Appendix 4 - The Binomial Theorem - 1984 - Calculus PDF
Appendix 4 - The Binomial Theorem - 1984 - Calculus PDF
Appendix 4 - The Binomial Theorem - 1984 - Calculus PDF
The binomial theorem provides a useful device for multiplying expressions of the form
(x + y)n, where n is a positive integer. You are all familiar with the expression
(x + yf = x2 + 2xy + y2.
n\ _ n(n - \){n - 2) · · · (n - k + 1) _ n!
.k) ~ k(k - 1) ••3-2.1 ~k\{n-k)\'
(i) If n = 1, then
(x + yt = i (*y-y. (4)
7=0 \]/
Then
or
tThe proof is difficult and may be omitted without loss of continuity. Another (simpler) proof, which makes
use of Taylor's theorem, is suggested in Problem 13.3.31.
THE BINOMIAL THEOREM A35
In (6) we see that there are two terms containing the expressions xk+1 'y' (for
; = 1, 2, . . . , k), namely,
k
)xk+1-y + ( k_ )x i + 1 -y. (7)
But
HA k(k - 1)
k(k
-;' + 2)(fc -■ 7 + 1 )
CK-i)-**"1)"7",+*Bt-'+l)+'1
[since/(; - 1)! = ;'!]
(k + l)k(k - 1) · · · (k - j + 2)
n
(k + l)k ■ · ■ (k - ; + 2){k + 1 - ;)! _ A + /
;!(fc + 1 - ;')! " V ;
Hence
*)*—y + (. * j^-y = (* i 1
Finally from (6), (7), and (9), we have
(x + yf+1 = Σ ; V + 1 -y,
9! 9-8-7 9-8-7
= 84.
6!3! 3! 3-2
Solution.
+ Q(2x)\-3yf + Q)(-3y)4
= 16x4 + 4(8x3)(-3y) + 6(4x2)(9y2) + 4(2x)(-27y3) + 81y4
= 16x4 - 96x3y + 216x2y2 - 216xy3 + 81y4 ■
PROBLEMS
In Problems 1-8, calculate the binomial coefficients.
i· (i) 2- (I) 3. ©
4- CΟ) 5- Ci) 6. (2o°)
7. (ΞΞ) 8. (V2)
9. Prove that (1) = (nlk) for any integers 0 s fc s n.
10. Calculate (x + yf. 11. Calculate (a + bf'.
12. Calculate (w - wf. 13. Calculate (x - 2yf.
14. Calculate (x2 - y 3 ) 4 . 15. Calculate (ax - by)5.
16. Calculate (x" + y")5. 17. Calculate [(x/2) + (y/3)] 5 .
18. Find the coefficient of x y in the expansion of (x + y) 12 .
5 7
") + G + · T.
n\ n = 0.
l) +
(l
+ ■ (-1)"