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    Chapter 5 PSM

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    Ng Siewmin
    The document discusses fire and explosion hazards. It describes the fire triangle and flammability limits, noting that a fire or explosion can occur only when within the flammable range and there is an ignition source and oxidizer present. Deflagration and detonation explosions are defined, with detonations propagating faster than the speed of sound. Methods to prevent fires and explosions include operating outside flammability limits using inerting techniques like purging vessels with inert gases to reduce oxygen levels below the limiting oxygen concentration.

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    Chapter 5 PSM

    Uploaded by

    Ng Siewmin
    54 views4 pages
    The document discusses fire and explosion hazards. It describes the fire triangle and flammability limits, noting that a fire or explosion can occur only when within the flammable range and there is an ignition source and oxidizer present. Deflagration and detonation explosions are defined, with detonations propagating faster than the speed of sound. Methods to prevent fires and explosions include operating outside flammability limits using inerting techniques like purging vessels with inert gases to reduce oxygen levels below the limiting oxygen concentration.

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    The document discusses fire and explosion hazards. It describes the fire triangle and flammability limits, noting that a fire or explosion can occur only when within the flammable range and there is an ignition source and oxidizer present. Deflagration and detonation explosions are defined, with detonations propagating faster than the speed of sound. Methods to prevent fires and explosions include operating outside flammability limits using inerting techniques like purging vessels with inert gases to reduce oxygen levels below the limiting oxygen concentration.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    54 views4 pages

    Chapter 5 PSM

    Uploaded by

    Ng Siewmin
    The document discusses fire and explosion hazards. It describes the fire triangle and flammability limits, noting that a fire or explosion can occur only when within the flammable range and there is an ignition source and oxidizer present. Deflagration and detonation explosions are defined, with detonations propagating faster than the speed of sound. Methods to prevent fires and explosions include operating outside flammability limits using inerting techniques like purging vessels with inert gases to reduce oxygen levels below the limiting oxygen concentration.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    PSM CHAPTER 5: FIRE AND EXPLOSION -Ignition sources are so plentiful that it is not a reliable control method.

     THE FIRE TRIANGLE -Robust Control: Prevent existence of flammable mixtures.


    -Fire=release energy slowly
    -Explosion=release energy rapidly
    -fire and explosion may trigger each other
    -Flammability limits: Vapor-air mixtures will
    ignite and burn only over
    a well-specified range
    of compositions.
    -The mixture will not burn if the composition is
    lower than the lower flammable limit (LFL) or
    higher than the upper flammable limit (UFL)
    -Too little fuel (lean mixture) not enough fuel to
    burn.
    -Too much fuel (rich mixture) not enough oxygen to burn.
    - 𝐿𝐹𝐿 =
    ∑

    Both are for at 25℃


     THE FLAMMABLE DIAGRAM - 𝑈𝐹𝐿 =
    ∑

    .
    - 𝐿𝐹𝐿 , = 𝐿𝐹𝐿 ℃ −∆ (𝑇 − 25)
    Both are for at Other temperature
    .
    - 𝑈𝐹𝐿 , = 𝐿𝐹𝐿 ℃ +∆ (𝑇 − 25)

    - Limiting Oxygen Concentration (LOC), below LOC, the reaction cannot generate
    enough energy to heat the entire mixture of gases. LOC has units of % of moles of O2
    in total moles. Value of LOC can be obtained in table or can be calculated using
    stoichiometry of the combustion reaction and LFL.
    Estimation of overpressure
    Two types of explosion: Deflagration and Detonation. -Overpressure can be estimated using an equivalent mass of TNT,
    -Deflagration: An explosion in which the reaction front moves at speed less mTNT.
    than the speed of sound in the unreacted medium.
    𝒁𝒆 𝟐
    -Detonation: An explosion in which the reaction front moves at speed greater 𝒓 𝑷𝑶 𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟔 𝟏
    𝟒.𝟓
    than the speed of sound in the unreacted medium - 𝒁𝒆 = 𝟏/𝟑 𝑷𝒔 = 𝑷𝒂
    = 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
    𝒎𝑻𝑵𝑻 𝒁𝒆 𝒁𝒆 𝒁𝒆
    𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
    -Explosions result in a blast or pressure wave moving out from the explosion 𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝟖 𝟎.𝟑𝟐 𝟏.𝟑𝟓

    centre at the speed of sound. 𝒏𝒎∆𝑯𝒄


    - 𝒎𝑻𝑵𝑻 =
    -Blast wave: A pressure wave propagating in air because the pressure wave is 𝑬𝑻𝑵𝑻
    followed by a strong wind.
    –A shock wave results if the pressure front has an abrupt pressure change.
    -The maximum ambient pressure is called peak overpressure.
    Designs to Prevents Fires and Explosions
    -The possibility of a confined explosion can be considerably reduced by
    operating outside flammability limits; this can be performed by the appropriate
    use of an inert gas
    Inerting
    -A process of adding an inert gas to a combustible mixture to reduce the
    concentration of oxygen below the limiting oxygen concentration (LOC)
    -Inert gas usually nitrogen or carbon dioxide but sometimes steam
    -Inerting begins with an initial purge of the vessel with inert gas to bring the
    oxygen concentration down to safe concentrations
    -For many gases the LOC is approximately 10%, and for many dusts it is
    approximately 8%
    -A commonly used control point is 4% below the LOC, that is, 6% oxygen if the
    LOC is 10%
    -There are several purging* methods used to initially reduce the oxygen
    concentration to the low set point:
    -purging - replacing the atmosphere in a container by an inert substance to
    prevent formation of explosive mixtures
    (i) Vacuum purging
    (ii) Pressure purging
    (iii) Combined pressure-vacuum purging
    (iv) Vacuum and pressure purging with nitrogen
    (v) Sweep-through purging
    (vi) Siphon purging

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