Criteria For Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

FOR BIS’ COMMITTEE USE ONLY CED 39(7975)F1
June 2016
भारतीय मानक
संरचनाओं के भक
ू ं परोधी डिजाइन के लिए मानदं ि
भाग 1 – सामान्य प्रावधान और भवन के दिशाननिे श
(छठी पुनरीक्षण )
Indian Standard
CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT

DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
PART 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR ALL STRUCTURES AND
SPECIFIC PROVISIONS FOR BUILDINGS
(Sixth Revision)
ICS 91.120.25
© BIS 2016
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
…………….. 2016 Price Group ……..

June 2016
Foreword
This Indian Standard (Part 1) (Sixth Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian
Standards, after the draft finalized by the Earthquake Engineering Sectional
Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
India is prone to strong earthquake shaking, and hence earthquake resistant design
is essential. The Sectional Committee has considered an earthquake zoning map
would be one based on the maximum intensities at each location as recorded from
damage surveys after past earthquakes, modified to account for:
(1) Known magnitudes and the known epicentres (see Annex A) assuming all other
conditions as being average, and
(2) Tectonics (see Annex B) and lithology (see Annex C) of each region.
The standard has adopted a Seismic Zoning Map (Fig. 1) that is broadly associated
with 1964 MSK Intensity Scale (see Annex D) corresponding to VI (or less), VII, VIII
and IX (and above) for Seismic Zones II, III, IV and V, respectively. Seismic Zone
Factors for some important towns are given in Annex E.
Structures designed as per this standard are expected to sustain damage during
strong earthquake ground shaking. The provisions of this standard are intended for
earthquake resistant design of only normal structures. This standard provides the
minimum design force for earthquake resistant design of special structures (such as
large and tall dams, long-span bridges and major industrial projects). Such projects
may also require rigorous, site-specific investigation to arrive at more accurate
earthquake hazard assessment.
To control the serious loss of life and property, base isolation or other advanced
techniques may be adopted. Currently, the Indian Standard is under preparation for
design of such buildings; until the standard becomes available, specialist literature
should be consulted for design, detail, installation and maintenance of such
buildings.
IS 1893:1962 'Recommendations for earthquake resistant design of structures' was

published first in 1962, and revised in 1966, 1970, 1975, and 1984. Further, in 2002,
the Sectional Committee decided to present the provisions for different types of
structures in separate parts, to keep abreast with rapid developments and extensive
research carried out in earthquake-resistant design of various structures. And, IS
1893 was split into five parts, namely:
(1) Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings;
(2) Part 2: Liquid Retaining Tanks – Elevated and Ground Supported;
(3) Part 3: Bridges and Retaining Walls;
(4) Part 4: Industrial Structures, including Stack-Like Structures; and
(5) Part 5: Dams and embankments.
Part 1 contains general provisions on earthquake hazard assessment applicable to
all buildings and structures covered in parts 2 to 5. Also, Part 1 contains provisions
specific to earthquake-resistant design of buildings. Unless stated otherwise, the
provisions in Parts 2 to 5 are to be read necessarily in conjunction with the general
provisions laid down in Part 1.
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In this revision of Part 1, the following significant changes have been included:
(1) Importance Factor provisions have been modified to introduce intermediate
importance category of buildings;
(2) The design spectra are defined for natural period up to 6 s;
(3) The same design response spectra are specified for all buildings, irrespective of
the material of construction;
(4) The bases of various load combinations to be considered have been made
consistent for earthquake effects, with those specified in the other codes;
(5) Temporary structures are brought under the purview of this standard.
(6) The Importance Factor provisions have been modified to introduce intermediate
importance category of buildings, to acknowledge the density of occupancy of
buildings;
(7) A provision is introduced to ensure that all buildings are designed for at least a
minimum lateral force;
(8) Buildings with flat slabs are brought under the purview of this standard;
(9) Additional clarity is brought in on how to handle different types of irregularity of
structural system;
(10) Effect of masonry infill walls has been included in design of frame buildings;
(11) A method is introduced for arriving at the approximate natural period of buildings
with basements, step back buildings and buildings on hill slopes;
(12) Additional clarity is provided on how to handle different types of irregularity of
structural system;
(13) Torsional provisions are simplified; and
(14) Simplified method in introduced for liquefaction potential analysis.
In the preparation of this standard, effort has been made to coordinate with
standards and practices prevailing in different countries in addition to relating it to the
practices in the field in this country. Assistance has particularly been derived from
the following publications:
(1) IBC 2015, International Building Code, International Code Council, USA, 2015;
(2) NEHRP 2009, NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for
New Buildings and Other Structures, Report No. FEMA P-750, Federal
Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, USA, 2009;
(3) ASCE/SEI 7-10, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,
American Society of Civil Engineers, USA, 2010; and
(4) NZS 1170.5: 2004, Structural Design Actions, Part 5: Earthquake Actions – New
Zealand, Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 2004.
Also, considerable assistance has been given by Indian Institutes of Technology

Jodhpur, Madras, Bombay, Roorkee and Kanpur; Geological Survey of India; India
Meteorological Department, National Centre for Seismology (Ministry of Earth
Sciences, Govt. of India) and several other organizations. Significant improvements
have been made to the standard through a project entitled, "Review of Building
Codes and Preparation of Commentary and Handbooks" awarded to IIT Kanpur by
the Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA), Gandhinagar, through
World Bank finances during 2003-2004.
The units used with the items covered by the symbols shall be consistent throughout
this standard, unless specifically noted otherwise.
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For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is

complied with, the final value observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test
or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2: 1960 'Rules for rounding off
numerical values (Revised)'. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
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Indian Standard
CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF STRUCTURES:
PART 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR ALL STRUCTURES

AND SPECIFIC PROVISIONS FOR BUILDINGS
( Sixth Revision )
1 SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 1) primarily deals with earthquake hazard assessment for
earthquake-resistant design of (1) buildings, (2) liquid retaining structures, (3)
bridges, (4) embankments and retaining walls, (5) industrial and stack-like structures,
and (6) concrete, masonry and earth dams. Also, this standard [IS 1893 (Part 1)]
deals with earthquake-resistant design of buildings; earthquake-resistant design of
the other structures is dealt with in IS 1893 (Parts 2 to 5).
1.2 All structures, like parking structures, security cabins and ancillary structures
need to be designed for appropriate earthquake effects as per this standard.
1.3 Temporary elements, such as scaffolding and temporary excavations, need to be

designed as per this standard.
1.4 This standard does not deal with construction features relating to earthquake-
resistant buildings and other structures. For guidance on earthquake-resistant
construction of buildings, reference may be made to the latest revisions of the
following Indian Standards: IS 4326, IS 13827, IS 13828, IS 13920, IS 13935 and IS
15988.
1.5 The provisions of this standard are applicable even to critical and special
structures, like nuclear power plants, petroleum refinery plants and large dams. For
such structures, additional requirements may be imposed based on special studies,
such as site-specific hazard assessment. In such cases, the earthquake effects
imposed by this standard shall be taken as at least the minimum.
2 REFERENCES
The standards listed below contain provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this standard. At the time of publication, the editions
indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements
based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the
most recent editions of the standards indicated below:
IS No. Title
456 : 2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete (fourth revision)
800 : 2007 Code of Practice for General Construction in Steel (second revision)
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875 Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than earthquake) for Buildings and
Structures:
(Part 1 : 1987) Dead Loads - Unit weights of building material and stored materials (second
revision)
(Part 2 : 1987) Imposed Loads (second revision)
(Part 3 : 2015) Wind Loads (third revision)
(Part 4 : 1987) Snow Loads (second revision)
(Part 5 : 1987) Special Loads and Load Combinations (second revision)
1343 : 2012 Code of Practice for Prestressed Concrete (second revision)
1498 : 1970 Classification and Identification of Soils for General Engineering Purposes
(first revision)
1888 : 1982 Method of Load Test on Soils (second revision)
1893 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures:
Part 2: 0000 Part 2:
Part 4: 2015 Part 4: Industrial Structures including Stack-Like Structures (first revision)
1905 : 1987 Code of Practice for Structural use of Unreinforced Masonry (third revision)
2131 : 1981 Method of Standard Penetration Test for Soils (first revision)
2809 : 1972 Glossary of Terms and Symbols relating to Soil Engineering (first revision)
2810 : 1979 Glossary of Terms relating to Soil Dynamics (first revision)
2974 Code of practice for design and construction of machine foundations:
Part 1 : 1982 Foundation for reciprocating type machines
Part 2 : 1980 Foundations for impact type machines (hammer foundations)
Part 3 : 1992 Foundations for rotary type machines (Medium and high frequency)
Part 4 : 1979 Foundations for rotary type machines of low frequency
Part 5 : 1987 Foundations for impact machines other than hammer (forging and stamping
press, pig breaker, drop crusher and jolter)
4326 : 2013 Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings - Code of Practice
(third revision)
6403 : 1981 Code of Practice for Determination of Bearing Capacity of Shallow
Foundations (first revision)
13827 : 1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings – Guidelines
13828 : 1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings –
Guidelines
13920 : 2016 Ductile Design and Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to
Seismic Forces - Code of Practice (first revision)
13935 : 1993 Repair and Seismic Strengthening of Buildings – Guidelines
15988 : 2013 Seismic Evaluation and Strengthening of Existing Reinforced Concrete
Building – Guidelines
SP 7 National Building Code of India
Part 6: Sec 4 Part 6: Structural Design, Section 4: Masonry
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3. TERMINOLOGY
3.1 For the purpose of this standard, definitions given below shall apply to all
structures, in general. For definitions of terms pertaining to soil mechanics and soil
dynamics, reference may be made to IS 2809 and IS 2810, and for definitions of
terms pertaining to 'Loads', to reference may be made to IS 875 (Parts 1 to 5).
3.2 Closely-Spaced Modes — are those of the natural modes of oscillation of a

structure, whose natural frequencies differ from each other by 10 percent or less of
the lower frequency.
3.3 Critical Damping — is the damping beyond which the free vibration motion will
not be oscillatory.
3.4 Damping — is effect of internal friction, inelasticity of materials, slipping, sliding,

etc, in reducing the amplitude of oscillation; it is expressed as a fraction of critical
damping (see 3.3).
3.5 Design Acceleration Spectrum — is an average smoothened graph of

maximum acceleration as a function of natural frequency or natural period of
oscillation for a specified damping ratio for the expected earthquake excitations at
the base of a single degree of freedom system.
3.6 Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) — is the earthquake level that forms the
general basis of earthquake-resistant design of structures as per the provisions of
this standard. For normal structures, this standard assumes the effect of the design
basis earthquake to be one half of that due to maximum considered earthquake.
3.7 Design Horizontal Acceleration Coefficient (Ah) — is a horizontal acceleration

coefficient that shall be used for design of structures.
3.8 Design Horizontal Force — is the horizontal seismic force prescribed by this
standard that shall be used to design a structure.
3.9 Ductility — is the capacity of a structure (or its members) to undergo large
inelastic deformations without significant loss of strength or stiffness.
3.10 Epicentre — is the geographical point on the surface of earth vertically above
the point of origin of the earthquake.
3.11 Floor Response Spectrum — is the response spectrum (for a chosen material
damping value) of the time history of the shaking generated at a floor of a structure,
when the structure is subjected to a given earthquake ground motion at its base.
3.12 Importance Factor (I) — is a factor used to estimate design seismic force
depending on the functional use of the structure, characterized by hazardous
consequences of its failure, post-earthquake functional needs, historical value, or
economic importance.
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3.14 Intensity of Earthquake — is measure of the strength of ground shaking

manifested at a place during the earthquake; it is indicated by a roman capital
numeral on the MSK Scale of seismic intensity (See Annex D).
3.15 Liquefaction — is a state primarily in saturated cohesionless soils wherein the

effective shear strength is reduced to negligible value for all engineering purposes,
when the pore pressure approaches the total confining pressure during earthquake
shaking. In this condition, the soil tends to behave like a fluid mass (See Annex F).
3.16 Lithological Features — reflect the nature of the geological formation of the
earth's crust above bed rock characterized on the basis of structure, mineralogical
composition and grain size.
3.17 Maximum Considered Earthquake — is the most severe earthquake

considered by this standard for the design of structures.
3.18 Modal Mass Mk in Mode k of a Structure — is a part of the total seismic mass
of the structure that is effective in natural mode k of oscillation during horizontal or
vertical ground motion. The modal mass for a given mode has a unique value
irrespective of scaling of the mode shape.
3.19 Modal Participation Factor Pk in Mode k of a Structure — is the amount by

which natural mode k contributes to overall oscillation of the structure during
horizontal or vertical earthquake ground motion. Since the amplitudes of mode
shapes can be scaled arbitrarily, the value of this factor depends on the scaling used
for defining mode shapes.
3.20 Modes of Vibration — (see 3.23)
3.21 Mode Shape Coefficient (ik) — is the spatial deformation pattern of oscillation
along degree of freedom i, when the structure is oscillating in its natural mode k. A
structure with N degrees of freedom possesses N natural periods and N associated
natural mode shapes. These natural mode shapes are together presented in the
form of a mode shape matrix [], in which each column represents one natural mode
shape. The element ik is called the mode shape coefficient associated with degree
of freedom i, when the structure is oscillating in mode k. Mode shape matrix []
uncouples the N coupled equations of motion written along each of the N degrees of
freedom, into a set of N independent uncoupled equations, each representing one
single degree of freedom system.
3.22 Natural Period Tk in Mode k of Oscillation — is the time taken (in seconds)
by the structure to complete one cycle of oscillation in its natural mode k of
oscillation.
3.22.1 Fundamental Lateral Translational Natural Period T1 — is the longest time

taken (in seconds) by the structure to complete one cycle of oscillation in its lateral
translational mode of oscillation in the considered direction of earthquake shaking.
This mode of oscillation is called the fundamental lateral translational natural mode
of oscillation. A three-dimensional model of a structure will have one such
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fundamental lateral translational mode of oscillation along each of the two orthogonal
plan directions
3.23 Normal Mode of Vibration — are special undamped free vibrations in which all
points on the structure vibrate harmonically at the same frequency such that all these
points reach their individual maximum responses simultaneously.
3.24 Peak Ground Acceleration — is the maximum acceleration of the ground in a

given direction of ground shaking. Here, the acceleration refers to that of the
horizontal motion, unless specified otherwise.
3.25 Response Reduction Factor (R) — is the factor by which the base shear
induced in a structure, if it were to remain elastic, is reduced to obtain the design
base shear. It depends on the perceived seismic damage performance of the
structure, characterized by ductile or brittle deformations.
3.26 Response Spectrum — is the representation of a spectrum of maximum

responses during a given earthquake ground motion of idealized single degree
freedom systems having different natural periods and given damping. Graphically,
for a given value of damping, this maximum response is drawn on the Y-axis with
undamped natural period on the X-axis; the response referred to here can be
maximum absolute acceleration, maximum relative velocity, or maximum relative
displacement.
3.27 Response Acceleration Coefficient (Sa/g) of a Structure — is a factor

denoting the normalized acceleration spectrum value of a structure subjected to
earthquake ground shaking, and depends on natural period of oscillation considered
and damping of the structure.
3.29 Seismic Mass of a Structure — is the seismic weight of a structure divided by

acceleration due to gravity.
3.29 Seismic Mass of a Floor — is the seismic weight of the floor divided by
acceleration due to gravity.
3.30 Seismic Weight (W) of a Structure — is the sum of seismic weights of all
floors.
3.31 Seismic Weight (W) of a Floor — is the sum of dead load of the floor,
appropriate contributions of weights of columns, walls and any other permanent
elements from the storeys above and below, finishes and services, and appropriate
amounts of specified imposed load on the floor.
3.32 Seismic Zone Factor (Z) — is the value of peak ground acceleration
considered by this standard for the design of structures located in each seismic
zone.
3.33 Time History Analysis — is an analysis of the dynamic response of the

structure at each incremental instant of time, when its base is subjected to a specific
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ground motion time history. Usually, this response is estimated at the same
increment of time as that of the earthquake ground motion considered.
4 SPECIAL TERMINOLOGY FOR BUILDINGS
4.1 The definitions given below shall apply for the purpose of earthquake resistant
design of buildings, as enumerated in this standard.
4.2 Base — is the level at which inertia forces generated in the building are
considered to be transferred to the ground through the foundation. For buildings with
basements, it is considered at the bottommost basement level. For buildings resting
on:
(1) Pile foundations, it is considered to be at the top of pile cap;
(2) Raft, it is considered to be at the top of raft; and
(3) Footings, it is considered to be at the top of the footing.
For buildings with combined types of foundation, the base is considered as the
bottom-most level of the bases of the constituent individual foundations as per
definitions above.
4.3 Base Dimension (d) — is the dimension (in metre) of the base of the building
along a direction of shaking at its base.
4.4 Centre of Mass (CM) — is the point in a building through which the resultant of
the inertia force is considered to act during earthquake shaking. Unless otherwise
stated, the inertia force considered is that associated with the horizontal shaking of
the building.
4.5 Centre of Rigidity (CR)

4.5.1 For Single Storey Buildings — is the point on the roof of a building through
which when the resultant internal resistance acts, the building undergoes:
(1) Pure translation in the horizontal direction, and
(2) No twist about vertical axis passing through the CR.
4.5.2 For Multi-Storey Buildings — may be defined in two ways, namely:

(1) All-floor twist definition ̶ It is the set of points on the horizontal floors of a multi-
storey building through which, when the resultant internal resistances act, all
floors of the building undergo (i) pure translation in the horizontal direction, and
(ii) no twist about vertical axis passing through the CR.
(2) Single-floor twist definition ̶ It is a point on any horizontal floor of a multi-storey
building through which, when the resultant internal resistances act, that floor
undergoes (i) pure translation in the horizontal direction, and (ii) no twist about
vertical axis passing through the CR, while the other floors may undergo twist.
These two definitions may give different values of design eccentricity. For multi-
storey structures with regular structural configurations, differences in responses
estimated are not substantial; either of them may be used.
4.6 Eccentricity
4.6.1 Design Eccentricity (edi) — is the value of eccentricity to be used for floor i in
calculations of design torsion effects.
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4.6.2 Static Eccentricity (esi) — is the distance between Centre of Mass (CM) and
Centre of Rigidity (CR) of floor i.
4.7 Design Seismic Base Shear (VB) — is the minimum horizontal lateral force in
the considered direction of earthquake shaking that the structure shall be designed
for.
4.8 Diaphragm — is a horizontal or nearly horizontal structural system (for example,

reinforced concrete floors and horizontal bracing systems), which transmits lateral
forces to vertical elements connected to it.
4.9 Dual System — Buildings with dual system consist of moment resisting frames
and structural walls (or braced frames) such that both of the following conditions are
valid:
(1) Two systems are designed to resist total design lateral force in proportion to their
lateral stiffness, considering interaction of two systems at all floor levels; and
(2) Moment resisting frames are designed to resist independently at least 25 percent
of the design base shear.
4.10 Height of Floor (hi) — is the difference in vertical elevations of the base of the
building and top of floor i of the building.
4.11 Height of Building (h) — is the height of building (in metres) from its base to
top of roof level,
(1) Excluding the height of basement storeys, if basement walls are connected with
the ground floor slab or basement walls are fitted between the building columns,
but
(2) Including the height of basement storeys, if basement walls are not connected
with the ground floor slab and basement walls are not fitted between the building
columns.
In step-back buildings, it shall be taken as the average of heights of all steps from
the base, weighted with their corresponding floor areas. And, in buildings founded on
hill slopes, it shall be taken as the height of the roof from the top of the highest
footing level or pile cap level.
4.12 Horizontal Bracing System — is a horizontal truss system that serves the
same function as a diaphragm.
4.13 Joints — are portions of columns that are common to beams/braces and
columns, which frame into columns.
4.14 Lateral Force Resisting System — is part of the structural system, and
consists of all structural members that resist lateral inertia forces induced in the
building during earthquake shaking.
4.15 Moment-Resisting Frame — is an assembly of beams and columns that resist

induced and externally applied forces primarily by flexure.
4.15.1 Ordinary Moment-Resisting Frame (OMRF) — is a moment-resisting frame
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designed and detailed as per IS 456 or IS 800, but not meeting special detailing
requirements for ductile behaviour as per IS 13920 or IS 800, respectively.
4.15.2 Special Moment-Resisting Frame (SMRF) — is a moment-resisting frame

designed and detailed as per IS 456 or IS 800, and meeting special detailing
requirements for ductile behaviour as per IS 13920 or IS 800, respectively.
4.16 Number of Storeys (n) — Number of storeys of a building is the number of

levels above the base at which mass is present in substantive amounts. This,
(1) excludes the basement storeys, where basement walls are connected with the
ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns; and
(2) includes the basement storeys, when they are not so connected.
4.17 Core Structural Wall, Perimeter Columns, Outriggers and Belt Truss
System — is a structural system comprising of a Core Structural Walls and
perimeter columns, resisting the vertical and lateral loads, with
(1) The Core Structural Walls connected to select perimeter column element(s)
(often termed outrigged columns) by deep beam elements, known as outriggers,
at discrete locations up the height of the building; and
(2) The outrigged columns connected by deep beam elements (often known as belt
truss), typically at the same level as the outrigger elements.
A structure with this structural system has enhanced lateral stiffness, wherein Core
Structural Walls and Perimeter Columns are mobilised to act with each other through
the outriggers, and the Perimeter Columns themselves through the belt truss. The
global lateral stiffness is sensitive to: flexural stiffness of the core element, the
flexural stiffness of the outrigger element(s), the axial stiffness of the outrigged
column(s), and the flexural stiffness of the outrigger elements connecting the Core
Structural Walls to the Perimeter Columns.
4.18 Principal Plan Axes — are two mutually perpendicular horizontal directions in
plan of a building along which the geometry of the building is oriented.
4.19 P-∆ Effect — is the secondary effect on shear forces and bending moments of
lateral force resisting elements generated under the action of the vertical loads,
interacting with the lateral displacement of building resulting from additional seismic
effects.
4.20 RC Structural Wall — is a wall designed to resist lateral forces acting in its
own plane.
4.20.1 Ordinary RC Structural Wall — is a RC Structural Wall designed and detailed

as per IS 456, but not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behaviour as
per IS 13920.
4.20.2 Special RC Structural Wall — is a RC Structural Wall designed and detailed

as per IS 13920, and meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behaviour as
per IS 13920.
4.21 Static Eccentricity (esi) — is the distance between centre of mass and centre
of rigidity of floor i.
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4.22 Storey — is the space between two adjacent floors.

4.22.1 Soft Storey — is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than that in the
storey above. The storey lateral stiffness is the total stiffness of all seismic force
resisting elements resisting lateral earthquake shaking effects in the considered
direction.
4.22.2 Weak Storey — is one in which the storey lateral strength (cumulative design
shear strength of all structural members other than that of URM infills) is less than
that in the storey above. The storey lateral strength is the total strength of all seismic
force resisting elements sharing the lateral storey shear in the considered direction.
4.23 Storey Drift — is the relative displacement between the floors above and below
the storey under consideration.
4.24 Storey Shear (Vi) — is the sum of design lateral forces at all levels above the
storey i under consideration.
4.25 Storey Lateral Shear Strength (Si) — is the total lateral strength of all lateral
force resisting elements in the storey considered in a principal plan direction of the
building.
4.26 Storey Lateral Translational Stiffness (Ki) — is the total lateral translational
stiffness of all lateral force resisting elements in the storey considered in a principal
plan direction of the building.
4.27 RC Structural Wall Plan Density (sw) — is the ratio of the cross-sectional
area at the plinth level of RC Structural Walls resisting the lateral load and the plinth
or floor area of the building, expressed as a percentage.
5 SYMBOLS
The symbols and notations given below apply to the provisions of this standard:
Ah Design horizontal earthquake acceleration coefficient

Ak Design horizontal earthquake acceleration spectrum value for mode k of
vibration
bi Plan dimension of floor i of the building, perpendicular to direction of
earthquake shaking
C Index for the closely-spaced modes
d Base dimension (in metre) of the building in the direction in which the
earthquake shaking is considered
DL Response quantity due to dead load
edi Design eccentricity to be used at floor i calculated as per 7.8.3
esi Static eccentricity at floor i defined as the distance between centre of mass
and centre of rigidity
ELX Response quantity due to earthquake load for horizontal shaking along X-
direction
ELY Response quantity due to earthquake load for horizontal shaking along Y-
direction
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ELZ Response quantity due to earthquake load for horizontal shaking along Z-
direction
Froof Design lateral forces at the roof due to all modes considered
Fi Design lateral forces at the floor i due to all modes considered
g Acceleration due to gravity
h Height (in metres) of structure
hi Height measured from the base of the building to floor i
I Importance factor
IL Response quantity due to imposed load
Ki Lateral translational stiffness of storey i
L Dimension of a building in a considered direction
Mk Modal mass of mode k
n Number of storeys or floors
N Corrected SPT value for soil
Pk Modal participation factor of mode k
Qi Lateral force at floor i
Qik Design lateral force at floor i in mode k
r Number of modes to be considered as per 7.7.5.3
R Response Reduction Factor
Sa/g Response acceleration coefficient for rock or soil sites as given by Fig.ure 2
and 6.4.2 based on appropriate natural period
Si Lateral shear strength of storey i
T Undamped natural period of vibration of the structure (in second)
Ta Approximate fundamental period (in second)
Tk Undamped natural period of mode k of vibration (in second)
T1 Fundamental natural period of vibration (in second)
VB Design seismic base shear
V B Design base shear calculated using the approximate fundamental period Ta
Vi Peak storey shear force in storey i due to all modes considered
Vik Shear force in storey i in mode k
Vroof Peak storey shear force in the top storey due to all modes considered
W Seismic weight of the building
Wi Seismic weight of floor i
Z Seismic zone Factor
ik Mode shape coefficient at floor i in mode k
λ Peak response (for example member forces, displacements, storey forces,
storey shears or base reactions) due to all modes considered
λk Absolute value of maximum response in mode k
λc Absolute value of maximum response in mode c, where mode c is a closely-
spaced mode
*
λ Peak response due to the closely-spaced modes only
ji Coefficient used in Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) method while
combining responses of modes i and j
i Circular frequency (in radians/second) in mode i
6 GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND DESIGN CRITERIA
6.1 General Principles

6.1.1 Ground Motion
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The characteristics (intensity, duration, frequency content, etc) of seismic ground

vibrations expected at any location depend on magnitude of earthquake, its depth of
focus, distance from the epicentre, characteristics of the path through which the
seismic waves travel, and soil strata on which the structure stands. The random
earthquake ground motions, which cause the structure to vibrate, can be resolved in
any three mutually perpendicular directions. The predominant direction of ground
vibration is usually horizontal.
Effects of earthquake-induced vertical shaking can be significant for overall stability

analysis of structures, especially in structures (a) with large spans, and (b) those in
which stability is a criterion for design. Reduction in gravity force due to vertical
ground motions can be detrimental particularly in prestressed horizontal members
and cantilevered members. Hence, special attention shall be paid to effects of
vertical ground motion on prestressed or cantilevered beams, girders and slabs.
6.1.2 The response of a structure to ground vibrations depends on (a) type of

foundation soil; (b) materials, form, size and mode of construction of structures; and
(c) duration and characteristics of ground motion. This standard specifies design
forces for structures founded on rocks or soils, which do not settle, liquefy or slide
due to loss of strength during earthquake ground vibrations.
6.1.3 Actual forces that appear on structures during earthquakes are much higher
than the design forces specified in the standard. Ductility arising from inelastic
material behavior, detailing and overstrength resulting from the additional reserve
strength in structures over and above the design strength are relied upon for the
deficit in actual and design lateral loads. In other words, earthquake resistant design
as per this standard relies on inelastic behaviour of structures. But, the maximum
ductility that can be realized in structures is limited. Therefore, structures shall be
designed for at least the minimum design lateral force specified in this standard.
6.1.4 Members and connections of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures

shall be designed (as per IS 456 and IS 1343) such that premature failure does not
occur due to shear or bond. Some provisions for appropriate ductile detailing of RC
members are given in IS 13920. Members and their connections of steel structures
should be so proportioned that high ductility is obtained in the structure, avoiding
premature failure due to elastic or inelastic buckling of any type. Some provisions for
appropriate ductile detailing of steel members are given in IS 800.
6.1.5 The soil-structure interaction refers to effects of the flexibility of supporting soil-
foundation system on the response of structure. The soil-structure interaction may
not be considered in the seismic analysis of structures supported on rock or rock-like
material at shallow depth.
6.1.6 Equipment and other systems, which are supported at various floor levels of
the structure, will be subjected to different motions at their support points. In such
cases, it may be necessary to obtain floor response spectra for design of equipment
supports. For details, reference may be made to IS 1893 (Part 4).
6.1.7 Additions to Existing Structures

Additions shall be made to existing structures only as follows:
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(1) An addition that is structurally independent from an existing structure shall be

designed and constructed in accordance with the seismic requirements for new
structures.
(2) An addition that is structurally connected to an existing structure shall be
designed and constructed such that the entire structure conforms to the seismic
force resistance requirements for new structures, unless the following three
conditions are complied with:
(a) The addition shall comply with the requirements for new structures,
(b) The addition shall not increase the seismic forces in any structural element of
the existing structures by more than 5 percent, unless the capacity of the
element subject to the increased force is still in compliance with this standard,
and
(c) The addition shall not decrease the seismic resistance of any structural
element of the existing structure unless reduced resistance is equal to or
greater than that required for new structures.
6.1.8 Change in Occupancy

When a change of occupancy results in a structure being re-classified to a higher
Importance Factor (I), the structure shall conform to seismic requirements laid down
for new structures with the higher importance factor.
6.2 Assumptions
The following assumptions shall be made in the earthquake-resistant design of
structures:
(1) Earthquake ground motions are complex and irregular, consisting of several
frequencies and of varying amplitudes each lasting for a small duration.
Therefore, usually, resonance of the type as visualized under steady-state
sinusoidal excitations will not occur, as it would need time to build up such
amplitudes. But, there are exceptions where resonance-like conditions have
been seen to occur between long distance waves and tall structures founded on
deep soft soils.
(2) Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with high wind, maximum flood or
maximum sea waves.
(3) The values of elastic modulus of materials, wherever required, will be taken as for
static analysis, unless more definite values are available for use in dynamic
conditions (see IS 456, IS 800, IS 1343, IS 1905 and IS 2974).
6.3 Load Combinations and Increase in Permissible Stresses

6.3.1 Load Combinations
In addition to the load combinations in respective standards, the following sets of
load combinations shall be considered when earthquake effects are considered:
(1) Structure built, occupied, and earthquake effects : 1.2 (DL + IL ± EL)
(2) Structure built, not occupied, and earthquake effects : 1.5 (DL ± EL)
(3) Structure built, and earthquake effects : 0.9 DL ± 1.5 EL
(to verify structural stability against overturning, and stress reversals)
where the terms DL, IL and EL stand for the response quantities due to dead load,
imposed load and equivalent static designated earthquake load, respectively. Above
additional combinations shall apply to limit state design of reinforced concrete and
prestressed concrete structures. Load combinations given in IS 800 shall apply to
plastic design of steel structures.
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6.3.1.1 Even when load combinations that do not contain earthquake effects,
indicate larger demands than combinations including them, the provisions shall be
adopted related to design, ductile detailing and construction relevant for earthquake
conditions, which are given in this standard, IS 13920 and IS 800.
6.3.2 Design Horizontal Earthquake Load

6.3.2.1 When lateral load resisting elements are oriented along mutually orthogonal
horizontal direction, structure shall be designed for effects due to full design
earthquake load in one horizontal direction at a time, and not in both directions
simultaneously.
6.3.2.2 When lateral load resisting elements are not oriented along mutually
orthogonal horizontal directions (as per 7.1 and Table 4(e)) about both horizontal
axes, structure shall be designed for the simultaneous effects due to full design
earthquake load in one horizontal direction plus 30 percent of design earthquake
load along the other horizontal direction. Thus, structure should be designed for the
following sets of combinations of earthquake effects:
(1) ± ELX ± 0.3 ELY, and
(2) ± 0.3 ELX ± ELY,
where X and Y are two orthogonal horizontal plan directions. Thus, EL in the load
combinations given in 6.3.1 shall be replaced by (ELX ± 0.3 ELY) or (ELY ± 0.3 ELX).
Hence, the sets of load combinations to be considered shall be as given below:
(1) Structure built, occupied, and earthquake effects:
1.2 (DL + IL ± (ELX ± 0.3 ELY)) and
1.2 (DL + IL ± (ELY ± 0.3 ELX));
(2) Structure built, not occupied, and earthquake effects:
1.5 (DL ± (ELX ± 0.3 ELY)) and
1.5 (DL ± (ELY ± 0.3 ELX)); and
(3) Structure being built, and earthquake effects:
0.9 DL ± 1.5 (ELX ± 0.3 ELY) and
0.9 DL ± 1.5 (ELY ± 0.3 ELX).
6.3.3 Design Vertical Earthquake Effects

6.3.3.1 Effects due to vertical earthquake shaking shall be considered when any of
the following conditions apply:
(1) Structure is located in Seismic Zone IV or V;
(2) Structure has vertical or plan irregularities;
(3) Structure is rested on soft soil;
(4) Bridges;
(5) Structure has long spans; or
(6) Structure has large horizontal overhangs of structural members or sub-systems.
6.3.3.2 When effects due to vertical earthquake shaking are to be considered, the
design vertical force shall be calculated for vertical ground motion as detailed in
6.4.6.
6.3.3.3 Where both horizontal and vertical seismic forces are taken into account,
load combination specified in 6.3.4 shall be considered.
6.3.4 Combinations to account for Two or Three Directional Earthquake Ground
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Shaking
6.3.4.1 When responses from the three earthquake components are to be

considered, the responses due to each component may be combined using the
assumption that when the maximum response from one component occurs, the
responses from the other two components are 30 percent each of their maximum. All
possible combinations of three components (ELX, ELY and ELZ) including variations
in sign (plus or minus) shall be considered. Thus, the structure should be designed
for the following sets of combinations of earthquake load effects:
(1) ± ELX ± 0.3 ELY ± 0.3 ELZ,
(2) ± ELY ± 0.3 ELZ ± 0.3 ELX, and
(3) ± ELZ ± 0.3 ELX ± 0.3 ELY,
where X and Y are orthogonal plan directions and Z vertical direction. Thus, EL in
the four sets of load combinations given in 6.3.1 shall be replaced by (ELX ± 0.3 ELY
± 0.3 ELZ), (ELY ± 0.3 ELZ ± 0.3 ELX) or (ELZ ± 0.3 ELX ± 0.3 ELY,). This implies that
the sets of load combinations involving earthquake effects to be considered shall be
as given below:
(1) Structure built, occupied, and earthquake shaking:
1.2 (DL + IL ± (ELX ± 0.3 ELY ± 0.3 ELZ)) and
1.2 (DL + IL ± (ELY ± 0.3 ELX ± 0.3 E Z)) ;
(2) Structure built, not occupied, and earthquake shaking:
1.5 (DL ± (ELX ± 0.3 ELY ± 0.3 ELZ)) and
1.5 (DL ± (ELY ± 0.3 ELX ± 0.3 ELZ)); and
(3) Structure being built, and earthquake shaking:
0.9 DL ± 1.5 (ELX ± 0.3 ELY ± 0.3 ELZ) and
0.9 DL ± 1.5 (ELY ± 0.3 ELX ± 0.3 ELZ).
When two-dimensional earthquake shaking is required to be considered, even if the
building is regular, the combinations given in 6.3.2.2 shall be considered.
6.3.4.2 As an alternative to the procedure in 6.3.4.1, the net response (EL) due to
the combined effect of the three components can be obtained by:
EL  ELX   ELY   ELZ 
2 2 2
Caution may be exercised on loss of sign especially of the axial force, shear force
and bending moment quantities, when this procedure is used; it can lead to grossly
uneconomical design of structures.
6.3.4.3 Procedure for combining shaking effects given by 6.3.4.1 and 6.3.4.2 apply to
the same response quantity (say, bending moment in a column about its major axis,
or storey shear force in a frame) due to different components of the ground motion.
6.3.4.4 When components corresponding to only two ground motions (say one
horizontal and one vertical, or only two horizontal) are combined, the equations in
6.3.4.1 and 6.3.4.2 should be modified by deleting the term representing the
response due to the component of motion not being considered.
6.3.5 Increase in Allowable Pressure in Soils

6.3.5.1 When earthquake forces are included, allowable bearing pressure in soils
shall be increased as per Table 1, depending on type of foundation of structure and
type of soil.
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6.3.5.2 In soil deposits consisting of submerged loose sands and soils falling under
classification SP with corrected standard penetration test N values less than 15 in
seismic zones III, IV and V, and less than 10 in Seismic Zone II, the shaking caused
by earthquake ground motion may cause liquefaction or excessive total and
differential settlements. Such sites should preferably be avoided for locating new
settlements or important projects. Otherwise, this aspect of the problem needs to be
investigated, and appropriate methods adopted of compaction or stabilization to
achieve N values indicated in Note 3 under Table 1. Alternatively, deep pile
foundation may be provided and taken to depths well into the layer, which is not
likely to liquefy. Also, marine clays and other sensitive clays are known to liquefy
due to collapse of soil structure, and will need special treatment according to site
condition. Specialist literature may be referred for determining liquefaction potential
of a site. A simplified method for evaluation of liquefaction potential is given in
Annex F.
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Table 1 Percentage Increase in Net Bearing Pressure of Soils

(Clause 6.3.5.1)
S.No. Foundation Soil that mainly constitutes foundation
Soil Type I Soil Type II Type III
Rock or Hard Soils Medium or Soft Soils
Stiff Soils
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. Piles passing through any soil, but resting on Soil Type I 50 50 0
2. Piles not covered under Item 1 above 0 25 0
3. Raft foundations 50 50 0
4. Combined or Isolated RCC footings with tie beams 50 25 0
5. Isolated RCC footing without tie beams, or unreinforced 50 25 0
strip foundations
6. Well foundations 50 25 0
NOTES
1. The net bearing pressure shall be determined in accordance with IS 6403 or IS 1888.
2. The value of N shall be corrected values only.
3. If any increase in net bearing pressure has already been permitted for forces other than seismic forces, the
total increase in allowable bearing pressure when seismic force is also included shall not exceed the limits
specified above.
4. Desirable minimum corrected field values of corrected N: If soils of lower N values are encountered than
those specified in the table below, then soil suitable ground improvement techniques shall be adopted to
achieve these values. Alternately, deep pile foundations anchored in stronger strata should be used.
S.No. Seismic Zone Depth (m) below GL N Values Remarks
1 III, IV and V ≤5 15 For values of depths between 5 m and
≥ 10 25 10 m, linear interpolation is
2 II ≤5 10 recommended.
> 10 20
5. The piles should be designed for lateral loads neglecting lateral resistance of those soil layers that are
liable to liquefy.
6. IS 1498 and IS 2131 also may be referred for soil notation and corrected N Values.
7. Soils shall be classified in four types as below:
Soil Type Remarks
I Well graded gravel (GW) or well graded sand (SW) both with less than 5 percent
Rock or passing 75 m sieve (Fines)
Hard Soils Well graded gravel – sand mixtures with or without fines (GW-SW)
Poorly graded sand (SP) or clayey sand (SC), all having N above 30
Stiff to hard clays having N above 16, where N is Standard Penetration Test value
II Poorly graded sands or Poorly graded sands with gravel (SP) with little or no fines
Medium or having N between 10 and 30
Stiff Soils Stiff to medium stiff fine-grained soils, like Silts of Low compressibility (ML) or
Clays of Low Compressibility (CL) having N between 10 and 16
III All soft soils other than SP with N<10. The various possible soils are
Soft Soils Silts of Intermediate compressibility (Ml);
Silts of High compressibility (MH);
Clays of Intermediate compressibility (CI);
Clays of High compressibility (CH);
Silts and Clays of Intermediate to High compressibility (MI-MH or CI-CH);
Silt with Clay of Intermediate compressibility (MI-CI); and
Silt with Clay of High compressibility (MH-CH).
IV Requires site-specific study (See 6.3.5.2)
Unstable,
Collapsible,
Liquefiable
Soils
8. In case of soft soils, increase in bearing pressure shall not apply, because the settlement cannot be
checked even with increased bearing pressure.
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6.4 Design Acceleration Spectrum
6.4.1 For the purpose of determining design seismic force, the country is classified
into four seismic zones as shown in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA
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June 2016
6.4.2 The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah for a structure shall be

determined by:
 Z   S a 
  
 2  g 
Ah 
R
 
I
where
Z = Seismic zone factor given in Table 2;
I = Importance factor given in Table 3 for Buildings and in IS 1893 (Parts 2 to 5) for
other structures;
R = Response reduction factor given in Parts 1 to 5 of IS 1893 for the corresponding
systems, for example, R values for building systems are given in Table 6 of this
standard; and
 Sa 
  = Design acceleration coefficient corresponding to 5 percent damping for different soil
 g
types, normalized to peak ground acceleration, corresponding to natural period T of
structure considering soil-structure interaction, given by expressions below:
(a) For use in Equivalent Static Method (FIG. 2(a)):
 2.5 0  T  0.40 s
 1
For Rocky or Hard Soil Sites  0.40 s  T  4.00 s
 T
 0.25 4.00 s  T
 2.5 0  T  0.55 s
Sa   1.36
 For Medium Stiff Soil Sites  0.55 s  T  4.00 s
g   T
 0.34 4.00 s  T
 2.5 0  T  0.67 s
  1.67
For Soft Soil Sites  0.67 s  T  4.00 s
  T
 0.42 4.00 s  T
(b) For use in Response Spectrum Method (FIG. 2(b)):
 1  1.5T T  0.10 s
 2.5
For Rocky or Hard Soil Sites  0.10 s  T  0.40 s
 1 0.40 s  T  4.00 s
 T
 0.25 4.00 s  T
 1  1.5T T  0.10 s
 2.5
Sa   0.10 s  T  0.55 s
 For Medium Stiff Soil Sites  1.36
g   T 0.55 s  T  4.00 s
 0.34 4.00 s  T
 
 1  1.5T T  0.10 s
 2.5 0.10 s  T  0.67 s

For Soft Soil Sites  1.67
  T 0.67 s  T  4.00 s
 0.42 4.00 s  T

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3.0
Type I: Rock or Hard Soil
2.5
Type II: Medium Soil
2.0 Type III: Soft Soil
Sa/g
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Natural Period T (s)
(a)
3.0
Type I: Rock or Hard Soil
2.5
Type II: Medium Soil
2.0 Type III: Soft Soil
Sa/g
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Natural Period T (s)
(b)
FIG. 2 DESIGN ACCELERATION COEFFICIENT (Sa /g)

(CORRESPONDING TO 5 PERCENT DAMPING)
Table 2 Seismic Zone Factor Z

(Clause 6.4.2)
Seismic Zone Factor II III IV V
Z 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36
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Table 3 Importance Factor I

(Clause 6.4.2)
S.No. Structure /
(1) (2) (3)
1. Important service and community buildings or structures (for 1.5
example, critical governance buildings, schools), signature
structures, monument structures, lifeline and emergency structures
(for example, hospitals, telephone exchanges, television stations,
radio stations, bus stations, metro rail structure and metro rail
stations, railway stations, airports, water main lines and water tanks,
food chain structures, fuel stations, electricity stations, fire stations,
and bridges), and large community halls (for example, cinema halls,
shopping malls, assembly halls and subway stations) and power
stations.
2. Residential or commercial buildings or structures, with occupancy 1.2
more than 200 persons
3. All other buildings or structures 1.0
4. Buildings with mixed occupancies (different I factors applicable for Larger of the I
the respective occupancies) values
NOTES
1. Owners and design engineers of buildings or structures may choose values of Importance Factor
I more than those mentioned above.
2. Buildings or structures covered under S.No.3 above may be designed for higher value of
Importance Factor I, depending on economy and strategy.
6.4.3 Effects of design earthquake loads applied on structures can be considered in

two ways, namely:
(1) Equivalent Static Method, and
(2) Dynamic Analysis Method.
In turn, dynamic analysis can be performed in three ways, namely:
(i) Response Spectrum Method,
(ii) Modal Time History Method, and
(iii) Time History Method.
In this standard, Equivalent Static Method, Response Spectrum Method and Time
History Method are adopted. Equivalent Static Method may be used for analysis of
regular structures with approximate natural period Ta less than 0.4s.
6.4.4 Where a number of modes are to be considered in Response Spectrum

Method, Ah as defined in 6.4.2 for each mode k shall be determined using natural
period Tk of vibration of that mode.
6.4.5 For underground structures and buildings whose base is located at depths of
30m or more, Ah at the base shall be taken as half the value obtained from 6.4.2.
This reduced value shall be used only for estimating inertia effects due to masses at
the corresponding levels below the ground; the inertia effects for the above ground
portion of the building shall be estimated based on the unreduced value of Ah. For
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June 2016
estimating inertia effects due to masses of structures and foundations placed

between the ground level and 30m depth, the design horizontal acceleration
spectrum value shall be linearly interpolated between Ah and 0.5Ah, where Ah is as
specified in 6.4.2.
6.4.6 The design seismic acceleration spectral value Av for vertical motions shall be
taken as:
2 Z
  2.5 
Ah  
3 2
R
 
I
6.4.7 Figure 2 shows design acceleration spectra for different soil sites
corresponding to damping value of 5 percent. The design earthquake lateral force
shall be calculated for all structures using only this spectrum, irrespective of the
material of construction of the structure.
6.4.8 When design acceleration spectrum is developed specific to a project site, the
same may be used for design of structures of the project. In such cases, effects of
the site-specific spectrum shall not be less than those arising out of the design
spectrum specified in this standard.
7 BUILDINGS
The four main desirable attributes of an earthquake resistant building are:
(1) Robust structural configuration,
(2) At least a minimum elastic lateral stiffness
(3) At least a minimum lateral strength, and
(4) Adequate ductility.
7.1 Regular and Irregular Configuration

Buildings with simple regular geometry and uniformly distributed mass and stiffness
in plan and in elevation, suffer much less damage, than buildings with irregular
configurations. A building shall be considered to be irregular for the purposes of this
standard, if any one of the conditions given in Tables 4 and 5 is applicable. Limits on
irregularities for seismic zones III, IV and V and special requirements are laid out in
Tables 4 or 5.
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Table 4 Definitions of Irregular Buildings – Plan Irregularities (see Figure 3)

(Clause 7.1)
(a) Torsional Irregularity
Usually, a well proportioned building does not twist about its vertical axis, when
(a) the stiffness distribution of the vertical elements resisting lateral loads is
balanced in plan according to the distribution of mass in plan (at each storey
level); and
(b) the floor slabs are stiff in their own plane (this happens when its plan aspect
ratio is less than 3).
A building is said to be torsionally irregular, when maximum horizontal
displacement of any floor in the direction of the lateral force at one end of the
floor is more than 1.5 times its minimum horizontal displacement at the far end
of the same in that direction.
In Torsionally Irregular buildings, when the ratio of maximum horizontal displacement

at one end and the minimum horizontal displacement at the other end is in the range
(1) 1.0 – 2.5, three-dimensional Dynamic Analysis Method shall be adopted; and
(2) More than 2.5, specialist literature shall be referred so as to demonstrate the safety
of the building.
(b) Re-entrant Corners

A building is said to have a re-entrant corner, when its structural configuration in
plan has a projection in a direction of size greater than 15 percent of its overall
plan dimension in that direction.
In buildings with Re-entrant Corners, three-dimensional Dynamic Analysis Method shall

be adopted.
(c) Floor Slabs having Excessive Cut-Outs or Openings

Openings in slabs result in flexible diaphragm behaviour, and hence the lateral
shear force is not shared by the frames and/or vertical members in proportion to
the lateral translational stiffness. The problem is particularly accentuated when
the opening is close to the edge of the slab. A building is said to have
discontinuity in their in-plane stiffness, when floor slabs have cut-outs or
openings of area more than 50 percent of the full area of the floor slab.
In buildings with discontinuity in their in-plane stiffness, if the area of the geometric cut-
out is
(1) Less than or equal to 50%, the floor slab shall be taken as rigid or flexible
depending on the location of and size of openings; and
(2) More than 50%, the floor slab shall be taken as rigid only.
(d) Out-of-Plane Offsets in Vertical Elements

Out-of-plane offsets in vertical elements resisting lateral loads cause
discontinuities and detours in the load path, which is known to be detrimental to
the earthquake safety of the building. A building is said to have out-of-plane
offset in vertical elements, when structural walls or frames are moved out of
plane in any storey along the height of the building.
In buildings with out-of-plane offsets in vertical elements,

(1) if it is located in Seismic Zone II, specialist literature shall be referred for removing
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June 2016
the irregularity arising due to out-of-plane offsets in vertical elements; and

(2) if it is located in Seismic Zone III, IV and V, the following two conditions shall be
satisfied:
(a) the lateral drift shall be less than 0.2% in the storey having the offset and in the
storeys below; and
(b) specialist literature shall be referred for removing the irregularity arising due to
out-of-plane offsets in vertical elements.
(e) Non-Parallel Lateral Force System

Buildings undergo complex earthquake behaviour and hence damage, when
they do not have lateral force resisting systems along two plan directions that
are orthogonal to each other. A building is said to have non-parallel system
when the vertically oriented structural systems resisting lateral forces are not
oriented along the two principal orthogonal axes in plan.
Buildings with non-parallel lateral force resisting system shall be analyzed under loads
as per combinations mentioned in 6.3.2.2.
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maxmin
Plan
max
min
Plan
3 (A) TORSIONAL IRREGULARITY
A A/L > 0.15 A/L > 0.15

A
L L1
A
A A A
L L2
Plan Plan
3 (B) RE-ENTRANT CORNERS
A0 > 0.5Atotal 0.1Atotal < A0 < 0.5Atotal
Ao
Ao
Atotal Atotal
Opening located anywhere in the slab Opening located along any edge of the slab
Plan Plan
3 (C) FLOOR SLABS HAVING EXCESSIVE CUT-OUT AND OPENINGS
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Elevation
Elevation
3 (D) OUT-OF-PLANE OFFSETS IN VERTICAL ELEMENTS
Plan Plan
(i) (ii)
3 (E) NON-PARALLEL LATERAL FORCE SYSTEM: (i) MOMENT FRAME
BUILDING, and (ii) MOMENT FRAME BUILDING WITH STRUCTURAL WALLS
FIG. 3 DEFINITIONS OF IRREGULAR BUILDINGS – PLAN IRREGULARITIES
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Table 5 Definition of Irregular Buildings – Vertical Irregularities (see Fig. 4)

(Clause 7.1)
(a) Lateral Stiffness Irregularity in two principal plan directions

Lateral stiffness of beams, columns, braces and structural walls determine the
lateral stiffness of a building in each principal plan direction. Lateral storey
stiffness of a building in each principal plan directions is,
(a) the first three modes contributing significant mass participation factor in
each principal plan direction is >65%, and
(b) the fundamental lateral natural periods of the building in the two principal
plan directions are closer to each other by 10 percent of the larger value.
In such a case: (a) above shall be addressed for buildings located in seismic zones II &
III; and: both (a) and (b) above shall be addressed for buildings located in seismic
zones IV & V.
(b) Stiffness Irregularity (Soft Storey)
A soft storey is a storey in whose lateral stiffness is less than that of the storey
above.
The structural plan density (SPD) shall be estimated/ considered when unreinforced
masonry infills are used. When SPD indicates masonry contribution exceeding 20%,
then the effect of URM infills shall be considered by explicitly modelling the same in
structural analysis (as per 7.9). The design forces for RC members shall be larger of
that obtained from analysis of:
(a) Bare Frame, and
(b) Frames with URM Infills,
using 3D modelling of the structure. If the building when designed to consider URM
infills, the inter-storey drift shall be limited to 0.2% in the storey with stiffening and also
for those storeys below.
(c) Mass Irregularity
Mass irregularity shall be considered to exist, when the seismic weight (as per
7.7) of any floor is more than 150 percent of that of its below floors.
In buildings with mass irregularity and located in Seismic Zones III, IV and V, the
earthquake effects shall be estimated by Dynamic Analysis Method (as per 7.7).
(d) Vertical Geometric Irregularity
Vertical geometric irregularity shall be considered to exist, when the horizontal
dimension of the lateral force resisting system in any storey is more than 125
percent of the storey below.
In buildings with vertical geometric irregularity and located in Seismic Zones III, IV and
V, the earthquake effects shall be estimated by Dynamic Analysis Method (as per 7.7).
(e) In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Elements Resisting Lateral Force
In-plane discontinuity in vertical elements resisting lateral force shall be
considered to exist, when in-plane offset of the lateral force resisting elements
is greater than the plan length of those elements.
In such a case, specialist literature shall be referred for removing the irregularity arising
due to out-of-plane offsets in vertical elements in Seismic Zone II; and for buildings in
Seismic Zones III, IV, V the inter-story drift shall be limited to 0.2% and reference to
specialist literature shall also be made for out-of-plane offsets.
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(f) Strength Irregularity (Weak Storey)

A weak storey is a storey whose lateral strength is less than that of the storey
above.
In such a case, buildings in seismic zones III, IV and V shall be designed such that
safety of the building is not jeopardized by resorting to conformity as per specialist
literature.
(g) Floating or stub columns
Such columns are likely to cause concentrated damage in the structure.
This feature is undesirable, and hence should be avoided.
Pure Translational Mode
Initial
Pure Translational Mode
Initial
Plan
4 (A) LATERAL STIFFNESS IRREGULARITY IN TWO PRINCIPAL
HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONS
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June 2016
Ki+2 Ki+2 > Ki+1

Ki+1
Ki
Ki+1 > Ki
Elevation
4 (B) STIFFNESS IRREGULARITY (SOFT STOREY)
Heavy Wi+2
Mass Wi+1 Wi > 1.5Wi+1
Wi Wi > 1.5Wi-1
Elevation
4 (C) MASS IRREGULARITY
A A A
A > 0.1L
A >0.25L A > 0.125L
L L A L A
L1 L1
L2 > 1.25L1
L2 L2
Elevation
4 (D) VERTICAL GEOMETRIC IRREGULARITY
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June 2016
Storeys 2 and 3
Plan
Storey 1
Plan
4 E IN-PLANE DISCONTINUITY IN VERTICAL ELEMENTS RESISTING LATERAL
FORCE
Si+2 Si+1 < Si+2

Si+1
Si
Si < Si+1
Elevation
4(F) STRENGTH IRREGULARITY (WEAK STOREY)
FIG. 4 DEFINITIONS OF IRREGULAR BUILDINGS – VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES:
7.2 Response Reduction Factor R

7.2.1 Response reduction factor used in design, damping during extreme shaking,
and redundancy influence the nonlinear behaviour of buildings and structures during
strong earthquake shaking. Response reduction factor R is used to account for
inherent system ductility, redundancy and overstrength normally available in the
buildings, if designed and detailed as per the prevalent Indian Standards. Detailed
study is required to understand these influences.
For the purposes of design as per this standard, response reduction factor R for
different building systems shall be as given in Table 6. The values of R shall be used
for design of buildings with lateral load resisting elements, and NOT for just the
lateral load resisting elements built in isolation.
7.2.2 Dual System — Buildings with dual system consist of moment resisting frames
and structural walls (or braced frames) such that both of the following conditions are
valid:
(1) Two systems are designed to resist total design lateral force in proportion to their
lateral stiffness, considering interaction of two systems at all floor levels; and
(2) Moment resisting frames are designed to resist independently at least 25 percent
of the design base shear.
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June 2016
Table 6 Response Reduction Factor R for Building Systems

(Clause 7.2.1)
S.No. Lateral Load Resisting System R

(1) (2) (3)
Moment Frame Systems
1
1. RC Buildings with Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame (OMRF) 3.0
2. RC Buildings with Special Moment-Resisting Frame (SMRF) 5.0
1
3. Steel Buildings with Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame (OMRF) 3.0
4. Steel Buildings with Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) 5.0
2
Braced Frame Systems
5. Buildings with Ordinary Braced Frame having Concentric Braces 4.0
6. Buildings with Special Braced Frame having Concentric Braces 4.5
7. Buildings with Special Braced Frame having Eccentric Braces 5.0
3
Structural Wall Systems
8. Load Bearing Masonry Buildings
(a) Unreinforced Masonry (designed as per IS 1905) without horizontal RC Seismic 1.5
1
Bands
(b) Unreinforced Masonry (designed as per IS 1905) with horizontal RC Seismic Bands 2.0
(c) Unreinforced Masonry (designed as per IS 1905) with horizontal RC Seismic Bands 2.5
and vertical reinforcing bars at corners of rooms and jambs of openings (with
reinforcement as per IS 4326)
(d) Reinforced Masonry [refer SP 7 (Part 6) Section 4] 3.0
(e) Confined Masonry 3.0
1
9. Buildings with Ordinary RC Structural Walls 3.0
10. Buildings with Ductile RC Structural Walls 4.0
3
Dual Systems
1
11. Buildings with Ordinary RC Structural Walls and RC OMRFs 3.0
1
12. Buildings with Ordinary RC Structural Walls and RC SMRFs 4.0
1
13. Buildings with Ductile RC Structural Walls with RC OMRFs 4.0
14. Buildings with Ductile RC Structural Walls with RC SMRFs 5.0
3
Flat Slab – Structural Wall Systems
15. RC Building with (a) Ductile RC Structural Walls (which are designed to resist 100% of 4.0
the design lateral force), (b) perimeter RC SMRFs (which are designed to
independently resist 25% of the design lateral force), and (c) an outrigger and belt truss
1
system connecting the core Ductile RC Structural Walls and the perimeter RC SMRFs
NOTES:
1. RC and Steel structures in Seismic Zones III, IV and V shall be designed to be ductile. Hence, this system is not allowed in
these Seismic Zones.
2. Steel buildings with Ordinary Braced Frame having Eccentric Braces shall not be considered to have lateral load resisting
members.
3. Buildings with Structural Walls also include buildings having Structural Walls and Moment Frames, but where:
(a) Frames are not designed to carry lateral loads, or
(b) Frames are designed to carry lateral loads, but do not fulfill the requirements of 'Dual Systems'.
7.3 Design Imposed Loads for Earthquake Force Calculation

7.3.1 For various loading classes specified in IS 875 (Part 2), design seismic force
shall be estimated using full dead load plus percentage of imposed load as given in
Table 7. The same shall be used in the three-dimensional dynamic analysis of
buildings also.
7.3.2 For calculation of design seismic forces of buildings, imposed load on roof
need not be considered. But, weights of equipment and other permanently fixed
facilities should be considered; in such a case, the reductions of imposed loads
mentioned in Table 7 are not applicable to that part of the load.
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June 2016
Table 7 Percentage of Imposed Load to be considered in Calculation of

Seismic Weight
(Clause 7.3.1)
Imposed Uniformity Distributed Percentage of Imposed Load
Floor Loads
(kN/m2)
(1) (2)
Up to and including 3.0 25
Above 3.0 50
7.3.3 Imposed load values indicated in Table 7 for calculating design earthquake
lateral forces are applicable to normal conditions. When loads during earthquakes
are more accurately assessed, designers may alter imposed load values indicated or
even replace the entire imposed load given in Table 7 with actual assessed load
values, subject to the values given in Table 7 as the minimum values. Where
imposed load is not assessed as per 7.3.1 and 7.3.2,
(1) Only that part of imposed load, which possesses mass, shall be considered, and
(2) Lateral earthquake design force shall not be calculated on contribution of impact
effects from imposed loads.
7.3.4 Loads other than those given above (for example, snow and permanent
equipment) shall be considered appropriately.
7.3.5 In regions of severe snow loads and sand storms exceeding intensity of 1.5
kN/m2, 20 percent of uniform design snow load or sand load respectively, shall be
included in the estimation of seismic weight. In case the minimum values of seismic
weights corresponding to these load effects given in IS 875 are higher, the higher
values shall be used.
7.3.6 In buildings that have interior partitions, the weight of these partitions on floors
shall be included in the estimation of seismic weight; this value shall not be less than
0.5 kN/m2. In case the minimum values of seismic weights corresponding to
partitions given in IS 875 are higher, the higher values shall be used. It shall be
ensured that the weights of these partitions shall be considered only once in
estimating inertial effects of the building.
7.4 Seismic Weight

7.4.1 Seismic Weight of Floors
Seismic weight of each floor is its full dead load plus appropriate amount of imposed
load, as specified in 7.3.4 and 7.3.2. While computing the seismic weight of each
floor, the weight of columns and walls in any storey shall be appropriately
apportioned to the floors above and below the storey.
7.4.2 Any weight supported in between storeys shall be distributed to floors above
and below in inverse proportion to its distance from the floors.
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7.5 Design Lateral Force

7.5.1 Buildings and portions there of shall be designed and constructed, to resist at
least the effects of design lateral force specified in 7.6.1. But, regardless of design
earthquake forces arrived at as per 7.6.1, buildings shall have lateral load resisting
systems capable of resisting a horizontal force not less than VB min given in Table 8.
These values given in Table 8 are obtained by rounding off 25 percent of design
base shear VB estimated for short period buildings (with approximate fundamental
natural period Ta taken as 0.4 s) given by:
 Z  
  2.5
 ZI 
= 0.25  
2
VB min W  0.3125 W .
R R
 
I
Table 8: Minimum Design Earthquake Horizontal Lateral Force for buildings

(Clause 7.5.1)
Seismic Zone 
%)
(1) (2)
II 0.7
III 1.1
IV 1.6
V 2.4
7.5.2 The value of damping shall be taken as 5 percent of critical damping for the
purposes of estimating the design base shear VB of buildings of all materials of the
lateral load resisting system (namely steel, reinforced concrete, masonry, or a
combination thereof of these three basic materials), and for the purposes of their
structural analysis by both Equivalent Static Method (as per 7.6) and Dynamic
Analysis Method (as per 7.7). The same value of damping is used irrespective of
material of building, considering that buildings experience inelastic deformations
under design level earthquake effects, resulting in much higher energy dissipation
than that due to initial structural damping in buildings.
7.6 Equivalent Static Method

As per this method, first, the design base shear VB shall be computed for the
building as a whole. Then, this VB shall be distributed to the various floor levels at
the corresponding centers of mass. And, finally, this design seismic force at each
floor level shall be distributed to individual lateral load resisting elements through
structural analysis considering the floor diaphragm action. This method shall be
applicable for regular buildings with height less than 15 m.
7.6.1 The Design Base Shear VB along any principal direction of a building shall be
determined by:
VB  Ah W ,
where
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June 2016
Ah = Design horizontal acceleration coefficient value as per 6.4.2, using

approximate fundamental natural period Ta as per 7.6.2 along the considered
direction of shaking; and
W = Seismic weight of the building as per 7.4.2.
7.6.2 The approximate fundamental translational natural period Ta of oscillation, in

seconds, shall be estimated by the following expressions:
(a) Bare MRF buildings (without any masonry or any other infills):
0.075 h 0.75 for RC MRF building


Ta  0.080 h 0.75 for RC - Steel Composite MRF building
0.085 h 0.75 for Steel MRF building

where
h = Height (in m) of building (see FIG. 5). This excludes the basement storeys,
where basement storey, walls are connected with the ground floor deck or
fitted between the building columns, but includes the basement storeys, when
they are not so connected.
(b) Buildings with RC Structural Walls, or buildings with RC MRFs and unreinforced
masonry infills:
0.075 h 0.75
Ta  ,
Aw
where Aw is total effective area (m2) of walls in the first storey of the building
given by
Nw 
  L  
2
Aw    Awi 0.2   wi   ,
i 1 
   h  
in which,
h = Height of building (in meters) as defined in 7.6.2(a),
A wi = Effective cross-sectional area (m2) of wall i in first storey of building; and
L wi = Length (m) of structural wall i in first storey in the considered direction of
lateral forces, and
Nw= Number of walls in the considered direction of earthquake shaking.
The value of L wi h to be used in this equation shall not exceed 0.9.
(c) all other buildings:

0.09h
Ta  ,
d
where
h = Height of building, in meters, as defined in 7.6.2(a); and
d = Base dimension (in m) of the building at the plinth level along the considered
direction of earthquake shaking.
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June 2016
h
h
d d
(A) (B)
`
Ah i i
h i 1
N
Ai h
A
i 1
i
d
(C)
(D)
FIG. 5 DEFINITIONS OF HEIGHT AND BASE WIDTH OF BUILDINGS:
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June 2016
7.6.3 The design base shear (VB) computed in 7.6.1 shall be distributed along the
height of the building and in plan at each floor level as below:
(a) Vertical Distribution of Base Shear to Different Floor Levels
The design base shear VB computed in 7.6.1 shall be distributed along the height
of the building as per the following expression:
 
 2

 Wi hi 
Qi   n VB ,
  W j h j 
2
 j 1 
where
Qi = Design lateral force at floor i,
Wi = Seismic weight of floor i,
hi = Height of floor i measured from base, and
n = Number of storeys in building, i.e., number of levels at which masses are
located.
(b) In-Plan Distribution of Design Lateral Force at Floor i to Different Lateral Force
Resisting Elements
The design storey shear in any storey shall be calculated by summing the design
lateral forces at all floor above that storey. In buildings whose floors are capable
of providing rigid horizontal diaphragm action in their own plane, the design
storey shear shall be distributed to the various vertical elements of lateral force
resisting system in proportion to the lateral stiffness of these vertical elements.
7.6.4 Diaphragm
In buildings whose floor diaphragms cannot provide rigid horizontal diaphragm action
in their own plane, design storey shear shall be distributed to the various vertical
elements of lateral force resisting system considering the in-plane flexibility of the
diaphragms.
A floor diaphragm shall be considered to be flexible, if it deforms such that the

maximum lateral displacement measured from the chord of the deformed shape at
any point of the diaphragm is more than 1.2 times the average displacement of the
entire diaphragm (see FIG. 6).
Usually, reinforced concrete monolithic slab-beam floors or those consisting of

prefabricated/precast elements with reasonable reinforced screed (at least a
minimum of 50 mm on floors and of 75 mm on roof, with minimum reinforcement of 6
mm bars spaced at 150 mm centres) as topping, can be considered to be providing
rigid diaphragm action.
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June 2016
1 middle ave 2
middle  1.2ave
where  ave  1   2  / 2
Plan
FIG. 6 DEFINITION OF FLEXIBLE FLOOR DIAPHRAGM
7.7 Dynamic Analysis Method

7.7.1 Linear dynamic analysis shall be performed to obtain the design lateral force
(design seismic base shear, and its distribution to different levels along the height of
the building, and to various lateral load resisting elements) for all buildings, other
than regular buildings lower than 15 m in Seismic Zone II.
7.7.2 The analytical model for dynamic analysis of buildings with unusual
configuration should be such that it adequately represents irregularities present in
the building configuration.
7.7.3 Dynamic analysis may be performed by either the Time History Method or the
Response Spectrum Method. When either of the methods is used, the Design Base
Shear VB estimated shall be shall not be less than the Design Base Shear V B
calculated using a fundamental period Ta, where Ta is as per 7.6.
When VB is less than V B , the force response quantities (for example, member stress
resultants, storey shear forces, and base reactions) shall be multiplied by V B VB . For
earthquake shaking considered along:
(1) the two mutually perpendicular plan directions X and Y, separate multiplying
factors shall be calculated, namely V BX VBX and V BY VBY , respectively; and
(2) the vertical Z direction, the multiplying factor shall be taken as
 
Max V BX VBX ;V BY VBY .
7.7.4 Time History Method

Time history method shall be based on an appropriate ground motion (preferably
compatible with the design acceleration spectrum in the desired range of natural
periods) and shall be performed using accepted principles of earthquake structural
dynamics.
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June 2016
7.7.5 Response Spectrum Method

Response spectrum method may be performed for any building using the design
acceleration spectrum specified in 6.4.2, or by a site-specific design acceleration
spectrum mentioned in 6.4.8.
7.7.5.1 Natural modes of oscillation

Undamped free vibration analysis of the entire building shall be performed as per
established methods of structural dynamics using appropriate mass and elastic
stiffness of the structural system, to obtain natural periods Tk and mode shapes {}k
of those of its Nm modes of oscillation [k[1,Nm]] that need to be considered as per
7.7.5.2.
7.7.5.2 Number of Modes to be considered

The number of modes Nm to be used in the analysis for earthquake shaking along a
considered direction, should be such that the sum total of modal masses of these
modes considered is at least 90 percent of the total seismic mass.
If modes with natural frequencies beyond 33Hz are to be considered, the modal
combination shall be carried out only for modes with natural frequency less than
33Hz; the effect of modes with natural frequencies more than 33Hz shall be included
by the Missing Mass Correction procedure following established principles of
structural dynamics. If justified by rigorous analyses, designers may use a cut off
frequency other than 33Hz.
7.7.5.3 Combination of Modes

(a) Peak response quantities (for example, member forces, displacements, storey
forces, storey shears, and base reactions) may be combined as per Complete
Quadratic Combination (CQC) Method, as below
Nm Nm
 
i 1 j 1
i ij  j
where
 = Estimate of Peak response quantity,
i = Response quantity in mode i (with sign),
 j = Response quantity in mode j (with sign),
 ij = Cross-modal correlation co-efficient given by
8  2 1     1.5
 ij  ,
1   
 4  2  1   2
2 2
Nm = Number of modes considered,

 = Modal damping coefficient ratio shall be taken as 0.05,

 = Natural Frequency ratio = j ,
i
 j = Circular Natural Frequency in mode j, and
i = Circular Natural Frequency in mode i.
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June 2016
(b) Alternatively, the peak response quantities may be combined as follows:

(i) If building does not have closely-spaced modes, then net peak response
quantity  due to all modes considered shall be estimated as:
Nm
    ,
2
k
k 1
where
k = Peak response quantity in mode k, and
Nm = Number of modes considered.
(ii) If building has a few closely-spaced modes, then net peak response quantity
* due to these closely space modes alone shall be obtained as:
*   c ,
c
where
c = Peak response quantity in closely spaced mode c. The summation is for
closely spaced modes only. Then, this peak response quantity * due to
closely spaced modes is combined with those of remaining well-separated
modes by method described above.
7.7.5.4 Simplified Method of Dynamic Analysis of Buildings

Regular buildings may be analyzed as a system of masses lumped at the floor levels
with each mass having one degree of freedom, that of lateral displacement in the
direction under consideration. In such a case, the following expressions shall hold in
the computation of the various quantities:
(a) Modal Mass: Modal mass Mk of mode k is given by
2
n 
 Wiik 
M k   i n1  ,
g  Wi ik 2
i 1
where
g = Acceleration due to gravity,
ik = Mode shape coefficient at floor i in mode k ,
Wi = Seismic weight of floor i of the structure, and
n = Number of floors of the structure.
(b) Mode Participation Factor: Mode Participation Factor Pk of mode k is given by:
n
W i ik
Pk  n
i 1
 W  
i 1
i ik
2
(c) Design Lateral Force at Each Floor in Each Mode: Peak Lateral Force Qik at floor
i in mode k is given by:
Qik  Akik Pk Wi
where
Ak = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value as per 6.4.2 using natural
period of vibration Tk of mode k obtained from Dynamic Analysis.
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June 2016
(d) Storey Shear Forces in Each Mode: Peak shear force Vik acting in storey i in
mode k is given by:
n
Vik  Q
j i 1
ik
(e) Storey Shear Force due to All Modes Considered: Peak storey shear force Vi in
storey i due to all modes considered, shall be obtained by combining those due to
each mode in accordance with 7.7.5.3.
(f) Lateral Forces at Each Storey due to All Modes Considered: Design lateral forces
Froof at roof level and Fi at level of floor i shall be obtained as:
Froof  Vroof , and
Fi  Vi  Vi 1 .
7.8 Torsion
7.8.1 Provision shall be made in all buildings for increase in shear forces on the
lateral force resisting elements resulting from twisting about the vertical axis of the
building, arising due to eccentricity between the centre of mass and centre of
stiffness at the floor levels. The design forces calculated as in 7.6 and 7.7.5, shall be
applied at the displaced centre of mass so as to cause design eccentricity (as given
by 7.8.2) between the displaced centre of mass and centre of stiffness.
7.8.2 Design Eccentricity

While performing structural analysis by the Seismic Coefficient Method or the
Response Spectrum Method, the design eccentricity edi to be used at floor i shall be
taken as:
1.5 e si  0.05 b i
e di   ,
 e si  0.050 b i
whichever gives the more severe effect on lateral force resisting elements, where
esi = Static eccentricity at floor i
= Distance between centre of mass and centre of stiffness, and
bi = Floor plan dimension of floor i, perpendicular to the direction of force.
The factor 1.5 represents dynamic amplification factor, and 0.05bi represents the
extent of accidental eccentricity. The above amplification of 1.5 need not be used,
when performing structural analysis by the Time History Method.
7.9 RC Frame Buildings with Unreinforced Masonry Infill Walls

7.9.1 In RC Buildings with moment resisting frames and unreinforced masonry
(URM) infill walls, variation of storey stiffness and storey strength shall be examined
along the height of the building considering in-plane stiffness and strength of URM
infill walls. If storey stiffness and strength variations along the height of the building
render it to be irregular as per Table 5, the irregularity shall be corrected especially in
seismic zones III, IV and V.
7.9.2 The estimation of in-plane stiffness and strength of URM infill walls shall be
based on provisions given hereunder.
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June 2016
7.9.2.1 The modulus of elasticity Em (in MPa) of masonry infill wall shall be taken as:
Em  550 f m
where f m is the compressive strength of masonry prism (in MPa) obtained as per IS
1905 or given by expression:
f m  0.433 f b0.64 f m0.036
in which
f b = Compressive strength of brick along its thickness (in MPa) and
f m0 = Compressive strength of mortar (in MPa).
7.9.2.2 URM infill walls shall be modeled by using equivalent diagonal struts as
below:
(a) Ends of diagonal struts shall be considered to be pin-jointed to RC frame;
(b) For URM infill walls without any opening, width wds of equivalent diagonal strut
(see FIG. 7) shall be taken as
wds  0.175 h0.4 Lds
where
 E t sin 2 
 h  h 4 m 
 4E f I c h 
 
in which Em and Ef are the modulii of elasticity of the materials of the URM infill
and RC MRF, and Ic the Moment of inertia of the adjoining column, t the
thickness of the infill wall, and  the angle of the diagonal strut with the horizontal;
(c) For URM infill walls with openings, no reduction in strut width is required; and
(d) Thickness of the equivalent diagonal strut shall be taken as thickness t of
original URM infill wall, provided h /t  12 and l /t  12 , where h and l are clear
height of URM infill wall between the top beam and bottom floor slab, and clear
length of the URM infill wall between the vertical RC elements (columns, walls or
a combination thereof) between which it spans.
F
wds
Lds
FIG. 7 EQUIVALENT DIAGONAL STRUT OF URM INFILL WALL
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7.10 RC FRAME BUILDINGS WITH OPEN STOREYS
7.10.1 RC moment resisting frame buildings, which have open storey(s) at any level,
such as due to discontinuation of Unreinforced Masonry (URM) infill walls or of
Structural Walls, are known to have flexible and weak storeys in the storey(s) as per
Table 5. In such buildings, suitable measures shall be adopted, which increase both
strength and stiffness to the required level in the open storey and the storeys below.
These measures shall be taken along both plan directions as per requirements laid
down under 7.10. The said increase may be achieved by providing measures, like:
(a) RC Structural Walls, or
(b) Braced Frames,
in select bays of the building.
7.10.2 When the RC structural walls are provided, they shall be:
(a) Founded on properly designed foundations,
(b) Continuous preferably over the full height of the building, and
(c) Connected preferably to the moment resisting frame of the building.
7.10.3 When the RC Structural Walls are provided, they shall be designed such that
the building does NOT have:
(a) Additional torsional irregularity in plan than that already present in the building. In
assessing this, lateral stiffness shall be included of all elements that resist lateral
actions at all levels of the building;
(b) Lateral stiffness in the open storey(s) less than 80 percent of that in the storey
above; and
(c) Lateral strength in the open storey(s) less than 90 percent of that in the storey
above.
7.10.4 When the RC Structural Walls are provided, the RC Structural Wall Plan
Density sw of the building shall be at least 2 percent along each direction in Seismic
Zones III, IV and V. These walls shall be well distributed in the plan of the building
along each plan direction. RC Structural Walls of this measure can be adopted even
in regular buildings that do not have open storey(s).
7.10.5 RC Structural Walls in buildings located in Seismic Zones III, IV and V shall
be designed and detailed to comply with all requirements of IS 13920.
7.11 Deformation
Deformation of RC buildings shall be obtained from structural analysis using a
structural model based on uncracked section properties.
7.11.1 Storey Drift Limitation

7.11.1.1 Storey drift in any storey shall not exceed 0.004 times the storey height,
under the action of Design Base of Shear VB with no load factors mentioned in 6.3.1,
i.e., with partial safety factor for all loads taken as 1.0.
7.11.1.2 In 7.7.2 and 7.7.3, displacement estimates from response spectrum method
of analysis shall be used without the multiplying factor mentioned in incorporating the
7.7.3.
44
June 2016
7.11.2 Deformation Capability of Non-Seismic Members

For buildings located in seismic zones III, IV and V, it shall be ensured that structural
components, that are not a part of seismic force resisting system in considered
direction of ground motion but are monolithically connected, do not lose their vertical
load-carrying capacity under induced net stress resultants, including additional
bending moments and shear forces resulting from storey deformations equal to R
times storey displacements calculated as per 7.10.1, where R is specified in Table
6.
7.11.3 Separation between Adjacent Units

Two adjacent buildings, or two adjacent units of the same building with separation
joint between them, shall be separated by a distance equal to R times sum of storey
displacements  1 and  2 calculated as per 7.11.1 of the two buildings or two units
of the same building, to avoid pounding as the two buildings or two units of the same
building oscillate towards each other.
When floor levels of the adjacent units of a building or buildings are at the same
level, the separation distance shall be calculated as R11  R22  , where R1 and
 1 correspond to Building 1, and R2 and  2 to Building 2.
7.12 Miscellaneous
7.12.1 Foundations
Isolated RC footings without tie beams or unreinforced strip foundations, shall not be
adopted in buildings rested on soft soils (with corrected N<10) in any seismic zone.
Use of foundations vulnerable to significant differential settlement due to ground
shaking shall be avoided in buildings located in seismic zones III, IV and V.
Individual spread footings or pile caps shall be interconnected with ties (See 5.3.4.1
of IS 4326), except when individual spread footings are directly supported on rock, in
buildings located in seismic Zones IV and V. All ties shall be capable of carrying, in
tension and in compression, an axial force equal to Ah / 4 times the larger of the
column or pile cap load, in addition to the otherwise computed forces, subject to a
minimum of 5 percent of larger of column or pile cap loads. Here, Ah is as per 6.4.2.
Pile shall be designed and constructed to withstand maximum curvature imposed
(structural response) by earthquake ground shaking. Design of anchorage of piles
into the pile cap shall consider combined effects, including that of axial forces due to
uplift and bending moments due to fixity to pile cap.
7.12.2 Cantilever Projections

7.12.2.1 Vertical Projections
Small-sized facilities (like towers, tanks, parapets, smoke stacks/chimneys) and
other vertical cantilever projections attached to buildings and projecting vertically
above the roof, but not a part of the structural system of the building, shall be
designed and checked for stability for five times the design horizontal seismic
coefficient Ah specified in 6.4.2 for that building. In the analysis of the building,
weights of these projecting elements shall be lumped with the roof weight.
45
June 2016
7.12.2.2 Horizontal Projections

All horizontal projections (like brackets, cornices and balconies) attached to
buildings, but not a part of the structural system of the building, shall be designed
and checked for stability for five times the design vertical coefficient specified in 6.4.6
for that building.
7.12.2.3 The increased design forces specified in 7.12.2.1 and 7.12.2.2 are only for
designing the projecting parts and their connections with the main structures, and
NOT for the design of the main structure.
7.12.3 Compound Walls

Compound walls shall be designed for the design horizontal coefficient Ah given by
1.25 Z , that is, Ah calculated using 6.4.2 with I  1 , R  1 and Sa / g  2.5 .
7.12.4 Connections between Parts

All small items and objects of a building shall be tied to the building or to each other
to act as single unit, except those between the separation joints and seismic joints.
These connections shall be made capable of transmitting the forces induced in them,
but not less than 0.05 times weight of total dead and imposed load reactions;
frictional resistance shall not be relied upon in these calculations.
46
June 2016
Annex A
(Foreword)
MAP SHOWING EPICENTRES OF PAST EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA

(From Catalog of 2015)
47
June 2016
Annex B
(Foreword)
MAP SHOWING PRINCIPAL TECTONIC FEATURES IN INDIA

(From Catalog of 2001)
48
June 2016
Annex C
(Foreword)
MAP OF INDIA SHOWING PRINCIPAL LITHOLOGICAL GROUPS
49
June 2016
Annex D
(Foreword and Clause 3.14)
MSK 1964 INTENSITY SCALE
(a) Type of Structures (Buildings)

Type A Building in field-stone, rural structures, un-burnt brick houses, clay houses
Type B Ordinary brick buildings, buildings of large block and prefabricated type, half
timbered structures, buildings in natural hewn stone
Type C Reinforced buildings, well built wooden structures
(b) Definition of Quantity

Single, few About 5%
Many About 50%
Most About 75%
(c) Classification of Damage to Buildings

Grade 1 Slight damage Fine cracks in plaster; fall of small pieces of plaster
Grade 2 Moderate Small cracks in walls; fall of fairly larger pieces of plaster; pantiles
damage slip off; cracks in chimneys parts of chimney fall down
Grade 3 Heavy damage Large and deep cracks in walls; fall of chimneys
Grade 4 Destruction Gaps in walls; parts of buildings may collapse; separate parts of
the buildings lose their cohesion; and inner walls collapse
Grade 5 Total damage Total collapse of the buildings
(d) Arrangement of Scale

Introductory letters are used in paragraphs throughout the scale as follows:
(i) Persons and surroundings,
(ii) Structures of all kinds, and
(iii) Nature.
(e) Intensity Scale

I Not Noticeable
(i) The intensity of the vibration is below the limits of sensibility; the tremor is
detected and recorded by seismograph only.
(ii) -
(iii) -
II Scarcely Noticeable (Very Slight)
(i) Vibration is felt only by individual people at rest in houses, especially on upper
floors of buildings.
(ii) -
(iii) -
III Weak, Partially Observed
(i) The earthquake is felt indoors by a few people, outdoors only in favorable
circumstances. The vibration is like that due to the passing of a light truck.
Attentive observers notice a slight swinging of hanging objects.
(ii) -
(iii) -
IV Largely Observed
(i) The earthquake is felt indoors by many people, outdoors by few. Here and there
people awake, but no one is frightened. The vibration is like that due to the
50
June 2016
passing of a heavily loaded truck. Windows, doors, and dishes rattle. Floors and
walls crack. Furniture begins to shake. Hanging objects swing slightly. Liquid in
open vessels are slightly disturbed. In standing motor cars the shock is noticeable.
(ii) -
(iii) -
V Awakening
(i) The earthquake is felt indoors by all, outdoors by many. Many people awake. A
few run outdoors. Animals become uneasy. Buildings tremble throughout.
Hanging objects swing considerably. Pictures knock against walls or swing out of
place. Occasionally pendulum clocks stop. Unstable objects overturn or shift.
Open doors and windows are thrust open and slam back again. Liquids spill in
small amounts from well-filled open containers. The sensation of vibration is like
that due to heavy objects falling inside the buildings.
(ii) Slight damages in buildings of Type A are possible.
(iii) Slight waves on standing water. Sometimes changes in flow of springs.
VI Frightening
(i) Felt by most indoors and outdoors. Many people in buildings are frightened and
run outdoors. A few persons loose their balance. Domestic animals run out of their
stalls. In few instances, dishes and glassware may break, and books fall down,
pictures move, and unstable objects overturn. Heavy furniture may possibly move
and small steeple bells may ring.
(ii) Damage of Grade 1 is sustained in single buildings of Type B and in many of Type
A. Damage in some buildings of Type A is of Grade 2.
(iii) Cracks up to widths of 1cm possible in wet ground; in mountains occasional
landslips: change in flow of springs and in level of well water are observed.
VII Damage of Buildings
(i) Most people are frightened and run outdoors. Many find it difficult to stand. The
vibration is noticed by persons driving motor cars. Large bells ring.
(ii) In many buildings of Type C damage of Grade 1 is caused; in many buildings of
Type B damage is of Grade 2. Most buildings of Type A suffer damage of Grade
3, few of Grade 4. in single instances, landslides of roadway on steep slopes:
crack in roads; seams of pipelines damaged; cracks in stone walls.
(iii) Waves are formed on water, and water is made turbid by mud stirred up. Water
levels in wells change, and the flow of springs changes. Some times dry springs
have their flow resorted and existing springs stop flowing. In isolated instances
parts of sand and gravelly banks slip off.
VIII Destruction of Buildings
(i) Fright and panic; also persons driving motor cars are disturbed, Here and there
branches of trees break off. Even heavy furniture moves and partly overturns.
Hanging lamps are damaged in part.
(ii) Most buildings of Type C suffer damage of Grade 2, and few of Grade 3, Most
buildings of Type B suffer damage of Grade 3. Most buildings of Type A suffer
damage of Grade 4. Occasional breaking of pipe seams. Memorials and
monuments move and twist. Tombstones overturn. Stone walls collapse.
(iii) Small landslips in hollows and on banked roads on steep slopes; cracks in ground
up to widths of several centimeters. Water in lakes become turbid. New reservoirs
come into existence. Dry wells refill and existing wells become dry. In many
cases, change in flow and level of water is observed.
IX General Damage of Buildings
(i) General panic; considerable damage to furniture. Animals run to and fro in
confusion and cry.
(ii) Many buildings of Type C suffer damage of Grade 3, and a few of Grade 4. Many
buildings of Type B show a damage of Grade 4 and a few of Grade 5. Many
51
June 2016
buildings of Type A suffer damage of Grade 5. Monuments and columns fall.

Considerable damage to reservoirs; underground pipes partly broken. In individual
cases, railway lines are bent and roadway damaged.
(iii) On flat land overflow of water, sand and mud is often observed. Ground cracks to
widths of up to 10 cm, on slopes and river banks more than 10 cm. Further more,
a large number of slight cracks in ground; falls of rock, many land slides and earth
flows; large waves in water. Dry wells renew their flow and existing wells dry up.
X General Destruction of Buildings
(i) -
(ii) Many buildings of Type C suffer damage of Grade 4, and a few of Grade 5. Many
buildings of Type B show damage of Grade 5. Most of Type A has destruction of
Grade 5. Critical damage to dykes and dams. Severe damage to bridges. Railway
lines are bent slightly. Underground pipes are bent or broken. Road paving and
asphalt show waves.
(iii) In ground, cracks up to widths of several centimetres, sometimes up to 1 m,
Parallel to water courses occur broad fissures. Loose ground slides from steep
slopes. From river banks and steep coasts, considerable landslides are possible.
In coastal areas, displacement of sand and mud; change of water level in wells;
water from canals, lakes, rivers, etc, thrown on land. New lakes occur.
XI Destruction
(i) -
(ii) Severe damage even to well built buildings, bridges, water dams and railway
lines. Highways become useless. Underground pipes destroyed.
(iii) Ground considerably distorted by broad cracks and fissures, as well as movement
in horizontal and vertical directions. Numerous landslips and falls of rocks. The
intensity of the earthquake requires to be investigated specifically.
XII Landscape Changes
(i) -
(ii) Practically all structures above and below ground are greatly damaged or
destroyed.
(iii) The surface of the ground is radically changed. Considerable ground cracks with
extensive vertical and horizontal movements are observed. Falling of rock and
slumping of river banks over wide areas, lakes are dammed; waterfalls appear
and rivers are deflected. The intensity of the earthquake requires to be
investigated specially.
52
June 2016
Annex E
( Foreword )
LIST OF TOWNS WITH POPULATION MORE THAN 3 LAKHS (as per CENSUS
2011) AND THEIR SEISMIC ZONE FACTORS Z
Town Zone Z Town Zone Z

Agra III 0.16 Dehra Dun IV 0.24
Ahmedabad III 0.16 Dharampuri III 0.16
Ajmer II 0.10 Delhi IV 0.24
Allahabad II 0.10 Durgapur III 0.16
Almora IV 0.24 Gangtok IV 0.24
Ambala IV 0.24 Guwahati V 0.36
Amritsar IV 0.24 Gulbarga II 0.10
Asansol III 0.16 Gaya III 0.16
Aurangabad II 0.10 Gorakhpur IV 0.24
Bahraich IV 0.24 Hyderabad II 0.10
Bangalore (Bengaluru) II 0.10 Imphal V 0.36
Barauni IV 0.24
Jabalpur III 0.16
Bareilly III 0.16
Jaipur II 0.10
Belgaum III 0.16
Jamshedpur II 0.10
Bhatinda III 0.16
Jhansi II 0.10
Bhilai II 0.10
Jodhpur II 0.10
Bhopal II 0.10
Jorhat V 0.36
Bhubaneswar III 0.16
Kakrapara III 0.16
Bhuj V 0.36
Kalpakkam III 0.16
Bijapur III 0.16
Kanchipuram III 0.16
Bikaner III 0.16
Kanpur III 0.16
Bokaro III 0.16
Karwar III 0.16
Bulandshahr IV 0.24
Kochi III 0.16
Burdwan III 0.16
Kohima V 0.36
Calicut III 0.16
Kolkata III 0.16
Chandigarh IV 0.24
Kota II 0.10
Chennai III 0.16
Kurnool II 0.10
Chitradurga II 0.10
Coimbatore III 0.16 Lucknow III 0.16
Cuddalore II 0.10 Ludhiana IV 0.24
Cuttack III 0.16 Madurai II 0.10
Darbhanga V 0.36 Mandi V 0.36
Darjeeling IV 0.24 Mangalore III 0.16

Dharwad III 0.16 Monghyr (Munger) IV 0.24
53
June 2016
Town Zone Z Town Zone Z

Moradabad IV 0.24 Salem III 0.16
Mumbai III 0.16 Shillong V 0.36
Mysore II 0.10 Shimla IV 0.24
Nagpur II 0.10 Sironj II 0.10
Nagarjunasagar II 0.10 Solapur III 0.16
Nainital IV 0.24 Srinagar V 0.36
Nasik III 0.16 Surat III 0.16
Nellore III 0.16 Tarapur III 0.16
Osmanabad III 0.16 Tezpur V 0.36
Panjim III 0.16 Thane III 0.16
Patiala III 0.16 Thanjavur II 0.10
Patna IV 0.24 Thiruvananthapuram III 0.16
Pilibhit IV 0.24 Tiruchirappalli II 0.10
Pondicherry II 0.10 Thiruvannamalai III 0.16
Pune III 0.16 Udaipur II 0.10
Raipur II 0.10 Vadodara III 0.16
Rajkot III 0.16 Varanasi III 0.16
Ranchi II 0.10 Vellore III 0.16
Roorkee IV 0.24 Vijayawada III 0.16
Rourkela II 0.10 Vishakhapatnam II 0.10
Sadiya V 0.36
54
June 2016
Annex F
( Clauses 3.15 and 6.3.5.2 )
SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATION OF LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL
Due to the difficulties in obtaining and testing undisturbed representative samples

from most potentially liquefiable sites, in-situ testing is the approach preferred by
most engineers for evaluating the liquefaction potential of a soil deposit. Liquefaction
potential assessment procedures involving both the SPT and CPT are widely used in
practice. The most common procedure used in engineering practice for the
assessment of liquefaction potential of sands and silts is the Simplified Procedure.
The procedure may be used with either SPT blow count, CPT tip resistance or shear
wave velocity measured within the deposit as discussed below:
Step 1: The subsurface data used to assess liquefaction susceptibility should include
the location of the water table, either SPT blow count N (or tip resistance qc of a
standard CPT cone or Shear Wave Velocity), mean grain size D50 , unit weight,
and fines content of the soil (percent by weight passing the IS Standard Sieve
No. 75μ).
Step 2: Evaluate total vertical stress  v and effective vertical stress  'v for all
potentially liquefiable layers within the deposit.
Step 3: Evaluate Stress Reduction Factor rd using:

1  0.00765 z z  9.15 m
rd  
1.174  0.0267 z 9.15 m  z  23.0 m
where z is the depth below the ground surface in metre.
Step 4: Calculate Critical Stress Ratio CSR , the resistance of a soil layer against
liquefaction, induced by the design earthquake using:
 a   
CSR  0.65 max  v rd ,
 g   'v 
where
v = Vertical overburden stress at depth z,
 'v = Effective vertical overburden stress at depth z,
amax = Peak ground acceleration = Seismic Zone Factor Z (as per Table 2),
g = Acceleration due to gravity, and
rd = Stress Reduction Factor.
Step 5: Obtain Critical Resistance Ratio CRR by correcting standard Critical

Resistance Ratio CRR7.5 for earthquake magnitude, stress level and initial static
shear using:
CRR  CRR7.5 MSF k k ,
where
CRR7.5 = Standard Critical Resistance Ratio obtained using values of SPT, CPT or
55
June 2016
Shear wave velocity (as per Step 6),

MSF = Magnitude Scaling Factor given by Fig. F1,
k = Stress Scaling Factor given by Fig. F2, and
k = Initial Static Scaling Factor given by Fig. F3 (in association with Fig. F4).
For assessing liquefaction susceptibility using:

(a) SPT, go to Step 6a,
(b) CPT, go to Step 6b, and
(c) Shear wave velocity, go to Step 6c.
Step 6: Obtain Critical Resistance Ratio CRR7.5

(a) Using values of SPT:
Evaluate the standardized SPT blow count N 60 , which is the Standard
Penetration Test blow count for a hammer with an efficiency of 60percent.
Specifications are given in Table F1 of the standardized equipment
corresponding to an efficiency of 60percent. If equipment used is of non-standard
type, N 60 shall be obtained using:
N60  NC60 ,
where
C60  C HT C HW CSSC RLC BD .
Factors C HT , C HW , CSS , C RL and CBD recommended by various investigators for
some common non-standard SPT configurations are provided in Table F2. For
SPT conducted as per IS 2131:1981, the energy delivered to the drill rod is
60percent and hence C60 may be assumed as 1.
Calculate the normalized standardized SPT blow count N 1 60 (normalized to an

effective overburden pressure of 96kPa using Stress Normalization Factor C N ) to
account for influence of confining pressure, using:
N1 60  CN N60 ,
where
Pa
CN   1.7 ,
 'vo
in which Pa is the atmospheric pressure.
The Critical Resistance Ratio CRR is estimated from Fig. F5 using N 1 60 value
representative of the deposit. Assess susceptibility of a soil to liquefaction using
CRR.
Effect of fines content FC (in %) can be rationally accounted for by correcting

N1 60 as:
N1 60 ,CS     N1 60 ,
where
56
June 2016
 0  1 for FC  5%
  190  
1.76   FC 1.5
  e  FC 2  
  0.99  for 5%  FC  35% .
1000
  0.5   1.2 for FC  35%
Figure F5 shall be used to estimate CRR , where N 1 60 ,CS shall be used instead
of N 1 60 and only SPT clean sand based curve shall be used irrespective of fines
contents.
(b) Using values of CPT:

Calculate normalized Cone Tip Resistance qC 1N CS using:
qC 1N CS  kC qC 1N ,
where
kc  Correction factor to account for Grain Characteristics

, and
1.0 for I c  1.64

 0.403I c  5.581I c  21.63I c  33.75 I c  17.88 for I c  1.64
4 3 2 2
q 
qC 1N  CQ  c  ,
 Pa 
in which
n
 P 
C Q   a 
  'vo 
qc = Measured cone tip resistance corrected for thin layers,
0.5 For Sand
n ,
1 For Clay
Ic  3.47  log Q2  1.22  log F 2 ,
n
 q   v  Pa 
Q   c   ,
 Pa   v 
 fs 
F  100  , and
 qc   v 
f s = Measured sleeve friction.
Assess susceptibility of a soil to liquefaction using Fig. F6. Although soils with
I c  2.6 are deemed non-liquefiable, such deposits may soften and deform during
earthquakes. General guidance is not available to deal with such possibilities.
Softening and deformability of deposits with I c  2.6 should thus be treated on a
material specific basis.
57
June 2016
(c) Using Shear Wave Velocity:

Calculate normalized Shear Wave Velocity Vs1 for clean sands using:
0.25
P 
Vs1   a  Vs .
v 
Assess liquefaction susceptibility of clean sands using Fig. F7.
Step 7: Calculate the Factor of Safety FS against initial liquefaction using:

CRR
FS  ,
CSR
where CSR is as estimated in Step 5 and CRR in Step 6. When the design ground
motion is conservative, earthquake-related permanent ground deformation is
generally small, if FS  1.2 .
Table F1: Recommended Standardized SPT Equipment
Element Standard Specification

(1) (2)
Sampler Standard split-spoon sampler with:
Outside diameter OD = 51 mm, and
Inside Diameter ID = 35 mm
(constant, that is, no room for liners in the barrel)’
Drill Rods A or AW type for depths less than 15.2 m; N or NW type for greater depths
Hammer Standard (safety) hammer with

(a) weight = 63.5 kg; and
(b) drop height = 762 mm (delivers 60 of theoretical free fall energy)
Rope Two wraps of rope around the pulley

Borehole 100-130mm diameter rotary borehole with bentonite mud for borehole stability
(hollow stem augers where SPT is taken through the stem)
Drill Bit Upward deflection of drilling mud (tricone or baffled drag bit)
Blow Count Rate 30 to 40 blows per minute
Penetration Measured over range of 150mm–460 mm of penetration into the ground

Resistant Count
58
June 2016
Table F2 Correction Factors for Non-Standard SPT Procedures and Equipment
Correction for Correction Factor

(1) (2)
Nonstandard Hammer Type 0.75 for DH with rope and pulley
C HT  
1.33 for DH with trip /auto
and
ER = 80,
where
DH= doughnut hammer, and
ER = energy ratio.
Nonstandard Hammer Weight or Height HW
of fall C HW 
48,387
where
H = height of fall (mm), and
W = hammer weight (kg)
Nonstandard Sampler Setup (standard 1.1 for loose sand
samples with room for liners, but used C SS  
without liners 1.2 for dense sand
Nonstandard Sampler Setup (standard 0.9 for loose sand
samples with room for liners, but liners CSS  
are used) 0.8 for dense sand
Short Rod Length CRL =0.75 for rod length 0-3 m
Nonstandard Borehole Diameter 1.00 for Bore Hole Diamter of 65 - 115 mm

C BD  1.05 for Bore Hole Diameter of 150 mm
1.15 for Bore Hole Diameter of 200 mm

NOTES
N = Uncorrected SPT Blow Count

C60  C HT C HW CSSC RLC BD
N60  NC60
CN = Correction factor for overburden pressure = N1 60  CNC60 N
59
June 2016
FIG. F1 MAGNITUDE SCALING FACTOR MSF
FIG. F2 STRESS SCALING FACTOR k
60
June 2016
FIG. F3 INITIAL STATIC SCALING FACTOR k
FIG. F4 INITIAL STATIC SHEAR UNDER AN EMBANKMENT
61
June 2016
FIG. F5 RELATION BETWEEN CRR AND N 1 60 FOR SAND FOR M w 7.5
EARTHQUAKES
62
June 2016
FIG. F6 RELATION BETWEEN CRR AND qc 1N cs FOR M w 7.5 EARTHQUAKES
63
June 2016
FIG. F7 RELATION BETWEEN CRR AND Vs1 FOR M w 7.5 EARTHQUAKES
64
June 2016
ANNEX I TO BE UPDATED
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 39
&
COMPOSITION OF THE DRAFTING GROUP
65

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FOR BIS’ COMMITTEE USE ONLY CED 39(7975)F1

भाग 1 – सामान्य प्रावधान और भवन के दिशाननिे श

CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

…………….. 2016 Price Group ……..

IS 1893:1962 'Recommendations for earthquake resistant design of structures' was

Also, considerable assistance has been given by Indian Institutes of Technology

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is

CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF STRUCTURES:

PART 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR ALL STRUCTURES

1.3 Temporary elements, such as scaffolding and temporary excavations, need to be

3.2 Closely-Spaced Modes — are those of the natural modes of oscillation of a

3.4 Damping — is effect of internal friction, inelasticity of materials, slipping, sliding,

3.5 Design Acceleration Spectrum — is an average smoothened graph of

3.7 Design Horizontal Acceleration Coefficient (Ah) — is a horizontal acceleration

3.14 Intensity of Earthquake — is measure of the strength of ground shaking

3.15 Liquefaction — is a state primarily in saturated cohesionless soils wherein the

3.17 Maximum Considered Earthquake — is the most severe earthquake

3.19 Modal Participation Factor Pk in Mode k of a Structure — is the amount by

3.20 Modes of Vibration — (see 3.23)

3.22.1 Fundamental Lateral Translational Natural Period T1 — is the longest time

3.24 Peak Ground Acceleration — is the maximum acceleration of the ground in a

3.26 Response Spectrum — is the representation of a spectrum of maximum

3.27 Response Acceleration Coefficient (Sa/g) of a Structure — is a factor

3.29 Seismic Mass of a Structure — is the seismic weight of a structure divided by

3.33 Time History Analysis — is an analysis of the dynamic response of the

4 SPECIAL TERMINOLOGY FOR BUILDINGS

4.5 Centre of Rigidity (CR)

4.5.2 For Multi-Storey Buildings — may be defined in two ways, namely:

4.8 Diaphragm — is a horizontal or nearly horizontal structural system (for example,

4.15 Moment-Resisting Frame — is an assembly of beams and columns that resist

4.15.1 Ordinary Moment-Resisting Frame (OMRF) — is a moment-resisting frame

4.15.2 Special Moment-Resisting Frame (SMRF) — is a moment-resisting frame

4.16 Number of Storeys (n) — Number of storeys of a building is the number of

4.20.1 Ordinary RC Structural Wall — is a RC Structural Wall designed and detailed

4.20.2 Special RC Structural Wall — is a RC Structural Wall designed and detailed

4.22 Storey — is the space between two adjacent floors.

Ah Design horizontal earthquake acceleration coefficient

6.1 General Principles

The characteristics (intensity, duration, frequency content, etc) of seismic ground

Effects of earthquake-induced vertical shaking can be significant for overall stability

6.1.2 The response of a structure to ground vibrations depends on (a) type of

6.1.4 Members and connections of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures

6.1.7 Additions to Existing Structures

(1) An addition that is structurally independent from an existing structure shall be

6.1.8 Change in Occupancy

6.3 Load Combinations and Increase in Permissible Stresses

6.3.2 Design Horizontal Earthquake Load

6.3.3 Design Vertical Earthquake Effects

6.3.4 Combinations to account for Two or Three Directional Earthquake Ground

6.3.4.1 When responses from the three earthquake components are to be

6.3.5 Increase in Allowable Pressure in Soils

Table 1 Percentage Increase in Net Bearing Pressure of Soils

6.4 Design Acceleration Spectrum

FIG. 1 SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA

6.4.2 The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah for a structure shall be

FIG. 2 DESIGN ACCELERATION COEFFICIENT (Sa /g)

Table 2 Seismic Zone Factor Z

Seismic Zone Factor II III IV V