Petroleum Production Engineering I

Thi-Qar University Petroleum Production / 3rd Class
College of No. of Week: ( 1 )./ Titled Lecture: Review of casing design concepts
Engineering
Lecturer: Dr. Abdullah K. Okab
Petroleum and Gas
Done by Engineers:‫حسن‬ ‫مرتضى‬,‫مرتضى جبار‬,‫محمد سمير‬,‫محمد عبدزيد‬
Engineering Dep.
LECTURE 1
Review of casing design concepts
The Casing
After drilling each cavity, the pipe must be lined or sealed with steel pipes.
These pipes perform the following functions:
a) Preventing the destruction of the well wall and providing support for weak and
cracked structures.
b) Isolating the porous medium containing different fluids and preventing
pollution of the producing layers. This can be eliminated by the presence of
cement behind the lining pipes.
c) Protection of freshwater pollution near the surface.
d) Inventory and identification of production by securing a corridor for
hydrocarbon fluids.
e) Achieve appropriate linkage to the wellhead and Christmas tree equipment.
f) Allows the connection of the surge suppressors during drilling operations.
g) securing a well with a diameter and depth to allow the completion equipment
to be removed.
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Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
h) Facilitate the installation and installation of the required equipment inside the
well, especially if the production is by artificial lift.
Operating window :
The area between the pore pressure and the fracture pressure in the certain
lithology.
Fracture pressure:
is the minimum pressure that causes the rocks to be fracked. Therefore, the
drilling fluids starts to flow out of the wellbore to the formation. This is called lost
circulation.
Pore Pressure: is the formation fluids pressure which is caused by the overburden
pressure or other reasons.
Overburden pressure: is the weights of the upper rocks. Therefore, when the
drilling goes deeper, the pressure increase due to the weight of the rocks.
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Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
the pore pressure and the fracture pressure changes with depth, so that, it is
impossible to drill very long section by using the same properties of mud. So, it is
need to separate the depth to several ranges. Every range has to have the same
drilling fluids density.
Every range is run by a specific size of pipe called casing. Then, the casing is
cemented . After that, the new size of hole is drilled.
Types of casing strings
The cost is much less to drill a single well to the total depth and may be a single
diameter dredger and then the well to the surface is extended to the total depth
with one diameter pipes. However, the presence of high pressure areas and weak
non-coherent layers or areas containing Take down the liner to remove and
remove these problematic areas and allow drilling to continue naturally so it is
necessary to drop the lining of different diameters to lock different sections of the
well.
Description of casing strings :
1-Conductor pipe: is the first casing that is run in the well. This casing is usually
large diameter. The primary purpose of the conductor casing is to serve as flow
line, allowing mud to return to the pits and stabilizing the upper part of a hole,
which may be composed of loose soil. The depth of the conductor pipe is usually
in the range of 100mTVD and diameter 18-32 in . it also provides a point for
instillation of a blow out preventer (BOP).
2-Surface Casing: the well is drilled out from the conductor pipe to depth below
the shallow freshwater sands. The surface casing string is run through the
conductor pipe at depth 500m TVD and diameter 13.5-20 in .It has some basic
purposes:
-cover fresh water sands.
-maintain hole integrity by preventing caving.
-cover the weak zone.
-minimize lost circulation into shallow –permeable zone.
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Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
-provide a means for attaching the blowout preventers.

-support the weight of all casing string (except liners)run below the surface pipe.
3-Intermediate casing :the primary applications of intermediate casing involve
abnormally high formation pressure . since higher mud weights are required to
control these pressure the shallower weak formations must be protected to
prevent lost circulation or stuck pipe . It is used to isolated salt zone or zone
those cause hole problems such as heaving and sloughing shale.The diameter of
this casing 9.5 in and depth 1000m TVD
4-The production casing is often called the oil string .The pipe may be set at a
depth slightly above , or below the pay zone with depth 1500m TVD and diameter
7in . The pipe has the following purposes:
-Isolate the producing zone from the other formations .
-provide a work shaft of a known diameter to the pay zone .
-protect the producing tubing equipment.
5-Liners: Do not run this column to the surface ,it suspended a short distance
above the previous casing shoe and will be cemented along its whole length to
insure a good seal isolating the annulus. Often a liner top packer can be set as a
precautionary second barrier. This casing pipe has the following advantage :
-Reduce the total cost of the production casing column and the costs of
downloading and cementing are less
disadvantage.
-the possibility of leakage through the column pillar lining.
-difficult to obtaining good initial cementing process because the narrow space
between the liner casing and the wall of the well.
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Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
Types of the liner casing:

-Drilling liners: are used to isolate lost circulation or abnormally pressured zone to
permit deeper drilling.
-Production liners: are run instead of a full casing to provide isolation across the
production or injection zone .
-The tie-back liner : is a section of casing extending upwards from the top of an
existing liner to the surface . it may or may not ,be cemented in place.
The scab liner: is a section of casing that does not reach the surface . it is used to
repair existing damaged casing . it is normally sealed with packers at top and
bottom.
-The scab tie-back liner : is section of casing extending from the top of an existing
liner but dose reach the surface . The scab tie-bake is normally cemented in place.
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Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
Casing physical properties:

The properties of oil-field tubular goods include grade , weight ,length and inner
diameter.
Steel Grade:
The grade reflects the material composition and yield strength of the casing
material. API casing grades are listed in the table below:
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Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
Nominal Weight:
Nominal weight is the average linear weight of the tubing, connection included. It
is expressed in lb/ft or kg/m and it determines the tubing wall thickness that in
turn determines the nominal inner diameter.
WL=(WPC L)+ew
W=calculate weight of a pipe of length L,Ib
L=length of pipe ,ft
WPC=plian-end ,ft
ew=weight gain or loss due to end finishing , lb
Length:
Casing usually comes in lengths between 40 and 46 ft (12-14 m).
Inner Diameter:
Because the inner diameter is nominal, a guaranteed inner diameter called the
drift diameter is also specified. The drift diameter is typically 1/8″ (3.2 mm) less
than the nominal inner diameter. Equipment with a larger diameter than the drift
diameter should not be run into a well.
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Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
Burst :is a condition where amount of internal pressure exceeds pressure

loading. Minimum burst rating pressure (internal yield pressure) can be calculated
by the following equation.
Where:
PB – Minimum internal yield pressure (psi)

Yp – Minimum yield strength (psi)
t – Nominal wall thickness (in)
D -Nominal outside diameter of the pipe (in)
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Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
Example: Calculate the tensile strength of the following pipe. 4-1/2” casing, weight 9.5 ppf, grade J-55
Ans:
PB = 4,385 psi
Example: Calculate the internal yield burst pressure for 26.4 lb/ft,N-80,7.625 inch pipe .assume it has a
wall thickness (t) of 0.328 inch .Use the API minimum wall thickness factor of 0.875 .Recalculate the
result and use 95% wall thickness.
Ans:
a)the internal yield stress is calculate as:
Pb=0.875[(2x80000psi)x0.328inch)/7.625inch]
Pb=6020psi
Collapse Pressure: is the pressure which is supplied from the outside of a pipe.
When the Collapse Pressure is higher than the rated or designed Collapse Pressure
of the pipe, then the pipe crushes or collapses. In other words, when the
differential pressure from outside to inside the tube or vessel increases, the tube
deforms catastrophically
1-plastic collapse:
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Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
Example/An engineer must calculate the collapse rating for rating for the following section of pipe . Using
API calculate the collapse pressure to the nearest 10 psi.
Pipe diameter :9.625 psi, wall thickness :0.472psi, Grade :N-80 ,weight :47lb/ft.
Ans: determine the D/t ratio:
D/t= 9.625inch/0.472 inch=20.392
Form table ( )
A=3.071: ,C=1955
Pp=Yp[(A/(D/t))-B]-c
Pp=80000[(3.071/(20.392)-0.0667]-1955
Pp=4756 psi.
Collapse pressure - with axial stress
 2

1/ 2

  SA  S 
YPA = YP  1 − 0 .75    − 0 .5  A  
   YP    YP 
 
YPA = yield strength of axial stress equivalent grade, psi

Yp = minimum yield strength of pipe, psi
SA = Axial stress, psi (tension is positive
YPA=Yield strength of axial stress equivalent grade,psi.
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Engineering Dep.
Example :the engineer must calculate the collapse pressure for the following pipe characteristics:
Size :7 inch OD, weight :26lb/ft, Grade: P-110, SA:11000 psi, t=0.362 inch.
Ans:  2

1/ 2

  SA  S 
YPA = YP  1 − 0 .75    − 0 .5  A  
   YP    YP 
 
YPA=[SQRT(1-0.75(11000/110000)2)-0.5(11000/110000)110000
YPA=104.082 psi
D/t=?
D/t=7/0.362 =19.34
A=3.181 B=0.0819 C =2852
PP=YP[(A/Dt)-B]-C
PP=104082[(3.181/19.34)-0.0819]-2852
PP=5742 psi
Reference:
1-production engineering
2-petroleum book.
3-oil well Drilling engineering
11
College of Engineering No. of Week: ( 2 )./ Titled Lecture: well completion
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
Done by Engineers: Ekhlas A. Alwahed, Om albaneen R, jaefar s.

LECTURE 2
Well completion
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Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.

Well completion : can be defined as the process of preparing a well for

production / injection of oil and gas. This involves preparing the required bottom
hole specifications and running in of the production tubing and its associated down
hole tools and equipment’s .
Productive lining
(casing)
Production Lining production

Packer reducer (liner)
(Christmas Tree(X-mas Sliding Sleeve

tree)&Wellhead Assembly
Subsurface production pipe

Control (tubbing)
Equipment
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Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.

Figure 1
Production Tubing : Production, control and download of measuring devices .
Liner : Control of sand problem and Economy costs .

Production Packer : Insulation , production and it protection the casing and
isolate the tubing from casing due to its location between casing and tubing.
Sliding Sleeve : Production , fluid circulation and control in the well .

X-mas tree : Controls the internal pressure of the well and controls the proc-
ess of completion.
Subsurface Control Equipment : Control flow direction, quantity and control
of injection wells and others.

Types of Completion Fluids
1- Oil Base Fluids , Hydrocarbon Fluids
- Crude Oil
- Diesel ,Gas Oil
2- Water Base Fluids ,Clear Water Fluids

- Formation Salt Water
- Sea Water
-Prepared Salt Water
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Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.

Types of Complete wells

There are two types of completion in the wells :
A-Open completion
1-is the completion in which the lining of the production above the reservoir layer
containing hydrocarbons (oil) before drilling and the production or injection
directly without casing.
2- Greater production of hydrocarbons.

3- The possibility of production through the tubing.
4- Less commonly used.
5- Absence of additional costs due to casing , Cementing , and perforation.

6-It can be replaced by any other type of Completion.
7- It is completed through only one layer.

8- Difficulty in controlling the production of gas or wate and sand .
9- It is not possible to implement recovery and stimulate the well

operations for specific locations in the product section.
10-needs to be cleaned from time to time.
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Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.

B- cased completion
1-In this type of completion , after drilling the production zone , a casing is run and
cemented opposite the layer , then it is perforated.
2-Production of hydrocarbons is less compared to open completions.
3-Production is done through the tubing or the packer or other methods (explained
later).
4-More use and safety.
5-Additional costs for casing, cementing and perforating.
6-It can be replaced by another type of completion.
7- The possibility of completion on more than one productive layer
8- Easy to control the production of water or gas and sand.
9- Possibility of recovery and stimulation of the well.
10- not need permanent cleaning.
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Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.

Figure 2: Open hole completion
Figure 3: cased completion
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Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.

Conventional completion
Single zone completion :

In single zone completion as opposed to multiple one,the well is equipped with
single tubing.
There are two main types of single zone completion, depending on whether the
tubing has production packer on its lower end.
» Single zone completion with just tubing and no production packer:

Used when the only aim is to have the right pipe diameter with respect to flow rate
by this we mean obtaining enough velocity to lift the heavy part of effluent but not
too much in order to limit pressure drops.
» Single zone completion with tubing and production packer: Are the
most widely used because of:
*The safety due to the packer(government regulation and company rules
increasingly stipulate that a packer is to be used particularly offshore in
conjunction with a subsurface safety valve on the tubing.
*Their relative simplicity in comparison with multiple or other type of completion.
Note: This type of completion is produce less amount compared with previous due
to packer.
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Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.

2-Multiple zone completion:

Double zone completion are most common,but there can be three,four and even
more levels produced separately.
There are large number of systems , but let us simply consider these three type
are:
A-Parallel tubing string completion:
Parallel dual string completion with two tubing,one for each
of two levels and two packer . In order to avoid problems :
* In operation and production due to frequent wireline jobs.
* Of safety and operation during workover.
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Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.

B-Tubing annulus completion:

With one single tubing and one packer, which is located between the two
levels that are to be produced,with one level produced through the tubing
and other through the tubing casing annulus .
Are very few and far between . through they have good flow capability,
this system does not protect the casing ,among other drawbacks.
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Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.

Alternate selective completions:

Here the idea is to produce several levels In the same well separately but one after
the other though the same tubing without
Having to resort to workover. Production alternates in fact and wireline techniques
Are used to change levels This type of completion is specially suited to
a situation
where one of the two levels is a secondary objective (very rapid depletion, simple)
observation from time to time ,etc.) which would not warrant drilling a well.
Be sides Packers this technology also
Require esextra downhole equipment such as:
* circulating device consisting of a sliding sleeve to open or obstruct
communication
ports between the inside of the tubing and the annulus.
* a landing nipple allowing a Plug to be set in the well.
** Parallel tubing string and alternate selective completion

Systems can be combined.
For example two parallel tubings, each equipped for two
levels in an alternate selective manner ,can produce four levels separately
Provided that only two are produced at the same time
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Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.

References :

1- Hazem A, Talib R "Production Engineering " 1988

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College of No. of Week: ( 3 )./ Titled Lecture: Reservoir, Mechanical Considerations
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Done by Engineers: Ali Mejbel Ali.N Ghofran.K Fatima.M .Omer.A
Engineering Dep.
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Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
Well Completion Design

•The well is our only communication with the reservoir
• The effectiveness of that communication is a large factor in reservoir
drainage as well as overall economics
• The individual well completion must be designed to yield maximum
overall profitability on a field basis
Factors Influencing Well Completion Design

• The ideal completion is the lowest cost
completion (initial and operating costs)
•To design a well completion, a reasonable estimate of the producing
characteristics during the well life must be made. Both reservoir and
mechanical considerations must be evaluated.
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Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
Factors Influencing Well Completion Design
Producing rate Maximize profit considering

Multiple reservoirs penetrated Formation damage
(by wellbore pose)
Reservoir drive mechanism reliability of individual components
Secondary recovery Anticipate all operating conditions
Stimulation of the reservoir Safety

Sand control problems
Work-over frequency
Artificial lift
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Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
Reservoir Considerations:
The reservoir considerations involve the location of various fluid in the
formations penetrated by the wellbore, the flow of these fluids through
the reservoir rock, and the characteristics of the rock itself.
•Producing rate to provide maximum economic recovery is the starting
point for well completion design.
•Multiple reservoirs penetrated by wellbore pose the problem of
multiple completion in one drilled hole.
•Reservoir drive mechanism may determine whether or not the
completion interval will have to be adjusted as gas-oil or water-oil
contacts move.
Reservoirs energies:
To produce oil or gas from oil and gas reservoirs there must be a
natural reason for this and this is the result of the presence of forces
and energies driving the oil and gas affect the reservoir and these forces
are:
1.Drive water in the bottom of the oil in the pores of the water-bearing
layer is under high pressure due to the pressure of the water column or
the weight of the ground layers. Water in turn puts pressure on the
surface of the oil / water contact and makes the oil under constant
pressure.
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Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
2.payment of free gas expansion (( gas dame) The gas trapped in the
gas dome above the oil puts pressure down on the surface of the gas
and oil, pushing the oil down towards the producing wells.
3.Gas in solution drive When the pressure of the reservoir is reduced
(due to production) under saturation pressure, the dissolved gas is
released in the oil and collects at the top, putting pressure on the oil to
push it towards the wells. A part of the gas released in the oil in the
vicinity of the well will The oil in front of it is producing wells.
4.Extend oil and rock The pressure of the reservoir expands and the size
of the beads increases. The size of the pores decreases, and the size of
the oil and gas expands.
5.Gravity drive by gravity, oil flows to the bottom of the reservoir. A
denser component of the gas, while the gas moves to the top of the
reservoir, which is less dense. As a result of this movement, the oil
flows into the wells and rises to the surface due to gas pressure.
•Secondary recovery needs may require a completion method

conductive to selective injection or production.
•Stimulation may require special perforating patterns to permit zone
isolation, perhaps adapt ability to high injection rate.
•Sand control problems alone may dictate the type of completion

method and maximum production rates.
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Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
•Work-over frequency, probably high where several reservoirs must be

drained through one wellbore, often dictate a completion conductive
to wire-line or through-tubing type recompletion system.
•Artificial lift may mean single completions even where multiple zones
exist.
Mechanical Considerations:
• The mechanical configuration or well hookup is often is the key to
being able to deplete the reservoir effectively, monitor
down-hole performance, and modify the well situation.
• Formation damage is related to the well hook-up, both minimizing
damage initially and relieving the effects of damage later.
Basic philosophy is to design to specific well conditions, field
conditions, and area conditions.
Mechanical Considerations:
1.Maximize profit considering the time value of money.
2.Keep the installation simple, both from equipment and procedural
stand-points.
3.Overall reliability depends on reliability of individual components
and the number of components.
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Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
4.Anticipate all operating conditions, and associated pressure and

temperature force.
5.Safety must be designed into the well, automatic shut-in systems
and well pressure control methods must be considered.
References:
1.Ptroleum technology design , 1st Edition , Jonathan Bellarby , United
states ,2009.
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Thi-Qar University Petroleum Production/ 3rd Class
College of No. of Week: (4 )./ Titled Lecture: perforation of oil and gas
Engineering Lecturer:Dr. Abdullah K. Okab
Petroleum and Gas
Done by Engineers: Ahmed Mozher Hussain, Ahmed Naser Mohammed, Ahmed
Engineering Dep. Kareem Rohema, Ahmed Mohsen Atshan, Ahmed Jabal Ghadeb
Lecture 4
Perforation
Perforating:
Is probably the most important of all completion functions in cased holes. Adequate
communication between the wellbore and all desired zones, as well as isolation
between zones, is essential to evaluate and to optimize production and recovery from
each zone. The objective of perforating a well is to establish communication between
the wellbore and the formation by making holes through the casing, cement and into
formation in such a manner so as not to inhibit the inflow capacity of the reservoir.
The selection of a perforating technique can be a critical factor in successful testing

of a well. It is therefore important to plan early so that the most suitable equipment
will be available when required. To optimize perforating efficiency, it is not solely
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Petroleum and Gas
down to the perforating technique but relies extensively on the planning and
execution of the well completion which includes selection of the perforated interval,
fluid selection, gun selection, applied pressure differential or underbalance, well
clean-up, and perforating orientation.
Although technology is available to insure good perforating in most wells,

unsatisfactory perforating tends to be the rule in many areas. The three most
prevalent causes for poor perforating probably are:
1. A lack of understanding of the requirements for optimum perforating.

2. Inadequate control of gun clearance, particularly with through tubing guns.
3. The rather widespread practice of awarding perforating jobs on the basis of
price, rather than job quality.
Types of Perforators
• Bullet Perforators.
• Jet Perforators.
• Hydraulic Perforators.
• Mechanical Cutters – Knives and Milling Tools
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Petroleum and Gas
Bullet Perforators
The diameter of the bullet perforators carriage is 3 ¼ in. or more, it used to perforate
the inner reproduction and the rocks that resist the pressure less than 6000
pound/square node, but this method cannot be used in perforate the Christmas tree
or production pipe because the diameter of the bullet perforators carriage is large but
it is used in perforate the wells under drilling fluid pressure or the present of blow
out preventer, therefore it is best to use method in low pressure wells.
Bullet guns 3 ¼ in. OD or larger are applicable in formations with compressive

strength less than about 6000 psi. It may provide deeper penetration than many jet
guns in formations with less than about 2000 psi compressive strength.
Muzzle velocity of bullet guns is about 3300 ft/sec. The bullet losses velocity and
energy when the gun clearance exceeds 0.5 in., the clearance at which most
comparative tests have been made Deburring of bullet holes is not dependent on
decentralization if the bullet carries a deburring device. This device is more effective
in deburring than using zero either selectivity or simultaneously.
Jet Perforating
This method is unique in having small measurement jet perforators container which
made the use of it in the perforate of production pipe and chrisms trees, there is two
sizes of jet perforators 8/21 node and 11/16 node.
An electrically fired detonator starts a chain reaction which successively detonates

the prim cord, the high velocity booster in the charge, and finally, the main
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Petroleum and Gas
explosive. High pressure generated by the explosive causes the metal in the charge
liner to flow, separating the inner and outer layers of the liner. Continued pressure
buildup on the liner causes a needle like high speed jet of fine particles to spew from
the cone at speed of about 20000 ft/sec at its tip with a pressure at this point estimated
to be 5 million psi. The material used in explosion called (saiclonaet) it like T.N.T.
Water or dampness in the gun, primacard or charge may cause malfunction or low
order detonation. High temperature aging of explosive in primacord or charge may
reduce charge effectiveness or cause low order detonation.
Hydraulic Perforators
This method is used to make a fractured in the casing reproduction and the
reproduction formation behind it by using high pressure, high injection speed
hydraulic flow. This method is practically used in perforating the wells used in water
injection. Action is obtained by jetting sand laden fluid through an orifice against
the casing. Penetration is greatly reduced as wellbore pressure is increased from zero
to 300 psi. Penetration can be increased appreciably by the addition of nitrogen to
fluid stream.
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Petroleum and Gas
Perforating Fluid:
1. Salt water or oil.

2. Acetic acid.
3. Nitrogen gas.
Selection of Perforated Interval:
The perforated interval in the production formation is chosen according to the

following factors:
• Electrical, sound, radiation tentacle where this tentacle shows the limits of the
oil formation.
• The formation test results while well drilling.
• The core separated from the well.
• Geological information.
When choosing the formation interval must consider the following:
• The distance of the lower end of the perforated interval from water and oil
tangency level to avoid the problem of product water with oil because of the
water coning phenomenon.
• The distance of the upper end of the perforated interval from gas and oil
tangency to avoid the problem of product gas with oil because of the gas
coning phenomenon.
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Petroleum and Gas
• Choosing formations with high permeability and porosity and avoiding

perforating shale zone.
• Avoiding perforating casing connection.
• Choosing formations where it should be completed with less possible tries of
setting down the bullet carriage.
• It is preferred to do the perforation process inside the well in the middle of a
fluid that does not do any harm to the formation.
Factors Affecting Gun Perforating Results
1. Perforation Plugging.
2. Cleanout of Plugged Perforations.
3. Effect of Pressure Differential.
4. Effect of Clean Fluids.
5. Effect of Compressive Strength.
6. Perforation Density.
7. Cost-Perforating price.
8. Pressure and Temperature Limitations.
9. Well Control.
10.Casing and Cement Damage.
11.Need for Control of Gun Clearance.
12. Depth Measurements.
13.Oriented Perforating.
14.Penetration vs. Hole Size.
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Petroleum and Gas
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Petroleum and Gas
Packers:
A piece of equipment of the well bottom devices contains a tightening device, an

installation device and an internal passageway for liquids. It is used to prevent the
flow of fluids through the circular distance between the production pipes and the
well wall by tightly closing the distance between them and usually installed on the
production pipe column above the producing Layla.
Uses of packers
In addition to providing a seal between the tubing and casing, other aspects of a
packer are as follows:
Prevent downhole movement of the tubing string, generating considerable axial

tension or compression loads on the tubing string.
Support some of the weight of the tubing where there is significant compressive load
on the tubing string
Allows the optimum size of well flow conduit (the tubing string) to meet the
designed production or injection flowrates
Protect the production casing (inner casing string) from corrosion from produced
fluids and high pressures
Can provide a means of separating multiple producing zones
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Petroleum and Gas
Provided the tubing string and packer maintain integrity, well control is focussed on
the tubing flow, allowing the downhole safety valve to shut-off flow front the
reservoir.
Hold well-servicing fluid (kill fluids, packer fluids) in the casing annulus
Facilitate artificial lift, such as continuous gas lifting through the A-annulus.
Packer components
Packers have four key features:
. Slip
. Cone
. Packing-element system
. Body or mandrel
The slip is a wedge-shaped device with wickers (or teeth) on its face, which penetrate
and grip the casing wall when the packer is set. The cone is beveled to match the
back of the slip and forms a ramp that drives the slip outward and into the casing
wall when setting force is applied to the packer. Once the slips have anchored into
the casing wall, additional applied setting force energizes the packing-element
system and creates a seal between the packer body and the inside diameter of the
casing.
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Petroleum and Gas
Packer classification
Production packers can be classified into two groups:
. Retrievable
. Permanent.
Packer selection
Before selecting either tool, it is important to consider the performance and features
of each design, as well as the application in which it will be used. Perhaps in some
instances, the permanent packer is the only option, as may be the case in some
HP/HT applications. However, in those instances in which either will suffice, the
operator must decide which features offer the best return over the life of the well.
When selecting a packer for a cased-hole completion, the differential pressure and
temperature requirements of the application must be considered. The well depth,
deployment and setting method desired, and final tubing landing conditions are also
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Petroleum and Gas
factors that come into play. The various operational modes (flowing, shut-in,
injection, and stimulation) that are anticipated over the life of the well are critical
and must be considered carefully in the design phase. The changes in the operational
modes that influence changes in temperature, differential pressure, and axial loads
all have a direct impact on the packer. Understanding the uses and constraints of the
different types of packers will help clarify the factors to consider when making a
selection.
11
College of No. of Week: ( 5 )./ Titled Lecture: Tubing Strings, Liners
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Done by eng.s:
Engineering Dep.
Lecture 5
Well completion
Tubing Strings, Liners

Well completion: Is a set of processes that make the well ready for production.
Function of well completion:
1-provide a passageway for fluid from the reservoir to the well
2-provide a passageway for fluid from the well to the surface
3-Enable stimulation
Factors influencing well completion design:
1-well purpose
2-resevoir consideration
a- nature of reservoir rock
b- Number of the production zone
1
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Done by eng.s:
Engineering Dep.
Types of well completion:
1- Open hole completion

In this type of completion the production done direct without need for casing,
open hole completion used only if the formation hard (the caving could not
occur)
The features of open completion:
a- provide high production value
b- economic way for production
c-the ability to change this type of completion to another type of completion if
we need that
2- Liner completion
This type of completion is divided into two types:
a- perforated liner completion
In this type of completion , Install the casing above

the producing layer , then drill the producing layer,
Then put liner within productive layer and its

cementing , after that perforate this liner suitable
for production.
Basic the principle of the liner obstruct moved

towards the well .
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Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Done by eng.s:
Engineering Dep.
Featuring by:
1-Ability to control the

production of water or gas
2-Sensors cannot be operated

frequently.
3-Ability of drilling the well.
4-Ability of stimulation the

production layer.
5- damage of formation a few or

not exist
6- extra cost exist for perforated.
b- screen and liner completion
In this type of completion , Install

the casing above the producing
layer , then drill the producing
layer,
Then the liner and screen put

through productive area.
Basic the principle of the screen

and liner used to sand control.
Featuring by:
1- No extra cost exist for

perforated.
2-damage of formation a few or not exist.
3
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Done by eng.s:
Engineering Dep.
3-cannot ability of stimulation the production layer.
4- Sensors can be operated frequently.
5- difficulty to control the production of water or

gas.
6-cannot ability of drill the well easily.

3-perforated casing completion:
In this type of completion the casing is cementing In

the product section then perforating.
The cased completion can be divided to
1- Single zone completion
a- production through only the casing
This way is using when the well have very high ability
for production.
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Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Done by eng.s:
Engineering Dep.
b- production throught the casing and production

tube:
in this type the production done through the

annulus and production tube , in this case the
average of production less than the production
through only the casing
C- The production only through the production

tube:
In this type we will use both production tube and

packers that will lead to less production ability.
5
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Done by eng.s:
Engineering Dep.
D-production by use pumping well:
Here we use production tube with pump seating nipple
6
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Done by eng.s:
Engineering Dep.
E-production by gas- lift well:
Very important type of completion, in

this type the gas will inject in the
annulus then the gas lift mandrels, then
the production tube, the gas will help to
rise the oil to the surface by reducing
the Weight of oil and the hydrostatic
pressure of oil
Or we can produce through the annulus

and injection in the production tube
2- Dual zone completion:
Why we use this type of completion?
Because it Provide higher average of

production and less period of time.
Types of this completion way
A-production by use one pucker and one

production tube:
7
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Done by eng.s:
Engineering Dep.
Here the production in the lower section done by the

production tube while the production in the upper section
done through the annulus.
b-production by tow packer and one production tube:
c- Production by tow packer and tow tube:
Very costly operation.
8
Petroleum Production / 3rd Class
Thi-Qar University
College of No. of Week: ( 06 )./ Titled Lecture: Subsurface Completion
Engineering Lecturer: Dr. Abdullah K. Okab
Petroleum and Gas Done by Engineers: Hamza Mohammed , Hussein Saad , Hussein Aziz ,
Engineering Dep. Hussein Awaad , Hussein Ali
Lecture 6th
Subsurface Completion
1
Thi-Qar University
SUBSURFACE CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Subsurface control equipment includes :
1) Subsurface safety tubing valves .

2) Bottom hole chokes and regulators .
3) Check valves .
*********************
1) Subsurface safety tubing valves :
Pipeline safety valves are used to close the well at a certain depth if the surface control
equipment fails. These valves come in several forms depending on the mechanism of
their work, which is divided into:
a) Ball valve :- Is a circular motion valve with a cavity in the direction of the flow at
the opening, and in a direction perpendicular to the direction of flow at closing.
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Thi-Qar University
b) Flapper Valve :- Is a
check valve that contains
a spring-loaded plate or
flapper that allows the
unidirectional fluid or gas
flow and provides high
performance sealing
capabilities . It seals the
opening when the fluid tries to flow back .
2) Bottom hole chokes and regulators :- Bottom-hole regulators and chokes are used
to reduce the pressure of the wellhead flow and thereby prevent fluid wear in the
control equipment and surface flow lines. They can be downloaded and installed and
then restored by a wired line. The main purpose of their use is to restrict the flow of
the metals in the production tube to prevent the ablation in the lines and surface
control devices as a result of the hydrate (compounds containing water). They also
provide a means to keep surface pressure within controllable limits in high pressure
wells, while also helping to prolong the flow of the well naturally by maintaining a
certain value to compress the flow of the bottom of the well.
a) Bottom hole chokes :- There are different models of bottom hole chokes. There are
models that work with a spring shock effect and are designed for high pressures or
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Thi-Qar University
heavy well fluids called (ground bean seat) . Other models are designed for lower
pressures and are called ( positive bean orifice).
It is preferred to use these devices in wells that produce a fixed rate and free of sand.
b) Bottom hole regulators :- In general, these organizations consist of a valve and a

seat that acts as a tensile force on the spring. The tension in the spring depends on
the pressure differentials to be carried through the regulator. This device differs from
the bottom hole chock in that it maintains the level of pressure difference regardless
of the flow rate.
* Data required to properly calculate bottom-hole choke and regulator sizes include:
1) tubing size
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Thi-Qar University
2) setting depth of valve

3) surface shut-in pressure,
4) desired rate of production
5) flowing pressure and temperature at valve
depth
6) specific gravity of produced fluids
7) desired pressure drop across the choke or
regulator.
3) Check valves :- These valves are used in injection wells where these valves control
the flow direction, preventing backflow in the injection wells. These devices can be
considered valves that control the direction installed in the production pipe in the
injection wells, the main function to prevent the occurrence of a runoff in case of
failure of surface equipment. These valves (steam, seat, and ball).
5
Thi-Qar University
________________________________
References :
Production operations ; Well completions , Workover , and stimulation ;
By : Thomas O. Allen & Alan P. Robert
6
Thi-Qar University
College of No. of Week: ( 06A )./ Tubing Length Change due to Thermal Load
Petroleum and Gas Done by Engineers:
Engineering Dep.
Lecture 6th /A
Tubing Length Change due to Thermal Load
1
Thi-Qar University
Engineering Dep.
Tubing Length Change due to Thermal Load
Difference in temperature causes steel to contract or expand. If tubing is free to move,
length of the tubing will be either longer or shorter due to thermal expansion. On the
other hand, if the tubing is not free to move, there will be a change in axial force due to
the temperature effect.
Figure 1 illustrates an increase in length due to heat and Figure 2 demonstrates a decrease
in length because of cooling.
********************
Figure 2 – Tubing Shorten by Figure 1 – Tubing Lengthen by

Temperature Decrease Temperature Increase
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Thi-Qar University
Engineering Dep.
If tubing is anchored, the force generated by temperature change is calculated by the following
equation.
FTemp=CT*E*ΛT*As
FTEMP = Force generated by change in temperature (inch)

CT = Thermal expansion coefficient (1/F)
E = Young’s Modulus of material (psi)
ΔT = Average temperature change from the initial condition to the final condition
As = Cross sectional area of tubular (inch2)
Average Temperature = (Surface Temperature + Bottom Hole Temperature) ÷2 (F)
If tubing is free to move, the force generated by temperature change is calculated by the
following equation.
ΛLTemp= CT*L*ΛT
Where;
ΔLTEMP = Length change due to thermal effect (inch)

CT = Thermal expansion coefficient (1/F)
L = Length of tubing (inch)
ΔT = Average temperature change from the initial condition to the final condition (F)
Average Temperature = (Surface Temperature + Bottom Hole Temperature) ÷2 (F)
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Thi-Qar University
Engineering Dep.
Thermal changes can happen during the
life of the well. While producing, heat
from the reservoir will expand the length
of the tubing, whereas an injection
operation will contract tubular due to
cooling down the temperature. Figure 3
shows the difference in temperature
gradient while the well is on production
or injection. Therefore, it is important to
understand how thermal will affect
changes in length or force in the tubular.
Figure 3 – Temperature Gradient During Life of

The Well
Example – This example will demonstrate how

to calculate a length change due to thermal effect.
Tubing is free to move.
Packer setting depth is 10,000 ft.
C = 6.9×10 (1/F)
T
-6
At the initial condition

Surface temperature (F) = 60F
Bottom hole temperature (F) = 150 F
At the final condition

Surface temperature (F) = 90F
Bottom hole temperature (F) = 150 F
Figure 4 – The diagram of the well at initial and final condition
4
Thi-Qar University
Engineering Dep.
Solution
Length of tubing (inch) 12 × 10,000 = 120,000 inch
Average Temperature at Initial Condition = (60 + 150) ÷2 = 105 F
Average Temperature at Final Condition = (90 + 150) ÷2 = 120 F
ΔT = 120 – 105 = 15 F
ΔLTEMP = 12.42 inch
Conclusion
Length of tubular will increase by 12.42 inches due to thermal affect based on the given
information.
References
 Jonathan Bellarby, 2009. Well Completion Design, Volume 56 (Developments in
Petroleum Science). 1 Edition. Elsevier Science.
 Wan Renpu, 2011. Advanced Well Completion Engineering, Third Edition. 3 Edition.
Gulf Professional Publishing.
 Ted G. Byrom, 2014. Casing and Liners for Drilling and Completion, Second Edition:
Design and Application (Gulf Drilling Guides). 2 Edition. Gulf Professional Publishing.
 Lubinski, A., & Althouse, W. S. (1962, June 1). Helical Buckling of Tubing Sealed in
Packers. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/178-PA
5
College of No. of Week: (7)./ Titled Lecture: production control equipment's and completion fluids
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Done by Engineers: Haider A. , Haider E. ,Haider M., Haneen K.,Hawraa J.
Engineering Dep.
Lecture 7
1
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
completion fluids
completion fluids :It is special fluids (liquid or gas pervasive with mud
drilling) it used to control on pressure and preventing exit or flow of fluids of the
reservoir layer through processes of completion wells (perforation, download
protection pipe and install packers)
These points should be considered in selecting a completion fluid:
1- Fluid density
Fluid completion density must be bigger than recurred density to control
the pressure of the reservoir layer and the difference in pressure must be
appropriate, that to reduce the damage happened to the reservoir layer.
We most note that the pressure of the fluid completion must not too much bigger
than the pressure layer that in this case it will happened the so-called losses of
the completion cycle.
We can calculate the hydrostatic pressure by fluid completion at any depth from
the following relationship
H = 0.052 * h *ρ
h : depth (ft)
ρ: density (ppg)
2- Quantity of the solids materials
Perfection fluid Completion must be mostly from solid materials to prevent

the closing of holes in the lining and lanes porosity in the same following section.
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Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
3- Characters of filtrate
The filtrate must have characters that it will reduce the damage of layers
that resulting from the bulge and clumps of clay.
4-Fluid loss
The properties of fluid completions is to not to allow it to lose lot of quantities
from it to the producing layer, and to do that we add sodium carbonate (Na2CO3 ).
5- Viscosity-Related Characteristics--Viscosity-related characteristics, such as yield

point, plastic viscosity, and gel strength, may have to be tailored to provide fluid
lifting capacity required to bring sand or cuttings to the surface at reasonable
circulating rates.
6- Corrosion Products-The fluid should be chemically stable so that reaction of free
oxygen with tubular steels is minimized, and that iron in solution is sequestered
and not permitted to precipitate in the formation.
7- Economics--The most economical fluid commensurate with the well 's
susceptibility to damage should be selected.
Types of completion fluids
1- OIL FLUIDS
a- Crude Oil: Availability makes crude oil a logical choice where its density is
sufficient. Density considerations may make it particularly desirable in low pressure
formation. A low-viscosity crude has limited carrying capacity and no gel strength
and thus should drop out non-hydrocarbon solids in surface pits.
3
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
Loss of oil to the formation is usually not harmful from the standpoint of clay
disturbance or from saturation effects , as might be the case with salt water in a
low pressure formation. It has no fluid loss control; thus, any entrained fine solids
could be carried into the pore system.
Crude oil should always be checked for the presence of asphaltenes or paraffin's
that could plug the formation.
b- Diesel Oil: This may be ideal where an especially clean fluid is required for
operations such as sand consolidation. It may even be advantageous to work under

pressure at the surface where the density of diesel oil is not sufficient to overcome
formation pressure. Depending on hauling and handling practices, diesel oil should
also be checked for solids. Emulsion and wettability problems should be
nonexistent if the diesel is obtained at the refinery before certain motor fuel
additives are included.
2- CLEAR WATER FLUIDS
a- Formation Salt Water-When available, formation salt water is a common work
over fluid since the cost is low. If it is clean, formation salt water is ideal from
the standpoint of minimizing formation damage due to swelling or dispersion
of clays in sandstone formations.
b- Prepared Salt Water-Fresh water is often desirable as a basic fluid due to the
difficulty of obtaining clean sea or formation water. Desired type and amount
of salt is then added. Where clean brine is available at low cost, it may be
preferable to purchase brine rather than mix it on location.
c- Seawater or Bay Water-Due to availability , it is often used in coastal areas.
Again, it frequently contains clays and other fines that cause plugging.
4
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
Untreated bay water caused serious plugging of Cypress sandstone cores.

Depending on the salinity of bay water, it may be necessary to add NaCl or KCl to
prevent clay disturbance.
The right completion fluids for Perforations.

Perforating fluids are not necessarily a distinct type of fluid, but are distinguished
here to emphasize the importance of perforating in a no-solids fluid.
1- Salt Water or Oil: When clean, these do not cause mud plugging of
perforations, but if the pressure differential is into the formation, fine
particles of charge debris will be carried into the perforation.
2- Acetic Acid: This is an excellent perforating fluid under most conditions . In
the absence of H2S , acetic acid can be inhibited against any type of steel
corrosion for long periods at high temperatures. Normally a ten percent
solution is used. Acetic acid plus H2S is very difficult to inhibit against
embrittlement. Acetic acid will put iron sulfide and mineral carbonate in
solution. These may result in added corrosion problems.
3- Nitrogen: This has advantages as a perforating fluid in low pressure
formations, or where rig time or swabbing costs are very high, or where
special test programs make it imperative that formation contamination be
avoided.
4- Gas Wells: These can be completed economically in "clean fluid" by
perforating one or two holes, bringing the well in and cleaning to remove as
much well bore fluid as possible, then perforating the remaining zones as
desired.
5
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
X-mass Tree
The Christmas tree is a piece of equipment that provides flow control on
a producing oil or gas well. Christmas trees are a vertical assembly of valves with
gauges and chokes that allow for adjustments in flow control as well as injections
to stimulate production. Christmas trees are so-called because the collection of
components can resemble a Christmas tree if you have the right amount of
imagination. The valves that comprise some of the decorations on the Christmas
tree are opened when the oil or gas well is ready to produce and the processing
and storage facilities are ready to receive. The other decorations are devices that
facilitate pressure relief, monitoring and chemical injection.
Functions of the Christmas tree is as follows:
1. It provides a means to control the flow of production fluids from the well
which serves as the primary purpose of this equipment.
2. It diverts the fluid flow through the wing valve to the flow lines ensuring
safety of the facilities.
3. Provides a means for measurement tools and instruments an access to
the well.
4. Provides a means to inject chemicals or oil distillates to prevent or solve
production problems such as blockages
5. Helps in controlling the gas or water injection into the well in order to
maintain economic production volumes.
6. Tree acts as an attachment and conduit means of the control system to
the down hole safety valve.
6
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
Christmas tree includes the following components:

1- The two lower valves are called the master valves (upper and lower, respectively)
because they lie in the flow path, which well fluids must take to get to the
surface.The lower master valve will normally be manually operated, while the upper
master valve is often hydraulically actuated.
2- Hydraulic tree wing valves are usually built to be fail-safe closed, meaning they
require active hydraulic pressure to stay open.
3- The right-hand valve is often called the flow wing valve or production wing valve,
because it is in the flow path the hydrocarbons take to production facilities.
4- The left-hand valve is often called the kill wing valve. It is primarily used for injection
of fluids such as corrosion inhibitors or methanol to prevent hydrate formation.
5- The valve at the top is called the swab valve and lies in the path used for well
interventions like wireline and coiled tubing.
6- The choke is the device, either stationary or adjustable, used to:
 Control the gas flow, also known as volume, or

 Create downstream pressure, also known as back pressure
7
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep.
Notes
 The variable flow choke valve used to control the flow rate throw flow hole
with scale called Bean, and this valve made from high quality steel to bearing
the high flow rate of the flowing stream, and for the small oil well, we use
positive choke that use to reduce the production of oil well.
 The size of valves in Christmas tree must fit the size of casing and tubing of
well completion
H.W
 What is the type of x-mass tree used in sea completion Operations? And why?
 What are the differences between drilling and completion fluids?
 In the oil production well, the Christmas tree must be less than x-mass of
injection well. Why?
8
College of ( 8 )./ Titled Lecture:
No. of Week: Wellhead and subsurface components installing
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep. Done by Engineers: Hayder Hulail.,Dalia H.,Raed N.,Duaa abd.,Duaa A.
LECTURE 8
Wellhead and subsurface components installing
1
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
After the drilling of the well, the wellhead equipment

must be installed to complete the oil extraction process. ‫‏‬There are two
types of equipment to complete the oil extraction process
1-Surface equipment: Includes well head and Christmas tree
2-Subsurface equipment: from steel materials that gradually
descend to the bottom of the well and to the end of the depth of the
well in the oil-producing layers and reservoirs and attached to the
wellhead equipment.
1- Surface equipment
2
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
 Wellhead: represents the equipment or the

main valves set under the main valve of the well and includes the
head of the casing pipes and the head of the production pipes

 Head of casing pipes: The casing head is installed during
drilling operations and the linings are lowered and marked
 Head of production pipes: During the completion process,

the upper part of the output pipe carrier and its connections
shall be fixed.
Often production is done by the production pipes to avoid
damage to the casing tubes and to replace them, the
production pipe head is installed to catch the production
pipes by the suspension tool.
The head of the production pipe contains a valve in the
annular vacuum between the production pipe and the casing
pipe connected by the gauge to the control of the pressure.
 Christmas tree: A set of valves and connections on the top of the
well use to Control the internal pressures of the well in the case of
flow and shutdown. Control the flow of fluid entering and leaving
the well and to divert the fluid flow in the desired direction,
selected in the light of the well designs and linings used.
The Christmas tree comes in different designs depending on the

type of the well (injection, oil production, gas production) and well
conditions (pressure of well).
3
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
We will study the typical design of the Christmas

tree
1- Master-valves
Located above tubing hanger which is closed in the event of complete
closure of the well or in the need for maintenance at the top of the
Christmas tree and can be found more than a main valve, and to replace
this valve must fill the production pipes.
2- Wing-valves
On the sides of the tree there is wing valve, one connected to choke
through which the fluid is produced, the other used to kill the well in case
of need.
3- Swabbing-valve :
The upper valve or the swabbing valve that opens if the equipment is dropped into
the well (wireline processes) or when the pressure is measured in the meter above it
that measures the head pressure (THP) will remain.
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Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
2- Subsurface equipment
5
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
 Include the following:
First: Safety valves for the production tube under the surface, the
safety valves of the production pipe are used to seal the well at a
certain depth in case of failure of the surface control equipment.
Second: Bottom-hole chokes and valves (downhole tools)

The main function of these valves retains the wellhead flow
pressure and thus prevents freeze the fluid in control equipment
and the surface flow lines.
The main purpose of use
1- To restrict fluid flow in the production tube.

2- Preventing freezing in pipes and surface controls.
3- Provide a means to keep the surface pressure within
controlled limits in high-pressure wells.
4- Help to prolong the flow of the well naturally by maintaining
the value of certain pressure to run bottom of the well.
Third: Safety valves under the surface of the injection wells

Are used to control the direction of flow in preventing the back flux of
injection wells.
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Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
It installed in the production tube in the injection wells and

its function is to prevent reverse flow in case of failure of the surface
equipment.
7
College of ( 9)./ Titled Lecture:
No. of Week: Piping System
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas Lecturer: Dr. Abdullah K. Okab
Engineering Dep. Done by Engineers: Rafah>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Lecture (9)
Piping System
There are several ways to transport the crude oil and its products
by tanks , marine carriers or transport using pipeline .
Pipeline system :- pipes are made of steel and welded with each along
the path .
Pipelines the best way because it’s more safety and less cost , as can be
extended above the ground , under ground or under water .
This pipes pass through river’s seas and even forests , but the only
problem is concern of the oil leak from this pipes .
The pipes with different diameters , some of this pipe a larg diameter
about 1000-1400 mm and some of which be with small diameter about
300 mm .
It made from metals such as iron and aluminum some of which are made
of clay and concrete products and some of which are made of plastic .
Oil and its products are transporting inside the pipe through
pumping into this pipes , where there are number of pumping stations
that are distributed along the path to ensure from flow of oil and
decrease the loss of pressure by friction .
1
College of ( 9)./ Titled Lecture:
No. of Week: Piping System
Engineering
Engineering Dep. Done by Engineers: Rafah>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
There are valves

distributed along path on certain spaces ranging from 10-30 km to
insulate parts of pipelines for procedure maintenance , repair or
emergency situations .
The speed of flow of oil products across the pipe about 3-6 mil per hour
because the crude oil is more viscous than gasoline and diesel needs to
increase the pressure to reach the same speed .
While natural gas speed around 15 mph which is transfer in fast and
fixed pattern .
From the problems that faced oil industries are the corrosion of pipe due
to climatic conditions and the quality of the metal . we can’t stop the
corrosion but we can minimize it by the design of good tubes and make
sure that the flow is free of moisture and reduce the amount of gas that a
companied oil especially Co2 .
One of the most important steps to reduce corrosion is to use ‘‘Smart
pigging’’ is the most appropriate way to clean the internal surface of
pipes and jet rid of unwanted junk , this method is one of the main way
to identify corrosion areas its work is done by pushing the pigging tool .
It work when the liquid push it , where it is placed in the direction
of the product in the pipe .
During it’s movement , it’s send ultrasonic waves . It will monitors the
internal design of pipe in graphic from that will show places of bug in
the pipe .
References:
2
College of ( 10 )./ Titled Lecture: Surface production facilities
No. of Week:
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Engineering Dep. Done by Engineers: Zainab. A, Zina .M , Zainab.L ,Sara.M, Zainab.Abd
Lec.10
Surface production facilities
There are three major components of surface production equipment:
 Wellhead
 Separators and heater treaters
 Tank batteries and meter facilities
Production engineers often design all equipment on the lease. After the oil
and gas leaves the lease, pipeline or facilities engineers take over.
Wellhead
The wellhead is the equipment at the surface that provides support for the tubulars
inside the well, a pressure seal between the tubulars, and a means of controlling
production from the well. Typically, the wellhead consists of a casing head for
each casing string, a tubing head, and a Christmas tree. For each string of pipe in
the well, casing, or tubing, some means of support and pressure sealing must be
1
No. of Week:
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
provided. This is the function of the casing and tubing heads. The Christmas
tree provides the necessary valving and chokes to control the production from a
well capable of flowing. For a well that is being pumped, the Christmas tree is
replaced by wellhead equipment that accommodates the pumping operation.
The flow rate from either an

oil well or a gas well can be
easily estimated from the
wellhead pressure if the
wellhead pressure is at least
twice the flowline pressure.
For an oil well, the Gilbert
equation is commonly used:
where
 q = gross liquid flow rate (bblbarrels/day)

 Ptf = flowing tubing head pressure (psia)
 R = gas to liquid ratio (MSCF/bblbarrels)
 S = choke size (1/64 in.)
For a gas well, the following equation is used:
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No. of Week:
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
where
 q = gas flow rate (MSCF/day)

 Ptf = flowing tubing head pressure (psia)
 d = choke size (in.)
 G = gas specific gravity
 T = wellhead temperature (°R)
Separators and heater treaters
A separator is a vessel used to separate liquid from gas. In some cases,

the liquid may be additionally separated into individual oil and water
streams.
There are three types of separators: vertical (Figure 2), horizontal (Figure
3), and spherical (Figure 4). Horizontal separators are found in both the
single tube and double tube design. Advantages of the vertical separator
include
 Good for predominantly liquid streams
 Can handle producing stream surges without carryover
 Occupies little space (small footprint)
 Easily cleaned of sand and mud
Advantages of the horizontal separator are
 Good for predominantly gas streams

 Easy to fabricate, ship, and install
 Low profile
And for the spherical separator, the advantages are
3
No. of Week:
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
 Good for high pressure gas wells

Compact, small size
4
No. of Week:
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
5
No. of Week:
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Heater treaters
A heater treater is simply a separator that is designed to separate primarily

oil from water. Heating of the mixture normally speeds up and improves the
separation process. Several physical processes are commonly used in the
separation process:
 Gravity settling
 Centrifugal force
 Impingement
 Electrostatic precipitation
 Filtration
 Heat
The design of a particular separator depends on the nature of the flow
stream to be separated. For a gas well, the separator usually separates a
small amount of liquid from the gas. In an oil well, the separation may
involve a small amount of gas for the amount of liquid.
6
No. of Week:
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Tank batteries and metering
Tanks must be provided to hold both oil and water for shipping or disposal.
Usually, at least two oil tanks are used, one for shipping and one for filling.
The volume of oil being shipped is sometimes determined by simply
measuring the height of the fluid in the tank, or “strapping” the tank. Many
of the more modern production facilities have lease automatic custody
transfer (LACT) units installed. These stations continuously measure the
flow into the shipping point and periodically sample the product being
shipped so that oil gravity, temperature, pressure, and water content are
known. The metering in this case is done with a positive displacement

meter.
7
No. of Week:
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Questions :
Q1. What are the major components of surface production equipment ?
1-Wellhead
2-separators and heater treaters
3-Tank batteries and meter facilities
Q2 . What is wellhead equipment?
Wellhead consists of:
1-a casing head for each casing swing
2- a tubing head
3- a christmas tree
==============================================================
Q3.what is the advantages of the spherical separator?
1-Good for high pressure gas wells
2-Compact ,small size
Q4.Fill the blanks
1-there are three types of separators (vertical ), (horizontal and )

(spherical )
8
No. of Week:
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
2- (Heater treater )is simply a separation that is designed to separate primarily

oil from water
3-For a gas well ,the separator usually separates a small amount of( liquid) from a
(gas )
4-Usually,at least two oil tanks are used one for (shipping )and one for (filling )
Q5. Put (true)or (false)
1-The design of a particular separator depends on the pressure .
Ans (false ) . depends on the nature of the flow stream to be separated .
2-christmas tree provides the necessary valving and chokes to control the
production. Ans (True )
3-In an oil well ,the separation may involve a small amount of liquid for the
amount of gas .
Ans (false )In an oil well ,the separation may involve a small amount of gas for the
amount of liquid.
4-horizontal separator is low profile .Ans(true)
===============================================================
Q6.What is advantage of christmas tree?
The Christmas tree provides the necessary valving and chokes to control the
production from a well capable of flowing. For a well that is being pumped, the
9
No. of Week:
Engineering
Petroleum and Gas
Christmas tree is replaced by wellhead equipment that accommodates the

pumping operation.
===============================================================
Q7. What is different between separation of gas well and oil well ?
For a gas well ,the separator usually separates a small amount of liquid from a
gas . In an oil well ,the separation may involve a small amount of gas for the
amount of liquid.
===============================================================
Q8. What is physical processes commonly used in the separation process?
. Ggravity setting
. Centrifugal force
. Impingement
. Electrostatic precipitation
. Filtration
. Heat
10
College of No. of Week: ( 11 )./ Titled Lecture:separators ,stock tanks
Engineering Lecturer:Dr Abdullah K. Okab
Petroleum and Gas Done by Engineers: Saja Hamadi,Sajjad Chasip,Sajjad
Hakem,Safaa Hameed,Sabreen Adel
Engineering Dep.
Lecture No. 11
separators ,stock tanks
Separators:
The flow from the well is liquid and gas and under high pressure . A section of the
gas is free While the other part is dissolved in the liquid. The pressure and
velocity of the crude oil flow must be reduced to obtain a stable separation .This
is done by inserting the oil in to the gas-oil Separator Plant GOSP and reduce
pressure to atmospheric
The benefit of the insulation process :
1. Isolation of light gases from oil such as C1-C2.
2. Increase the efficiency of the extraction of intermediate vehicles from
crude oil.
3.Keep heavy ingredients in oil(liquid phase).
-What are isolation stations ?
Natural gas insulation stations are the first episodes of the production of crude
oil. Along series of stages from the moment it leaves the well until the exit of oil
and natural gas through the ports of export or other products refineries or LPG
Plants.
1
Engineering Dep.
-Separators Types :
A .Classification of Insulators by Shape : Vertical Separators ,Horizontal and

Spherical Separators.
-Horizontal isolators : The horizontal isolators are typically used for liquids
where (oil and water) is so large that it wants to weigh more than 20% .
-The advantages of horizontal isolators :
1. It is absorbed for large amounts of fluid.
2. Speed is slower than in the vertical isolators, which gives enough time to
stay liquid .
3. Greater foam processing capability.
- spherical Separators :
1. Cheaper than vertical and horizontal types.

2. easy to install and easy to clean and discharge .
3. be more concrete and compact than other species and require a small space
where one can be placed on top of the other in the isolation stations.
4. Used when the production is smooth and homogeneous.
2
Engineering Dep.
-Vertical Separators :
1. Relative ease of handling flowing

fluid flows .
2. Easy removal of solids from the
bottom of the buffer.
3. Control the fluid level .
-They are operational problems in

isolation stations :
1. carry over
2. Gas pockets
3. Foaming
4. paraffin
-What factors affect the choice of buffer capacity :

1. Size (diameter-height) of the buffer.
2. Design and arrangement of internal parts of the buffer.
3. Number of isolation stages.
4. Operational pressure and operating temperature.
5. Chemical and physical properties of fluid out of oil (specific weigh – viscosity
– balance of phases ….ect).
6. Ratio of gas to oil GoR.
7. The tendency of oil to make foam .
-What factors affect isolation ?

1. Oil and Natural Gas Flow Rate (Minimum Flow rate-Peak Flow rate
3
Engineering Dep.
-Average Flow rate).

2 .Operational pressure Operating .
3. temperature and operating temperature.
4.The physical properties of Fluids‘
-Physical Properties such as Density and Compression.
5.Designe efficiency of insulation(eg100%removal of particles larger
than10Micron).
-The presence of impurities such as paraffin paraffin ,sand sand..etc.
5. The tendency of crude oil to foam composition.
-Fluid tendency to corrosion events .
Storage tanks
INTRODUCTION In industry, there are many different types of equipment used for
the storage of liquids and gases. The many and varied types of storage systems are
too many for all to be covered in this lesson. However, sufficient examples have
been included in order to convey the principles of storing liquids and gases and the
major problems involved. The method of storage chosen depends on the following:
The Quantity of Fluid being stored. The Nature of the fluid - is it Toxic,
Flammable, Corrosive. The Physical State of the Fluid - Gas or Liquid, the
Temperature and Pressure
STORING LIQUIDS Small quantities of liquids are often stored in 'DRUMS' and
'Bulk' quantities in 'TANKS' or 'RECEIVERS'
larger quantities in ????
1. CARBOYS A carboy is a large, fat, glass, bottle-type container with a flat base for
stability. They are used mainly for storing corrosive chemicals.
4
Engineering Dep.
2.DRUMS(ORBARRELS) Drums (barrels) , are used to store larger volumes of

liquid. They are
cylindrical in shape and
can be made from a
variety of materials
depending on the liquid
(or solid) to be stored..
See Figure: 1
3. STORAGE TANKS Large

volumes of harmless
liquids involving little or
no pressure are usually
stored in simple, mild
steel, rectangular or cylindrical tanks fitted with a flat or conical roof - known as a
'Fixed Roof Tank'. Flammable or toxic liquids can also be stored in similar vessels
but generally are located well away from residential and process areas due to the
safety hazards involved. When a number of tanks are installed, they are usually
referred to as 'Tank Farms' and each tank may contain many thousands of tons (or
tones) of liquid. The larger the tank, the lower the capital cost per ton (tone), of
liquid stored.
Figure: 2. shows such a tank and the possible combination of features built in.
(Note) that not all tanks will have all of the features shown - some types of fittings
depend upon the type of liquids the tanks contain). The diagram shows all the main
features that MAY be found on a storage tank. For example, some tanks may be
open and will not need a relief valve. Some will be
5
Engineering Dep.
1. Roof Access
Ladder - is used for safe access to the tank roof.
2. Access Manholes -Usually fitted at ground level or on the roof for access to the
inside of the tank for cleaning, maintenance and repair.
3. Water Drain – For use where water separation occurs in the tank and is to be
drained off. Also useful during internal cleaning operations.
4. Transfer Pumps - These are used to transfer some or all of the tank contents to
a process or to other storage tanks, ships, vehicles. Etc.
5. Relief Valves - Installed where a tank contains pressure and set to relieve excess
pressure if it rises to the safe operating limit.
6. Foam Injection -In emergency, foam can be sprayed into the tank and over the
surface of the liquid. Hazards arising from toxic or flammable vapors can be
minimized.
7.a two-way safety valve- This will operate at a rising, pre-set pressure to vent
excess gas from the tank to atmosphere or flare system to prevent rupture of the
tank. At a falling pre-set pressure, the valve will operate to admit air, gas or inert
gas (called 'Blanket Gas'), into the tank to prevent collapse of the tank if the
pressure falls to a vacuum. (Gas or inert gas would be used where ingress of air is
undesirable).
6
Engineering Dep.
The picture on the following page shows a 'Tank Farm' having Fixed and Floating
roof tanks.
7
Engineering Dep.
TYPICALSTORAGETANK
1. The ' Pontoon ' roof
2. The ' Double-Deck ' roof
1. The ' Pontoon ' Roof:
FLOATING ROOF STORAGE TANKS This type of tank roof minimizes the
vapor space between it and the liquid surface. into, vapor losses are also
minimized.
2. The 'Double-Deck' Roof: This is a development which employs two separate

decks of steel plate over the entire tank area., , has much lower evaporation losses
than any other type of floating roof. Because of the very small vapor volume.
STORAGE OF HIGH PRESSURE GASES
Gases are usually stored under high pressure, often in liquid form. Liquefied
gases take up very much less volume than in the gaseous state. The decrease in
volume also decreases the size of the storage vessel. Different gases need different
pressures in order to condense them at atmospheric pressure. It is often necessary
to use refrigeration together with pressure to change a gas to liquid. In addition to
liquefaction decreasing the gaseous volume, liquids are also easier to transfer from
place to place. A stored liquefied gas will ??????
8
Thi-Qar University
No. of Week: ( 12 )./ Surface gathering system
College of
Engineering Dep.
Lecture 12
Surface gathering system

Introduction
Hydrocarbons should be isolated from each other and from water before being
manufactured into oil products ,
The equipment used in the treatment is expensive so it must be installed in a way that
involves a combination of pipes.
The fluid produced from one or more wells be collected into a collection system
(common pipe ) and transported to the isolation stations
Types of gathering systems :
1- Radiation gathering systems
The flow lines in this system lead to the center of the processing equipment .
2- The main line gathering systems
(It is axial or trunk - line G.S) line, using this type of system in the regions with larger
areas
The main connection pipes in this type are small compared with the first type .
1
Thi-Qar University
College of
Engineering Dep.
Behavior of fluid flow :
When fluid flows in successive lump of liquid and gas, this will cause damage to the
gathering system and happened what called "water hammering "
When liquid hits a sharp turn ‘ twist’ in the pipe .
Therefore The gathering system should be designed to be free of sharp turns (twist )
‘’the turns must be gradual’’
Flow lines:
Low pressure flow lines :
There are a number of wells. Especially those used in artificial lift systems, produced at
low pressure of less than 125 lb / square knots.
Where the maximum pressure of the flow lines is equal to or less than 125 lb / square
knots so that these lines can be considered as low pressure pipes.
1- Steel pipe line :
It is one of the most well-known types of flow lines and is similar to the production
pipe
The pipe must be cut and sharpened so that the flow line is aligned and the head of
the well or main connection .
The steel pipe is easy to locate by metal detectors, so the engineering work is done
near it without damaging it.
2
Thi-Qar University
College of
Engineering Dep.
2- Fiberglass pipe line
Fiber glass is a fiber-reinforced material that is strongly bonded to steel and at the
same time non-corrosive. It is lightweight and can be cut easily for any length.
It was adopted as an alternative to steel pipes in many applications and its use
increased significantly with the same measurements of steel.
3- Plastic pipe
It was developed as a flexible tube to be used as a flow line. This tube comes
wrapped on large rollers and several hundred feet
The use of this pipe is usually determined by a pressure of 125 lb per square node
and is therefore used in low pressure applications.
4- Asbestos pipe line:
This pipe is composed of cement and asbestos fibers and is used in cases where
corrosion is highly effective
The asbestos allows the cement to expand and shrink slightly without cracking the pipe
3
Thi-Qar University
College of
Engineering Dep.
5- Maintain of flow lines:
The pipe should be placed on a still so that it is not in direct contact with the ground
While plastic or fiberglass pipes are placed on the floor directly because they are so
flexible that if placed on a still, their art will bend
It is not allowed to walk on the pipeline because it leads to damage
The pipe must be raised by slings to ensure that it stays upright straight
When installed, sharp curvature should not occur because it causes ’water hammering
’.
The ends of the pipes should be attached when they are connected to each other.
6- Comparing of materials of flow lines :
The choice of type of pipe depends on the several of points and standard, including the
economic cost and maintenance of pipes and maintenance.
Steel pipes are used more than others because they are made of the strongest materials
and available in multiple sizes and to provide accessories installation, but the cost of
purchase and erection and maintenance of steel pipes high, steel can be damaged by
the fluids that are taking place inside.
Plastic and fiberglass can be used because they are low-cost and easy , but can not be
detected as steel
Plastic and fiberglass pipe can not be used when pumping high temperature liquids
(more than 150-180 F) with high pressure because these materials soften at high
temperature . In general, the costs of maintaining fiber and plastic pipes are low
4
Thi-Qar University
College of
Engineering Dep.
High –pressure flow line:
1- Steel pipe :
Steel is usually used for high-pressure flow lines. The pipe wall depends on internal
pressure and pipe diameter. Thick-walled pipes are required to withstand the forces of
high pressure fluid
2- fiberglass pipe :
Fiber glass pipes have recently developed and are used at pressures of more than 1000
pounds per square knots
These pipes are easier to connect than steel pipes and cost less
But the heat and pressure determinants of the first are less than the second .
5
Thi-Qar University
College of
Engineering Dep.
Q1 : What are Types of gathering systems :
1- Radiation gathering systems
2- The main line gathering systems.
Q2: numerate the Low pressure flow lines :
1-steel pipe line
2-fiberglass pipe line
3-plastic pipe line
4-asbestos pipe line
Q3:fill the blanks with proper answer ?
1- The fluid produced from one or more wells be collected into a collection system
common pipe and transported to the isolation stations
2- The water hammering does not lead to the hole of the pipe from the inside just, but
the movement which cause it can break even the strongest steel after a period of time
3- Low pressure flow line Especially those used in artificial lift systems, produced at low
pressure of less than 125 lb / square knots
4- Plastic & fiberglass pipes can not be used when pumping high temperature liquids
(more than 150-180 F)
Q4: what is the benfit of asbestos?
- The asbestos allows the cement to expand and shrink slightly without cracking the
pipe.
6
Thi-Qar University
College of
Engineering Dep.
Q5: what are pipes used more than others? Also why ?
- Steel pipes are used more than others because they are made of the strongest
materials and available in multiple sizes and simple installation,
Q6: check true or false for each point ?
1- The steel pipe is easy to locate by “metal detectors” , so the engineering work is
done near it without damaging it.
- true
2- fiberglass pipes are less easy to connect than steel pipes and high cost
- False
2- The choice of type of pipe depends on the several of points and standard,
including the economic cost and maintenance of pipes and maintenance
-true
Q7 :what are the most common of high pressure pipe lines?
1- Steel pipes
2- Fiberglass pipes
Q8: : what is the maximum pressure of fiberglass of high pressure lines ?
Fiber glass pipes have recently developed and are used at pressures of more than 1000
pounds per square knots
7
YN TUBING& FLOWLINE BEHAVIOR
LECTURER: DR. ABDULLAH K. OKAB
GROUP 14. | MOHAYMEN ALUTBI, MORTATHA MAKKI, MARIEM ALI,
MEHDI SALIH, MUSTAFA SHAHEED
OBJECTS
WHAT WOULD WE LEARN IN THIS CLASS…
• Tubing
• Flowline KNOW WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TERMS ‘’PIPE’’ AND ‘’TUBE’’.
KHOW THE FACILITIES OF TUBING.
• Pipeline
THE DIFFERENT BETWEEN FLOWLINE AND PIPELINE.
• Flow Rate CALCULATE THE MAXIMUM FLOW RATE
SKILLS EDUCATION
Get a knowledge about tubing The role of a production engineer is to maximize petroleum and
and pipeline system. gas production in a cost-effective manner. Familiarization and
understanding of oil and gas production systems are essential to
the engineers. This class provides graduating production
engineers with some basic knowledge about production systems.
More engineering principles are discussed in the later chapters.
VOLUNTEER EXPERIENCE OR LEADERSHIP

A class presentation in Production Engineering at University of
Thi-Qar/ Petroleum and Gas department.
TUBING& FLOWLINE BEHAVIOR
What is the difference between tube and pipe?
Tube
• The term tube implies some degree of rigidity and flexible.
• Always goes in straight lines.
• The tube is made from stainless steel.
• tubes are often more expensive to produce than pipes.
• Used for:
- Water transferal.
- Liquid & gas transportation.
- Machine components.
Pipe
• Pipes are usually rigid and have no flexibility.
• Piping is usually larger than a tube.
• The pipe can be made from various materials including
ceramic, glass, plastic and concrete.
• can go through crosses, reducers... it does not need to be
one piece from end to end.
• Used for:
- Compressed air systems.
- Liquid & gas transportation.
- Fluid delivery systems- High-pressure storage units.
2
Tubing
Most oil wells produce reservoir fluids through tubing strings.
This is mainly because tubing strings provide good sealing
performance and allow the use of gas expansion to lift oil. Gas
wells produce gas through tubing strings to reduce liquid
loading problems.
This lesson presents properties of the American Petroleum
Institute (API) tubing and special considerations in designing
tubing strings.
Tubing design should consider tubing failure due to tension,

collapse, and burst loads under various well operating
conditions. Forces affecting tubing strings include the following:
1. Axial tension due to weight of tubing and compression due
to buoyancy.
2. External pressure (completion fluids, oil, gas, formation
water).
3. Internal pressure (oil, gas, formation water).
4. Bending forces in deviated portion of well.
5. Forces due to lateral rock pressure.
6. Other forces due to thermal gradient or dynamics.
3
The factors to be considered in tubing design include the

following:
1. Tubing size, weight, and grade
2. Well conditions
3. Pressure effect
4. Temperature effect
5. Completion method
- Cased hole
- Open hole
6. Multitubing
7. Packer type (restraining, non-restraining)
Flowline
In the oil and gas industry, flowlines are pipe lines that connect a
single wellhead to a manifold or process equipment. In a larger
well field, multiple flowlines may connect individual wells to a
manifold. Then a gathering line may transfer the flow from the
manifold to a pre-process stage or to a transportation facility or
vessel.
4
In an actively producing oilfield, flowlines connect to a single

wellhead. Their purpose is to move the raw product from the
wellhead to the gathering lines. They carry a mixture of oil, gas,
water and sand and are normally no more than 12” diameter in
size.
Gathering lines are similar to flowlines but collect the flow from
multiple flowlines.
Most flowlines are very short in length but others may be run for
kilometers in onshore applications.
5
Pipeline
1. GATHERING PIPELINES
What are they used for? - Gathering pipelines are used to deliver
the oil or gas product from the source to processing plants or
storage tanks.
Typical products carried by gathering pipelines include; natural

gas, crude oil, natural gas liquids.
What size are gathering pipelines? - Compared to other pipelines,

lengths in this category are relatively short – approximately 200
metres long. They are typically much smaller than transmission
pipelines, usually under 18”.
6
Are gathering pipelines regulated? ‫ﻟﻼطﻼع‬
- In the United States, gathering pipelines are subject to

regulation in moderate to heavily populated areas, but less so in
‘rural’ areas. As new populated areas are developed, they often
overlap into these areas, creating potential safety issues.
Therefore, in 2006 the PHMSA (Pipeline & Hazardous Materials
Safety Administration) redefined the regulations to cover gas
gathering pipelines in ‘rural’ areas within ¼ mile of a ‘USA’
(unusually sensitive area). The definition of a USA is an area that
includes a drinking water source or ecological resource area that
is unusually sensitive to environmental damage from a hazardous
liquid pipeline release.
2. TRANSMISSION PIPELINES
What are they used for? - Transmission pipelines are used to

transport crude oil, NGLs, natural gas and refined products for
long distances across states, countries and continents.
They are used to move the product from the production regions
to distribution centers.
7
What causes transmission lines to fail? - Typical reasons for the

failure of transmission lines include pipe seam failures, corrosion,
material failure and defective welding.
What size are transmission pipelines? - These large pipes are up

to 42” diameter, with most being more than 10” diameter.
3. DISTRIBUTION PIPELINES
What are they used for? - Distribution pipelines are a system made
up of ‘mains’ and ‘service’ lines, used by distribution companies.
Together they deliver natural gas to the neighborhoods of homes
and businesses.
• Mains pipelines - Distribution pipelines classed as between

high-pressure transmission lines and low-pressure service
lines.
• Service pipelines - Service pipelines connect to a meter and
deliver natural gas to individual customers.
What size are distribution gas pipelines? - ‘Mains’ distribution

pipelines are small to medium sized (from 2” to 24”
diameter). ‘Service’ pipelines use narrow pipes (usually less than
2” diameter).
8
4. FEEDER PIPELINES
Feeder pipelines are used to move the product from processing
facilities and storage tanks to the long-distance transmission
pipelines. The product may be crude oil, natural gas or natural
gas liquids.
Flow Rate Through Pipe or Tube

The control factors in the calculation are fluids (oil, gas, or
condensate fluids), flowline size, flow pattern, and application
region. Artificial lift is also considered during line sizing to
improve the operational range of the system.
Maximum production rates throughout the field life are

determined as a function of gas-lift rate.
Sensitivities to the important variables such as GOR, water cut,
viscosity, and separator pressure should be examined.
9
How to calculate the flow rate of fluids?

• Laminar
If the flow in the pipe is laminar, you can use the Poiseuille
Equation to calculate the flow rate:
Q = π D4 ΔP / 128 μ Δx
• Turbulent
For turbulent flow, we can use Bernoulli's Equation with a
friction term. Assuming the pipe is horizontal:
ΔP / ρ + V2 / 2 = −ƒ
10
College of
No. of Week: ( 15 )./ Titled Lecture: sand production problems
Engineering
Engineering Dep. Done by Engineers: , muayyad, Yasser, husham, hiba and wissam
Introduction:
There are many problems facing the production of
oil from the fields that leading to a decrease in the
quantities extracted from
Oil wells.
The most important of these problems are:

1- the production of sand.
2-the production of water.
3- the production of sand and water two together .
Sand production is one of the oldest problems

facing the oil industry.
1
College of
Engineering
There are several reasons that lead to the

production of sand, including:
• The stresses that are exposed to the reservoir layers, which

lead to the disintegration of sand grains
• Incorrect perforation of packaging tubes
• High drag or shelf strength in the water phase produced with

oil
• High viscosity in the oil phase
• Production of oil at high rates in order to obtain maximum

economic benefit, especially when using industrial production
pump
2
College of
Engineering
The problems caused by sand production

include:
 Failure of the sand control completions.
 Plug of the perforation.
 Borehole instability.
 Environmental effects.
 Increase in the cost of cleanup and remedial

operations.
3
College of
Engineering
4
College of
Engineering
Ways of solution
There are two ways chemicals or mechanical
1-mechanical method
2-chemicals method or (Resin Injection)
Mechanical method
Slotted Liners and Prepacked Screens:
Slot-ted pipes, screens and prepacked screens offer the
lowest-cost downhole filtering. Slotted liners have the largest
holes , wire-wrapped screens prepacked with resin-coated sand
offer the finest filtering. Each type can be run as part of the
completion string and are particularly suited for high-angle
wells, which cannot be easily completed other wise .
5
College of
Engineering
Resin-Coated Gravel Without Screens:

Resin-coated gravel may be used as a downhole filter without
installing a screen. The gravel is circulated into position as a
slurry, either inside casing or open hole and then squeezed to
form a plug across the production zone. By the resin,
strengthening the pack.
Gravel Packing:
Gravel packing has been used by the oil industry since the
1930s. today, it is the most widely employed sand control
measure, accounting for about three-quarters of treatments.
12 a slurry of accurately sized gravel in a carrier fluid is pumped
into the annular space between a centralized screen and either
perforated casing or open hole. The gravel also enters
perforations if a cased-hole gravel pack is being performed. As
pumping continues, carrier fluid leaks off into the formation or
through the screen and back to surface. The gravel pack creates
a granular filter with very high permeability-about 120 dar-cies
–but prevents formation sand entering the well.
6
College of
Engineering
7
College of
Engineering
Chemicals method
(Resin Injection)
Resin injection:
To cement the sand grains in situ, a resin is injection into the
formation, generally through perforations, and then flushed
with a catalyst. Most commercially available systems employ
phenolic, furan or epoxy resin. They bind rock particles
together creating a stable matrix of perme-able, concentration
can hinder the effec-tiveness of the consolidation process, so a
clay stabilizer is often used as a preflush. Residual water may
also interfere with the development of consolidation strength
and may necessitate use of increased quantities of resin. 10 the
quantity of resin injected is a compromise between enhancing
permeability. For example , if an 8-darcy unconsolidated sand is
resin treated to give a compressive strength of up to 3300 psi ,
permeability may be reduced by 25% and productivity cut by up
to 10%.

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Thi-Qar University Petroleum Production / 3rd Class

Review of casing design concepts

-provide a means for attaching the blowout preventers.

Types of the liner casing:

Casing physical properties:

Burst :is a condition where amount of internal pressure exceeds pressure

PB – Minimum internal yield pressure (psi)

a)the internal yield stress is calculate as:

Ans: determine the D/t ratio:

D/t= 9.625inch/0.472 inch=20.392

Collapse pressure - with axial stress

YPA = yield strength of axial stress equivalent grade, psi

A=3.181 B=0.0819 C =2852

Well completion : can be defined as the process of preparing a well for

Production Lining production

(Christmas Tree(X-mas Sliding Sleeve

Subsurface production pipe

Production Tubing : Production, control and download of measuring devices .

Liner : Control of sand problem and Economy costs .

Sliding Sleeve : Production , fluid circulation and control in the well .

Types of Completion Fluids

1- Oil Base Fluids , Hydrocarbon Fluids

2- Water Base Fluids ,Clear Water Fluids

Types of Complete wells

2- Greater production of hydrocarbons.

5- Absence of additional costs due to casing , Cementing , and perforation.

7- It is completed through only one layer.

9- It is not possible to implement recovery and stimulate the well

Figure 2: Open hole completion

Figure 3: cased completion

Single zone completion :

» Single zone completion with just tubing and no production packer:

2-Multiple zone completion:

B-Tubing annulus completion:

Alternate selective completions:

** Parallel tubing string and alternate selective completion

Well Completion Design

Factors Influencing Well Completion Design

Factors Influencing Well Completion Design

Producing rate Maximize profit considering

Secondary recovery Anticipate all operating conditions

Stimulation of the reservoir Safety

•Secondary recovery needs may require a completion method

•Sand control problems alone may dictate the type of completion

•Work-over frequency, probably high where several reservoirs must be

4.Anticipate all operating conditions, and associated pressure and

The selection of a perforating technique can be a critical factor in successful testing

Although technology is available to insure good perforating in most wells,

1. A lack of understanding of the requirements for optimum perforating.

Bullet guns 3 ¼ in. OD or larger are applicable in formations with compressive

An electrically fired detonator starts a chain reaction which successively detonates

1. Salt water or oil.

Selection of Perforated Interval:

The perforated interval in the production formation is chosen according to the

When choosing the formation interval must consider the following:

• Choosing formations with high permeability and porosity and avoiding

Factors Affecting Gun Perforating Results

A piece of equipment of the well bottom devices contains a tightening device, an

Prevent downhole movement of the tubing string, generating considerable axial

Can provide a means of separating multiple producing zones