 4 L4/R1 1465 5 R2/L1 1520 6 R2/L2 1580 7 R2/L3 1930 8 R2/L4 980 9 R2/L5 450 10 R2/L7 125 11 R2/R1 1050 12 R2/R2 580 13 R2/R3 380 14 R3/L1 1440 15 R3/L2 810 16 R3/R1 4375 17 R3/R2 1775 18 R3/R3 1430 19 R3/R4 330 20 R10/L1 230 21 R10/L2 580 22 R10/L3 1190 23 R10/L4 230 24 R10/R1 380 25 R10/R2 50 Table 2.2 (c): Surveyed Length of River S. No Name of River Length of River (m) 1 2 3 Pioli River Nag River Pora River 17815 16732 13383
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2.2.4
Wastewater Sampling and Analysis Quality Analysis of household sewage discharging into the street sewers and of the receiving water bodies at major wastewater outfalls has been carried out. Samples were collected from the Nallahs and other natural streams running through NMC. Two important water courses in the NMC are the Nag river and the Pioli river. Samples were collected from these streams before and after the entry of polluting discharges. Samples from six Nallahs were also collected and analysed. The samples were tested for pH, BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, N, P, K etc. to assess level of contamination. Analysis results for samples from street sewers, lakes, receiving streams within NMC has been given in detail in the Draft Master Plan Report for sewerage system submitted to NMC in January, 2008. Analysis result from samples from receiving streams is reproduced in this report in Table 2.3. Result shows that the streams are highly polluted because of the discharge of sewage into it.
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Table 2.3: Analysis Results for Samples from City Nallah Nag River Pioli River S. Parameters No. Start Middle End Start Middle 1. 2. Date of Sampling Sampling Location 21.8.07 At bridge near Waste Weir 7.9 10 1.5 6.0 236 21.8.07 21.8.07 17.8.07 17.8.07
End 17.8.07
Trimurt Wardha hi Nagar Road Nallah Nallah 21.8.7 Old. O.F. Rly. Bridge 7.6 20 1.5 8.0 786
Nallah Nallah Nallah Nallah near near near near Besa Maharaj Narenha Manesoada Village Bagh Nagar Chowk 21.8.07 21.8.07 21.8.07 21.8.07 21.8.07
Near c/s of Kamptee Gorewada Nagpur Road Tank Sonoor Road 7.8 26 2.0 7.0 240 7.3 46 2.0 7.0 364 7.4 58 34.0 128.0 442
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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2.2.5
Geo-Technical Investigation The geo-technical studies have been conducted in the location between Sonegoan and Kamptee. The work of Engineering Survey and Soil Investigation was carried out by subsurface exploration investigations with 12 drill holes have been done to ascertain geo-technical status. All the holes were drilled using double core barrel Nx size, ranging in depth 7 m to 20 m. The area of Nagpur city is occupied by the following rock types viz. Archaeans, Gondwana, Lametas, Deccan traps and alluvium of recent age. The crystalline rocks are encountered in the eastern part of the city, which are gneisses, schists and granites. The Gondwana formations are represented by Sandstones and shales and coal bearing horizons and are exposed on the Northern part of the city in a limited area. The lametas occur as narrow fringe from north to central part and further southwest to southeast of Nagpur city area consisting of sand stone variegated clays and cherty lime stones. Deccan trap basalt flows are met with in the western and southern parts separated by layer of Red Bole beds and identified sequence of different Lava flows in the major part of the Nagpur city. The alluvium of recent age comprises of sand, silt clay kankar and its admixture in small patches near Pioli river.
2.2.6
Hydrologic and Climate Status The ground water regime has undergone changes in the urban hydrology. The ground water occurs under both pheratic and semi confing to confing conditions. The ground water level during the summer months (pre-monsoon) varies 4.00 m to 16.25 m below ground level. Deeper water levels more than 9 m have been recorded in the Northern, Northeastern and Eastern part of the city. In the central and southern parts of the city water level is less than 9 m below ground level. Post monsoons period depth of water levels ranged between 0.55 m and 14.85 m below ground levels. Generally the water levels ranged from 0.2 m to 9.12 m in the area.
2.2.7
Hydrologic analysis for drainage facility design The analysis of the peak runoff, volume of runoff and the time distribution of flow is fundamental to the design of drainage facility. Many hydrologic methods are available for conversion of precipitation into runoff. The widely used method is rational method. We have adopted the same method for determining the peak runoff for a specified storm return period. The equation used is:
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Q Where
= Q C i A
10 CiA = Peak runoff in m3/hr = Runoff coefficient = rainfall intensity in mm/hr = the Catchment area in ha
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
2.2.8
Steps followed for the Determination of Storm Runoff for the Project Area Gather background information such as topographic mapping, land use data, precipitation information etc. Decide on the appropriate return period, storm frequency and concentration time Find the maximum rainfall intensity for those condition (i, mm/hr) using IDF curves Estimate the runoff coefficient for the catchments(C) by delineating drainage area to determine the varies land characteristics Calculate the catchment area served by that drain (A in ha) From i, A and C, calculate the peak flow i.e. maximum quantity of stormwater to be drained per hour
This details are discussed as follows. 2.2.9 Return Period and Storm Frequency The return period and frequency are statistical descriptions of the severity of a storm event. The return period is the expected length of time between two rainfall events that exceed a specific magnitude. Frequency is the inverse of the return period. As mentioned in CPHEEO manual ( page 41, para 3.3.1.2 ) the return period is adopted as 0.5,1 and 2 years depending on the importance of the area to be drained. Table 2.4 shows ward number, ward name and return period (storm frequency) proposed to be adopted for the design purpose. For open channel/ nallahs, the storm frequency considered is once in 2 years and for river channel once in 25 years.
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2.2.10
Time of Concentration (tc) The time of concentration tc is the time required for water to flow from the hydraulically most remote point of the drainage area to the point of discharge. With the rational method, the duration of a rainfall event is set equal to the time of concentration and it is used to estimate the average rainfall intensity [from the intensity-duration-frequency curves (IDF)] for a selected return period. The time of concentration to any point in a storm drainage system is the sum of the inlet time and the time of flow tf in the upstream drain connected to the catchment, that is tc = ti + tf Where the flow time is tf = L/V Where; L V = Length of drain in m. = Avg. velocity in m/s. in the drain.
Inlet time concentration is worked out using kirpich equation for Nallah basin which is as follows
. (2)
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Table 2.4: Ward Number, Ward Name and Return Storm Frequency Reference: - Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, CPHEEO (Page No. 41. Para 3.3.1.2)
Ward No. Ward Name Storm Frequency Twice a year Rainfall areas
Bhandewadi,Wathoda,Dighori,Mhalgi 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, Ngr,Manewada, Gogi Ngr, Narendra Ngr, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, Sonegaon, Jaitala, Ambazari, 51 Vishvashvaraiya, Telenkhedi Gorewada,Nara,Nari,YashodhraNgr, Kalamna, Pardi, Borgaon, Police Line Takali, Mankapur, Chhawani, Jaripatka, Nagsen Ngr, Sidhartha Ngr, Mahendra Ngr, Rani Durgawati Ngr, Navi Mangalwari, Prem Ngr, Shanti Ngr, Dipti Signal, Vardhaman Ngr, Hiwari, Kumbhar Toli, Darshan Colony, Nandanvan, Harpur, Sakkardara, Bidipeth, New Subhedar, Ayodhya Ngr , Gyaneshwar Ngr, Parvati Ngr, Chunabhati, Sai Mandir, Khamla, Swavalambi Ngr, Subhash Ngr, Gopal Ngr, Hill Top, Surendra Ngr, Ravi Ngr, Hajari Pahad, Seminary Hills, Nai Basti, Mekosa Bagh, Indora, Choukse colony, Naik Talao, Khairipura, Bastarwari, Subash Chandrabose, Lakhadganj, Shiv Ngr, Om Ngr, Raghugi Ngr, Vishvakarma Ngr, Chandramani Ngr, Kausalya Ngr, T. B. Ward, Pratap Ngr, Shivaji Ngr, Civil Lines, Lakshari Bagh, Balabha Peth, Tanda Peth, Lendi Talao, Bhagwan Mahavir, Chinteswar Ngr, Juni Mangalwari, Nawabpura, Juni shukarwari, Reshimbagh, Somwar Peth, Sangam,Bhan Keda, Barase Nagar, Jaganath Nagar, Maskasath, Ayachit Nagar, Killa, Chandan Ngr, Ganeshpeth, Momin Pura, Timki Minimata Ngr, Ajni, Ram Ngr, Sadar, Gurunanak, Vaishalinagar, Panchasilnagar, Harihar Mandir, Bagadganj, Jail Ward, Diksha Bhumi, Ramdaspeth, Dharampeth, Gaddigodam, Moti Bagh, Nawa Naksha, Medical College, Rambagh, Shaniwari, Dhantoli, Sitabudi, Khalashi Line, Boriapura, Saifi Nagar, Mahathma Gandhi, Nagar Bhawan, Siraspeth, Model Mill, Bajeria, Gandhi Bagh, Mahal, Ganji Peth, Hansa Puri
Peripheral Area
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 18, 19, 20, 21,22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56,57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 86, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97,98, 99, 100, 101, 106, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 120, 122, 124, 125.
Once a year
31, 44, 53, 58, 63, 64, 65, 70, 72, 80, 82, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 115, 118, 119, 121, 123, 126, 127, 128, 129
Once in 2 years
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2.2.11
Rainfall Intensity : Detailed Study and Analysis of Rainfall data of the Project Area The available data acquired from Pune Meteorological department includes 24-hour Rainfall data basis from 1969-2000 for the Nagpur city. These data sets are used to carryout frequency analyses to determine the magnitude of peak flows of known return periods to achieve an optimized design. The total Yearly rainfall is plotted in the Figure 2.1.
1600 Total Precipitation (mm) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Years
Figure 2.1: Total Yearly Rainfall in mm during the period 1969-2000 The maximum daily rainfall data is evaluated from the available data. As the rainfall data for years 1992 and 1997 was missing, these were synthesized from the mean of preceding and subsequent years rainfall data of the respective years to complete the data set. Subsequently, the intensities for different return periods and durations are formulated using IDF Curves using empirical equations and theories of probability. The maximum daily rainfall during the period 1969-2000 is shown in Table 2.5.
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Table 2.5: Maximum Daily Rainfall Recorded During 1969-2000 S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Year 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Max. Daily Rainfall during year in 'mm' 60.5 129.2 142.1 55.6 168.9 69.8 89.1 116.5 63.3 94.4 145.4 98.2 115 72.2 100.3 83.7 125.7 124.8 61.2 96.6 83.6 86.5 148.3 120.05 91.8 270.1 122.2 58.1 57.35 56.6 96.2 137
The objective of hydrologic frequency analysis is to interpret a past record of hydrologic events in terms of future probabilities of occurrence. The procedure involves selecting a sample in the form of an available data series,
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fitting a theoretical probability distribution to the sample, and then making inferences. The rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) relationship is one of the most commonly used tools in for various engineering projects against floods. The establishment was done as early as in 1932 (Bernard). Since then, many sets of relationships have been constructed for several parts of the globe. There has considerable attention and research on the IDF relationship: Hershfiled (1961) developed various rainfall contour maps to provide the design rain depths for various return periods and durations. Bell(1969) proposed a generalized IDF formula using the one hour, 10 years rainfall depths; P1 10, as an index. Chen (1983) further developed a generalized IDF formula for nay location in the united States using three base rainfall depths: P1 10 P24 10 P1 100 which describe the geographical variation of rainfall. Kouthyari and Garde (1992) presented a relationship between rainfall intensity and P24 2 for India. Koutsoyiannis et al.(1998) cited that IDF relationship is a mathematical relationship between the rainfall intensity i, the duration d and the return period T (or equivalently, the annual frequency of exceedance, typically referred to as frequency only). Empirical IDF Formulas: The IDF formulas are the empirical equations representing a relationship among maximum rainfall intensity (as dependant variable) and other parameters of interest such as rainfall duration and frequency (as independent variables). There are several commonly used functions found in the literature of hydrology applications (Chowetal., 1988), four basic forms of equations used to describe the rainfall intensity duration relationship are summarized as follows:
Talbot Equation
i = i =
i =
a d + b a d n
a d
n
Bernard Equation
Kimijima Equation
+ b
Sherman Equation
i =
(d
+ b
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Where i is the rainfall intensity (mm/hour); d is the duration (minutes); a, b and n are the constant parameters related to the metrological conditions. These empirical equations show rainfall intensity decreases with increase in rainfall duration for a given return period. All functions have been widely used for hydrology practical applications. The least-square method is applied to determine the parameters of the empirical IDF equations that are used to represent intensity-duration relationships. The value of parameters in the rainfall IDF equations were chosen on minimum of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the IDF relationships produced by the frequency analysis and simulated by the IDF equation. From daily maximum rainfall ,corresponding values of 1-hr,2-hr,3-hr,6-hr and 12-hr rainfall values can be obtained using Indian Meteorological Department(IMD) empirical reduction formula(Ramaseshan,1996),given below:
Pt = P2 4
24
1 3
. (3)
Where Pt is required precipitation depth for the duration t-hour in mm, P24 is daily precipitation in mm and t is the time duration in hours for which precipitation depth is required in hours. Generalized IDF formula using evaluated precipitation depth, and based on return period is used for formulating the intensities. a) Alternative-I
i =
a d n a = CT
. (4)
m
. (5)
Where i Intensity in mm/hr T- Return period in Years C, m, n are regional coefficients d- Duration in Hours
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Methodology The available data acquired from Pune Meteorological department includes 24-hour Rainfall data basis from 1969-2000 for the Nagpur city. The entire rainfall data is used to carryout frequency analyses to determine the maximum intensities for known return periods and various durations. 1. 2. From the available data, the maximum daily rainfall recorded for each of the year during the period 1969-2000 is tabulated. The hourly maximum rainfall (i.e. 1 hr, 2 hr . 12 hr) is evaluated using the IMD (Indian Meteorological Department) reduction formula as given in equation (3) and presented in Table 2.6. From the evaluated maximum hourly rainfall data, the mean and standard deviation are evaluated. Standard Deviation is carried out using the Predefined Function in MS Excel or can be calculated using the formula mentioned below.
3.
s=
(
N i =1
Xi X N 1
. (6)
X
4.
The hourly Precipitation depth analysis is carried out for various return periods using the Probability Distribution Function for EV-1 is given by equation (7).
Pd = Pm + K r s
Where, Pm = Mean Precipitation, mm Pd = Precipitation Depth, mm Kr = frequency factor
. (7)
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And s = Standard Deviation Kr, the frequency factor is evaluated by using formula mentioned below as per Gumbels Extreme Value (type 1) distribution.
K r = 6 {0.5772 + ln ( ln (1 1 T ) )}
. (8)
Where T is Return Period in years. The values are tabulated in Table 2.7. 5. 6. Maximum precipitate depths (1 hr, 2 hr . 12 hr) are converted into hourly intensities and tabulated in Table 2.8. A graph (Figure 2.2) is plotted using the values of hourly intensities and duration for different return periods in MS Excel. The values of a and n (specified in equation 4) for each return period are found out. The values of a obtained from the above equations for various return periods are plotted against the return periods to evaluate the regional coefficients c and m in equation (5). From the Figure 2.3 the value of C and m are obtained as 34.405 and 0.1985 The generalized Intensity-Duration-Frequency equation (4) developed by substituting the coefficients evaluated (Figure 2.4) is
7.
8. 9.
Maximum intensities for various durations and return periods are evaluated using the above equation (4). The regional coefficients c,m,n are substituted in equation (4) to obtain the generalised equation for Nagpur City .
T 0 .1 9 8 5 i = 3 4 .4 0 5 ( d 0 .6 7 )
T- Return period in years d- Duration in hours i - mm/hr
. (9)
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Using the equation (9) the intensities for various return periods and durations are evaluated. Intensities are plotted for various return periods and durations as shown in Figure 2.4.The estimated intensities (mm/hr) are tabulated in Table 2.9.
Intensity - Duration
100.00
y = 83.472x-0.6667
2-Year 5-year
10.00
-0.6667
y = 38.664x-0.6667
10
Figure 2.2: Log Duration Vs Log Intensity for Gumbels Extreme Value (type 1) Distribution
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Table 2.6: Maximum Precipitation Depth for 1hr , 2hr.12 hrs Using IMD Reduction Formula Precipitation Depth , mm
S.No. Year
Duration , hours 1.00 20.97 44.79 49.26 19.28 58.55 24.20 30.89 40.39 21.94 32.73 50.41 34.04 39.87 25.03 34.77 2.00 26.43 56.43 62.07 24.29 73.77 30.49 38.92 50.89 27.65 41.23 63.51 42.89 50.23 31.54 43.81 3.00 30.25 64.60 71.05 27.80 84.45 34.90 44.55 58.25 31.65 47.20 72.70 49.10 57.50 36.10 50.15 4.00 33.29 71.10 78.20 30.60 92.95 38.41 49.03 64.11 34.84 51.95 80.02 54.04 63.29 39.73 55.20 5.00 35.87 76.59 84.24 32.96 100.13 41.38 52.82 69.06 37.53 55.96 86.20 58.21 68.17 42.80 59.46 6.00 38.11 81.39 89.52 35.03 106.40 43.97 56.13 73.39 39.88 59.47 91.60 61.86 72.45 45.48 63.19 7.00 40.12 85.68 94.24 36.87 112.01 46.29 59.09 77.26 41.98 62.60 96.43 65.12 76.27 47.88 66.52 8.00 41.95 89.58 98.53 38.55 117.11 48.40 61.78 80.78 43.89 65.45 100.81 68.09 79.74 50.06 69.54 9.00 43.63 93.17 102.47 40.09 121.80 50.33 64.25 84.01 45.65 68.07 104.85 70.81 82.93 52.07 72.33 10.00 45.19 96.50 106.13 41.53 126.15 52.13 66.55 87.01 47.28 70.51 108.60 73.35 85.89 53.93 74.91 11.00 46.65 99.61 109.56 42.87 130.22 53.82 68.70 89.82 48.80 72.78 112.10 75.71 88.67 55.67 77.33 12.00 48.02 102.55 112.78 44.13 134.06 55.40 70.72 92.47 50.24 74.93 115.40 77.94 91.28 57.31 79.61
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983
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Precipitation Depth , mm
S.No. Year
Duration , hours 1.00 29.02 43.58 43.27 21.22 33.49 28.98 29.99 51.41 41.62 31.83 93.64 42.36 20.14 19.88 19.62 33.35 2.00 36.56 54.90 54.51 26.73 42.19 36.52 37.78 64.78 52.44 40.10 117.98 53.38 25.38 25.05 24.72 42.02 3.00 41.85 62.85 62.40 30.60 48.30 41.80 43.25 74.15 60.03 45.90 135.05 61.10 29.05 28.68 28.30 48.10 4.00 46.06 69.18 68.68 33.68 53.16 46.01 47.60 81.61 66.07 50.52 148.64 67.25 31.97 31.56 31.15 52.94 5.00 49.62 74.52 73.98 36.28 57.27 49.56 51.28 87.91 71.17 54.42 160.12 72.44 34.44 34.00 33.55 57.03 6.00 52.73 79.19 78.62 38.55 60.85 52.66 54.49 93.42 75.63 57.83 170.15 76.98 36.60 36.13 35.66 60.60 7.00 55.51 83.36 82.76 40.59 64.06 55.44 57.36 98.35 79.61 60.88 179.12 81.04 38.53 38.03 37.54 63.80 8.00 58.03 87.16 86.53 42.43 66.98 57.97 59.98 102.83 83.24 63.65 187.28 84.73 40.28 39.76 39.24 66.70 9.00 60.36 90.65 90.00 44.13 69.66 60.29 62.38 106.94 86.57 66.20 194.78 88.12 41.90 41.36 40.82 69.37 10.00 62.52 93.89 93.21 45.71 72.15 62.44 64.61 110.77 89.67 68.57 201.74 91.27 43.39 42.83 42.27 71.85 11.00 64.53 96.92 96.22 47.19 74.48 64.46 66.69 114.34 92.56 70.78 208.25 94.22 44.80 44.22 43.64 74.17 12.00 66.43 99.77 99.05 48.57 76.67 66.35 68.66 117.71 95.28 72.86 214.38 96.99 46.11 45.52 44.92 76.35
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Precipitation Depth , mm
S.No. Year
Duration , hours 1.00 47.50 36.19 15.07 2.00 59.84 45.59 18.99 3.00 68.50 52.19 21.74 4.00 75.39 57.44 23.93 5.00 81.22 61.88 25.78 6.00 86.30 65.76 27.39 7.00 90.86 69.23 28.84 8.00 94.99 72.38 30.15 9.00 98.79 75.27 31.36 10.00 102.33 77.96 32.48 11.00 105.63 80.48 33.53 12.00 108.74 82.85 34.51
32
2000
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Note: EV Extreme Value (Type 1 distribution) Frequency Factor Table 2.8: Evaluation of Rainfall Intensity
Rainfall Intensity , mm/hr Return Period in Years 1 2.00 5.00 10.00 25.00 100.00 38.66 47.03 55.85 67.00 83.47 2 24.36 29.63 35.19 42.21 52.58 3 18.59 22.61 26.85 32.21 40.13 4 15.34 18.67 22.17 26.59 33.13 5 13.22 16.09 19.10 22.91 28.55 Duration , Hours 6 11.71 14.24 16.92 20.29 25.28 7 10.57 12.85 15.26 18.31 22.81 8 9.67 11.76 13.96 16.75 20.87 9 8.94 10.87 12.91 15.48 19.29 10 8.33 10.13 12.03 14.43 17.98 11 7.82 9.51 11.29 13.55 16.88 12 7.38 8.97 10.66 12.78 15.93
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100.00
Coefficient of A
10.00
100.00
Return Period
Figure 2.3: Return Period Vs Coefficient of A by Gumbels Extreme Value (type 1) distribution. Table 2.9: Intensity of Storm for Various Return Period and Duration Gumbels Extreme Value (type 1) distribution. Rainfall Intensity , mm/hr Return Period , Years Time in minutes 0.50 1.00 2.00 5.00 10.00 25.00 100.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 100.00 110.00 120.00
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158.46 99.59 75.90 62.59 53.90 47.70 43.02 39.34 36.36 33.88 31.78 29.98 27.04 24.73 22.85 21.29 19.98 18.84
181.83 114.28 87.10 71.83 61.85 54.74 49.37 45.14 41.72 38.88 36.47 34.41 31.03 28.37 26.22 24.43 22.92 21.62
208.65 131.14 99.94 82.42 70.98 62.82 56.65 51.80 47.87 44.61 41.85 39.48 35.61 32.56 30.09 28.04 26.30 24.81
250.28 157.30 119.88 98.86 85.14 75.35 67.95 62.14 57.42 53.51 50.20 47.36 42.71 39.05 36.09 33.63 31.55 29.76
287.19 180.50 137.56 113.45 97.69 86.46 77.98 71.30 65.89 61.40 57.60 54.34 49.01 44.81 41.41 38.59 36.20 34.15
344.48 216.51 165.00 136.08 117.18 103.71 93.53 85.53 79.04 73.65 69.09 65.18 58.78 53.75 49.67 46.29 43.43 40.97
453.60 285.09 217.27 179.18 154.30 136.56 123.16 112.62 104.07 96.98 90.98 85.83 77.40 70.78 65.41 60.95 57.18 53.94
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IDF CURVES
300.00 275.00 250.00 225.00
Intensity in mm/h
200.00 175.00 150.00 125.00 100.00 75.00 50.00 25.00 0.00 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
`
Duration in Minutes
Figure 2.4: Intensity- Frequency-Duration Curves by Gumbels Extreme Value (type 1) distribution b) Alternative-II
The United states Weather Bureau (USWB) recommends an empirical relationship entirely from short duration data (Hershfield and kohler, 1960),which shows that the t minute rainfall has a consistent ratio to the 1-hr rainfall of the same return period. These ratios are 0.29, 0.45, 0.57 and 0.79 for 5,10,15 and 30 minutes rainfall respectively. These ratios are applicable throughout the world (Reichs 1963). Intensities are evaluated using T-minute rainfall ratios and given in Table 2.10 below.
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Table 2.10: Intensity of Storm for Various Return Period and Duration by USWB Rainfall Intensity , mm/hr Time in Return Period , Years minutes 2 5 10 25 100 5 10 15 30 120 c) 117.90 91.47 77.24 53.53 21.17 171.02 132.69 112.05 77.65 30.71 206.19 159.97 135.09 93.61 37.03 250.63 194.45 164.20 113.79 45.01 316.32 245.42 207.24 143.62 56.81
Greater the intensity of storms, rarer is there occurrence smaller their frequency. That means, highest intensity of specified duration recorded in station record of n year, called the n years storm has a frequency once in n year. Next highest value has a frequency has twice in n year, or a accordance intervals n/2 year and is called the n/2 year storm. However this does not allow chance variation in observer magnitude; nor does it make rational plotting or good identification of the recurrence interval of intense storm. Storm rainfall can be analysed many different way. However all procedure start from a summary of experience such as shown in Table 2.11, Table 2.12, Figure 2.5, Table 2.13, Figure 2.6, Table 2.14 and Figure 2.7 and Table 2.15. Table 2.11: Records of Intense Rainfalls, Number of Storms of (mm/hr) or more Duration, Intensity, mm/hr Hrs 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 497 293 203 124 86 34 18 16 1 305 177 117 51 21 16 7 4 2 161 104 73 21 12 8 2 2 3 99 62 38 14 5 4 3 1 4 78 50 16 12 2 2 1 5 45 21 11 4 2 1 6 23 14 4 2 7 7 2 8
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Intensity 50 5 2 1 55 4 1 60 4 1
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Table 2.12: Intensity duration Values 1 Year Return 2 Year Return Period Period Intensity mm/hr 35 30 25 20 15 10 Duratio n in hr 1.22 1.85 2.67 4.17 5.86 6.64 Intensity mm/hr 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 Duratio n in hr 1.1 1.2 1.9 2.6 3.7 5.0 6.8
5 Year Return Period Intensity mm/hr 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 Duration in hr 1.72 2.30 3.20 3.90 5.78 6.76 7.75
Intensity - Duration
100 Log Intensity (mm/hr)
10
Figure 2.5: Log duration Vs Log Intensity for Step Method Table 2.13: Evaluated coefficient from Log Duration Vs Log Intensity for Step method Return period n a 1 2 5 0.65 0.65 0.65 42.322 50.332 59.358
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100
coefficient of a
10
y = 41.818x0.2238
Return Period
10
Figure 2.6: Return Period Vs coefficient of a for Step Method Table 2.14: Intensity of Storm for Various Return Period and Duration (Frequency of Intense Storm/ Step method) Duration in minutes 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 120.00 Return Period in years / Rainfall Intensity in mm/hr 0.50 135.39 98.27 79.28 67.44 59.22 53.14 48.41 44.62 41.50 38.87 36.62 34.68 31.47 28.91 26.82 22.30 1.00 158.02 114.70 92.53 78.71 69.12 62.02 56.51 52.08 48.43 45.37 42.75 40.48 36.73 33.74 31.30 26.03 2 184.44 133.87 108.00 91.86 80.68 72.39 65.95 60.79 56.53 52.95 49.89 47.24 42.86 39.38 36.53 30.38 5 226.25 164.22 132.48 112.69 98.97 88.80 80.90 74.57 69.34 64.95 61.20 57.95 52.58 48.31 44.82 37.26 10 264.07 191.67 154.62 131.53 115.51 103.64 94.43 87.03 80.94 75.81 71.43 67.64 61.37 56.39 52.31 43.49 25 308.84 228.22 185.62 158.63 139.73 125.64 114.64 105.79 98.47 92.31 87.03 82.45 74.88 68.84 63.89 53.18 100 357.63 279.28 233.39 202.71 180.49 163.53 150.08 139.10 129.95 122.17 115.46 109.61 99.87 92.04 85.60 71.53
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IDF Curves
Duration in minutes
Figure 2.7: Intensity- Frequency-Duration Curves by Step Method d) Alternative-IV (Based on Published Literature)
Intensity Duration-Frequency curves are developed for Amaravati region and a generalised equation (10) for Intensity Duration-Frequency is obtained in the following form.
i =
3 0 .0 T
0 .2 1 8
(t
52
0 .1 8 5 4
. (10)
Where T is the return period in years and t is the duration in minutes. The drawback of this alternative is that the intensities are evaluated for duration => 60 minutes.
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Table 2.15: Intensity of Storm for Various Return Period and Duration (Based on Published Literature) Rainfall Intensity , mm/hr Time in minutes 0.5 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 100.00 110.00 120.00 2.2.12 Conclusions The intensities (mm/hr) evaluated by various alternatives are comparable. Alternative II gives a lower value and III a higher and alternative I and IV gives similar values. The average value between II and III is similar to I and IV. Therefore Alternative I is selected for design purpose Rainfall Intensities evaluated based on Alternative I [as per IMD empirical reduction formula and as per Gumbels Extreme Value (type I) distribution] is proposed for the design of stormwater drainage system for the project area. Proposed Intensity, duration and frequency are given in Table 2.16 and Table 2.17 for roadside drains minor, major nallah and for river channel respectively 30.15 25.94 23.90 22.59 21.63 20.88 20.28 1 35.07 30.18 27.80 26.27 25.16 24.29 23.58 Return Period , Years 2 40.79 35.10 32.34 30.56 29.26 28.25 27.43 5 49.81 42.86 39.49 37.31 35.73 34.50 33.50 10 57.94 49.85 45.93 43.40 41.56 40.13 38.96 25 70.75 60.87 56.08 53.00 50.75 49.00 47.58 100 95.71 82.35 75.87 71.70 68.66 66.29 64.36
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Table 2.16: Proposed Intensity-Duration-Frequency for Roadside Drain Minor and Major Nallah Time of Intensity mm/hr Concentration (tc) in minutes Return Period in years 0.5 Road Side Drain Minor Nallah & Major Nallah 30 50 1.0 55 2.0 63
30
63
Table 2.17: Proposed Intensity Duration Frequency for River Channel Time of Concentration (Min.) Intensity (mm/hr) Return period (yrs) 60 2.2.13 Coefficient of Runoff (C) The coefficient of runoff (C) is the portion of precipitation that makes its way to the drain. Its value depends on a large number of factors such as permeability of the surface, type of ground cover, shape and size of the catchment area, the topography, the geology initial state of wetness and duration of storm. Table 2.18 gives the coefficient of runoff for various surfaces commonly adopted in the rational formula. Table 2.18: Coefficient of Runoff for Various Surfaces Land use C Commercial Central area Neighbourhood area Residential Apartment dwelling areas Sub urban Sub urban areas with few buildings Industrial Light areas Heavy areas
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25
Land use Park, Cemeteries Play grounds Rail road yard areas Forest and Jungle Streets Asphaltic Concrete Lawns Agricultural land Sandy soil with crop Heavy soil with crop
Composite C value shall be calculated for different land uses contributing to a single catchment. Note: Lesser values for larger areas and higher values for steep slopes shall be adopted. 2.2.14 Catchment Area (A) Based on topography, catchment area contributing to proposed drain shall be calculated in hectares. 2.2.15 Calculation of Peak Runoff / Stromwater Flow From the rainfall intensity (I), catchment area (A) and composite value of C peak flow (Q) in the drain shall be calculated using the equation (1). 2.2.16 Planning and Designing of Stormwater Drainage System The planning & designing of stormwater drainage system for Nagpur Municipal Corporation has been prepared taking into consideration & strict Compliance of the design criteria & guidelines stipulated in Manual on Sewerage and sewage treatment by CPHEEO. ICR SP-50 Guidelines on urban Drainage New Delhi 1999 Water storm Collection System Design Hand book.
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2.2.17
Design Criteria The rain water from the right of way of the road is ultimately required to be transported away before it can cause nuisance or damage. Depending on the road width, land use the following system shall be proposed i) ii) iii) i) Over the surface In open channels In covered drains or pipes Drainage over the Surface The drains are located along the drain through gulleys or bell mouths. Minor roads in residential areas are narrow, will be difficult to provide separate space for drains. In such cases water will be allowed to flow in the kerb channel which can be led into the main road. Besides saving in the cost of drain, the water is kept at higher level which may help in reducing the depth of drain at downstream or provide a better gradient and reduce silting and other maintenance problems. Another advantage is that the water takes longer time / length to enter the drain and reduces the peak flow. ii) Drainage through Open Channel The open drains along the road side definitely have to be away from the shoulders or the berm and require additional space. They are easier to maintain and allow removal of silt and other solids easily. Also, for a given cross section open drains can carry much larger discharge particularly in flood conditions when the drain is surcharged, however open drains have their inherent disadvantage of being used as a litter bin. iii) Covered Drains or Pipes Covered drains i.e, rectangular drains with cover slabs are free from garbage dumping problems. Also, they can be located below the footpath or in extreme cases below the carriage way where space is restricted. Pipe drains also have the above advantages but cleaning of such drains is not possible by ordinary method and they need special equipments. Also due to minimum size requirements and cushion requirements, pipe drains tend to become deep and increase the depth of drain at the downstream end.
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While selecting the type of drain, cost shall not be the only consideration but also the area requirement and the cost of maintaining the system shall be considered. 2.2.17.1 Capacity Capacity of the drain shall be designed by using Mannings formula. 1 Q = AR 3 S 2 n 1 V = R 3 S 2 n Where
2 1 2 1
R = hydraulic mean radius in m, ( area of flow cross sec tion divided by wetted perimeter ) S = gradient
A = Area of flow cross sec tion in m 2 2.2.17.2 Mannings Coefficient of Roughness
Table 2.19: Mannings Coefficient of Roughness for Various Types of Surface Type of Surface Value of n
Concrete Pipe Plastered brick surface with neat cement finish Dry rubble masonary Dry stone Pitching Natural stream/ Nallah
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2.2.17.3
Type of Drain Closed Conduit The pipe size shall be determined using peak discharge for each pipe and the Mannings formula assuming full pipe flow condition. All conduits will be designed to flow 0.8 full at peak flow. Minimum Conduit Size Minimum Diameter of the pipe shall be 300 mm. Open Channel The usual channel shapes are a) b) c) d) Parabolic Trapezoidal Rectangular Triangular or V-shaped
The parabolic profile is considered best for hydraulic flow but its actual construction and maintenance is difficult hence not considered. The V-shaped drain is not very popular as its desilting is difficult. The trapezoidal and rectangular sections are easy to construct and are considered most suitable. Economical Section As far as possible for obtaining economical sections for lined drains the bed width and depth shall be proposed as follows Rectangular drain
b = 2d
Trapezoidal drain
b = 0.82 d (1:1 side slope ) 1 b = 1.24 d :1 side slope 2
For main and trunk drains the side slopes shall be 1:1 or : 1 depending upon the nature of the soil and availability of land.
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Weep holes shall be provided in the bed of all main drains where the height of water table is expected to be above the bed level of the drain. 2.2.17.4 Silt Pit A silt pit shall be provided for water entrants, with gratings at all the inlet points of every covered drain and also provided with vertical grating for the flow from water table in order to avert entry of floating material into the drain. 2.2.17.5 Minimum and Maximum Velocities
Table 2.20: Minimum and Maximum Velocities for various Types of Drain
Type of Drain Pipe drain Internal drain (RCC) Intercepting and Main drains (RCC) 2.2.17.6 Minimum Freeboard
Table 2.21: Minimum Free Board for various Bed Width of Drain Drain Size Free Board
Up to 300 mm bed Width Beyond 300 mm Bed Width and up to 900 mm Bed Width Beyond 900 mm Bed Width and up to 1500 mm Bed Width 2.2.17.7 Minimum Section of Drain
10 cm 15 cm 30 cm
It should be possible to clean the drain periodically using a spade. Accordingly it is recommended that minimum width of a drain should not be less than 300 mm. 2.2.17.8 Minimum Slope Closed Conduit Open Channel 1% 0.1%
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2.2.17.9
Minimum Cover (Pipe Cover) Minimum cover depth of 1.0 m shall be proposed for storm sewer and for inlet leads 0.6m
2.2.18
Manholes
To facilitate cleaning and maintenance manholes shall be provided. Manholes shall be provided at every change of alignment, gradient or diameter, at the head of all storm sewers and branches, at every junction of two or more storm sewers and at the storm inlet where it connects to a sewer that is less than 600 mm in diameter. Manholes shall be provided at intervals of 120-150m for pipes of more than 600mm in diameter.
2.2.19 Stormwater Inlets (General)
Maximum spacing of inlet would depend upon various conditions of road surface, size and type of inlet and rainfall. A maximum spacing of 30 m shall be provided. The connecting pipe from the street inlet to the main street sewer shall not be less than 200mm in dia. The minimum slope shall be 2%. Location of storm sewer (closed conduit)