Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 42 views

    Appendix 4 - The Binomial Theorem - 1984 - Calculus PDF

    Uploaded by

    Brian Wood

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Appendix 4 - The Binomial Theorem - 1984 - Calculus PDF

    Uploaded by

    Brian Wood
    42 views4 pages

    Original Title

    Appendix-4---The-Binomial-Theorem_1984_Calculus.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    42 views4 pages

    Appendix 4 - The Binomial Theorem - 1984 - Calculus PDF

    Uploaded by

    Brian Wood

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Appendix 4

    The Binomial Tkeorem

    The binomial theorem provides a useful device for multiplying expressions of the form
    (x + y)n, where n is a positive integer. You are all familiar with the expression

    (x + yf = x2 + 2xy + y2.

    In addition, it is not difficult to show that

    (x + yf = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3.

    To calculate larger powers of x + y, we first define the binomial coefficient (£)


    for n and k positive integers by

    n\ _ n(n - \){n - 2) · · · (n - k + 1) _ n!
    .k) ~ k(k - 1) ••3-2.1 ~k\{n-k)\'

    where n\ = n(n - l)(n - 2) · · · 3 · 2 · 1 , and, by convention, 0! = 1.

    EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate (a) ®, (b) (g), (c) Q.


    Solution.
    (a) d) = 4!/2!2! = (4 · 3 · 2)/(2 · 2) = 6.
    (b) (D = 8!/5!3! = (8·7·6·5!)/5!3! = (8·7·6)/6 = 56.
    (c) (J) = 7!/7!0! = 1/0! = 1/1 = 1. ■
    A34 APPENDIX 4 THE BINOMIAL THEOREM

    Theorem 1 The Binomial Theorem Let n be a positive integer. Then

    (x + y)" = x" + (Ί)χ-ν + ( ^ - y + · · · + ( „ ! J V 1 + y", (2)


    or more concisely,

    (* + y)" = Σ f K"V· (3)

    Proof, t We prove this theorem by mathematical induction (see Appendix 2).

    (i) If n = 1, then

    implying the validity of equation (3) for n = 1.


    (ii) We assume that equation (3) holds for n = k and prove it for n =
    k + 1. By assumption, we have

    (x + yt = i (*y-y. (4)
    7=0 \]/

    Then

    (x + y)M = {x + y)\x + y)= L,—o


    Σ
    I;
    (y-y (x + y),

    or

    <* + y)t+1 = i (*V+1-y + Σ ( V y + i . (5)


    7=o \ ; / 7=o y /
    We now write out the sums in (5):

    (x + y)M = (*)x*+i + (*)*«y + Q * ' - y + · · · + (*)*i+i-y


    +
    i;">^+i+---+cy (6)

    + y**y + ( * y - y + Q**-y + + ^ _ jx l+i -y


    + ( j**-y +i + · ·  + y y i + i .

    tThe proof is difficult and may be omitted without loss of continuity. Another (simpler) proof, which makes
    use of Taylor's theorem, is suggested in Problem 13.3.31.
    THE BINOMIAL THEOREM A35

    In (6) we see that there are two terms containing the expressions xk+1 'y' (for
    ; = 1, 2, . . . , k), namely,

    k
    )xk+1-y + ( k_ )x i + 1 -y. (7)

    But

    HA k(k - 1)

    k(k
    -;' + 2)(fc -■ 7 + 1 )

    hil· -- ^\. (k--- ;; 4-


    1) . . il· + 2)
    J\
    + — (8)
    (/ - 1)!

    We multiply the second term in (8) by j/j to obtain

    CK-i)-**"1)"7",+*Bt-'+l)+'1
    [since/(; - 1)! = ;'!]

    (k + l)k(k - 1) · · · (k - j + 2)
    n
    (k + l)k ■ · ■ (k - ; + 2){k + 1 - ;)! _ A + /
    ;!(fc + 1 - ;')! " V ;

    Hence

    *)*—y + (. * j^-y = (* i 1
    Finally from (6), (7), and (9), we have

    (x + yf+1 = Σ ; V + 1 -y,

    which is equation (3) for n = k + 1, and the theorem is proved.

    EXAMPLE 2 Calculate (x + yf.


    Solution.

    <· +tf- ß. ©*"»'


    y + ©*v+ ©»v + Q'y+ Ω»'+ Qys
    A36 APPENDIX 4 THE BINOMIAL THEOREM

    = x5 + 5x 4 y + 10xY + 10x2y3 + 5xy 4 + y5 

    EXAMPLE 3 Find t h e coefficient of t h e t e r m containing x 3 y 6 in the e x p a n s i o n of (x + y)9.

    Solution. In (3) w e obtain t h e t e r m x3ye b y s e t t i n g ; = 6 (so t h a t 9 - ;' = 3). T h e


    coefficient is

    9! 9-8-7 9-8-7
    = 84.
    6!3! 3! 3-2

    EXAMPLE 4 Calculate (2x - 3y) 4 .

    Solution.

    (2x - 3y)4 = (J(2x)4 + ( J ^ - S y ) 1 + y(2x)2(-3y)2

    + Q(2x)\-3yf + Q)(-3y)4
    = 16x4 + 4(8x3)(-3y) + 6(4x2)(9y2) + 4(2x)(-27y3) + 81y4
    = 16x4 - 96x3y + 216x2y2 - 216xy3 + 81y4 ■

    PROBLEMS
    In Problems 1-8, calculate the binomial coefficients.

    i· (i) 2- (I) 3. ©
    4- CΟ) 5- Ci) 6. (2o°)
    7. (ΞΞ) 8. (V2)
    9. Prove that (1) = (nlk) for any integers 0 s fc s n.
    10. Calculate (x + yf. 11. Calculate (a + bf'.
    12. Calculate (w - wf. 13. Calculate (x - 2yf.
    14. Calculate (x2 - y 3 ) 4 . 15. Calculate (ax - by)5.
    16. Calculate (x" + y")5. 17. Calculate [(x/2) + (y/3)] 5 .
    18. Find the coefficient of x y in the expansion of (x + y) 12 .
    5 7

    19. Find the coefficient of x 8 y 3 in the expansion of (x + y)n.


    20. Show that in the expansion of (x + y)" the coefficient of xky"~k is equal to the coefficient of
    x-y.
    21. Show that for any integer n

    ") + G + · T.

    [Hint: Expand (1 + 1)". ]


    22. Show that for any integer n,

    n\ n = 0.
    l) +
    (l
    + ■ (-1)"

    [Hint: Expand (1 - 1)".]

    You might also like