f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha kj keUqrej yd wkd.

;
ÈYdk;sh .fõIKh lsÍu
13.1 mß.Klfha kj keUqre;d yd ÈYdk;sh .fõIKh lsÍu
nqoaêu;a yd Ndjd;aul mß.Kl (Intelligant and Emational computers)

nqoaêu;a mß.Kl (Intelligent computer)

úúO mqoa.,hka úúO wdldrfhka nqoaêh w¾: olajd we;' ta w;r jvd;a ksjerÈ yd id¾:l w¾:
±laùu jkqfha “nqoaêh hkq wjia:dkql=,j .eg`M j,g úi`ÿï fiùfï yelshdj” f,i ks¾kh lsÍuhs'
fuh ñksia j¾.hdg muKla fkdj fndfyda i;ajhskg a meje;au Wfoid iajNdjfhka ,efnk
odhdohls' tfy;a hï hï l%shdldrlï u`.ska fufia iycfhka ,efnk nqoaêh jvd ÈhqKq lr .ekSfï
yelshdjkao mj;S' bf.kSu yd w;a±lSï ;=<k s a .kakd ±kqu fï i`oyd WodyrK f,i .; yelsh'
nqoaê yelshdjka 3la Tiafia úldYkh fldg we;'
1' ±kqu ,nd .ekSu yd ,nd.;a ±kqu ksjerÈj l%shd lrùfï yelshdj
2' Ñ;a;Odrd yd ;¾lkh
3' ukfiys iqúfYaIS úNjhka fyj;a wka;¾ nqoaêh
lD;Su nqoaêh (Artifical Intelligent)
mß.Kl ;dlaIKfha nqoaêu;a hka;% yd uDÿldx. ixj¾Okh lsÍfï lafIa;% lD;Su nqoaêh hg;g
.efka' ñksidg fukau nqoaêu;aj is;d ;SrK .ekSfï yelshdjla fufy§ mß.Klhg ,efí' ñksid
i;= nqoaêuh yelshdj mß.Klhg ,nd§u fuys wruqKhs' fuu nqoaêh mß.Klhg ,nd§u wdY%s;j
lafIa;%hlao lD;Su nqoaêh kñka ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;S' fuh
nqoaêu;a hka;% ksmoùfï bxcsfkare úoHdj f,i w¾: ±lafõ' ñksid
úiska ksmofjk hka;% fl;rï ÿrg nqoaêu;a f,i ie,lsh yelso
hkak iuyr úoHd{hka m%Yak k.d we;' tkï ñksid úiska
ksmofjk ,o hka;% l%shdlrkafka ñksid i;= yelshdjka mokï lr
f.k neúka hka;% i;= jkafka ñksid úiska ,nd fok yelshdjka yd
±kqu mukla njg Tjqka ;¾l lrhs' tfukau th hka;% i;=
ÿ¾j,;djhls' ye`.Sï rys; njo hka;% i;=j mj;sk udkj
,laIKj, mj;sk ÿ¾j,;djhla f,i ie,fla' ñksid i;=j mj;sk
ÿl" i;=g" wdprYS,Snj wd§ ye`.Sï hka;% i;=j fkdmj;S'
hka;%j,g ñksid wNsnjd hdfï yelshdjla fkdue;s nj Tjqkf a .a
u;hhs'
lD;Su nqoaêh Ndú; fhÿï
 Games Playing
 Expert System
 Natural Language
 Natural Network
 Robotics
Ndjd;aul mß.Kl (Emotional Computers)
lD;Su nqoaêh yerekq úg ;j;a ,laIK .Kkdjla mß.Klh i;= fõ' tkï ye.Sïnß; nj"
úfkdaoldó nj" ixfõ§ nj wdÈh fõ' fuhska jeo.;a ,laIKh jkqfha ye`.Sïnß; njhs' ta Tiafia
úúO ;dlaIK iys; mß.Kl ìysúh'
lkafihs moaO;s (Konsei System)
mdßfNda.slhkaf.a is;=ï me;=ï jgydf.k tajdg iß,k wkaoñka ksIamdok yd fiajd iemhSfï
yelshdj iys; hka;% ksmoùu fuu lafIa;% ;=, mÍlaIdjg ,lafõ' mdßfNda.sl is;=ï me;=ï NdKav
yd fiajd iïmdokh lsÍfï ld¾hfha§ fl,skau ie,ls,a,g Ndckh lsÍu fuys§ woyia fõ' fuh

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 1

cmdkfha wdrïN jq ñksid i;= ufkdauh yelshdjka hka;%j,g ,nd§fï lD;su nqoaêh wdY%s;
l%shdldß;ajhls' lkafihs ixl,amh ;=, ixfõ§ ye`.Sï lSmhla olakg ,efí'
1' ye`.Sï fyj;a ixl,am f.dvke.Su (Impression)
2' Ñ;a;fõ. (Emotion)
3' udkj ixfõo (Human senses)
4' ye`.Sï (Feeling)
5' ixfõ§;dj (Sensitivity)
6' ufkdAuh m%;sl%shd (Psychological reaction)
7' ldhsl m%;sl%shd (Physiological reactions)

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 2

lkafiAhs moaO;s wdlD;sh

Kansei words Knowledge Design and

database database colour database

Kansei word Inference Graphic display

processing engine and processing

System controller

Client interface

Kansei or Input kansei Output Products

psychology words Graphics elements
-cal feeling

udkj-hka;% iy meje;au (Man-Machine Coexistence)

ñksid hka;% iQ;% ksmojd bka ;udf.a lgh;= myiqfjka isÿlr .ekSu wE; w;S;fha isgu olakg
,enqk's mß.Klh fidhd .ekSu;a iu`. fuu ld¾hh fjkia ÈYdjla Tiafia ixj¾Okh ùu wdrïN
úh' f;dr;=re ;dlaIK yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfhys ÈhqKqj;a iu. ñksidf.a Ôjk ;;ajh ;j;a
m%foaYhlg fhduqúh' úYaj .ïudkh" úoHq;a ;emE," iudc fjí wvú wd§ kj ixl,am Tiafia udkj
iudch tu udj; Tiafia md k.ñka we;' wo jkúg ñksid ksmojQ fuu kùk hka;% iQ;% ñksid
iu`. l%shd;aul jk ;;ajhlg m;aj we;' frdfnda ;dlaIKfha ÈhqKqj;a iu`. úúO lafIa;%hkays
frdfnda hka;% ñksid iu`. lgh;= lrkq olakg we;' ñksidg wmyiq ld¾hhka fukau ñksidg
,`.dùug wmyiq wk;=reodhl ia:dkj, lghq;= i`oyd frdfnda hka;% fhdod.kS' ÈhqKq rgj, iqmsß
fj<`oie,a" l¾udka;Yd,d j, fiajhg yd .sKls ÿ" uqyqÿ m;=, yd wNHjldY jeks ñksidg ,`.dùug
ÿIalr ia:dkj, m¾fhaIK lghq;= i`oyd frdfnda hka;% fhdod .kS'

13.2 ksfhdað; ;dlaIKfha uq,O¾u yd fhojqï .fõIKh lsÍu

ksfhdað; moaO;s (Agent System)

ksfhdað;fhl= hkq lsih
s ï wruqKla u; l%shd;aul jkf,i ieliq moaO;shls' fuu moaO;sh iqúfYaIS
ksfhdað; uDÿldx.h u`.ska wod< ld¾hh bgq lrhs' fuu uDÿldx.h idudkH uDÿldx.fhka fjkia
jkafka tys olakg ,efnk mßirhg ixfõ§ nj" iajhxl%Sh nj" wruqKla flfrys fhduqj ;sîu yd
ksrka;rfhka tu ld¾hfhys ksr;ùu jeks iqúfYaIS ,laIK fya;=fjks'

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 3

 Agent

Sensor input Action input

Environment

Agent Sensers Percepts

What is the
world like
now
Environment

Condition- Action to
action(if- be done
them) Actions
rules

Actuators

ksfhdað; j¾.

1' nqoaêu;a ksfhdað;hka (Intelligent Agent):- bf.kqu yd ;¾lkh jeks lD;Su nqoaêhg wod,
hï hï ld¾hhka bgqlsÍug ilia lrwe;s ksfhdð;hka

2. jHdma;s ksfhdað;hka (Distribute Agent):- fN!;slj fjka fjkaj mj;akd mß.Kl u;

l%shd;auljk ksfhdAð;hka
3' nyq ksfhdað;hka (Multi Agent):- ;ksj l%shd;aul úh fkdyels fyhska tlsfkld w;r
ikaksfõokh lr.kq ,nk jHdma;s ksfhdað;hka
4' cx.u ksfhdað;hka (Mobile Agent):- úúO ilikhka u;g ;u l%shdldÍ;ajh m%;skY
s aphkh
(Relocate) l, yels ksfhdað;hka

5' ñ,§ .ekSfï ksfhdað;hka fyda idmamq ksfhdað;hka (Buyer Agents Or Shoping Bots):-
NdKav yd fiajdjkag wdod, cd, moaO;sj,g wod, f;dr;=re úuiSu fuu ksfhdað; uDÿldx.
u`.ska isÿflf¾'

6' mßYS,l ksfhdAð;hka (User Agent):- fuu ksfhdað; uDÿldx. úúO ld¾hhkays ksr; fõ'
WodyrK f,i wdlD;s msrùu" Bfï,a mKsúv mÍlaId lsÍu ±laùug mq`Mjks'

7' wëCIK yd iqmÍlaIdldÍj ksÍlaIK lsÍfï ksfhdað;hka (Monitoring and Observation

Agent):- WmlrK ms<sn`o wëCIKh isÿ lrñka jd¾;d iemhSu fuu ksfhdAð; uDÿldx.
u`.ska isÿflf¾'

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 4

ksfhdað;hkaf.a .;s ,laIK
 iaj;ka;% (Atonomous):- ñksidf.a iDcq ueÈy;a
ùfuka f;drj Tjqkf a .a wNHka;r ;;ajhka ixfõ§j
l%shd;aul fõ'
 mßYSs,lfhl= fyda fjk;a jevigyka fjkqfjka
l%shd;aul fõ'
 .;sl mßirj,§ l%shdldÍ;ajhla olajhs'
 mßirfha isÿjk l%shdjkag ixfõ§ fõ'
 nyq,j j¾Okh jk f;dr;=re iu`. wka;¾
l%shdldÍ;ajhla we;'
 ksrka;rfhka l%shdldÍj mj;S'

nyq ksfhdað; moaO;s (Multi Agent

System)
lsihs ï mßirhla ;=, l%shd;aul jk wka;¾
l%shdldÍ nqoaêu;a ksfhdað;hka lsysm
fofkl=f.ka iukaú; moaO;shls' ;ks
ksfhdað;fhl=g úi`§ug wmyiq .eg`M úi`§u
i`oyd nyq ksfhdað; moaO;s fhdod .efka'

ksfhdacs; moaO;sj, fhojqï

 mß.Kl l%svd jeks rEmuh fhojqï:- mß.Kl l%svd j, fhdod .efkk WmlrK fukau
wjia:d ks¾udKh i`oyd fuu ksfhdað;hska fhdod.efka'
 Ñ;%mg (Animation):- ñksik q a" i;=ka yd fjk;a WmlrK fjkqjg mß.Kl wdY%s; ks¾udK
fhdod.ekSu'
 iudfhdað; wdrlaIl moaO;s (Cooridinated Defense System)
 m%jdykh yd iudfhdack (Transporation and Logistics)
 N+f.da,Sh f;dr;=re moaO;s (Geographical information system)
 cd, yd cx.u ;dlaIK (Networking and Mobile Technologies):- .;slNdr iu;=,; s h
(Dynamic Load Balancing), by< ksrjoH;djhka wjYH ia:dkj, yd iajhx WmYukH
(self Healing) cd,j,"
 frda.Ska yd jeäysÜ mqoa.,hkaf.a frda.S ;;ajhka kshdukh fldg wjYH m%;sldr lr mQ¾j
ks.ukj,g t,öu'
 ksfjiaj, ksjeishkaf.a l%shdjka kshdukh fldg n,Yla;s ixrlaIKhg mshjr .ekSu'
 j<dl=`M mß.Kkh (Cloud Computing) ys iïm;a fnod yeÍu'

nyq ksfhdað;hkaf.a jdis

 kuHYS,S nj
 Yla;su;a yd úYajdiS nj
 ld¾hlaIu;dj yd fõ.j;a nj
 ixj¾Okh yd l<ukdlrKh
 ñ, wvqh

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 5

13.3 mßKdufõ§ mß.Kkfha uq,O¾u yd uyd mßudKfha fhojqï .fõIKh lsÍu
mßKdujd§ mß.Kkh
iajNdúl jrKh cdKuh mßKduh jeks Ôj úoHd;aul mßKdufha uq,O¾u mokï lr.;a mß.Kl
wdY%s; .eg`M úi§fï l%ufõohka mrdih mßKdujd§ mß.Kkh f,i ye`Èkafõ' fuu l%fudAmdhka
l¾udka; yd jdKsc lafIa;%hkays mdßfNda.l
s fhÿïj, isg m%uqL úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK olajd jq mq`M,a
mrdihla ;=, fhdod.efka' mßKdujd§ mß.Kkh weußldkq úoHd{hl= jk f,dArkaia J f*da.,a
úiska y`ÿkajdÿka w;r fcdaka fykaß fyda,av¾ Tyqf.a l%uh cdk we,af.dß;u f,i y`ÿkajk ,oS'
c¾uka cd;sl bkaf.da ßpkan¾.a yd yEkaia fmda,a fIda*,a mßKdujd§ l%fudamdhka y`ÿkajd fok ,§'

by;ska i`oyka we,af.dß;u tlg taldnoaO ù mßKdujd§ mß.Kkh ìysúh' fuu lafIa;%
fol jir 15la uq`M,af,a fjk fjku ixj¾Okh úh' 1990 oYlfha uq,a Nd.fha§ fuu lafIa;% fol
mßKdujd§ mß.Kkh f,i tAldnoaO úh' tA iu`.u y;rjk Odrjla f,i cdkuh l%uf,aLKh
kï lafIa;%h wdrïN úh' 1990 .Kka j, mgka mßKdujd§ mß.Kkh" úYd, jYfhka Swarm-
Based mß.Kkh njg m;a jq w;r iajNdúl - fm<Uùfï (Nature-Inspired) we,af.dß;u lemS
fmfkk ia:dkhla f.k we;' fuu kdulrKh mßKdujd§ mß.Kkh f.k yermdk w;r"
mßKdujd§ l%uf,aLklrKh" mßKdóh l%ufõo" cdkuh l%uf,aLklrKh yd cdkuh we,af.dß;u
hk WmlafIa;% i,ld nef,a'

Ôj úoaHd;aul moaO;sj, mß.Kl

mßKdóh l%shdj,sh u`.ska fmd<Ujk ,o mß.KlSh wdlD;Ska ldKavh cdkuh we,af.dß;u
jYfhka ie,fla' j¾Kfoay wdldrfha o;a; jHqy w;ßka úfYaI; s .eg`Mjlg ;sìh yels úi`ÿula
fla;kh flf¾' tfukau tu jHqyhg m%;sixfhdAð; ls%hd fh§u u`.ska je`o.;a f;dr;=re wdrlaId
lsÍu isÿflf¾' cdk we,af.dß;u úYd, mrdihl .eg`M úi§u i`oyd fhdod .efkk w;r fndfyda
úg .eg`Mjla i`oyd jvd iqÿiqu úi`ÿu f;dArd .ekSug Ndú;d flf¾'
1. Cross over (Recombination)
2. Mutation
3. Selection (Fitness function)

Cross Over
j¾Kfoay cdk w;r isÿjk yqjudre l%shdj,sh u`.ska w¨;a j¾Kfoay ìysfõ' tjeks m%Odk yqjudre
l%shdj,sh m%;sckkh f,i y`ÿkajhs' fuh mß.Kl l%shdj,sfha mj;sk ms<s;=rej,g fndfyda fihska
iudk ms<s;=re ,nd.ekSug fhdod .efkA'
child
mother 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
or
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
father
Chomasome crossing over

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 6

úlD;s (Mutation)
iuyr wjia:dj,§ foudmshkag fndfyda fihska fjkia .;s ,laIK we;s orejka ìysfõ' cdkhla ;=,
mj;sk ,laIKhka wyUq f,i fjkia ùfuka cdkh ;=, ±kg mj;sk ,laIKh iïmq¾Kfhkau
fjkia fõ' fuh tla j¾Kfoayhla ;=, isÿfõ'
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1

fï wkqj mß.Kl ;dlaIKfha§ kj ks¾udKhka ìyslsÍug mq`Mjks'

Y%s; ,sùu (Fitnuss function)

pd,aia vdúkag wkqj m%udKj;a ;rï Yla;sh we;s j¾Kfoay mukla m%ckk l%shdj,shg iyNd.s
fõ' iqÿiq Y%s;hla w¾: ±laùfuka j¾KfoAyj, fuu m%;sM,h m%ldY l,yel' Y%s;hg ,nd fok
w.hg jvd wvq m%n,;djka olajk j¾KfoAy bj;a lsÍfuka wfkla tAjdg bÈßhg hdug ,ndfoA'
w.h 10 g jvd jeäkï iúu;a j¾KfoAy f,i ye`Èkafõ'

mßKdujd§ mß.KkfhA fh§ï (Aplication of Evoluation Computing)

1' bxcsfkare ks¾udKh
2' nqoaêu;a moaO;s
3' /yeka rys; ixfõol cd,
4' nqoaêu;a m%jdyk moaO;s
5' ;SrK wdOdrl moaO;s
6' md,k moaO;s
7' ld¾ñl fhÿïj, isoaê wOHkh
8' iïnkaê; ;d¾lsl mßm: úYaf,aIKh
.ukd.ukh
ksfhdAð;hka fjkia jk mßirhg imqr,k whqßka nqoaêu;a f,i iSreudre l,yels mßYS,l Ñ;%
.ukd.uk moaO;shl fldgila úhyelsh'
wdrlaIKh
hqO ìï j,§ i;=rd fhdod .kakd Wmdh lgh;=j,g wkqrEmj ish Wmdh l%u fjkialr .ksñka
iajdëkj wka;¾ l%shd lsÍug ksfhdAcs;hka iu;a fõ'

fjí nv.dkakd (Web-Crawler)

ksfhdAð;fhl=g fjí wjldYfha f;dard .;a fldgia fyda f;dr;=re fidhdn,k fjí wjldYh
ksr;=reju iqmÍlaIñka l%shd;aul jk server u; mokï jq jevigykla fõ'

fjí w;sßlaiqj (Web browser)

nqoaêu;a fjí w;sßlaiq jeks kùk cd,hl fhÿula i`oyd fiajd,dNSka w;r wka;¾ l%shd uqyqK;a
iemhSug ksfhdAð;fhl=g yelsh'
frdfnda hka;% ksfhdAð;fhl= f,i
frdfnda hka;%j, we;s ksfhdað;fhl= ndysr mßirh iu`. wka;¾ l%shd lrhs' fjkia jk mßirh
iu`. m%;spdr ±laùug frdfndajrfhl=g yel'
frdfnda hka;% iu`. wka;¾ l%shd lsÍu
.;sl f,i l%shdl, yels frdfnda hka;% iu`. wka;¾ l%shd lsÍug mßirfha we;s ksfhdað;fhl=g
yelsh'

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 7

mßYS,l w;=reuqyqK;a (User Interface)
mßYS,
s lhd úiska ksfhda. lrk ,o ksYaÑ; ld¾hla bgqlr .ekSu i`oyd ukd mßYS,l w;=re uqyqK;a
fidhdfoñka wka;¾ l%shdldÍ jevigykla f,i lghq;= lsÍug yelsh'

iuQy nqoaêh (Swarm intelligence)

iajhx ixúê" úflakø a sl" iajNdúl fkdjq lD;Su moaO;sj, tAldnoaO p¾hdj iuQy nqoaêh f,i
y`ÿkajhs' ó ueiaika" l=yqUq,ka fjk;a rxpq jYfhka Ôj;a jk i;ajhka fuu ie,ls,a,g Ndckh
fõ' fuu moaO;s ;ks ksfhdað;hka fyda tlsfkld w;r iy mßirh w;r wka;¾ l%shdldÍ
iuqyhkaf.ka iukaú;h' fuu woyi fndfydAúg Ôj úoaHd;aul moaO;s ;=<k s a ms<sìUq fõ' mß.Kl
moaO;sh Ôj úoHdfõÈ ffcj moaO;s mß.Klh yryd úoyd ±laùfï wruqKk s a ld¾hlaIu
we,af.dß;u o;a; jHqyhka" oDIaá l,ams;hka yd ikaksfõok fuj,ï ixj¾Okh lrhs' iajNdúl
Ôj úoaHd;aul moaO;s wkqlrKh lrñka tAjdfha l%shd oduhka olakg ,efnk ixlS¾K ,laIK
tlsfklg iïnkaO ir, Wmdx. lSmhl l%shdldÍ;ajfha m%;sM,hls' tkï Ôj moaO;s mß.Kl wdY%s;
moaO;s u.ska wdlD;SlrKh fldg lD;Su Ôjhla ks¾udKh lsÍfï W;aiydhla fuu mÍlaIK wdY%s;j
isÿ fõ'

13.4 id¾j;s%l mß.Kk ixl,amh .fõYKh lrhs'

id¾j;%l
s mß.Kl ixl,amh (Ubiquitous [pervasive] computing / ubicom )
id¾j;%sl mß.Klh hkq iEu ;eklu mj;sk wd.Kk mßirhls' fuys§ mßYS,lhdg ia:dkSh yd
ÿria: fiAjd folu ,nd .; yelsh' fuys§ l=vd Yla;su;a ,dNodhs cd, ielish yels Wmdx. Ndú;d
fõ' ,emafgdmaa" geí,Ü" g¾ñk,a yd ÿrl:k jeks ´kEu wdldrhl mß.Klhka yryd mßYS,k
mß.Klh iu`. iïnkaO fõ' fuu WmlrK fndfydAuhl mß.Kl ;dlaIKh Ndú;d jk wdldrh
mßYS,lhdg woDYHudkh'
id¾j;%l
s mß.Klfha§ fhdod .kakd ixl,am
1' jHdma;S mß.Klh (Distributed computing)
2' cx.u mß.Klh (Mobile computing)
3' ia:dkSh mß.Klh (Location computing)
4' cx.u cd,lrKh (Mobile Networking)
5' ixo¾N ixúOdk mß.Kk (Context Aware computing)
6' ixfõok cd, (Sensor Network)
7' udkj mß.Kl wka;¾l%shd mß.Kkh (Human computer interaction computing)
8' lD;Su nqoaêh (Artifical intelligence)

id¾j;%l
s mß.Klh i`oyd jk ;dlaIKhka
1' .=jka úÿ,s ;rx. y`ÿkd.ekSfï ;dlaIKh (Radio frequency identification)
2' wka;¾.;h okakd mß.Kkh (Context Aware computing)
3' me<`Èh yels mß.Kkh (Wearable computing)
4' wdj¾ê; i;Hh (Argumented Reality)
5' iajhxlD; .%ykh yd m%fõYh (Automated Capture Access)
6' f,dal jHdma; ixfõol cd,h (World wide sensor Network)
7' yd;ami me;sreKq nqoaêh (Ambinet intelligent)

.=jka úÿ,s ;rx. y`ÿkd .ekSfï ;dlaIKh (Radio Frequency Identification)

 .=jka úÿ,s w;=re uqyqK;a yryd fN!;sl jia;+ka y`ÿkd.ekSu
 .=jka úÿ,s ;rx. yryd /yeka rys; ix{d iïfm%aIKh

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 8

  RFID iïnkaOlj,g tAjdfha mej;au woaù;Sh y`ÿkd.ekSu
 lshùu ñ,s ;mamrj,ska isÿlsÍu
 iajHxl%shlnj
 oDIH fyda fN!;sl iam¾Yhla wjYH fkdùu
 lgql mßirhkays§ l%shd lrhs
 iïnkaOl" lshjk" iam¾Yl yd uDÿldx. moaO;shls

id¾j;%l
s fhÿï
1' r:jdyk wNsreÑlrKh
 iajhxl%sh wdf,dAl moaO;s
 ßhÿre iyh moaO;s yryd ßhÿrka ±kqj;a lsÍu
2' foAYSh wNsreÑlrKh
 ksfjia wdf,dAlrKh
 WIaK;aj md,kh
 mßir w,xlrKh
 jd;h yd ikakf s õok WmlrK u.ska iajhxl%shj md,kh
3' wmrdO md,kh
4' ixpdrlhkag Tjqka ±kg isák ia:dkh mokï lr.ksñka u.fmkaùu
5' ia:dk fiùu
6' ffjoH ;dlaIKh
7' U-Commerce
 Smart Business Objects u.ska .Kqfokq yd fiajd iajhxl%shj isÿlsÍu
 mdßfNda.slhd" fjf<kaod iy iajhxl%Sh moaO;sh w;r iïnkaO;djh yryd ksrka;r
fiajdjka iemhSu
8' ksIamdok l%shdj,sh
 úuOH.; ksIamdok moaO;s iajhxl%Shj md,kh jk" jHqy.; yd ksoyia ksIamdok moaO;s
9' wdndê; mqoa.,hka ioyd u.fmkaùfï moaO;s
10' wka;¾.;h okakd cx.u ÿrl:k
 wjia:dkql+,j ÿrl:kh iajhxl%Shj ksy`v wjia:djg m;aùu
 ms<s;=re Èh hq;= fkdjk weu;=ï y`ÿkd.ekSfï yelshdj

13.5 mj;sk mß.Kl wdlD;s úYaf,aIKh lr kj f,djg .e,fmk wdlD;s

f.dvke.Su

fjdka kshqudka j,ska Tíng

fuf;la Ndú;d l, iïm%odhsl fjdka kshqudka wdlD;sh wNsnjd úúO ;dlaIKsl l%u Wmdhka fhdod
.ksñka mß.Kl wdlD;sh kj ÈYdjka Tiafia ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;S'
fjdka kshqudka wdlD;sh
1' we,ka áhqßka (Alan Turing) úiska fidhd .kakd ,§'
2' fcdAka fjdka kshqudka úiska m%isoaO lrk ,§' (EDVAC)
3" wjqreÿ 65 la mqrd fuh j,x.= fõ'
4' fuh m%Odk fldgia 5 ka iukaú; oaúuh ixLHd moaO;shla Ndú;d fõ'
5' .nvd lrk ,o l%uf,aLk ixl,amh fhdod .ksñka mß.Kl wdlD;sh ks¾udKh lrk ,§'
6' uDÿldx. ixj¾Okh lrkakkag myiqfjka f;areï .;yel'

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 9

fjdka kshqudka ks¾udKlrkh blaujk fia ;dlaIKsl j¾Okh j,lajk ,oafoA"
1' u;lh lshùu yd u;lh ,sùu i`oyd .;jk ld,iSudj fkd.ksh yelsshehs Wml,amkh
lsÍug yelsùu' (letancy time)
2' ieliq iamkaO ixLHd;fha iSudj mQ¾jfhka ±óug fkdyels ùu' (Uniprocessor clock
Frequency)

iajNdjO¾ufha wdNdIh,;a mß.Kl

iïnkaëlrKfhka iudc p¾hdj yd ks¾.ukh hk WmlafIa;% tlg ne`§ ilia ù we;s lafIa;%hls'
fuh fndfyda úg lD;Su nqoaêh yd ióm iïnkaOhla fmkajhs' Ôj úoHdj" mß.Kl úoHdj" .Ks;h
hk úIhka u; r`odmj;S' ir,j .;fyd;a ffcùh ixisoaëka wdlD;s lrKh i`oyd mß.Kl Ndú;h
f,i ye`Èkaúh yelsh' fuys§ iajNdúl ixisoaê ksßlaIKh lr ,nd.kakd w;a±lSï jvd m%N,
mß.Kl ksmoùu i`oyd fhdod.kS' úúO wjia:dj, iajNdúl mßirfha i;=kaf.a yeisÍu ksÍlaIKh
lrhs' mßKdujd§ mß.Klh" lD;Su kshqfrdak cd," lD;Su m%;sYla;s moaO;s" iuQy nqoaêh hk wd§h
y`ÿkajd Èhyel'
WodyrK:- l=yqUq rxpq

lajxgï mß.Kl (Quantum Computing)

 Quantum ;dlaIKh Ndú;fhka l%shd;aul jk Wmdx. fhdod.kq ,nk mß.Kl Quantum
mß.Kl f,i y`ÿkajhs' w¾O ikakdhl Ndú;hg f.k ks¾udKh fldg we;s wxls;
mß.Klj,g jvd fjkia mß.Kl fuys§ ksm`ojd we;' fuu mß.Kl wxls; mß.Kl
fuka ìgqu; mokï jq o;a; Ndú;hg fkd.kS' tA fjkqjg fuu mß.Kl o;a; ksrEmKh
i`oyd lajxgï ;dlaIKh fhdod.kS'
 fuysÈ f,air ;dlaIKh Ndú;d jk fm%dafgdAk fhdod.kS'
 lajxgï mß.Klh ìÜ 1 la bf,lafg%dakhlska fyda fjk;a mx.=jlska ksrEmKh l,yelsh'
th Q-BIT tlla f,i ye`Èkafõ'
 fuys úfYaI;ajh jkafka lajxgï hdka;% úoHdjg wkqj Ndú;d lrk Q-BIT 1l ìxÿj" tl
hk b,lalï 2u tljr .nvd lsÍug yelsh'
 fuys m%;sM,hla f,i b;d by, w.hka iys; ld¾hlaIu;djfhka by, Yla;sh m%fhdackhg
.;yels ieliqï l%shdj,shla is`ÿjk mß.Kl ks¾udKh úh'

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 10

lajxgï mß.Kl Ndú;d jk lafIa;%
1' jHdmdßl m%jK;d
2' ld, uxcqid ;dlaIKh:- mß.Kl l%shdj,sh mßYS,lhdf.ka i`.jd ;nd l%shdlsÍug
muKla wjia:dj ,nd foa'
3' wOHdmk ;dlaIKh
4' fi!LH fiajd ;dlaIKh
5' kj ;dlaIKh
6' DNA mß.Kl
7' ffcj iakdhq moaO;s

wNHdi

1' ldrl ;dlaIKfõoh (Agent Technology) jiu ;=, ‘ldrlh’ (Agent) hk moh meyeÈ,s
lrkak'

2' ldrlhl m%Odk ,laIK 2la fokak'

3' ldrl ;dlaIKfõoh M,odhS f,i fhdod.; yels wjia:djla i`oyd ksoiqka fláfhka
meyeo,s lrkak'

4' nqoaêu;a ñksia ye`.Sï f;areï .ekSug yels mß.Kl Ndú;fhka ,nd .;yels m%fhdack
4la ,shkak'

5' fjdka-kshqudka yd lajxgï mß.Kl wdlD;sj, uQ,sl fjki l=ulao? lajxgï mß.Kl
fhda.H jkafka l=uk ld¾hhka i`oyd o?

wreK fyar;a w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh 11