CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Ma;Tg;nghUs;
Ma;T Nehf;fk;
1
ftpQh;fspy; mt;thW Fuy; nfhLg;gjpy; mg;Jy;uFkhdpd; gq;F mstplw;fhpaJ.
,ij ntspf;nfhzh;tNj ,t;tha;tpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
Ma;T %yq;fs;
Ma;T Kd;Ndhbfs;
Ma;T E}y;
2014.
1987.
2
eph;kyh - „i`f;$f; ftpijfs;‟
1997.
kJiu. 2003.
GJf;ftpijfspy; rKjhaf;fUj;jpay;>
ghujpahh; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
Nfhak;Gj;J}h;. 2007
rptfhrp. 2009.
Ma;T mZFKiwfs;
fUJNfhs;
3
,t;tha;tpd; fUJNfhshFk;. jdpkdpjd;> rKjhak;> murpay;> ,aw;if Mfpa
jsq;fisg; gpd;Gykhff; nfhz;L mth; ntspg;gLj;Jk; fUj;Jf;fs; fUJNfhshf
mikfpd;wJ.
Ma;Tg;gFg;G
Kd;Diu
KbTiu
Kd;Diu
,ay; xd;W
4
ngUk;ghYk; [Pdpah; tpfld; ,jo;fspy; ntspahditfs;. mitfs; E}yhf;fk;
ngw;W ntspte;Js;sd.
,ay; ,uz;L
,ay; %d;W
,ay; ehd;F
5
nfhz;Ls;s fUj;Jf;fs; mtuJ gilg;Gf;fspy; ntspg;gl;Ls;s ghq;F jf;f
juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.
,ay; Ie;J
6
,ay; - 1
gilg;ghspAk; gilg;Gf;fSk;
ftpij vd;gJ nkd;ikahd ,sq;fhw;Wg; Nghd;wJ. njd;wypd; jOtiy
xj;jJ ftpij. ePz;l fhyk; gz;gl;L tsh;;e;j ,ir kugpd; tz;zk; NghyTk;>
,yf;fpaf; fiyapd; kpfg; gz;gl;l xU tbtkhfTk; ftpij cs;sJ. mwptpw;F
cjTtjhf> fw;gidiaj; Jizahff; nfhz;L cz;ikia kfpo;r;rpA+l;Lk;
tz;zk; fye;jJ ftpijf;fiy MFk;. Xh; Xtpaj;ij Xtpaf; fiyQd;
tz;zq;fspd; cjtpahy; vijr; nra;fpd;whNdh mijNa nrhw;fspd; Jiz
nfhz;L nra;Ak; fiyNa ftpijahFk;. ,j;jF ftpijapd; tbtq;fshf
tpsq;Ftd kuGf;ftpij kw;Wk; GJf;ftpij vd;gd. ,yf;fz tuk;gpw;F cl;gl;L
ctik> fw;gidiaj; Jiz nfhz;L ,aw;wg;gLtJ kuGf;ftpij. Nkdhl;lhh;
njhlh;ghy; ,yf;fz tuk;G fle;J vOJNthhpd; fw;gidf;Nfw;w tbtj;Jld;>
nrhy;yg;gLk; fUj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; je;J gilf;fg;gLtJ GJf;ftpij MFk;.
,d;iwaf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; midtuhYk; tpUk;gg;gLtJ GJf;ftpijahFk;. ,d;W
thOk; ftpQh;fspd; ngUk;ghNyhh; GJf;ftpijahsh;fshf cs;sdh;.
7
ftpijfis cs;sJ cs;sgbg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sTk;> mtuJ gilg;Gf;fspd;
cd;djj;ij mwpe;J gad;ngwTk; mtuJ tho;f;if epiyia mwpa
Ntz;bAs;sJ.
GJf;ftpij
1. Nky;ehl;Lr; #oy;
2. jkpo;ehl;Lr; #oy;
1. Nky;ehl;Lr; #oy;
8
Mq;fpNyah; elj;jpa gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rp> rKjha khw;wk;> GJik Ntl;if
Nghd;w fhuzpfs; ,j;jifa vjph;g;Gzh;it NkYk; tYg;ngwr; nra;jd. ,uz;lhk;
cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisT> gz;ghl;L kugpy; Vw;gl;l tPo;r;rp> kj ek;gpf;iffspy;
cz;lhd jsh;r;rp> mwptpaypd; tsh;r;rpahy; jfty; njhlh;Gr; rhjdq;fspy;
Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rp> jdpkdpj epiyapy; cz;lhd rpijT Mfpad me;ehl;L f;
ftpQh;fisg; ghjpj;jd. mf;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; cUthd ,af;fq;fSk; ftpijf;
Nfhl;ghLfSk; ,j;jifa ftpij Kaw;rpf;Fk; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; MjuT je;jd. 1912-
f;Fk; 1917-f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; mnkhpf;fhtpYk; ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; gbktpay;
,af;fk; fhy;nfhz;L tsh;e;jJ.
9
1912-,y; ghLnghUis NeuhfNt Nehf;Fjy;> Njitaw;w nrhw;fisj; jtph;j;jy;>
nrhw;nwhlh;fspd; ,irePlr
; p Mfpa ,tw;wpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; je;J GJf;ftpijia
tsh;j;jdh;. v];uh gTz;L „GJf;ftpij gpuk;kh‟ vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
B.v];.,ypal;bd; „gho;epyk;‟ vd;w ftpij mtUf;F Nehgy; ghprpidg; ngw;Wj;
je;jJ. ,tuJ Nghf;Fk; Nehf;Fk; cyf nkhopfspy; nry;thf;Fk; jhf;fKk;
ngw;wd.
Kd;Ndhbfs;
10
“eWf;Fj; njwpj;jhw; Nghyr; nrhw;fl;Lld; RUf;fKk; ,Wf;fKk; nfhz;L
ftpij ahg;gpidg; ghuhl;b> xU rg;ghdpahpd; tPL jP gw;wpr; rhk;gyhd
NghJk; jhd; rhk;gp kbahJ rydkw;wpUe;j rhy;gpidj;> “jPg;gl;nlhpe;jJ
tpOkyhpd; - mikjpnad;Nd” (ftpf;Nfh ftp. g.27)
kzpf;nfhbf;fhyk;
11
e. gpr;r%h;j;jp> F.g. ,uh[Nfhghy; Mfpa ,UtiuAk; ,ul;ilah; vd;gh;.
GJf;ftpijf;F vjph;g;G te;j NghJ f.eh.R „kad;‟ vd;w Gidg;ngahpy;
vjph;g;Gf;fis vjph;nfhz;L Mjuthf vOjpdhh;. „ghujp mbr;Rtl;by;‟ vd;W
jiyg;gpl;L ty;ypf;fz;Zk; jpUNyhf rPjhuhKk; ftpijfisf; „fpuhk Copad;‟
vd;w ,jopy; vOjpdh;.
vOj;Jf;FOtpdh;
gpw ,jo;f;FOtpdh;
thdk;ghb ,af;fk;
12
gpugQ;rd;> rf;jpf;fdy;> Nkj;jh> ghyh> mf;dpGj;jpud;> jkpod;gd;> jkpo;;ehld;>
,d;Fyhg; Nghd;w ftpQh;fs; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jdh;.
,jo;fF
; Otpdh;
mg;Jy;uFkhdpd; gpwg;G
13
fy;tpAk; gzpAk;
,yf;fpa <LghL
14
rpj;jhe;jj;ij czh;j;jpaJ. ,tuJ je;ijahUk; fk;a+dp];l;> Rakhpahij
,af;fj;jpy; jPtpukhf ,Ue;jhh;. mjdhy; Kw;Nghf;F vz;zq;fs;> rpe;jidfspd;
mwpKfk; vd;gJ ,tUf;F cah;epiyg; gs;spapNyNa Vw;gl;lJ. jp.K.f.
gbg;gfj;jpy; tpLjiy> jpuhtpl ehL> Kunrhyp Nghd;w ,jo;fs; ,tUf;Fj;
jpuhtpl ,af;fj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpd. fz;zjhrdpd; njd;wYk; KunrhypAk;
,tUf;Fs; ,yf;fpa Ntl;ifia cUthf;fpd.
15
gbj;Jj;jhd; fz;zjhrd; vOj Muk;gpj;jhh; vd;gh;. jh$hpd; ,e;j nkhop
ngah;gG
; f;fs; ed;whfj;jhNd cs;sJ. ,ij Vd; ahUNk Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy vd;W
vz;zpdhh;. NkYk; ,th; ,z;lh;kPbal; gbj;j NghJ ahg;gpyf;fzj; jPtputhjpahf
,Ue;jhh;.
jpUkz tho;f;if
16
mg;Jy;uFkhdpd; tuT
vd;fpwhh;.
ftpAyf EioT
“vopyd;id Ml;rpah – mJ
vq;nfq;Fk; fhZjlh
G+f;fspy; Gd;difj;jhs;
ke;jhu thdj;jpYk;
Nrhiyapd; njd;wypYk; - Rf
Nrhgdk; $Wfpwhs;
17
kiyfspd; Nkhdj;jpNy – Ml
thdtpy; tz;zj;jpNy
vd;fpwhh;. NkYk;>
18
GJik Ntl;if
gd;nkhopg;Gyikah;
gjpg;Gg;gzp
19
xU tpiy‟ 1976-,y; „kahdj;jpy; xU njhl;by;‟> 1977-,y; „ePUf;Fj; jhfk;‟
Nghd;w E}y;fisAk; ntspapl;Ls;shh;. „jPgq;fs; vhpal;Lk;‟ vd;w ftpijj;njhFg;G
1978-,y; ntspte;jJ. ,jpy; mg;Jy;uFkhdpd; jiyikf; ftpijAk; gpw
ftpQh;fspd; ftpijfSk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,th; „Fzq;Fbahh;‟ vd;w E}iyAk;
ntspapl;Ls;shh;.
gilg;Gf;fs;
ftpijj; njhFg;G
; fs; : 11
3. Rl;Ltpuy; (1989)
4. Myhgid (1995)
5. gpj;jd; (1998)
8. ufrpag; G+ (2005)
20
fl;Liu E}y;fs; : 20
21
trdf;ftpij : 1
1. nrhe;jr;rpiwfs; (1987)
Ma;T E}y;fs; : 2
gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fs; : 6
Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs; : 15
ngw;wr;rpwg;Gf;fs; :
tpUJfs; :
22
rpwg;Gg;gzpfs;
ghuhl;Lf;fs;
ntFkhdk; vd;d
mg;Jy;
23
“fk;gDf;Fk; Njhd;whj fw;gidfs;
njhFg;Giu
24