HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MODULE 1-PRELIM
Lesson 1: Structural Loads/ Analysis of Loads
 MODULE 1-PRELIM
LESSON #1: Structural Loads/ Analysis of Loads

In this lesson, you will be able to analyze the different loads applied in a structure, also you will be able to
determine external reactions in the structure

All concepts sample problems and figures are from the followings books,

 Hibbeler, R. C.(2017). Structural analysis 9th ed. Boston, Pearson

 Leet, Kenneth M. (2011). Fundamentals of structural analysis, McGraw-Hill, Boston

 Kassimali, Aslam (2010). Structural analysis, Cengage Learning, Stamford, CT USA

 J Rungamornrat (2011). Fundamental of Structural Analysis, Rungamornrat, Bangkok Thailand

You can also refer to the following online pages for additional information.

 HAU BOOKs 24x7

 http://www.civilengineering.com

 CE 474 Structural Analysis II Homepage.https://engineering.purdue.edu/~ce474/

 NPTEL Phase II::Civil Engineering-Structural Analysis I .nptel.ac.in/downloads/105101085/

INTRODUCTION

Theory of Structures

A basic engineering course for engineering students designed to provide fundamental concepts, principles, and
theories in the theory of structures and structural analysis for internal actions in a structure and its
deformations under load.

Structure

refers to a system of connected parts used to support a load.

Example related to civil engineering include

 buildings,

 bridges,and

 towers;

other branches of engineering,

 ship and aircraft frames,

 tanks,

 pressure vessels,

 mechanical systems, and

 electrical supporting structures are important.

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Factor to be Consider in Designing a Structure

 Safety

 Esthetics

 Serviceability and

 Economic and Environmental Constraints

CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Structural Elements

1. Tie Rods – Structural members subjected to a tensile force.

2. Beams - are usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry vertical loads

3. Columns – are generally vertical and resist axial compressive loads.

Types of Structures

Trusses - consist of slender elements, usually arranged in triangular fashion

Cables - Are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension. They are commonly used to support bridges and
building roofs.

Arches - Achieves its strength in compression, are frequently used in bridge structures, dome roofs, and for
openings in masonry walls.

Frames - Are often used in buildings and are composed of beams and columns that are either pin or fixed
connected.

Surface Structures - Is made from a material having a very small thickness compared to its other dimensions.

Types of Loads:

Dead loads- refer to loads that typically don’t change over time, such as

 weights of materials and components of the structure itself (the framing, the flooring material, roofing
material, etc.),and the weights of fixed service equipment (plumbing, HVAC-Heating, Ventilating, and
Air Conditioning , etc.).

Live loads- refer to loads that do, or can, change over time, such as

 people walking around a building (occupancy) or movable objects such as a flower pot on a deck.

 environmental loads are loads that are created naturally by the environment and include wind, snow,
seismic, and lateral soil pressures.

 The corresponding live loads applied to the structure can found on NSCP (National Structural Code of
the Philippines)

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Reduction for building having very large floor area

𝟏𝟓
𝑳 = 𝑳𝟎 (𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + ) 𝑭𝑷𝑺, 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
√𝑲𝑳𝑳 𝑨𝑻

𝟒. 𝟓𝟕
𝑳 = 𝑳𝟎 (𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + ) 𝑺𝑰, 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
√𝑲𝑳𝑳 𝑨𝑻

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝐿 = 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑠𝑖/𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝐿𝑜 = 𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑃𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑠𝑖/𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝐾𝐿𝐿 = 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟. 𝐾𝐿𝐿 = 4, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑚2 &𝑓𝑡 2 .

Note:

For members supporting one floor: 𝐿 ≥ 50%

For members supporting more than one floor: 𝐿 ≥ 40%

For structures used for public assembly, garge, or roofs: No reduction is allowed for loads exceeding 100 lb/ft2
(4.79 kN.m2)

OTHER LOADS

 Building Loads

 Highway Bridge Loads

 Railroad Bridge Loads

 Impact Loads

 Wind Loads

 Snow Loads

 Other Natural Loads

WIND LOADS

are produced by the flow of wind around the structure. The magnitudes of wind loads that may act on a structure
depend on the geographical location of the structure, obstructions in its surrounding terrain, such as nearby
buildings, and the geometry and the vibrational characteristics of the structure itself.
𝑙𝑏
𝑞𝑧 = 0.00256𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2 𝐼 ( 2 )
𝑓𝑡
𝑁
𝑞𝑧 = 0.613𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2 𝐼 ( 2 )
𝑚
Where:

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𝑙𝑏 𝑁
• 𝑞𝑧 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑧 𝑖𝑛 ,
𝑓𝑡 2 𝑚2

• 𝑉 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑝ℎ, 𝑚𝑝𝑠

• 𝐼 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟:

𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦

𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒.

• 𝐾𝑧 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

• 𝐾𝑧𝑡 = 1, 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

• 𝐾𝑑 = 1, 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟. (𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦)

The velocity pressure exposure coefficient, Kz

2
𝑍 ∝
2.01 ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 15 𝑓𝑡 (4.6𝑚) ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧𝑔
𝑍𝑔
𝐾𝑧 = 2
15𝑓𝑡(4.6𝑚) ∝
2.01 [ ] 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧 < 15 𝑓𝑡 (4.6𝑚)
𝑍𝑔

• 𝑧 = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 , 𝑚

• 𝑧𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡, 𝑚

• ∝ = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

Note:

• 𝑧𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∝ =
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
The ASCE7 standard classifies the terrains to which the structures may exposed into three categories

External Wind Pressures

• 𝑝𝑧 = 𝑞𝑧 𝐺𝐶𝑝 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

• 𝑝ℎ = 𝑞ℎ 𝐺𝐶𝑝 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓

• Where:

• ℎ = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

• 𝑞ℎ = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ

• (𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑧 = ℎ)

• 𝑝𝑧 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑡. 𝑧 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

• 𝑝ℎ = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ

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• 𝐺 = 𝑔𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟: For rigid structure, whose fundamental frequency is greater than or equal
to 1 Hz; G=0.85

• 𝐶𝑝 = 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

Design Wind Pressure for Enclosed Buildings

• 𝑝 = 𝑞𝐺𝐶𝑝 − 𝑞ℎ (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )

• Where:

• 𝑞 = 𝑞𝑧 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑧 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑,

• 𝑞 = 𝑞ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠, 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑧 =

ℎ, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓.

• 𝐺 = 𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑢𝑝𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒.

𝐸𝑥. 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝐺 = 0.85.

• 𝐶𝑝 = 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.

𝜃 = 100 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔. 1 − 12.

• (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 ) = the internal pressure coefficient, which depends upon the type of openings in the building.
For fully enclosed building (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 ) = ± 0.18. here the signs indicate that either positive or negative
(suction) pressure can occur within the building.

Design Wind Pressure for Signs.

• 𝐹 = 𝑞ℎ 𝐺𝐶𝑓 𝐴𝑠

• Where:

• 𝑞ℎ = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ,

𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛.

• 𝐺 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 − 𝑔𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑠𝑙𝑦.

• 𝐶𝑓 = 𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑢𝑝𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

( 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝐵 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛).

𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ,

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 ( 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 ).
𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛

For cases of wind directed normal to the sign and through its center, for B/s=4, values are listed in table 1-6.

• 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 2 , 𝑚2

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Problem#1: (P1-4, Structural Analysis, R.C. For Area 2

Hibbeler, 8th.ed.)
The barrier is commonly used during highway
construction. Determine its weight per foot of
length if it is made from plain stone concrete. Wt.
of concrete 144 lbs/ft3

12
𝑡𝑎𝑛550 =
𝑎
𝑎 = 8.402"
2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 24
Solution: 𝑏=7.195"
1
𝐴2 = (𝑏 + 𝐵)𝐻
2
1
𝐴2 = (7.195 + 24)(12)
2
𝐴2 = 187.17𝑖𝑛2
For Area 3

For Area 1

𝐴1 = 𝑏ℎ
2𝑐 + 4" = b
𝐴1 = 24𝑥6 = 144 𝑖𝑛2 𝑏 = 7.195"
𝑐 = 1.5975"

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ℎ
𝑡𝑎𝑛750 =
𝑐
ℎ = 𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛750
ℎ = 5.962"
1
𝐴3 = (𝑏 + 𝐵)𝐻
2
1
𝐴3 = (4 + 7.195)(5.962)
2
𝐴3 = 33.372𝑖𝑛2

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 Solution:

𝐴𝑇 = 364.542 𝑖𝑛2

𝑊𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑡 𝑥 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝑊 = 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑥𝐴𝑇

𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑊 = 144 𝑥 364.5421𝑛2
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑙𝑏𝑠 2
𝑓𝑡 2
𝑊 = 144 3 𝑥 364.542 𝑖𝑛 𝑥( 2 2 )
𝑓𝑡 12 𝑖𝑛

𝑙𝑏
𝑊 = 364.542 For Dead Load
𝑓𝑡
Problem #2: (P.1-7, Structural Analysis, R.C.
Hibbeler, 6th.ed.)

The T-beam used in a heavy storage warehouse is

made of concrete having a sp. Wt. of 19.6 kN/m3.
Determine the dead load per meter length of
beam, and the live load on the top of the beam per
meter length of the beam. Neglect the wt. of the
steel reinforcement.

𝐿𝐿 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒 = 11.97 𝑘𝑃𝑎

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For Area 1 𝑊𝐿𝐿 = 𝐿𝐿 𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝐴1 = 𝑙𝑥𝑤 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
𝑊𝐿𝐿 = 11.97 2
𝑥 (900 𝑚𝑚) ( )
𝑚 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝐴1 = 900𝑥150 = 135 000𝑚𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝐿𝐿 = 10.773
𝑚
For Area 2
Problem#3: (P1-12, Structural Analysis,
𝐴2 = 200𝑥500 = 100 000𝑚𝑚2 R.C.HIbbeler, 8th.ed.)

Area 3 A two-story light storage warehouse has interior

columns that are spaced 12 ft apart in two
𝐴3 = 300𝑥250 = 75 000𝑚𝑚2 perpendicular directions. If the live loading on the roof
is estimated to be 25 lb/ft2, determine the reduced
live load supported by a typical interior column at (a)
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 the ground-floor level, and (b) the The floor system of
a gymnasium consists of a 130-mm-thick concrete slab
𝐴 𝑇 = 310 000 𝑚𝑚2
resting on four steel beams (A = 9,100 mm2) that, in
𝑊𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑡 𝑥 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 turn, are supported by two steel girders (A = 25,600
mm2), as shown in Fig.
𝑊 = 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑥𝐴 𝑇
𝑘𝑁 2
𝑚2
𝑊 = 19.6 𝑥 310 000 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 ( )
𝑚3 10002 𝑚𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝐷𝐿 = 6.076
𝑚
𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

Solution

For 2nd Floor

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𝐿𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 = 25 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2 𝑭 − 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒆𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝟐

𝐿𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒 = 125psf 𝑭𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟔 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬

𝑘𝐿𝐿 = 4, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 Problem #4: (P2.8, Structural Analysis, Aslam
Kassimali, 4th.ed.)
𝐴 𝑇 = 12𝑥12 = 144𝑓𝑡 2
Determine the external wind pressure on the roof of
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐿𝑜 𝑥𝐴 𝑇 the rigid-gabled frame of a school building shown in
𝐹𝑅 = 25 𝑥 144 = 3600 𝑙𝑏 = 3.6 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 Fig. The structure is located in a suburb, where the
terrain is representative of exposure B. The wind
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟔 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 direction is normal to the ridge as shown. (V = 40m/s).

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒓

𝑨𝑻 = 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒕𝟐

𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝑳𝑳

𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝑲𝑳𝑳 𝒙𝑨𝑻

𝑲𝑳𝑳 𝒙𝑨𝑻 = 𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟒𝟒 = 𝟓𝟕𝟔 𝒇𝒕𝟐 > 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒇𝒕𝟐

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒊𝒔 𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

Solution:
𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒕𝟐 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝑳𝑳 𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒃𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒: 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 𝑔𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔,
𝟏𝟓
𝑳 = 𝑳𝒐 (𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + )
√𝑲𝑳𝑳 𝑨𝑻 𝐼 = 1.15

𝟏𝟓 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐵: 𝑍𝑔 = 365.76. 𝛼 = 7.0

𝑳 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓 (𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + )
√𝟓𝟕𝟔 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑, 𝑉 = 40 𝑚/𝑠
𝒍𝒃
𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝟐 > 𝟓𝟎% 𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟓𝟎% 𝐺 = 0.85 (𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)
𝒇𝒕
𝒍𝒃
= 𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝟐 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓
𝒇𝒕
𝑝ℎ = 𝑞ℎ 𝐺𝐶𝑝
𝒍𝒃
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 ; 𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝟐
𝒇𝒕 𝑞ℎ = 𝑞𝑧 = 0.613𝑘𝑧 𝑘𝑧𝑡 𝑘𝑑 𝑉 2 𝐼 (𝑁/𝑚2 )

𝑭 𝑳 = 𝑳 𝒙 𝑨𝑻 𝑘𝑧𝑡 = 1, 𝑘𝑑 = 1

𝑭𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟒𝟒 = 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓
= 𝟏𝟓. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔
𝑞ℎ = 𝑞𝑧 = 0.613𝑘𝑧 𝑘𝑧𝑡 𝑘𝑑 𝑉 2 𝐼 (𝑁/𝑚2 )
𝑭 − 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝟏 𝒐𝒏 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒓
40 𝑁
𝑘𝑧𝑡 = 1, 𝑘𝑑 = 1, 𝑉 = , 𝐼 = 1.15
𝑭 = 𝑭𝑹 + 𝑭𝑳 𝑚

𝑭𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟔 + 𝟏𝟓. 𝟕𝟓 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔

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𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑧
5
ℎ = 𝑧 = 12 + = 14.5 𝑚
2
4.6 ≤ 14.5 ≤ 𝑍𝑔 = 365.76 𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝒙 𝟑𝟓 − 𝟑𝟗. 𝟖𝟏
𝑪𝒑 = = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒
𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟑 𝟑𝟓 − 𝟒𝟓
2
𝑍 𝛼
𝑘𝑧 = 2.01 ( )
𝑍𝑔
2
14.5 7
𝑘𝑧 = 2.01 ( )
365.76
𝒑𝒉 = 𝒒𝒉 𝑮𝑪𝒑
𝑘𝑧 = 0.799
𝒑𝒉 = (𝟗𝟎𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝟖)(𝟎 𝟖𝟓)(−𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟒)
𝑁2
𝑞ℎ = 𝑞𝑧 = 0.613𝑘𝑧 𝑘𝑧𝑡 𝑘𝑑 𝑉 𝐼 ( 2 ) = −𝟕𝟗. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝑚
𝑞ℎ = 0.613(0.799)(1)(1)(402 )(1.15) 𝟗𝟕𝟓 𝑵
𝒑𝒉 = (𝟗𝟎𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝟖)(𝟎 𝟖𝟓)(𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟖) = 𝟏𝟖𝟗.
𝒎𝟐
𝑞ℎ = 901.208 𝑁/𝑚2

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑝 ( 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃)

𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 5
𝜃 = tan−1 = tan−1 = 39.810 𝒑𝒉 = (𝟗𝟎𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝟖)(𝟎 𝟖𝟓)(−𝟎. 𝟔)
𝑟𝑢𝑛 6
ℎ 14.5 = −𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟏𝟔 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
= = 1.208
𝐿 12
ℎ
𝜃 ≥ 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≥ 1.0, 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝐿
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 5
𝜃 = tan−1 = tan−1 = 39.810
𝑟𝑢𝑛 6
ℎ 14.5
= = 1.208
𝐿 12
ℎ
𝜃 ≥ 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≥ 1.0
𝐿
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐶𝑝 , 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃

𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

−0.2 − 𝑥 35 − 39.81
𝐶𝑝 = = = −0.104
−0.2 − 0 35 − 45

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Problem #5: (P2.3, Structural Analysis, Aslam

Kassimali, 4th.ed.)

The floor system of a gymnasium consists of a 130-

mm-thick concrete slab resting on four steel beams
(A = 9,100 mm2) that, in turn, are supported by two
steel girders (A = 25,600 mm2), as shown in Fig.

 Determine the dead loads acting on beam

BF and girder AD.

 Determine the live loads acting on beam BF

and girder AD.

B F
Solution:

Determine the dead loads acting on beam BF and

girder AD Dead loads for beam A

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A B C D

15m

Determine the live loads acting on beam BF and

girder AD.

For beam BF
A E

Dead loads for Girder AD

B F
10 m

Beam

A B C D
Girder
For beam AE

Dead loads for Girder AD

steel girders (A = 25,600 mm2),

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A E
10 m

B F
10 m

A E
10 m

59.875 kN

A B C D
15m

A B C D
15m

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