1.

Modes of heat transfer

Objective Questions (IES, IAS, GATE)

Heat Transfer by Conduction
1. A copper block and an air mass block having similar dimensions are subjected to
symmetrical heat transfer from one face of each block. The other face of the block will be
reaching to the same temperature at a rate [IES-2006]
(a) Faster in air block (b) faster in copper block
(c) Equal in air as well as copper block
(d) Cannot be predicted with the given information
1. Ans. (b)

Fourier's law of heat conduction

2. Consider the following statements: [IES-1998]
dT
The Fourier heat conduction equation Q = kA presumes
dx
1. steady-state conditions 2. constant value of thermal conductivity.
3. uniform temperatures at the wall surfaces 4. one-dimensional heat flow.
Of these statements
(a) 1, 2 and 3 are correct (b) 1, 2 and 4 are correct
(c) 2, 3 and 4 are correct (a) 1, 3 and 4 are correct
2. Ans. (b)

3. A plane wall is 25 cm thick with an area of 1 m2, and has a thermal conductivity of 0.5
W/mK. If a temperature difference of 60°C is imposed across it, what is the heat flow?
(a) 120W (b) 140W (c) 160W (d) 180W [IES-2005]
dT 60
3. Ans. (a) Q = kA = 0.5 × 1× W = 120 W
dx 0.25

4. For a given heat flow and for the same thickness, the temperature drop across the
material will be maximum for [GATE-1996]
(a) copper (b) steel (c) glass-wool (d) refractory brick
dT
4. Ans. (c) Q = −kA
dx
Qdx 1
= −kdT ∴ kdT = cons tan t or dT ∞
A k
Which one has minimum thermal conductivity that will give maximum temperature drop.

5. Thermal diffusivity of a substance is [IES-2006]

(a) Inversely proportional to thermal conductivity
(b) Directly proportional to thermal conductivity
(c) Directly proportional to the square of thermal conductivity
(d) Inversely proportional to the square of thermal conductivity
k
5. Ans. (b) Thermal diffusivity (α) = ∴α ∞ k
ρcp

7. Which one of the following expresses the thermal diffusivity of a substance in terms of
thermal conductivity (k), mass density (ρ) and specific heat (c)? [IES-2006]
(a) k2 ρc (b) 1/ ρkc (c) k/ ρ c (d) ρ c/k2
 k
7. Ans. (c) α =
ρcp

8. Match List-I and List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the
lists:
(hm - mass transfer coefficient, D - molecular diffusion coefficient, [IES-2001]
L - characteristic length dimension, k - thermal conductivity, ρ - density,
Cp - specific heat at constant pressure, μ - dynamic viscosity)
List-I List-II
k
A. Schmidt number 1.
( ρC p D )
hm L
B. Thermal diffusivity 2.
D
μ
C. Lewis number 3.
ρD
k
D. Sherwood number 4.
ρC p
A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 4 3 1 2
(c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 3 4 1 2

8. Ans. (c)

9. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer [IES-1996]
List I List II
A. Momentum transfer 1. Thermal diffusivity
B. Mass transfer 2. Kinematic viscosity
C. Heat transfer 3. Diffusion coefficient
Codes: A B C A B C
(a) 2 3 1 (b) 1 3 2
(c) 3 2 1 (d) 1 2 3
9. Ans. (a)

10. Assertion (A): Thermal diffusivity is a dimensionless quantity. [IES-1992]

Reason (R): In M-L-T-Q system the dimensions of thermal diffusivity are I2T-1
10. Ans. (d)

11. A furnace is made of a red brick wall of thickness 0.5 m and conductivity 0.7 W/mK. For
the same heat loss and temperature drop, this can be replaced by a layer of diatomite earth
of conductivity 0.14 W/mK and thickness [IES-1993]
(a) 0.05 m (b) 0.1 m (c) 0.2 m (d) 0.5 m
dt
11. Ans. (b) For thick place homogeneous wall, heat loss = kA
dx
⎛ dt ⎞ ⎛ dt ⎞
or ⎜ 0.7 × A × ⎟ = ⎜ 0.14 × A ⎟ or Δx = 0.1 m
⎝ 0.5 ⎠ red brick ⎝ dx ⎠ diatomic

12. Steady two-dimensional heat conduction takes place in the body shown in the figure
below. The normal temperature gradients over surfaces P and Q can be considered to be
 ∂T
uniform. The temperature gradient at surface Q is equal to 10 K/m. Surlaces P an Q are
∂x
maintained at constant temperatures as shown in the figure, while the remaining part of the
boundary is insulated. The body has a constant thermal conductivity of 0.1 W/m.K. The
∂T ∂T
values of and at surface P are [GATE-2008]
∂x ∂y

∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T
(A) = 20 K / m, = 0K / m (B) = 0 K / m, = 10 K / m
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T
(C) = 10 K / m, = 10 K / m (D) = 0 K / m, = 20 K / m
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
12. Ans. (D)

13. Assertion (A): The leakage heat transfer from the outside surface of a steel pipe carrying
hot gases is reduced to a greater extent on providing refractory brick lining on the inside of
the pipe as compared to that with brick lining on the outside. [IES-2000]
Reason (R): The refractory brick lining on the inside of the pipe offers a higher thermal
resistance.
13. Ans. (a)

14. Assertion (A): Thermal conductance of heat pipe is several hundred times that of the
best available metal conductor under identical conditions. [IES-2000]
Reason (R): The value of latent heat is far greater than that of specific heat.
14. Ans. (a)

15. Temperature profiles for four cases are shown in the following figures and are
labelled A, B, C and D.
Match the above figures with [IES-1998]
1. High conductivity fluid 2. Low conductivity fluid 3. Insulating body 4. Guard heater
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Code: A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 2 1 3 4
(c) 1 2 4 3 (d) 2 1 4 3
15. Ans. (a) Temperature slope is higher for low conducting and lower for high conducting
fluid. Thus A is for 1, B for 2. Temperature profile in C is for insulator. Temperature rise is
possible only for heater and as such D is for guard heater.

16. A steel ball of mass 1kg and specific heat 0.4 kJ/kg is at a temperature of 60°C. It is
dropped into 1kg water at 20°C. The final steady state temperature of water is [GATE-1998]
(a) 23.5°C (b) 300C (c) 35°C (d) 40°C
16. Ans. (a) Heat loss by hot body = heat gain by cold body
mh c ph ( t h − t f ) = mc c pc ( t f − t c )
or1× 0.4 × ( 60 − t f ) = 1× 4.2 × ( t f − 20 ) or t f = 13.5o C

Thermal conductivity of materials

17. In descending order of magnitude, the thermal conductivity of [GATE-2001]
a. pure iron
b. liquid water
c. saturated water vapour
and d. pure aluminium can be arranged as
(a) a b c d (b) b c a d (c) d a b c (d) d c b a
17. Ans. (b)

18. Match the following: [IES-1992]

List I List II
(a) Normal boiling point of oxygen 1. 1063°C
(b) Normal boiling point of sulphur 2. 630.5°C
(c) Normal melting point of Antimony 3. 444°C
(d) Normal melting point of Gold 4. -182.97°C
Code: A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 2 3 1 (b) 4 3 1 2
(c) 4 2 3 1 (d) 4 3 2 1
18. Ans. (d)
19. Heat pipe is widely used now-a-days because [IES-1995]
(a) it acts as an insulator (b) it acts as conductor and insulator
(c) it acts as a superconductor (d) it acts as a fin.
19. Ans. (b) Heat pipe can be used in different ways. Insulated portion may be made of
flexible tubing to permit accommodation of different physical constraints. It can also be
applied to micro-electronic circuits to maintain constant temperature. It consists of a closed
pipe lined with a wicking material and containing a condensable gas. The centre portion of
pipe is insulated and its two non-insulated ends respectively serve as evaporators and
condensers.

20. Assertion (A): Hydrogen cooling is used for high capacity electrical generators.
Reason (R): Hydrogen is light and has high thermal conductivity as compared to air.
[IES-1992]
20. Ans. (a)

Answers with Explanation (Objective)

2. One Dimensional Steady Conduction

Objective Questions (IES, IAS, GATE)

General Heat Conduction Equation in Cartesian Coordinates
1. In a case of one dimensional heat conduction in a medium with constant properties, T is
∂T
the temperature at position x, at time t. Then is proportional to [GATE-2005]
∂t
T ∂T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T
(a) (b) (c ) (d ) 2
x ∂x ∂x∂t ∂x
1. Ans. (d) One dimensional, Unsteady state, without internal heat generation
∂ 2 T 1 ∂T
=
∂x 2 α ∂t

General Heat Conduction Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates

General Heat Conduction Equation in Spherical Coordinates

2. One dimensional unsteady state heat transfer equation for a sphere with heat generation
at the rate of 'q' can be written as [GATE-2004]

2. Ans. (b)

Heat conduction through a plane wall

3. A wall of thickness 0.6 m has width has a normal area 1.5 m2 and is made up of material
of thermal conductivity 0.4 W/mK. The temperatures on the two sides are 8000 C. What is
the thermal resistance of the wall?
(a) 1 W/K (b) 1.8 W/K
(c) 1 K/W (d) 1.8 K/W [IES 2007]
L 0.6
3. Ans. (c) R = = =1 K
KA 0.4 × 1.5 W

4. A metal plate has a surface area of 2m2, thickness 10 mm and [IES-2006]

a thermal conductivity of 200 W/mk. What is the thermal resistance of the plate?
(a) 4 x 104 K/W (b) 2.5 x 10-3 K/W (c) 1.5 x l0-5 K/W (d) 2.5 x 10-5 K/W
L 0.010
4. Ans. (d) Thermal resistance (R) = = = 2.5 × 10−5 K / W
KA 200 × 2

5. Heat is conducted through a 10 cm thick wall at the rate of 30 W/m2 when the
temperature difference across the wall is l0oC. What is the thermal conductivity of the wall?
(a) 0.03 W/mK (b) 0.3 W/mK (c) 3.0 W/mK (d) 30.0 W/mK [IES-2005]
dT q 30
5. Ans. (b) q=K or k = = = 0.3 W / mK
dx ⎛ dT ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ dx ⎠ ⎝ 0.1 ⎠
6. A 0.5 m thick plane wall has its two surfaces kept at 300oC and 200°C. Thermal
conductivity of the wall varies linearly with temperature and its values at 300 °C and 200 °C
are 25 W/mK and 15W/mK respectively. Then the steady heat flux through the wall is.
(a) 8 kW/m2 (b) 5 kW/m2 (c) 4kW/m2 (d) 3 kW/m2 [IES-2002]
6. Ans. (c)

7. 6.0 kJ of conduction heat transfer has to take place in 10 minutes from one end to other
end of a metallic cylinder of 10 cm2 cross-sectional area, length 1 meter and thermal
conductivity as 100 W/mK. What is the temperature difference between the two ends of the
cylindrical bar? [IES-2005]
(a) 80°C (b) 100°C (c) 120°C (d) 160°C
7. Ans. (b) dT
∴ Q = kA
dx
6000 ⎛ 10 ⎞ dT
or = 100 × ⎜ ⎟×
10 × 60 ⎝ 10000 ⎠ 1
or dT = 1000 C

8. In a large plate, the steady temperature distribution is

as shown in the given figure. If no heat is generated in the
plate, the thermal conductivity 'k' will vary T as (T is
temperature and α is a constant)
(a ) ko (1 + α T ) (b) ko (1 − α T )
(c)1 + α T (d ) 1 − α T

[IES-1997]
8. Ans. (a) For the shape of temperature profile. K = ko (1 + α T )

9. A building has to be maintained at 21°C (dry bulb) and 14.5°C. The outside temperature
is -23°C (dry bulb) and the internal and external surface heat transfer coefficients are 8
W/m2K and 23 W/m2K respectively. If the building wall has a thermal conductivity of 1.2
W/mK, the minimum thickness (in m) of the wall required to prevent condensation is
(a) 0.471 (b) 0.407 (c) 0.321 (d) 0.125 [GATE-2007]
9. Ans. (b)

10. For the three-dimensional object shown in the figure below, five faces are insulated. The
sixth face (PQRS), which is not insulated, interacts thermally with the ambient, with a
convective heat transfer coefficient of 10 W /m2.K. The ambient temperature is 300C . Heat
is uniformly generated inside the object at the rate of 100 W/m3. Assuming the face PQRS
to be at uniform temperature, its steady state temperature is [GATE-2008]
 (A) 100C (B) 200C (C) 300C (D) 400C
10. Ans. (D)

11. The temperature distribution, at a certain instant of time in a concrete slab during
curing is given by T = 3x2 + 3x + 16, where x is in cm and T is in K. The rate of change of
temperature with time is given by (assume diffusivity to be 0.0003 cm2/s). [IES-1994]
(a) + 0.0009 K/s (b) + 0.0048 K/s (c) - 0.0012 K/s (d) - 0.0018 K/s
11. Ans. (d) Temperature distribution is T= 3x2 + 3x + 16, dT/dx = 6x + 3 °K/cm2
Rate of change of is dT/dx = 6° K/cm2, :. Rate of change of temperature with time = - 6 x
0.0003 = - 0.0018 °K/s.

Heat conduction through a composite wall

12. A composite wall having three layers of thickness 0.3 m, 0.2 m and 0.1 m and of
thermal conductivities 0.6, 0.4 and 0.1 W/mK, respectively, is having surface area 1 m2.
If the inner and outer temperatures of the composite wall are 1840 K and 340 K,
respectively, what is the rate of heat transfer?
(a) 150 W (b) 1500 W
(c) 75 W (d) 750 W [IES 2007]
t f − ti 1840 − 340
12. Ans. (d) Q = = = 750 W
L 0.3 0.2 0.1
∑ KA 0.6 × 1 + 0.4 × 1 + 0.1 × 1

13. A furnace wall is

constructed as shown in
the given figure. The
heat transfer coefficient
across the outer casing
will be
(a) 80W/m2K
(b) 40W/m2K
(c) 20W/m2K
(d) 10W/m2K

[IES-1999]
13. Ans. (d) For two insulating layers,
Q t −t 1000 − 120 880
= 1 2 = = = 800
A Δx1 + Δx2 0.3 0.3
+ 1.1
k1 k2 3 0.3
Q 120-40 1 800
For outer casing, = , or 800× , and h= =10 W/m 2 K
A 1/h h 80

14. A composite wall is made of two layers of thickness σ1 and σ2 having thermal
conductivities K and 2K and equal surface areas normal to the direction of heat flow. The
outer surfaces of the composite wall are at 100oC and 200oC respectively. The heat
transfer takes place only by conduction and the required surface temperature at the
junction is 150oC [IES-2004]
What will be the ratio of their thicknesses, σ1: σ2?
(a) 1: 1 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1: 2 (d) 2 : 3
14. Ans. (c) Q AB = QBC
⎛ 200 − 150 ⎞ ⎛ 150 − 100 ⎞
or − k.A. ⎜ ⎟ = −2kA ⎜ ⎟
⎝ δ 1 ⎠ ⎝ δ2 ⎠
δ1 50 1
or = =
δ 2 2 × 50 2

15. A composite plane wall is made up of two different materials of the same thickness
and having thermal conductivities of k1 and k2 respectively. The equivalent thermal
conductivity of the slab is [IES-2000]
k1 + k2 2k1k2
(a ) k1 + k2 (b) k1k2 (c ) (d )
k1k2 k1 + k2
15. Ans. (c)

16. A composite wall consists of two layers of different materials having conductivities k1
and k2 For equal thickness of the two layers, the equivalent thermal conductivity of the
slab will be
2k1k2 k1 + k2
(a ) k1 + k2 (b) k1k2 (c ) (d ) [IES-1997]
k1 + k2 k1k2
2k1k2
16. Ans. (c) Equivalent thermal conductivity of two layers is equal to
k1 + k2

17. A composite slab has two layers of different materials with thermal conductivity K1
and K2. If each layer had the same thickness, the equivalent thermal conductivity of the
slab would be
K1 + K 2 2 K1 K 2
(a ) K1 + K 2 (b) (c ) (d ) K1 K 2 [IES-1993]
K1 K 2 K1 + K 2
17. Ans. (b)

18. A composite slab has two layers of different materials with thermal conductivity k1
and k2 each layer has same thickness, the equivalent thermal conductivity of the slab
would be [IES-1992]
(a) k1k2 (b) k1/k2 (c) (k1 + k2) (d) (2k1k2 + k2)
18. Ans. (d)
19. A furnace wall is constructed as
shown in the above figure. The
interface temperature Ti will be
(a) 560oC
(b) 200 oC
(c) 920 oC
(d) 1120 oC

Q t −t 1000 − 120
19. Ans. (c) For two insulating layers, = 1 2 = = 800
A Δx1 + Δx2 0.3 0.3
+
k1 k2 3 0.3
Q 1000-T1
Considering first layer, = = 800, Or T1 = 1000-80 = 920o C
A 0.3
3

20. In a composite slab, the

temperature at the interface (Tinter)
between two materials is equal to
the average of the temperatures at
the two ends. Assuming steady
one-dimensional heat conduction,
which of the following statements is
true about the respective thermal
conductivities?

[GATE-2006]
(a) 2k1 = k2 (b) k1 = k2 (c) 2k1 = 3k2 (d) k1 = 2k2
20. Ans. (d)
T1 + T2
Tint er =
2
⎛ T1 + T2 ⎞ ⎛ T1 + T2 ⎞
⎜ T1 − 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 − T2 ⎟
Heat flow must be same(Q) = −k1A ⎝ ⎠ = −k ⎝
2
⎠
2b b
or k1 = 2k 2

21. Heat flows through a composite slab, as

shown below. The depth of the slab is 1 m.
The k values are in W/mK. the overall
thermal resistance in K/W is
(a) 17.2
(c) 28.6

[GATE-2005]
21. Ans. (c)
Electrical circuit Use this formula
L1 1
Req = +
K 1A 1 1 1
+
L2 L3
K2 A2 K3 A3

22. The temperature variation under steady

heat conduction across a composite slab of
two materials with thermal conductivities K1
and K2 is shown in figure. Then, which one of
the following statements holds?
(a ) K1 > K 2 (b) K1 = K 2
(c) K1 = 0 (d ) K1 < K 2

[GATE-1998]
dT dT 1
22. Ans. (a) Q ∞ K as Q = cons tan t. ∞
dx dx k
dT const. dT const.
= , =
dx1 k1 dx 2 k2
dT dT
< or k1 > k 2
dx1 dx 2

The overall heat transfer coefficient

23. A flat plate has thickness 5 cm, thermal conductivity 1W/(mK), convective heat
transfer coefficients on its two flat faces of 10 W/(m2K) and 20W/(m2K). The overall heat
transfer co-efficient for such a flat plate is [IES-2001]
(a) 5 W/(m2K) (b) 6.33 W/(m2K) (c) 20 W/(m2K) (d) 30 W/(m2K)
23. Ans. (a)

24. The overall heat transfer coefficient U for a plane composite wall of n layers is given
by (the thickness of the ith layer is ti, thermal conductivity of the ith layer is ki, convective
heat transfer coefficient is h) [IES-2000]
1 n
ti 1 1 n ti 1
(a) (b) h1 + ∑ + hn (c ) (d ) +∑ +
1 n
t 1 n
t
+∑ i + h1 + ∑ i + hn
i =1 ki h1 i =1 ki hn
h1 i =1 ki hn i =1 ki
24. Ans. (a)
25. A steel plate of thickness 5 cm and
thermal conductivity 20 W/mK is subjected
to a uniform heat flux of 800 W/m2 on one
surface 'A' and transfers heat by convection
with a heat transfer co-efficient of 80 W/m2K
from the other surface 'B' into ambient air Tα
of 25°C. The temperature of the surface 'B'
transferring heat by convection is
(a) 25°C (b) 35°C
(c) 45°C (d) 55°C

[IES-1999]
t −t t − 25
25. Ans. (b) 800 = B o = B
1/ h 1/ 80

Heat conduction through a hollow cylinder

Logarithmic mean area for the hollow cylinder

26. The heat flow equation through a cylinder of inner radius ' r1 ' and outer radius ' r2 ' is
desired in the same form as that for heat flow through a plane wall. The equivalent area
Am is given by
A1 +A 2 A1 +A 2 A 2 -A1 A 2 -A1
(a) (b) (c) (d) [IES-1999]
⎛A ⎞ ⎛A ⎞ ⎛A ⎞ ⎛A ⎞
log e ⎜ 2 ⎟ 2log e ⎜ 2 ⎟ 2log e ⎜ 2 ⎟ log e ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ A1 ⎠ ⎝ A1 ⎠ ⎝ A1 ⎠ ⎝ A1 ⎠
26. Ans. (d)

27. The outer surface of a long cylinder is maintained at constant temperature. The
cylinder does not have any heat source [IES-2000]
The temperature in the cylinder will
(a) increase linearly with radius (b) decrease linearly with radius
(c) be independent of radius (d) vary logarithmically with radius
27. Ans. (c)

Heat conduction through a composite cylinder

28. The heat flow through a composite cylinder is given by the equation: (symbols have
the usual meaning) [IES-1995]

(T1 − Tn +1 )2π L 4π (T1 − Tn +1 ) T1 − Tn +1 T1 − T2

(a) Q = (b) Q = (c)Q = (d )Q =
n=n
1 ⎛r ⎞ n=n
⎡ rn +1 − rn ⎤ 1 n = n ⎛ Ln ⎞ ⎛r ⎞
∑ log e ⎜ n +1 ⎟ ∑ ⎢ ⎥ ∑⎜ ⎟ log e ⎜ 2 ⎟
n =1 K n ⎝ rn ⎠ n =1 ⎣ K n rn rn +1 ⎦ A n =1 ⎝ K n ⎠ ⎝ r1 ⎠
2π KL
28. Ans. (a)

29. A stainless steel tub (ks = 19 W/mK) of 2 cm ID and 5 cm OD is insulated with 3 cm

thick asbestos (ka = 0.2 W/mK). If the temperature difference between the innermost and
outermost surfaces is 600oC, the heat transfer rate per unit length is [GATE-2004]
(a) 0.94 W/m (b) 9.44 W/m (c) 944.72 W/m (d) 9447.21 W/m
2π L ( t i − t f ) 2π × 1× ( 600 )
29. Ans. (c) Q = = = 944.72 W / m
⎛r ⎞ ⎛r ⎞ ⎛ 0.025 ⎞ ⎛ 0.055 ⎞
ln ⎜ 2 ⎟ ln ⎜ 3 ⎟ ln ⎜ ⎟ ln ⎜ 0.025 ⎟
⎝ r1 ⎠ + ⎝ r2 ⎠ ⎝ 0.01 ⎠+ ⎝ ⎠
KA KB 19 0.2

30. Two insulating materials of thermal conductivity K and 2K are available for lagging a
pipe carrying a hot fluid. If the radial thickness of each material is the same.
(a) material with higher thermal conductivity should be used for the inner layer and one
with lower thermal conductivity for the outer. [GATE-1994]
(b) material with lower thermal conductivity should be used for the inner layer and one
with higher thermal conductivity for the outer.
(c) it is immaterial in which sequence the insulating materials are used.
(d) it is not possible to judge unless numerical values of dimensions are given.
30. Ans. (b)

Heat conduction through a hollow sphere

31. For conduction through a spherical wall with constant thermal conductivity and with
inner side temperature greater than outer wall temperature, (one dimensional heat
transfer), what is the type of temperature distribution?
(a) Linear (b) Parabolic
(c) Hyperbolic (d) None of the above [IES 2007]
1 1
−
t − t1 r r1
31. Ans. (c)Temp distribution would be =
t2 − t1 1 1
−
r2 r1
32. What is the expression for the thermal conduction resistance to heat transfer through
a hollow sphere of inner radius r1 and outer radius r2, and thermal conductivity k?
(r2 − r1 )r1r2 4πk (r2 − r1 )
(a) (b)
4πk r1 r2
r −r
(c) 2 1 (d) None of the above [IES 2007]
4πkr1 r2
r2 − r1 Δt 4πk (t1 − t2 )
32. Ans. (c) Resistance (R) = ∵Q = =
4πk (r1r2 ) R ⎛ r2 − r1 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ r1r2 ⎠
33. A solid sphere and a hollow sphere of the same material and size are heated to the
same temperature and allowed to cool in the same surroundings. If the temperature
difference between the body and that of the surroundings is T, then [IES-1992]
(a) both spheres will cool at the same rate for small values of T
(b) both spheres will cool at the same reactor small values of T
(c) the hollow sphere will cool at a faster rate for all the values of T
(d) the solid sphere will cool a faster rate for all the values of T
33. Ans. (a)

Logarithmic mean area for the hollow sphere

34. What will be the geometric radius of heat transfer for a hollow sphere of inner and
outer radii r1 and r2? [IES-2004]
(a) r1r2 (b) r2 r1 (c) r2 / r1 (d) ( r2 − r1 )
34. Ans. (a)

35. A hollow sphere has inner and outer surface areas of 2 m2 and 8 m2 respectively.
For a given temperature difference across the surfaces, the heat flow is to be calculated
considering the material of the sphere as a plane wall of the same thickness. What is the
equivalent mean area normal to the direction of heat flow? [IAS-2007]
(a) 6 m2 (b) 5 m2 (c) 4 m2 (d) None of the above
35. Ans. (c) Am = A1 A2 = 2 × 8 = 4m 2

Heat condition through a composite sphere

35. A composite hollow sphere with steady internal heating is made of 2 layers of
materials of equal thickness with thermal conductivities in the ratio of 1: 2 for inner to
outer layers. Ratio of inside to outside diameter is 0.8. What is ratio of temperature drop
across the inner and outer layers? [IES-2005]
(a) 0.4 (b) 1.6 (c) 2 ln (0.8) (d) 2.5
35. Ans. (d) ri = 0.8 ro and r = ri + t = r2 − t
ri + ro
or 2r = ri + ro r=
2
ri + 1.25ri
r= = 1.125ri
2
0.8ro + ro r0 1
r= = 0.9ro or =
2 r 0.9

ti − t t − to
Q= =
⎛r⎞ ⎛r ⎞
In ⎜ ⎟ In ⎜ o ⎟
⎝ r1 ⎠ ⎝r ⎠
2π kL 2π ( 2k ) L
ti − t In ( r / ri ) ln (1.125 )
or = 2× = 2× = 2.24
t − to ln ( ro / r ) ⎛ 1 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.9 ⎠
36. Match List I (Governing Equations of Heat Transfer) with List II (Specific Cases of
Heat Transfer) and select the correct answer using the code given below: [IES-2005]
List I List II
d 2T 2 dT
A. + =0 1. Pin fin 1-D case
dr 2 r dr
∂ 2T 1 ∂T
B. = 2. 1-D conduction in cylinder
∂x 2 α ∂t
d 2T 1 dT
C. + =0 3. 1-D conduction in sphere
dr 2 r dr
d 2θ
D. 2
− m 2θ = 0 4. Plane slab
dx
(Symbols have their usual meaning)
A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 4 3 1 (b) 3 1 2 4
(c) 2 1 3 4 (d) 3 4 2 1
36. Ans. (d)

Answers with Explanation (Objective)

Critical Thickness of Insulation

Objective Questions (IES, IAS, GATE)

Critical thickness of insulation

1. Upto the critical radius of insulation: [IES-2005]
(a) Added insulation increases heat loss
(b) Added insulation decreases heat loss
(c) Convection heat loss is less than conduction heat loss
(d) Heat flux decreases
1. Ans. (a)

2. A hollow pipe of 1 cm outer diameter is to be insulated by thick cylindrical insulation

having thermal conductivity 1 W/mK. The surface heat transfer coefficient on the
insulation surface is 5 W/m2K. What is the minimum effective thickness of insulation for
causing the reduction in heat leakage from the insulated pipe? [IES-2004]
(a) 10 cm (b) 15 cm (b) 195 cm (d) 20 cm
k 1
2. Ans. (c) critical radius of insulation (rc) =
= = 0.2m = 20cm
h 5
∴ Critical thickness of insulation ( Δr )C = rc − r1 = 20 − 0.5 = 19.5cm

3. A metal rod of 2 cm diameter has a conductivity of 40W/mK, which is to be insulated

with an insulating material of conductivity of 0.1 W/m K. If the convective heat transfer
coefficient with the ambient atmosphere is 5 W/m2K, the critical thickness of insulation
will be [IES-2003]
(a) 1cm (b) 2 cm (c) 7 cm (d) 8 cm
3. Ans. (a)
K 0.1
critical radius of insulation(rc )= = = 0.02 m = 2 cm
h 5
critical thickness of insulation(t) = rc − r1 = 2 − 1 = 1cm

4. A cylinder made of a metal of conductivity 40 W/(mK) is to be insulated with a material

of conductivity 0.1 W/(mK). If the convective heat transfer coefficient with the ambient
atmosphere is 5W /(m2K), the critical radius of insulation is [IES-2001]
(a) 2 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 8 cm (d) 50 cm
4. Ans. (a)

5. A copper wire of radius 0.5 mm is insulated with a sheathing of thickness 1 mm

having a thermal conductivity of 0.5 W/m - K. The outside surface convective heat
transfer coefficient is l0 W/m2 - K. If the thickness of insulation sheathing is raised by 10
mm, then the electrical current-carrying capacity of the wire will [IES-2000]
(a) increase (b) decrease
(c) remain the same (d) vary depending upon the electrical conductivity of the wire
5. Ans. (c)
6. It is desired to increase the heat dissipation rate over the surface of an electronic
device of spherical shape of 5 mm radius exposed to convection with h = 10W/m2k by
encasing it in a spherical sheath of conductivity 0.04 W/mk, For maximum heat flow, the
diameter of the sheath should be [IES-1996]
(a) 18mm (b) 16mm (c) 12mm (d) 8 mm,
6. Ans. (b ) The critical radius of insulation for ensuring maximum heat transfer by
2k 2 × 0.04
conduction = = m = 8 mm Therefore diameter should be 16 mm.
h 10

7. Assertion (A): Addition of insulation to the inside surface of a pipe always reduces
heat transfer rate and critical radius concept has no significance. [IES-1995]
Reason (R): If insulation is added to the inside surface, both surface resistance and
internal resistance increase.
7. Ans. (a) A and R are correct. R is right reason for A.

8. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the
lists:
List I List II [IES-1995]
(Parameter) (Definition)
A. Time constant of a thermometer of radius ro 1. hr/kfluid
B. Biot number for a sphere of radius ro 2. klh
C. Critical thickness of insulation for a wire of radius ro 3. hr/kw1id
D. Nusselt number for a sphere of radius ro 4. h21trol/peV
Nomenclature :- h : film heat transfer coefficient, k : thermal conductivity of solid
kfluid : thermal conductivity of fluid, ρ : density, c : specific heat, V: volume, l :
length.
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 4 1 2 3
8. Ans. (a)

9. In current carrying conductors, if the radius of the conductor is less than the critical
radius, then addition of electrical insulation is desirable, as [IES-1995]
(a) it reduces the heat loss from the conductor and thereby enables the conductor to
carry a higher current.
(b) it increases the heat loss from the conductor and thereby enables the conductor to
carry a higher current.
(c) it increases the thermal resistance of the insulation and thereby enables the
conductor to carry a higher current.
(d) it reduces the thermal resistance of the insulation and thereby enables the conductor
to carry a higher current.
9. Ans. (a)

10. Upto the critical radius of insulation [IES-1993]

(a) added insulation will increase heat loss (b) added insulation will decrease heat loss
(c) convection heat loss will be less than conduction heat loss
(d) heat flux will decrease
10. Ans. (b) Upto the critical radius of insulation, the added insulation will decrease heat
loss and will have no effect beyond that.
11. An electric cable of aluminium conductor (k = 240w/mk) is to be insulated with rubber
(k+0.15 w/mk). The cable is to be located in air (h = 6ω/m2). The critical thickness of
insulation will be [IES-1992]
(a) 25mm (b) 40 mm (c) 160 mm (d) 800 mm
11. Ans. (a)

12. In order to substantially reduce leakage of heat from atmosphere into cold refrigerant
flowing in small diameter copper tubes in a refrigerant system, the radial thickness of
insulation, cylindrically wrapped around the tubes, must be [IAS-2007]
(a) Higher than critical radius of insulation
(b) Slightly lower than critical radius of insulation
(c) Equal to the critical radius of insulation
(d) Considerably higher than critical radius of insulation
12. Ans. (d) At critical radius of insulation heat leakage is maximum if we add more
insulation then heat leakage will reduce.

13. A copper pipe carrying refrigerant at - 200 C is covered by cylindrical insulation of

thermal conductivity 0.5 W/m K. The surface heat transfer coefficient over the insulation
is 50 W/m2 K. The critical thickness of the insulation would be [IAS-2001]
(a) 0.01 m (b) 0.02 m (c) 0.1 m (d) 0.15 m
k 0.5
13. Ans. (a) Critical radius of insulation ( rc ) = = m = 0.01m
h 50
14. A steel steam pipe 10 cm inner diameter and 11 cm outer diameter is covered with
insulation having the thermal conductivity of 1 W/mK. If the convective heat transfer
coefficient between the surface of insulation and the surrounding air is 8 W / m2K, then
critical radius of insulation is
(d) 10 cm (b) 11 cm (c) 12.5 cm (d) 15 cm [GATE-2000]
k 1
14. Ans. (c) Critical radius of insulation (rc) = = m = 12.5 cm
h 8

15. It is proposed to coat a 1 mm diameter wire with enamel paint (k = 0.1 W/mK) to
increase heat transfer with air. If the air side heat transfer coefficient is 100 W/m2K, then
optimum thickness of enamel paint should be [GATE-1999]
(a) 0.25 mm (b) 0.5 mm (c) 1mm (d) 2 mm
k 0.1
15. Ans. (b) Critical radius of insulation (rc) = = m = 1 mm
h 100
1
∴Critical thickness of enamel point = rc − ri = 1 − = 0.5 mm
2

16. For a current wire of 20 mm diameter exposed to air (h = 20 W/m2K), maximum heat
dissipation occurs when thickness of insulation (k = 0.5 W/mK) is [GATE-1996]
(a) 20 mm (b) 25 mm (c) 20 mm (d) 10 mm
16. Ans. (b) Maximum heat dissipation occurs when thickness of insulation is critical.
k 0.5
Critical radius of insulation ( rc ) = = m = 25 mm
h 20
 20
Therefore thickness of insulation = rc − ri = 25 − = 15 mm
2

17. For a current carrying wire of 20 mm diameter exposed to air (h = 25W/m2K),

maximum heat distribution occurs when the thickness of insulation (k = 0.5 W/m K), is
(a) 20 mm (b) 10 mm (c) 2.5 mm (d) 0 mm [GATE-1993]
17. Ans. (b)

18. Consider the following statements: [IES-1996]

1. Under certain conditions, an increase in thickness of insulation may increase the
heat loss from a heated pipe.
2. The heat loss from an insulated pipe reaches a maximum when the outside
radius of insulation is equal to the ratio of thermal conductivity to the surface
coefficient.
3. Small diameter tubes are invariably insulated.
4. Economic insulation is based on minimum heat loss from pipe.
Of these statements
(a) 1 and 3 are correct (b) 2 and 4 are correct (c) 1 and 2 are correct (d) 3 and 4 are
correct.
18. Ans. (c)

19. A steam pipe is covered with two layers of insulating materials, with the better
insulating material forming the outer part. If the two layers are interchanged, the heat
conducted [IES-1997]
(a) will decrease (b) will increase (c) will remain unaffected
(d) may increase or decrease depending upon the thickness of each layer
19. Ans. (c) Heat conducted will remain unaffected irrespective of how insulating
materials are placed. However in practice, better material is placed near hot surface.

20. A steam pipe is to be lined with two layers of insulating materials of different thermal
conductivities. For minimum heat transfer [IES-1994]
(a) the better insulation must be put inside (b) the better insulation must be put outside
(c) one could place either insulation on either side
(d) one should take into account the steam temperature before deciding as to which
insulation is put where.
20. Ans. (a) For minimum heat transfer, the better insulation must be put inside.

21. A steam pipe of 10 cm outside diameter is covered with layers of insulating material
each 25 mm thick, one having conductivity ka which is three times the conductivity kb of
the other material. It can be concluded that the effective conductivity of the two layers
(a) will be less when better insulating material is on inside [IES-1992]
(b) will be when better insulating material is on outside
(c) will be least affected when a material is inside and the other outside of vice-versa.
(d) none of the above
21. Ans. (a)

Heat conduction with Internal Heat Generation

22. Water jacketed copper rod "D" m in diameter is used to carry the current. The water,
which flows continuously maintains the rod temperature at i
T OC
during normal operation
at "I” amps. The electrical resistance of the rod is known to be "R" Ω /m. If the coolant
water ceased to be available and the heat removal diminished greatly, the rod would
eventually melt. What is the time required for melting to occur if the melting point of the
rod material is Tmp? [Cp = specific heat, ρ = density of the rod material and L is the
length of the rod] [IES-1995]

ρ (π D 2 / 4)C p (Tmp − Ti ) (Tmp − Ti ) ρ (Tmp − Ti ) C p (Tmp − Ti )

(a) (b) (c ) (d )
2
I R ρI R 2
I 2
I 2R
22. Ans. (a)

Plane wall with uniform heat generation

23. A plane wall of thickness 2L has a uniform volumetric heat source q* (W/m3). It is
exposed to local ambient temperature T∞ at both the ends (x = ± L). The surface
temperature Ts of the wall under steady-state condition (where hand k have their usual
meanings) is given by [IES-2001]
q* L q* L2 q* L2 q* L3
(a) Ts = T∞ + (b) Ts = T∞ + c) Ts = T∞ + (d) Ts = T∞ +
h 2k h 2k
23. Ans. (a)

24. The temperature variation in a large plate, as shown

in the given figure, would correspond to which of the
following condition (s)?
1. Unsteady heat 2. Steady-state with variation of k
3. Steady-state with heat generation.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Codes: (a) 2 alone (b) 1 and 2
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3

[IES-1998]
24. Ans. (a)

25. In a long cylindrical rod of radius R and a surface heat flux of qo the uniform internal
heat generation rate is
2q0 q0 q0
(a) (b) 2q0 (c ) (d ) [IES-1998]
R R R2
25. Ans. (c)
 Dielectric heating

Cylinder with uniform heat generation

Heat conduction with heat generation in the nuclear cylindrical

fuel rod
26. Two rods, one of length L and the other of length 2L are made of the same material
and have the same diameter. The two ends of the longer rod are maintained at 100°C.
One end of the shorter rod Is maintained at 100°C while the other end is insulated. Both
the rods are exposed to the same environment at 40°C. The temperature at the
insulated end of the shorter rod is measured to be 55°C. The temperature at the mid-
point of the longer rod would be [GATE-1992]
(a) 40°C (b) 50°C (c) 55°C (d) 100°C
26. Ans. (C)

Sphere with uniform heat generation

Answers with Explanation (Objective)

Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces (Fins)

Objective Questions (IES, IAS, GATE)

1. From a metallic wall at 100oC, a metallic rod protrudes to the ambient air. The
temperatures at the tip will be minimum when the rod is made of [IES-1992]
(a) aluminium (b) stool (d) copper (d) silver
1. Ans. (b)

Heat flow through "Rectangular fin"

Heat dissipation from an infinitely long fin

2. The temperature distribution in a stainless fin (thermal conductivity 0.17 W/cm°C) of
constant cross -sectional area of 2 cm2 and length of 1-cm, exposed to ambient of 40°C
(with a surface heat transfer coefficient of 0.0025 W/cm20C) is given by (T – T∞ ) = 3x2-
5x + 6, where T is in oC and x is in cm. If the base temperature is 100°C, then the heat
dissipated by the fin surface will be [IES-1994]
(a) 6.8 W (b) 3.4 W (c) 1.7 W (d) 0.17 W.
2. Ans. (b) Heat dissipated by fin surface
hP t1 − t2 0.0025 × 2 100 − 40
= = × = 3.4 W
kA x / kA 0.17 ×1 1/ 0.17 × 2

Heat dissipation from a fin insulated at the tip

3. The insulated tip temperature of a rectangular longitudinal fin having an excess (over
ambient) root temperature of θo is [IES-2002]
θo θ o tanh(ml) θo
(a) θ o tanh(ml) (b) (c) (d)
sinh(ml) ( ml ) cosh(ml)
3. Ans. (d)

4. The efficiency of a pin fin with insulated tip is [IES-2001]

( hA / kP )
0.5
tanh mL tanh mL mL
(a) (b) (c) (d)
( hA / kP )
0.5
mL tanh mL tanh mL
4. Ans. (b)

Heat dissipation from a fin losing heat at the tip

5. A fin of length 'l' protrudes from a surface held at temperature to greater than the
ambient temperature ta. The heat dissipation from the free end' of the fin is assumed to
⎛ dt ⎞
be negligible. The temperature gradient at the fin tip ⎜ ⎟ is [IES-1999]
⎝ dx ⎠ x =l
t1 -t a t −t
(a) zero (b) (c)h ( t o -t l ) (d) o l
t o -t a l
5. Ans. (a)

Efficiency and effectiveness of fin

6. Usually fins are provided to increase the rate of heat transfer. But fins also act as
insulation. Which one of the following non-dimensional numbers decides this factor?
(a) Eckert number (b) Biot number (c) Fourier number (d) Peclet number [IES 2007]
6. Ans. (b)

7. Provision of fins on a given heat transfer surface will be more it there are [IES-1992]
(a) fewer number of thick fins (b) fewer number of thin fins
(c) large number of thin fins (d) large number of thick fins
7. Ans. (c)

8. In order to achieve maximum heat dissipation, the fin should be designed in such a
way that: [IES-2005]
(a) It should have maximum lateral surface at the root side of the fin
(b) It should have maximum lateral surface towards the tip side of the fin
(c) It should have maximum lateral surface near the centre of the fin
(d) It should have minimum lateral surface near the centre of the fin
8. Ans. (a)

9. A finned surface consists of root or base area of 1 m2 and fin surface area of 2 m2.
The average heat transfer coefficient for finned surface is 20 W/m2K. Effectiveness of
fins provided is 0.75. If finned surface with root or base temperature of 50oC is
transferring heat to a fluid at 30oC, then rate of heat transfer is [IES-2003]
(a) 400 W (b) 800 W (c) 1000 W (d) 1200 W
9. Ans. (b)

10. Consider the following statements pertaining to large heat transfer rate using fins:
1. Fins should be used on the side where heat transfer coefficient is small
2. Long and thick fins should be used [IES-2002]
3. Short and thin fins should be used
4. Thermal conductivity of fin material should be large
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1, 2 and 4 (c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 3 and 4
10. Ans. (d)

11. Assertion (A): In a liquid-to-gas heat exchanger fins are provided in the gas side.
Reason (R): The gas offers less thermal resistance than liquid [IES-2002]
11. Ans. (c)

12. Assertion (A): Nusselt number is always greater than unity. [IES-2001]
Reason (R): Nusselt number is the ratio of two thermal resistances, one the thermal
resistance which would be offered by the fluid, if it was stationary and the other, the
thermal resistance associated with convective heat transfer coefficient at the surface.
12. Ans. (b)

13. Addition of fin to the surface increases the heat transfer if hA / KP is [IES-1996]
(a) equal to one (b) greater than one
(c) less than one (d) greater than one but less than two.
13. Ans. (c) Addition of fin to the surface increases the heat transfer if hA / KP <<1.

14. Consider the following statements pertaining to heat transfer through fins:
1. Fins are equally effective irrespective of whether they are on the hot side or cold side
of the fluid. [IES-1996]
2. The temperature along the fin is variable and hence the rate of heat transfer varies
along the elements of the fin.
3. The fins may be made of materials that have a higher thermal conductivity than the
material of the wall.
4. Fins must be arranged at right angles to the direction of flow of the working fluid.
Of these statements
(a) 1 and 2 are correct (b) 2 and 4 are correct (c) 1 and 3 are correct (d) 2 and 3 are
correct.
14. Ans. (b) Statement 1 is wrong because fins are effective on hot side of fluid for
dissipating heat. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is wrong because it is good enough
to have same material for wall and fin. Statement 4 is correct. This right alternative is (b),
i.e. statements 2 and 4 are correct.

15. In spite of large heat transfer coefficients in boiling liquids, fins are used
advantageously when the entire surface is exposed to [IES-1994]
(a) nucleate boiling (b) film boiling
(c) transition boiling (d) all modes of boiling.
15. Ans. (d) Fins are used advantageously in all modes of boiling.

Estimation of error in temperature measurement in a thermometer

well
16. When the fluid velocity is doubled, the thermal time constant of a thermometer used
for measuring the fluid temperature reduces by a factor of 2. [GATE-1994]
16. Ans. False
Heat transfer from a bar connected to the two heat sources at
different, temperatures
17. A metallic rod of uniform diameter and length L connects two heat sources each at
dT
5000C. The atmospheric temperature is 300C. The temperature gradient at the
dL
centre of the bar will be
500 500 470
(a) (b) − (c) − (d) zero [IAS-2001]
L/2 L/2 L/2
17. Ans. (d)

Answers with Explanation (Objective)

4. One Dimensional Unsteady Conduction

Objective Questions (IES, IAS, GATE)

Heat Conduction in Solids having Infinite Thermal Conductivity

(Negligible internal Resistance-Lumped Parameter Analysis)
1. The value of Biot number is very small (less than 0.01) when [GATE-2002]
(a) the convective resistance of the fluid is negligible
(b) the conductive resistance of the fluid is negligible
(c) the conductive resistance of the solid is negligible
(d) none of these
1. Ans. (c)

2. Lumped heat transfer analysis of a solid object suddenly exposed to a fluid medium at
a different temperature is valid when [GATE-2001]
(a) Biot number < 0.1 (b) Biot number> 0.1
(c) Fourier number < 0.1 (d) Fourier number> 0.1
hLc
2. Ans. (a) Biot Number (Bi)= is the ratio of internal (conduction) resistance to
k
surface (convection) resistance. When the value of Bi is small, it means the system has
a small internal (conduction) resistance, i.e. relatively small temperature gradient or
existence of practical uniform temperature within the system. The convective resistance
then predominates and transient phenomenon is controlled by the convective heat
exchange.

surface convection resistance

3. The ratio is known as [IES-1992]
internal conduction resistance
(a) Grashoff number (b) Biot number (c) Stanton number (b) Prandtl number
3. Ans. (b)

4. Which one of the following statements is correct? [IES-2004]

The curve for unsteady state cooling or heating of bodies
(a) parabolic curve asymptotic to time axis
(b) exponential curve asymptotic to time axis
(c) exponential curve asymptotic both to time and temperature axis
(d) hyperbolic curve asymptotic both to time and temperature axis
Q
4. Ans. (b) = e−Bi ×Fo
Qo

5. A small copper ball of 5 mm diameter at 500 K is dropped into an oil bath whose
temperature is 300 K. The thermal conductivity of copper is 400 W/mK, its density 9000
kg/m3 and its specific heat 385 Jlkg.K.1f the heat transfer coefficient is 250 W/m2K and
lumped analysis is assumed to be valid, the rate of fall of the temperature of the ball at
the beginning of cooling will be, in K/s,
(a) 8.7 (b) 13.9 (c) 17.3 (d) 27.7 [GATE-2005]
 4 3
πr
V r 0.005 / 2
5. Ans. (a) Charactaristic length(Lc ) = = 3 2 = = = 8.3333 × 10 −4 m
As 4π r 3 3
k 400
Thermal diffusivity, α = = = 1.1544 × 10 −4
ρ c p 9000 × 385
ατ
Fourier Number (Fo) = = 166τ
L2c
hL c 250 × 8.3333 × 10 −4
Biot Number (Bi) = = = 5.208 × 10 −4
k 400
Then
θ T − Ta T − 300 −4
= = e −B ×F or i o
= e −166τ ×5.208×10
θi Ti − Ta 500 − 300
or ln(T − 300) − ln200 = −0.08646τ
1 dT ⎛ dT ⎞
or = −0.08646 or ⎜ ⎟ = −0.08646 × ( 500 − 300 ) = −17.3K / s
( T − 300 ) dτ ⎝ dτ ⎠T ≈500K

6. A spherical thermocouple junction of diameter 0.706 mm is to be used for the

measurement of temperature of a gas stream. The convective heat transfer co-efficient
on the bead surface is 400 W/m2K. Thermophysical properties of thermocouple material
are k = 20 W/mK, C =400 J/kg K and ρ = 8500 kg/m3. If the thermocouple initially at 30oC
is placed in a hot stream of 300oC, then time taken by the bead to reach 298oC, is
(a) 2.35 s (b) 4.9 s (c) 14.7 s (d) 29.4 s [GATE-2004]
4 3
πr
V 3 r
6. Ans. (b) Characteristic length (Lc) = = = = 0.11767 × 10 −3 m
A 4π r 2
3

Biot Number (Bi) =

(
hL c 400 × 0.11767 × 10
=
−3
)
= 2.3533 × 10 −3
k 20
As Bi < 0.1 the lumped heat capacity approach can be used
k 20
α= = = 5.882 × 10−6 m2 / s
ρ cp 8500 × 400
ατ
Fourier Number (Fo) = = 425τ
L2c
θ ⎛θ ⎞ ⎛ 300 − 30 ⎞
= e −F .B
o i
or Fo .Bi = ln ⎜ ⎟ or 425τ × 2.3533 × 10 −3 = ln ⎜ ⎟ or τ = 4.9 s
θi ⎝ θi ⎠ ⎝ 300 − 298 ⎠

7. Assertion (A): In lumped heat capacity systems the temperature gradient within the
system is negligible [IES-2004]
Reason (R): In analysis of lumped capacity systems the thermal conductivity of the
system material is considered very high irrespective of the size of the system
hL c h ⎛ V ⎞
7. Ans. (c) If Biot number (Bi)= = .⎜ ⎟ < 0.1 then use lumped heat capacity
k k ⎝ As ⎠
approach. It depends on size.
8. A solid copper ball of mass 500 grams, when quenched in a water bath at 30°C, cools
from 530°C to 430oC in 10 seconds. What will be the temperature of the ball after the
next 10 seconds? [IES-1997]
(a) 300oC (b) 320°C
(c) 350oC (d) Not determinable for want of sufficient data
8. Ans. (c) In first 10 seconds, temperature is fallen by 100°C. In next 10 seconds fall will
be less than 100°C. :. 350°C appears correct solution.

9. The temperature distribution with in thermal boundary layer over a heated isothermal
3
T − Tw 3⎛ y ⎞ 1⎛ y ⎞
flat plate is given by = ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ , where Tw and T∞ are the temperature of
T∞ − Tw 2 ⎝ δ t ⎠ 2 ⎝ δ t ⎠
plate and free stream respectively, and y is the normal distance measured from the
plate. The local Nusselt number based on the thermal boundary layer thickness δ t is
given by [GATE-2007]
(a) 1.33 (b) 1.50 (c) 2.0 (d) 4.64
9. Ans. (d)

Time Constant and Response of -Temperature Measuring

Instruments
10. A thermocouple in a thermo-well measures the temperature of hot gas flowing
through the pipe. For the most accurate measurement of temperature, the thermo-well
should be made of: [IES-1997]
(a) steel (b) brass (c) copper (d) aluminium
10. Ans. (c) Copper being best conductor compared to other materials is preferred for
accurate measurement

11. Assertion (A): During the temperature measurement of hot gas in a duct that has
relatively cool walls, the temperature indicated by the thermometer will be lower than the
true hot gas temperature.
Reason(R): The sensing tip of thermometer receives energy from the hot gas and loses
heat to the duct walls. [IAS-2000]
11. Ans. (a)

Transient Heat Conduction in Solids with Finite conduction and

Convective Resistances (0 < H < 100), j

Transient. Heat Conduction in Semi-infinite Solids (h or H 4.5. j

30 5 00),
~

12. Heisler charts are used to determine transient heat flow rate and temperature
distribution when: [IES-2005]
(a) Solids possess infinitely large thermal conductivity
(b) Internal conduction resistance is small and convective resistance is large
(c) Internal conduction resistance is large and the convective resistance is small
(d) Both conduction and convention resistance are almost of equal significance
12. Ans. (d)
Systems with Periodic Variation of Surface Temperature

Transient Conduction with Given Temperature Distribution,

Answers with Explanation (Objective)

Free & Forced convection

Objective Questions (IES, IAS, GATE)

1. The properties of mercury at 300 K are: density = 13529 kg/m3, specific heat at
constant pressure = 0.1393 kJ/kg-K, dynamic viscosity = 0.1523 x 10-2 N.s/m2 and
thermal conductivity = 8.540 W/m-K. The Prandtl number of the mercury at 300 K is
(a) 0.0248 (b) 2.48 (c) 24.8 (d) 248 [GATE-2002]
μ Cp 0.1523 × 10 × ( 0.1393 × 1000 )
−2

1. Ans. (a) Pr = = = 0.0248

k 8.540

2. For calculation of heat transfer by natural convection from a horizontal cylinder, what
is the characteristic length in Grashof Number?
(a) Diameter of the cylinder
(b) Length of the cylinder
(c) Circumference of the base of the cylinder
(d) Half the circumference of the base of the cylinder. [IES 2007]
2. Ans. (c)

3. Assertion (A): A slab of finite thickness heated on one side and held horizontal will
lose more heat per unit time to the cooler air if the hot surface faces upwards when
compared with the case where the hot surface faces downwards. [IES-1996]
Reason (R): When the hot surface faces upwards, convection takes place easily
whereas when the hot surface faces downwards, heat transfer is mainly by conduction
through air.
3. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation for A

4. For the fully developed laminar now and heat transfer in a uniformly heated long
circular tube, if the now velocity is doubled and the tube diameter is halved, the heat
transfer coefficient will be
(a) double of the original value (b) half of the original value [IES-2000]
(c) same as before (d) four times of the original value
4. Ans. (b)

5. Assertion (A): According to Reynolds analogy for Prandtl number equal to unity.
Stanton number is equal to one half of the friction factor. [IES-2001]
Reason (R): If thermal diffusivity is equal to kinematic viscosity, the velocity and the
temperature distribution in the flow will be the same.
5. Ans. (c)

6. The Nusselt number is related to Reynolds number in laminar and turbulent flows
respectively as [IES-2000]
(a) Re-1/2 and Re0.8 (b) Re1/2 and Re0.8 (c) Re-1/2 and Re-0.8 (d) Re1/2 and Re-0.8
6. Ans. (b)

7. In respect of free convection over a vertical flat plate the Nusselt number varies with
Grashof number 'Gr' as [IES-2000]
(a) Gr and Gr1/4 for laminar and turbulent flows respectively
(b) Gr1/2 and Gr1/3 for laminar and turbulent flows respectively
(c) Gr1/4 and Gr1/3 for laminar and turbulent flows respectively
(d) Gr1/3 and Gr1/4 for laminar and turbulent flows respectively
7. Ans. (a)

8. Heat is lost from a 100 mm diameter steam pipe placed horizontally in ambient at
30°C. If the Nusselt number is 25 and thermal conductivity of air is 0.03 W/mK, then the
heat transfer co-efficient will be [IES-1999]
(a) 7.5 W/m2K (b) 16.2 W/m2K (c) 25.2 W/m2 K (d) 30 W/m2K
hl 25×0.03
8. Ans. (a) = N u , or h= =7.5 W/m 2 K
k 0.1

9. Match List I with II and select the correct answer using the code given below the
Lists:
List I List II
(Non-dimensional Number) (Application)
A. Grashof number 1. Mass transfer
B. Stanton number 2. Unsteady state heat conduction
C. Sherwood number 3. Free convection
D. Fourier number 4. Forced convection
Code: [IES 2007]
A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 3 1 2 (b) 3 4 1 2
(c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 3 4 2 1
9. Ans. (b)

10. Match List I (Type of heat transfer) with List II (Governing dimensionless parameter)
and select the correct answer: [IES-2002]
List I List II
A. Forced convection 1. Reynolds, Grashof and Prandtl number
B. Natural convection 2. Reynolds and Prandtl number
C. Combined free and forced convection 3. Fourier modulus and Biot number
D. Unsteady conduction with 4. Prandtl number and Grashof number
convection at surface
A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 1 4 3 (b) 3 4 1 2
(c) 2 4 1 3 (d) 3 1 4 2
10. Ans. (c)

11. For steady, uniform flow through pipes with constant heat flux supplied to the wall,
what is the value of Nusselt number? [IES 2007]
(a) 48/11 (b) 11/48 (c) 24/11 (d) 11/24
11. Ans. (a)

12. Which one of the following non-dimensional numbers is used for transition from
laminar to turbulent flow in free convection?
(a) Reynolds number (b) Grashof number
(c) Peclet number (d) Rayleigh number [IES 2007]
12. Ans. (d)

13. Nusselt number for fully developed turbulent flow in a pipe is given by Nu = CRea Prb .
The values of a and b are [IES-2001]
(a) a = 0.5 and b = 0.33 for heating and cooling both
(b) a = 0.5 and b = 0.4 for heating and b = 0.3 for cooling
(c) a = 0.8 and b = 0.4 for heating and b = 0.3 for cooling
(d) a = 0.8 and b = 0.3 for heating and b = 0.4 for cooling
13. Ans. (c)

14. For natural convective now over a vertical flat plate as shown in the given figure, the
governing differential equation for momentum is [IES-2001]
⎛ ∂u ∂u ⎞ ∂ 2u
⎜u + v ⎟ = g β (T − T∞ ) + γ 2
⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ∂y
u u x y T − T∞
If equation is non-dimensionalized by U = ,V = , X = , Y = and θ =
U∞ U∞ L L Ts − T∞
then the term g β (T − T∞ ) , is equal to
Grashof number
(a) Grashof number (b) Prandtl number (c) Rayleigh number (d)
( Reynolds number )
2

14. Ans. (c)

15. Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer using the code given below
the Lists: [IES-2006]
List - I (Phenomenon) List – II (Associated Dimensionless Parameter)
A. Transient conduction 1. Reynolds number
B. Forced convection 2. Grashoff number
C. Mass transfer 3. Biot number
D. Natural convection 4. Mach number
5. Sherwood number
A B C D A B C D

(a) 3 2 5 1 (b) 5 1 4 2
(c) 3 1 5 2 (d) 5 2 4 1
15. ans. (c)

16.Which one of the following numbers represents the ratio of kinematic viscosity to the
thermal diffusivity? [IES-2005]
(a) Grashoff number (b) Prandtl number (c) Mach number (d) Nusselt number
16. Ans. (b)

17. Nusselt number for a pipe flow heat transfer coefficient is given by the equation NuD
= 4.36. Which one of the following combinations of conditions do exactly apply for use of
this equation? [IES-2004]
(a) Laminar flow and constant wall temperature
(b) Turbulent flow and constant wall heat flux
(c) Turbulent flow and constant wall temperature
(d) Laminar flow and constant wall heat flux
17. Ans. (*)

18. A fluid of thermal conductivity 1.0 W/m-K flows in fully developed flow with Reynolds
number of 1500 through a pipe of diameter 10 cm. The heat transfer coefficient for
uniform heat flux and uniform wall temperature boundary conditions are, respectively
 W W
(a) 36.57 and 43.64 (b) 43.64 and 36.57 [IES-2002]
m2K m2K
W W
(c) 43.64 for both the cases (d) 36.57 for both the cases
m2K m2 K
18. Ans. (b)

19. Match List I (Process) with List II/ (Predominant Parameter Associated with the Flow)
and select the correct answer: [IES-2004]
List I List II
A. Transient conduction 1. Sherwood Number
B. Mass transfer 2. Mach Number
C. Forced convection 3. Biot Number
D. Free convection 4. Grashof Number
5. Reynolds number
A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 3 5 4 (b) 3 1 2 5
(c) 3 1 5 4 (d) 1 3 2 5
19. Ans. (c)

20. Which one of the following statements is correct? [IES-2004]

The non-dimensional parameter known as Stanton number (St) is used in
(a) forced convection heat transfer in flow over flat plate
(b) condensation heat transfer with laminar film layer
(c) natural convection heat transfer over flat plate
(d) unsteady heat transfer from bodies in which internal temperature gradients cannot be
neglected
20. Ans. (a)

21. A 320 cm high vertical pipe at 150°C wall temperature is in a room with still air at
10°C. This pipe supplies heat at the rate of 8 kW into the room air by natural convection.
Assuming laminar flow, the height of the pipe needed to supply 1 kW only is [IES-2002]
(a) 10 cm (b) 20 cm (c) 40 cm (d) 80 cm
21. Ans. (b)

22. The average Nusselt number in laminar natural convection from a vertical wall at
180°C with still air at 20°C is found to be 48. If the wall temperature becomes 30°C, all
other parameters remaining same, the average Nusselt number will be [IES-2002]
(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 24 (d) 32
22. Ans. (c)

23. Match List-I (Process) with List-II (Predominant Parameter Associated with the
Process) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:[IES-2003]
List-I List-II
(Process) (Predominant Parameter Associated with the Process)
A. Mass transfer 1. Reynolds Number
B. Forced convection 2. Sherwood Number
C. Free convection 3. Mach Number
D. Transient conduction 4. Biot Number
5. Grashoff Number
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 5 1 2 3 (b) 2 1 5 4
(c) 4 2 1 3 (d) 2 3 5 4
23. Ans. (b)

24. The velocity and temperature distribution in a pipe flow are given by u(r) and T(r). If
um is the mean velocity at any section of the pipe, the bulk mean temperature at that
section is [IES-2003]
r0 r0 r0 r
u (r ) T (r ) u (r )T (r ) 2 0
∫ u(r )T (r )r dr (b) ∫ (c) ∫
um r02 ∫0
2
(a) dr dr (d) u (r )T (r )rdr
0 0
3r 2r 0
2π r03
24. Ans. (d)

25. For fully-developed turbulent flow in a pipe with heating, the Nusselt number Nu,
varies with Reynolds number Re and Prandtl number Pr as [IES-2003]
1
(a) Re0.5 Pr3 (b) Re0.8 Pr0.2 (c) Re0.8 Pr0.4 (d) Re0.8 Pr0.3
25. Ans. (c)

26. For laminar flow over a flat plate, the local heat transfer coefficient 'hx' varies as x-1/2,
where x is the distance from the leading edge (x = 0) of the plate. The ratio of the
average coefficient' ha' between the leading edge and some location 'A' at x = x on the
plate to the local heat transfer coefficient 'hx' at A is [IES-1999]
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
26. Ans. (b)
h
Here at x=0, h o =h, and at x=x, h x =
x
2h
x
1 h 2h
Average coefficient = ∫ dx= Therefore ratio= x =2
x0 x x h
x
27. When there is a flow of fluid over a flat plate of length 'L', the average heat transfer
number; (other symbols have the usual meaning) [IES-1997]
L L L
d 1 k
(a ) ∫ hx dx ( hx )
L ∫0 L ∫0
(b) (c ) hx dx (d ) Nu x dx
0
dx
27. Ans. (c)

28. In the case of turbulent flow through a horizontal isothermal cylinder of diameter' D',
free convection heat transfer coefficient from the cylinder will [IES-1997]
(a) be independent of diameter (b) vary as D3/4 (c) vary as D1/4 (d) vary as
D1/2
28. Ans. (a) Free convection heat transfer coefficient from the cylinder is independent of
its diameter.

29. Match List t with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below
the lists:
List I List II [IES-1993]
(Dimensionless quantity) (Application)
A. Stanton number 1. Natural convection for ideal gases
B. Grashof number 2. Mass transfer
C. Peclet number 3. Forced convection
D. Schmidt number 4. Forced convection for small Prandtl number
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 4 3 1 (b) 3 1 4 2
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 2 1 3 4
29. Ans. (b) The correct matching for various dimensionless quantities is provided by
code (b)

30. Assertion (A): All analyses of heat transfer in turbulent flow must eventually rely on
experimental data. [IES-2000]
Reason (R): The eddy properties vary across the boundary layer and no adequate
theory is available to predict their behaviour.
30. Ans. (a)

31.

Match the velocity profiles labelled A, B, C and D with the following situations:[IES-1998]

1. Natural convection 2. Condensation 3. Forced convection

4. Bulk viscosity ≠ wall viscosity 5. Flow in pipe entrance
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Code: A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 2 1 5 (b) 1 4 2 3
(c) 3 2 1 4 (d) 2 1 5 3
31. Ans. (a) It provides right matching

32. Consider the following statements: [IES-1997]

If a surface is pock-marked with a number of cavities, then as compared to a smooth
surface
1. radiation will increase. 2. nucleate boiling will increase.
3. conduction will increase. 4. convection will increase.
Of these statements
(1) 1, 2 and 3 are correct (b) 1, 2 and 4 are correct
(c) 1, 3 and 4 are correct (d) 2, 3 and 4 are correct
32. Ans. (a) Convection heat transfer is independent of condition of surface

33. Given that

Nu = Nusselt number, Re = Reynolds number, Pr = Prandtl number [IES-1997]
Sh = Sherwood number, Sc = Schmidt number and Gr = Grashoff number
the functional relationship for free convective mass transfer is given as :
(a ) N u = f (Gr , Pr ) (b) S h = f ( Sc , Gr ) (c) N u = f ( Rr , Pr ) (d ) Sh = f ( Re , Sc )
33. Ans. (a)

34. A cube at high temperature is immersed in a constant temperature bath. It loses heat
from its top, bottom and side surfaces with heat transfer coefficient of h1, h3 and h3
respectively. The average heat transfer coefficient for the cube is [IES-1996]
1 1 1
( a ) h1 +h 3 + h 3 ( b )( h1h 3h 3 ) (c)
1/3
+ + (d )none of the above
h1 h 2 h 3
34. Ans. (a) Losing of heat from top, bottom and side surfaces of cubes is equivalent to
considering that resistances, to heat flow are in parallel. For parallel resistance
1 1 1 1
= + + or h av = h1 +h 3 + h 3
Rav R1 R2 R3

35. Assertion (A): When heat is transferred from a cylinder in cross flow to an air stream,
the local heat transfer coefficient at the forward stagnation point is large. [IES-1995]
Reason (R): Due to separation of the boundary layer eddies continuously sweep the
surface close to the forward stagnation point.
35. Ans. (a) A and R are correct. R is right explanation for A.

36. In free convection heat transfer transition from laminar to turbulent flow is governed
by the critical value of the [IES-1992]
(a) Reynolds number (b) Grashoff's number
(c) Reynolds number, Grashoff number (d) Prandtl number, Grashoff number
36. Ans. (d)

37. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below
the lists:
List I (Flow Pattern) List II (Situation) [IES-1995]
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 3 4 1 2
(c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 4 3 1 2
37. Ans. (b)

38. Consider a hydrodynamically fully developed flow of cold air through a heated pipe of
radius ro. The velocity and temperature distributions in the radial direction are given by
u(r) and T(r) respectively. If um, is the mean velocity at any section of the pipe, then the
bulk-mean temperature at that section is given by [IES-1994]
ro

ro ro 4 ∫ u (r )T (r )dr r
u (r ) T (r ) 2 o
∫ u (r )T (r )r dr um ro2 ∫0
(a) 2
(b) ∫ dr (c) 0
(d) u (r )T (r )rdr
0 0
3r 2r 2π ro3
38. Ans. (d)
total thermal energy crossing a sectionpipe in unit time
Bulk-mean temperature =
heat capacity offluid crossing same section in unit time
ro

∫ u (r )T (r )rdr 2 o
r

um ro2 ∫0
= 0
ro
= u (r )T (r )rdr
um ∫ rdr
0
39. The ratio of energy transferred by convection to that by conduction is called
(a) Stanton number (b) Nusselt number (c) Biot number (d) Preclet number
[IES-1992]
39. Ans. (b)

40. Free convection flow depends on all of the following EXCEPT [IES-1992]
(a) density (b) coefficient of viscosity (c) gravitational force (d) velocity
40. Ans. (d)

41. The average heat transfer coefficient on a thin hot vertical plate suspended in still air
can be determined from observations of the change in plate temperature with time as it
cools. Assume the plate temperature to be uniform at any instant of time and radiation
heat exchange with the surroundings negligible. The ambient temperature is 25°C, the
plate has a total surface area of 0.1 m2 and a mass of 4 kg. The specific heat of the plate
material is 2.5 kJ/kgK. The convective heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K, at the instant
when the plate temperature is 225°C and the change in plate temperature with time
dT/dt = - 0.02 K/s, is: [GATE-2007]
(a) 200 (b) 20 (c) 15 (d) 10
41. Ans. (d)

Data for Q. 42 - 43 are given below. Solve the problems and choose correct
answers.
Heat is being transferred by convection from water
at 48°C to a glass plate whose surface that is
exposed to the water is at 40°C. The thermal
conductivity of water is 0.6 W/mK and the thermal
conductivity of glass is 1.2 W/mK. The spatial Water
gradient of temperature in the water at the water-
glass interface is dT/dy =1 x 104 K/m.

[GATE-2003]

42. The value of the temperature gradient in the glass at the water-glass interface in K/m
is [GATE-2003]
(a) - 2 x 104 (b) 0.0 (c) 0.5 x 104 (d) 2 x 104
42. Ans. (c) K w = 0.6 W / mK, K G = 1.2 W / mK
The spatial gradient of temperature in water at the water-glass interface
⎛ dT ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ = 1× 10 K / m
4

⎝ dy ⎠ w
At Water glass interface,
⎛ dT ⎞ ⎛ dT ⎞ ⎛ dT ⎞ K w ⎛ dT ⎞ 0.6
Q = Kw ⎜ ⎟ = KG ⎜ ⎟ or ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = × 10 4 = 0.5 × 10 4 K / m
⎝ dy ⎠ w ⎝ dy ⎠G ⎝ dy ⎠G K G ⎝ dy ⎠ w 1.2

43. The heat transfer coefficient h in W/m2K is [GATE-2003]

(a) 0.0 (b) 4.8 (c) 6 (d) 750
43. Ans. (d)
Heat transfer per unit area q = h ( Tf – Ti)
 ⎛ dT ⎞
Kw ⎜ ⎟
⎝ dy ⎠ w 0.6 × 10
4
q
or h = = = = 750 W / m2K
Tf − Ti Tf − Ti (48 − 40)

44. If velocity of water inside a smooth tube is doubled, the n turbulent flow heat transfer
coefficient between the water and the tube will [GATE-1999]
(a) remain unchanged (b) increase to double its value
(c) increase but will not reach double its value (d) increase to more than double its value
1
⎛ μcp ⎞ 3
0.8
k 1
k ⎛ ρ VD ⎞
h = 0.023 (Re ) (Pr ) 3 = 0.023 ⎜
0.8
44. Ans. (c) ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
D D⎝ μ ⎠ ⎝ k ⎠
0.8
Q2 ⎛ v 2 ⎞
So h ∞ v 0.8 and Q ∞ h Therefore =⎜ ⎟ = 20.8 = 1.74
Q1 ⎝ v1 ⎠

Answers with Explanation (Objective)