Aesthetic dental restorative materials are :

1.GIC
2. COMPOSITE
GLASS IONOMER CEMENT (GIC)
developed by wilson and kent in the year 1972
being the tooth coloured material , adhering directly to the enamel and dentin
through ion exchange mechanism and capability of releaseing flouride calcium and
phosphate ions, GIC is a material of choice for aesthetic restorations.

CLASSIFICATION[1]:
TYPE 1 luting
TYPE 2 restoration
TYPE 3 liners and base
TYPE 4 pit and fissure sealants
TYPE 5 luting for orthodontic purpose
TYPE 6 core build up material
TYPE 7 fluoride releasing gic
TYPE 8 for atraumatic restorarion techniques
TYPE 9 for pediatric and geriatric purpose

CONSTITUENTS[2]:
A. POWDER
1.silica 41.9
2.alumina 28.6
3.aluminium fluoride 1.6
4.calcium fluoride 15.7
5.sodium fluoride 9.3
6.aluminium phosphate 3.8
7.fluoride
8. sodium oxide
9. barium oxide
10.calcium oxide

B. LIQUID
originally the liquid was 50% aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid. it was very
viscous and had a tendency to convert to gel.
modern glass ionomer liquids are in the form of copolymer.

component function
1. polyacrylic acid in the - tends to increase reactivity of the liquid,
form of copolymer with decreases viscosity and reduces tendency
maleic acid and tricarbo for gelation.
xylic acid.

2. Tartaric acid -improves the handling properties ,

increases
working time and shorten
setting time.
3. water - it is the medium of reaction
and it hydrates the reaction
product.

trade names:- POLY ( ALKENOATE ) CEMENT

ASPA ( ALUMINO SILICATE POLYACRYLIC ACID ).

APPLICATIONS OF GIC :
1. anterior esthetic restorative material for class III and V cavities.
2. for core build up.
3. as a liner and base
4. as a luting agent for restoration and orthodontic brackets.
5. to a limited extent as pit and fissure sealent.
6. as restoration for decidous teeth
7. used in sandwitch technique

Setting Reaction[3]
1. when the powder and liquid are mixed, the acid starts to dissolve the glass,
releasing calcium, aluminium,sodium and fluoride ion.
(water serve as a reaction medium)
2. the poly acrylic acid chain arrylic acid chain are then crosslinked by the
calcium ions, however over the next 24 hours, the calcium ions are replaced by
aluminium ions.
#calcium poly salts are responsible for initial set.
#aluminium poly salts form the dominant phase.

setting time - type I - 4 - 5 mins

type I - 7 mins
GIC bond to tooth str by chelation of the carboxyl group of the polyacrylic acid
with the calcium in the apatite of the enamel and dentin.
steps for manipulation are:
1.conditioning of tooth structure
2.proper manipulation
3.protection of cement during setting(should not come in contact with water)
4.finishing

MODIFICATIONS ARE[4]:
1. WATER SOLUBLE GLASS IONOMER
2. RESIN MODIFIED GLASS IONOMER
3. METAL REINFORCED GLASS IONOMER
cermet annd miracle mix
4. COMPOMERS

SANDWITCH TECHNIQUE[5]:
done to combine the benificial properties of GIC and Composite
first gic in the cavity then composite and then cured with light.

Advantages
1. good marginal seal
2. biocompatibility
3. anticariogenic property
4. minimal cavity preparation required
5. inherent adhesion to the tooth structure.
6. aesthetic

Disadvantages
low fracture resistance and low wear resistance.

COMPOSITES
Composite in material science, is a solid farmed from two or more distinct phases (
eg. filler particles dispersed in a polymer matrix ) that have been combined to
produce properties superior to or intermediate to those of the individual
constituents; also a term used in dentistry to describe a dental composite or resin
based components.
Dental composite are highly cross linked polymeric materials reinforced by
dispersion of glass, crystalline or resin filler particle/ short fibres bound to
the matrix of silane coupling agents.
developed by bowen in 1962
BIS - GMA , a monomer that forms a cross linked matrix that is highly durable and
a surface treatment utilising an organic silane compound called a coupling agent to
bond the filler particle to the rasin matrix.
CLASSIFICATION[6]:
1. based on particle size :
megafill - 0.5- 2 mm
macrofill - 10 - 100 micro meter
midfill - 1 - 10 micro meter
minifill - 0.1 - 1 micro meter
microfill - .01 - 0.1 micro meter
nanofill - .001 - .01 micro meter
2. based on polymerization method :
self/ chemical curing - U.V light curing
Visible curing
dual curing - staged curing

3. based on matrix composition BIS GMA

TEGDMA

4. based on application :
technique used - direct composite
indirect composite
area of use - anterior composite
posterior composite

5. According to whether composite is a homogenous , heterogenous or modified :

homogenous - filler + uncured matrix
heterogenous - precured composite
modified - if it includes novel filler modifications in addition to
conventional filler like - fibre reinforced composite.
6. other:
1. TRADITIONAL COMPOSITE
2. SMALL PARTICLE FILLED
3. MICROFILLED
4. HYBRID

7. ON BASIS OF GENERATIONS:
1. first generation - macro ceramic. macro ceramics consist of silicate based
material eg. quartz, fused silics, silicate glasses.
2. second generation - micro ceramics. consist of colloidal and micro ceramic
phases in a continous resin phase, it exhibits best surface texture of all
composite resin.
3. third generation - hybrid. composed between first and second generation
composite.
4. fourth generation - hybrid - highly reinforced composite macroparticle
they are hybrid type but instead of macroceramic fillers they contain heat cured
irregularly shaped highly reinforcerd composite macroparticles.
5. fifth generation - hybrid- highly reinforced composite macro and micro
particles.
the spherical shape of the macro composite particles will improve their wettability
and their chemical bonding to continous phase of the final composite.
6. sixth generation - hybrid micro ceramic and agglomerates of sintered
microceramics.
exhibits the highest % of reinforcing particles of all composites.
has best mechanical properties.
COMPOSITION[7]:
A. MAIN COMPONENTS:
a. Matrix - A highly cross linked polymeric resin matrix reinforced by a
dispersion pf glass, silica, crystalline.
The resin matrix in most dental composite is based on a blend of aromatic or
aliphatic dimethylacrylate monomers such as bis-gma and urethane dimethylacrylate
(udma) to form highly cross linked, strong, rigid, and durable polymer structures.
b. Filler - metal oxide or resin - reinforcing filler particles or their
combination and short fibres.
Various fillers are employed to strengthen and reinforce composite as well as to
reduce curing shrinkage and thermal expansion.
Quartz- had been used extensively as a filler.
functions of filler:
reinforcement
reduction of polymerization shrinkage
reduction in thermal expansion and contraction
control of viscosity
decreased water sorption
imparting radioopacity

c. Coupling agents - bonded to the matrix by silane coupling agents.

- The two phases of the composite are chemically bound together by a coupling
agent.
this is bifunctional surface active compound that attaches to filler particle
surface and also co reacts with the monomer forming the resin matrix.
properly applied coupling agent can improve physical and mechanical properties and
inhibit leaching by preventing water from penetrarting along the filler particle
resin interface.
function of coupling agents -
bind filler particles to resin
impart physical and mechanical properties
hydratic stability.

B. MINOR COMPONENTS:
a. Activator - initiator system - convert the resin plate from a soft, mouldable
filling material to a hard, durable restoration.
b. Pigments - helps to match the colour of tooth structure.
c. U.V. absorber and other additive - improve colour stability.
d. Inhibitors - extend storage life and provide increased working time.
e. Colour

APPLICATIONS/INDICATIONS
1. core build ups.
2. restorations like class I , II , III , IV , V , VI.
3. sealents and preventive resin restoration.
4. esthetic enhancement procedure.
4. veneeering metal crown / bridges, peridontal splinting. non carious lesion.
5. repair of old composite restoration.

THESE ARE CONTRAINDICATED IN:

1. isolation - resistant to besuccessful it should bond to tooth, so it requires
on well isolated environment.
2. occlusion - exhibit less wear resistance than amalgam.
3. sub gingival area.
4. operator abilities
5. poor oral hygiene.
6. high caries index habits.
ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITES:
1. no corrosion as compared to amalgam
2. repairable
3. insulative
4. esthetics
5. conservation of tooth structure, as no necessary features in cavity required.
6. mechanical retention not necessary.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. staining could occur
2. technique sensitive ,skilled operators required
3. expensive
4. low modulus of elasticity
5. increased occlusal wear, could bear less occlusal load.

RECENT ADVANCEMENTS:
1. Ceromers
2. Giomer
3. Low shrinkage composite
4. Ormocers
5. Self repairing composite
6. Fibre reinforced composite
7. Compomer.

REFERENCES
1. Lecture power point presentation of Restorative material. [1][4][5]
2. dental cements, chapter of Phillips science of dental materials 12th edition.
[2][3][7]
3. composites, chapter from Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry
( south asia edition )[6]