PowerQuality102 PDF
PowerQuality102 PDF
PowerQuality102 PDF
• Transients
• IEEE 519 Harmonics
• CBEMA/ITIC
• Flicker
• Loose Neutral
• Impact Loading
• Variable Frequency Drives
• Modern Loads and PQ
• Further Reading
• Short duration, high frequency voltage impulses – local resonance ringing damped quickly
Possible
Solutions:
Series Surge
Suppressors
Line Reactors
Possible
Solutions:
Pre-Insertion
resistance
or inductance
Motor starts during day with PV, and also at night with no PV
Cause:
• Can be caused by SLG
fault temporary V rise
on unfaulted phases,
switching events
Cause:
• Fault pulls local ground away from substation ground
potential, increasing ground-phase voltage on other
phases
3 cycle reclose
30 cycle reclose
IEEE Std. 519:2014 – Tables and definitions reprinted with permission from IEEE - Copyright 2014, by IEEE. Copying, cutting and pasting,
and/or redistributing electronically or otherwise of this information is strictly prohibited
Distortion
repeated every
cycle - harmonics
Vs
Oscillatory transient –
NOT harmonics
Tricky cases:
• Single customer on a dedicated feeder
– at substation, or transformer?
IEEE Std. 519-2014 - Reprinted with permission from IEEE - Copyright 2014, by IEEE. Copying, cutting and pasting, and/or redistributing
electronically or otherwise of this table is strictly prohibited.
• VTHD interval graph - does VTHD vary with customer shift changes, breaks,
etc. – commercial/industrial customers
VTHD
uncorrelated
with load
current
VTHD
Correlated
with load
current
Measured resonances ~10th, 13th, 18th harmonics (600, 780, 1080 Hz)
Computer Business
Equipment Manufacturers
Association, ~1970s
ITIC Curve – Point Location for 1 sec. duration = 89%, 1 sec duration.
% = 107.3/120.5 = 89%; Duration was 1 cycle, = 16.67ms
• % V dip = ∆V/V
• Threshold of perceptibility
• Threshold of irritability
• Also considers effects of flicker sources with long/variable duty cycles (arc
furnaces)
• Utility had adopted “house flicker curve” – Std. 141 curve is adjustable,
1453 method is not
• Easier to estimate expected Std. 141 flicker levels by hand for a single
large offender
Vmin data points – single cycle worst case values – frequency of occurrence?
Duration? Pst indicates human perception of flicker severity
Residential customer
25 kVA transformer
25 kVA xfmr
replaced with 50
kVA to reduce
flicker – reduces
impedance,
therefore reduces
voltage drop
Impact Loads: frequent very high current surges, usually greater than the
nameplate rating of the transformer
• Usually caused from high motor inrush currents with frequent motor starts
• Appears to transformer as repeated near-short circuit condition
• High currents cause large mechanical stress on internal windings and core
• Repeated stress causes early failure
• More commonly seen on “unit transformers” dedicated to a single load,
sized specifically for the steady state load current
Transformer may need to be de-rated with impact loads – loads with very high
peak to average RMS current, and frequent peaks
“pulse swing” K:
Problems of Impact Loading on Unit Transformers by Frank J. McCann and Robert J. Ristow
© Power Monitors, Inc. 2019 MIPSYCON 2019
Case Study: Poultry Plant
Poultry Processing Plant
1 MVA transformer failed after 6 months. Peak 15 minute load ~1.1 MVA
2 minute stripchart interval, many 1500A current spikes
Normal looking V, I
sine waves …
© Power Monitors, Inc. 2019 MIPSYCON 2019
Poultry Plant
Flicker is high during periods where max current is spiking continuously
(more than once per 2 minute interval)
Can be extended to 18
pulse
Distorted input current Output motor current waveform Output voltage applied to motor
waveform causes distorted
voltage drop across source
impedance
1958
$1.16 = $10.26 today
http://www.johnsonconsults.com/presentations/Residential%20Lighting%20in%20the%20US-
July%20182004%20DMEA.pdf
http://www.ti.com/solution/lighting_bulb_replacement
© Power Monitors, Inc. 2019 MIPSYCON 2019
Modern LED “Bulb” – Design
• Immediate AC->DC
rectification
• DC hold-up time depends
on high quality capacitor
selection
• Dimmer sensing relies on
analog waveform detection
of SCR dimmer pattern
• Component selection
determines sensitivity to AC
power quality, esp. over
time – could be good, or
poor
http://www.ti.com/solution/lighting_bulb_replacement
© Power Monitors, Inc. 2019 MIPSYCON 2019
LED “Bulb” –
Consumer Perspective
• Advanced features – any color, any brightness, timers,
remote control
• Long life – will become obsolete before it fails
• Low power – so low, power can be ignored
• Part of a larger networked system – smart home, phone
• Complex state – different modes, timers, etc.
• Same equivalent cost as 1950’s colored bulb
So advanced, it’s assumed it will
outperform incandescent bulbs in every
way
VFD benefits:
• No motor-inrush current – eliminates
voltage sags
• High efficiency
• Very fine-grained control of motor
operation
VFD problems:
• High current harmonic distortion
• Voltage notching, transients from
overlapped switching
• Complex VFD threshold programming –
can be overly sensitive to AC power
© Power Monitors, Inc. 2019 MIPSYCON 2019
Modern Load Characteristics
Disconnect between utility voltage and load performance
• Actual load doesn’t directly utility incoming AC voltage to do work
• Load driven by synthesized AC/DC from controller
• Relationship between utility voltage and load performance much blurrier
vs
Incandescent:
• Light flicker well determined based on
physics of glowing filament
• IEEE 141 and 1453 provide voltage
variation limits based on perceptible
light flicker
LED:
• Light output based on internal power
supply output, not utility voltage Voltage sag
• operation in presence of voltage sags causes LED bulb
depends on power supply design – to reset from
internal energy storage, etc. purple to white – is
• No standardized LED driver response to that light flicker?
AC voltage changes
• LED bulb response often nonlinear
© Power Monitors, Inc. 2019 MIPSYCON 2019
Utility Challenges –
Increased Sensitivity
Example: UPS-based traffic signal controller
There are a few dimmable LED fixtures that are flickering, but not all of
the fixtures having this problem are dimmable. They have all LEDs in
their home but not all of the LEDs are having this issue. We took over
some of our own LED bulbs and they did the same thing. We do not
have a PMI monitor on the location at this time, but Joe is sending us a
demo wall plugin recorder to see if we can identify the problem that
way.