JIS

Symbols of Forming Ratio

for Steel Forging

JIS G 0701 -196,

Translated and Published

by

Japanese Standards Association

Printed in Japan -

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 In the cvent of any doubt arising,
the original Standard in Japanese is to be final authority.

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 UDC 6 2 1 . 7 3 1

JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANURD JIS

Symbols of Forming Ratio

for Steel Forging
G 0701-1957
(Reaffirmed: 1988)
a
8
D
Y

1.
E
This standard specifies symbols of formingratio for hot forged steel.

2. Forming Ratio

' 2 . 1 The forming ratio for steel forgings manufactured by various hot forging
operations shall be denoted by the deformation ratio in the direction of the largeet
of three principal plastic strains.
:
2.2The symbols of the forming ratio shall be, a s a rule, suffixed with the 0.
V)

designated notation corresponding to the forging operation and shall be clearly 50

denoted in the order of working. S
IC
3. Designations and Symbols of Forming Ratio

3. 1 Solid Forging The forging operation by which a solid reduces.its sectional

area and increases its length shall be designated as solid forging, of which the
forming ratio shall be expressed as follows:

Forming Ratio

Notation for the

Sectional Area A Sectional Area a Operation
S
Example: 2S
3.2 Upsetting Forging The forging operation by which a solid increases its
sectional area and reduces its length shall be designated as upsetting forging, of
which the forming ratio shall be expressed as follows:

Forming Ratio

Notation for the

Operation
Sectional Area A Sectional Area #

When an upsetting operation is followed by a solid forging, the over-all forming

ratio shall be expressed a s follows:

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 Sectional Area A Sectional Area # Sectional Area o

1 1 1 1
Forming Ratio
- yorL'
77' -
L' 'L
Example: 112 U 3s
3 . 3 Flatting for gin^ The forging operation in which a square solid is com-
pressed in one direction and a remarkable difference of deformation is produced
between the two other directions perpendicular to the former shall be designated
as flatting forging, of which the forming ratio shall be expressed as followe: where
the compression shall be performed in T direction and be assumed
T>#.
Forming Ratio

Notation for the Operation

Example: 1'12 ( 1 . 7 ) ~

The forming ratio when flatting forgin s in two directions a r e superposed shall 0
m
be expressed as follows: assuming
in W direction in the second flatting.
e > %'w in the first flatting and compressing 2.
rn
5
9
Forming Ratio 2
a

1 1
(1) when >p

1 r
(2) when < ?;,

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 Examples : f o r ( 1)

1 1
for (2) -
2 (1.6)F. 1.9)F
=(

The directions for 1.7 and 1.8 a r e the same in the case of (1). while the -.X:
s.
directions for 1. 6 and 1.9 in the case of (2) a r e different which is distinguished by 0
3

the bracket [ 1 . Similar expressions shall be possible in case of compression in A

P
L direction in the second flatting. P
v

3.4 Mandrel Forging The forging operation by which a hollow cylinder be 8

0

reduced its sectional a r e a on a mandrel inserted thereinto and increased its length P
-
shall be designated a s mandrel forging, of which the forming ratio shall be ex-
pressed a s follows:
=H
8
m
Forming Ratio

Notation for the Operation

M
Sectional Area A Sectional Area a Example: 3M

The overall forming ratio when a mandrel forging is combined with rough
forging of ingot (solid forging) shall be expressed a s follows:

Sectional Area A Sectional Area A' Sectional Area d Sectional Area a

Forming Ratio -A l A
-Lo r z
A
'
'
-
a

Example: 2.5s 3M

3.5 Enlarging Forging The forging operation by which a hollow cylinder be

enlarged its diameter without changing its length shall be designated a s enlarging
forging. of which the forming ratio shall be expressed a s follows:

Forming Ratio

- -
D- C
d - c

Notation for the Operation

E

Sectional Area A Sectional Area A Example: 2E

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 The overall forming ratio when a mandrel forging is combined with an enlarging
forging shall be expressed a s follows:

A.... ...I...
--. .-..- .*. -

Sectional Area A Sectional Area A Sectional Area a

D -C 1
Forming Ratio d_c , -

Example :

Remarks 1. The sectional a r e a of ingot shall be expressed by the average value.

2. As described in 2.1, the forming ratio shall be expressed by the

deformation r a t i o of the largest principal s t r a i n in t h r e e directions.
The value of largest principal strain can be computed by taking
natural logarithm of the corresponding deformation ratio.

3. The numerical value of forming ratio (denominator for the c a s e of

upsetting and flatting) shall be a s a rule expressed by integer,
counting fractions over 112 on the first decimal place a s one and
disregarding the rest. When necessary, however. the f i r s t figure
after the decimal point shall be expressed.

Examples 1. Forming ratio when mandrel forging is combined with rough forging
of ingot is

2. Forming ratio when upsetting, solid and enlarging forgings a r e

combined is

-
1
L '
X
-
a '
-
D-C
d - c

- 1 41600 cm2
320 cm ' 38000 cm"
150 crn
36 cm
.- 2.5
Ul.lS4.2E
128 cm

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 JIS G 0701-1957

EXPLANATION

Contents

Page

1. Preface .................................................. 1
2. ~ o m ~ a r i s obetween
n the New and Older Standards
and the Basis of Calculation for Forming Ratio .............. 1

2.1 Comparison between the New and Older Standards ......... 1

2.2 Basis of Calculation for Forming Ratio ................. 2

2.2.1 Solid Forging ..................................... 3

2.2.2 Upsetting Forging ................................. 4

2.2.3 Flatting Forging .................................. 4

2.2.4 Mandrel Forging .................................. 6

2.2.5 Enlarging Forging ................................. 8

3. ......... Q
Ground for Excluding Both Blind and Piercing Forging

3.1 round for Excluding the Blind Forging ................... 9

3 . 2 Ground for Excluding the Piercing Forging ............... 12

4. Conclusion ...............................................14
5. Table of Comparison between the New and Older Forming
Ratios .................................................. 14

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 JIS G 0701-1957

EXPLANATION
8
0
Symbols of Forming Ratio for 3
87
Steel Forging m
a.
a.
3'
A

1. Preface D

We a r e not aware of the so-called forging ratio thus f a r specified in foreign xI

9
industrial standards. Only for the forgings of marine engine parts, ratio of o
sectional a r e a of forgings to that of original ingot has been specified in the c-
standards of several maritime classification societies.
In Japan the manual on forging ratio f o r various forging operations proposed
by the 19TH COMMITTEE of the GAKUJUTSU-SHINKO-KAI IN JAPAN has been
[
vi
c
succeeded t o J E S (JAPAN ENGJNEERING STANDARD) up to present. This attempt, B
0
though not s o opportune because of lack of fundamental data, has played a leading 3
5
r61e in the field of manufacture of forgings in worldwide scope.
Generally speaking, forging has two main objects; one is forming, the other f
e
is amelioration of quality.
The forming means to give the required shape for finished products, while the m
amelioration includes betterment of mechanical properties and reduction of inner 1
a
defects. etc. In this new standard the word "forging" shall be recognized a s rn
c
combining both aspects, and the "forming ratio" of "forging" h a s been specified. 3
Forming is closely related to the improvement on quality. When an ingot i s 9
S
forged down, the mechanical properties in the longitudinal direction a r e improved 3

to some extent with increased degree of squeezing, while in the direction perpen-
dicular to this the mechanical properties a r e rather injured, and thus the so-called
C
$
directionality is appeared. Further, when an upsetting work is combined with solid a
c3
forging the directionality is reduced considerably and yet general improvement on P
0
quality is also achieved. These a r e merely a common s e n s e of forgeman. 2.
With identical deformation ratio, however. the degree of improvement on
quality is believed to deffer c a s e by case according to ingot size, chemical com- b
0
position and conditions of working (heating condition, capacity of press, s i z e and B
shape of dies, reduction per one step of forging) etc. Briefly, the degree of im-
=.
w
provement on quality can not necessarily be expressed by the forming ratio to our 5a
best knowledges. S
It is thus very difficult at present to estimate generally a quantitative relation 2
between the degree of plastic deformation and i t s effect on quality. s o that only the 5
symbols and formulae for forming ratio have been established in this new standard. 3
But, several questions being found in the expressions on "forging ratio" of ?
JES, the basis of calculation has been clarified in the light of the present theory 9'
=.
of plastic deformation, and contradictions has been removed. P-
3
Therefore, when this new forming ratib is applied to daily fabrication, suf- 0
ficient attention should be paid to those points described above.
f
2. Comparison between the New and Older Standards and the Basis of Calculation
for Forming Ratio
I
The new o r older standard means JIS G 0701 o r JES No. 428 G54 (established
December 19. 1938). respectively.

2 . 1 Comparison between the New and Older Standards The main point of dif-
ference between the new,and older standards is that the meaning of s t r a i n r e -
presenting the degree of deformation h a s been reexamined, a s follows:

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 ( i ) The maximum value of the three principal strains represents the degree
of deformation, from which the forming ratio is calculated.

(ii) The direction of strain is definitely taken into account. According to this
general rule, in the f i r s t place, the expressions for solid, upsetting,
mandrel and enlarging forging took forms nearly identical to those of
older standard. But, for those complicated forming processes a s blind*)
and piercing forging it was difficult to determine any simple formulae of
computing the forming ratio. Therefore, considering those vague points
in the effects of forming ratio upon the improvement of quality a t the
present state of affairs, these two operations were decided to be excepted.
The details of the reason shall be stated l a t e r in chapter 3.
Secondly. the forming ratios have been suffixed by the initials of the
designation of forging. gr recording these suffixes in the order of work-
ing, the forming ratios in each step of forging a r e to be indicated and the
entire forming process is also evident.
The suffixes were taken from the initials of Solid Forging, Upsetting
Forging. Flatting Forging, Mandrel Forging and Enlarging Forging.
The third point of reform is that a forging operation in which a
square solid is compressed in one direction and a notable difference of
deformation is produced between the two other directions perpendicular
to the former, a s often applied in practice, has been added and designated
a s flatting forging.
Further, the scope of the new standard is limited to the operations of
hot f r e e forging, which is also a difference to the older standard.

2 . 2 pasis of Calculation for Forming Ratio According to the theory of plasticity,

it is reasonable to express the large plastic deformation by way of logarithmic
strain. Let a rod of length Lo be, for instance, squeezed to length L1. then the
corresponding logarithmic strain is written a s
LI
-
6 = 1 -=
1 loa.
L' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
Lo
If a volume element of length xo , width Yo and thickness zo is deformed t o
length XI, width YI and thickness 11, due to the law of volume invariability

taking the logarithm of both sides

- + lo& -
x1
108. so
Y
Yo + log. - =
I 11
10 0

*) Literal translation from original Japanese; a hollow-to- solid forging ope-

ration in which a bored ingot is squeezed to solid s o as to close its bore, and which
has sometimes been applied to the forgings for gunnery.
2

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 2. 2. 2 Upsetting Forging

Forming Ratio
-
1
L '
-
-1
a
L!

Sectional Area Sectional Area Sectional Area

A X a

Similarly a s the case of solid forging T, of upsetting forging has the largest
value. If we take an operation in which an upsetting work is followed by a solid
forging, from the first compression of the two-step deformation

and from the elongation of the second deformation

then, combining both deformations

- =
-
+ -
E,) = lo& -
I /r
-
L '
- a
L'
= lo& -
1
L
1
,-
c
.............( 5 )
Thus -,L1 A'
-
a
or L,
-
E
' 2
i s determined to be the forming ratio.
- -
E L'
2.2.3 Flatting 'Forging
l w
(i) Simple Flatting Forging (Compression in T direction; ->- be
assumed) L W
Forming Ratio

If + = #holds, this operation coincides with the upsetting forging, s o the

case of 4 f is considered assuming further 1 > $, for simplicity, without
decre'asing any generality. Then, the principal strains in three directions a r e
-r , = log.
t
- = --la& -T1 = lo&- TI
T -

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 In practice it is convenient to transform in cylindrical coordinates. a s

where < - , r , , and 5 denotes the longitudinal, tangential and radial logarithmic
strain, respectively.
A8 shown in equation (2). the sum of three principal logarithmic strains in
every forging operation is constant, that is zero, s o that the absolute value of
three principal strains can be compared. In this standard, a s mentioned above,
the principal strain of largest absolute value has been determined to represent the
degree of deformation.
But in practical operations of forging, it is rather easy to deal with the defor-
mation ratios corresponding to the principal strains of largest absolute value than
the strains themselves. so that the deformation ratio has been specified a s "form-
ing ratio". It should be noticed, therefore, that to multiply the forming ratio by a
number doe8 not necessarily mean the increase of the corresponding principal
strain by the same rate. For instance, the absolute value of the largest strain
when the forming ratio is 2.5. is

and when the forming ratio is multiplied to 5

loge 5 = loge 2.5 + loge a

= 0.016 + 0.693

From the stand points thus tar mentioned, the forming ratio of various forging
operations shall be calculated a s follows.

2.2.1 Solid Forging

Forming Ratio

Sectional Area A Sectional Area 4

- = log.
I
- A
- ............(3)
8'
L = log.
4

i; is, having a constant value along the radius,

forming ratio of this forging operation is determined a s a o r

2 9 according
From equations ( 2 ) and ( 4 ) 5, is the largest of three t r a iTherefore, the
. to
equation (3).

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 - 1
r , = log, -
L
From the relations

the principal s t r a i n of the largest absolute value is 6 and the smallest is 5. .

Hence the forming ratio is determined, writing the deformation ratio corresponding
to the principal strain of intermediate magnitude in addition to the deformation
ratio corresponding t o the largest principal strain, a s

7
(ii) Combined Flatting Forging in Two Directions Assuming, for p
E
instance, - >-
P
in the first compression of T directton, and in the 2m
L w 3
next flatting of W direction
5
( 1 ) when
I
T>T,, 7
t 1 ?I
)If (4)
1 t 1 1
(2) when T<P , T-( $ ) -
T' ",

In the first step of two-step operation, from equation ( 6 )

1 L'
Forming Ratio =-T(t;)
-
T'
Similarly in the second step

( 1 ) when -E1 > - Tt' ' Forming Ratio = F1 ( B1)

-
W
1 1
(2) when < , Forming Ratio
-
W
F o r the whole deformation
-
5
1 r 1 I!
,( 1 1
) .... . . (7) 0
(1) when >p , Forming Ratio =y(t)
-T' -
w
z
(2) when
1
< r , Forming Ratio
3
- -
T' .w PQ
The difference between the cases of equations (7) and ( 8 ) is shown in the follow-
3
ing figures:

The case of equation ( 7 ) :

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 The case of equation (8):

It i s noticed from these figures that in the case of equation ( 7 ) the square
solid is notably increased in the length of one direction (i.e . L direction) by the
deformation of the second stage, while in the case of equation (8) the square solid
tends to recover i t s original shape by the second deformation.
In other word's. the bracket ( )of the forming ratio in the case of equation
(8) indicates the tendency of the square solid reverting to the original shape.
The case of the second compression in L direction can be expressed similarly
to the mentioned above, but it is decided to omit this case due to the comparatively
small utility and for the sake of simplicity of the denotation a s well.

2.2.4 Mandrel Forging

( i ) S i m ~ l eMandrel Forging

For.ning Ratio

Sectional Area A Sectional Area a

( C is invariable)

As shown below,
-r , being of the largest value.

A or
-
a
-L1 is taken a s forming ratio.
Remarks: Derivation of 5;

Assume that the volume element at radius xo before forming

is removed to radius % I after forming. then the tangential
s t r a i n with regard to the corresponding volume elements a t
radii l o and XI is
-61 - - lo&-
= log. 2nz, = =o
2nxo XI

the volumes innerside of radii xo and %I being invariable,

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 putting

nsf = F ,
x C2
--4
- Fo
then

Comparing equation ( 9 ) with equation (10)

In the right side of equation (10) the second term is smaller

than the first term.

(ii) Mandrel Forging Combined with Roughing of Ingot

Mean Sectional Area Sectional Area Sectional Area Sectional Area

A X A" a
Forming Ratio = A , 1 or A ,f f
0

At the first step of the two-step operation, from equation ( 3 )

- A
a', = log.
X
-
If the boring and the discarding of both top and bottom ends of rough forged
ingot a r e excluded from the forging operation, the strain of the second stage is,
from equation (9).

With regard to the total deformation, therefore

-
rd = T', + 51,

= log. -
A 1
r l t

A 1 A
From this -
A, , or , a
is taken a s forming ratio.
7
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 2.2.5 Enlarging Forging

(i) Simple Enlarging Forging

Forming Ratio

-&&
d-c

I--L-I
L L - d
Sectional Area A Sectional Area A

In this deformation equations

hold, and
sectionalarea = .x- ( D x - C ' ) = -I ( D + C ) ( D - C ) = nR.(D-C)
4 4

where R. and r . a r e mean radii.

from these equations, assuming that the volume elements at radii R. and r.
nearly correspond before and a f t e r the deformation,
- = log. -
El
2 n r.
= log,
D-C
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .(12)
2 nR.
D-C
d-c
is decided t o be forming ratio.

Remarks: The strict solution of b, is, computing similarly a s equation (10)

where:

F = nzf , xi being any a r b i t r a r y radius a f t e r forged

This expression of is rather complicated for practical use,

s o the s a m e formula a s JES has been taken in the sense of
equation (12).

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 (ii) Enlarging Forging followed by Mandrel Forging

Forming Ratio

Sectional Area
A
Bd ""f ---
....... -is.-

Sectional Area
A
Sectional Area
a
-
D-C -1
d - c ' L

The tangential strain of enlarging forging is from equation (12)

- D-C
8" = 1% d_c

and the longitudinal strain of mandrel forging is from equation (9)

.- 1
all = log. -
L
hence from the whole deformation
-r = et,
-
+ Clz
= log.
D-C '
d--c 1
- .............(13)
D-C I
Thus the forming ratio is - -
d-c ' L

3. Ground for Excluding Both Blind and Piercing Forging

3.1 Ground for Excluding the Blind Forging

I--L --+I
Sectional Area Sectional Area
A a

Similarly a s each paragraph of 2.2.

And, with the relations

n
A = -(D'-C') = xR.(D-C)
4

considering the s a m e way as for equation (12). is obtained

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 -
st =la--
d 1 ........(I51
2x r. D-C a

Next to get the strict solution f o r Tt , aaaume that the volume element at a
radius l o before forming i s removed to radius XI after forming, then the tangential
strain with regard to the corresponding volume elements at radii xa and %I is

the volume innerside of radii so and %I being invariable,

putting

then

From equations (2). (14) and (16)

An example of numerical variation of 5;. 5: and 3 computed by these

equations i s plotted f o r radius in the next figure, in which it is noticed that the
value of i; and 3 near axis approaches to - m and +m respectively.

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 -
I t is no need saying that the deformation ratio would never approach to infinity
in practice. But, anyhow, E,' o r 5: of this case can not be expressed by such a
-
mean value independent to radius a s that of equation (15). and it is also questionable
in practice to specify such a forming ratio a s corresponds to st' o r 5/ which is a
function of radius, Accordingly. a s the quantitative relation between the degree of
deformation and its effect on quality is not necessarily established at present! it is
considered more reasonable not to specify the forming ratio f o r this forging a p e r -
ation. This is the reason f o r excluding the blind forging from the new standard.

Remarks: A no? on the formula of JES, x ;&

or
DfC 4
a

If we divide the blind forging operation into two steps as in the figure below,
then

Sectional Area sectional Area Sectional Area

A A a

A = " 2-c') = nR(D-C)

= Kd'' = r r . d '
' 4

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in the first deformation

-st, = log. -
2 xR.
= log. - d'
2nr. D -C

(D-C)' = D-C

and in the second deformation

-
I', = log.
1 = 10s. -
- A
L a

hence from the entire deformation is given

T = a,,+ +,,= log. m.+ = lo& D-c . Aa ...... (18)

It is then surmised that E .$ o r m . f has been specified a s forming
ratio in JES. The blind forging is, however, performed in one step and is not the
sum of two operations, so that one single forming ratio has to be specified for this
forging. Otherwise, the arguments for the case of solid, upsetting, flatting,
mandrel and enlarging forgings mentioned above would be contradictory.
In addition, the necessity to consider the large deformation near centre axis is
the same as mentioned above.

3.2 Ground for Excluding the Piercing Forging

Sectional Area Sectional Area

A a

Similar to the case of equations (14) and (15)

- 6,
1
= log.
A
-
L
= log. - ........................(1s)
a

-c. . log.
axr.
. log. -D
d-c
. -
a
A
.............
Aeaume now, as in the case of 3.1, that the volume element at a radius xo
before forming is removed to radius XI after forming, tinen the tangential strain
with regard to the corresponding volume elements at radii x o and X L i s

the volume innerside of radii SO and XI being invariable,

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putting for simplicity

nsf=F, -= Fo
4

then
- --1 1 1
- F
............... (21)
L +-
= - F - F.
(,I log. log.
2

and
-t / = -log, -
L +-
1 1
2
log. -L - - log.
1 1
2
F

- - -1 108, -
1
L
--
1
2
log
F
'F-F.
.................. (22)
-
As noticed from equations (21) and (22). r: and 5.' approach to + m o r - m
respectively near the surface of the pierced bore. Therefore the specification for
this forging operation has been excluded from the new standard with the same
reason a s 3.1 mentioned above.
D A
Remarks: A Note on the Formula of JES, d ' T
The formula of JES for the piercing forging is not obtained by the
analyses mentioned above. If we venture to imagine, a process

%%A?
with two-step operation like the next figure would be considered.

- ;q7j ............
a..-. ....-~..1 --t

Sectional Area Sectional Area Sectional &ea

A A a
F o r the first operation
- 2sr. D
611 = 108, Z ~ R =
; lo& rc
and for the second deformation, from equation (9)

-
t,,
A
-
= log. a = log, -
1
L

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then for the entire deformation is glven

It is obvious that only when d' = d the formula of JES is correct.

This is hp0Sslble.
Further, the necessity to consider the infinite deformation near centre axis is
the same a s discussed above.

4. Conclusion

Thus far, we have made an explanation on the formulae of forming ratio and
their bases with particular regard to the distinction between "forging" and "forming"
and to both magnitude and direction of plastic strain, and several improvements to
the older standard were also stressed.
As described in the Preface, however, the forming ratio is not the only mate-
rial f o r judging the amelioration of steel quality. It ahould therefore be suggested
not to consider that the larger forming ratio i s unconditionally better.
From this point of view, further, this new atandard ahould be realized with
provisos. We will long for the day when the collected data, using the computing
system established here, would clarify the influence of the miscellaneous factors
described in the Preface on the "forging effect" and lead to establish a better
standard which w i l l be able to cover the "forging effect in general".

5. Table of Comparison between the New and Older Formins Ratios

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 G 0701-1957
Edition 4

Japanese Text

Establishad by Minister of International Trade aad Mwtry

Date of Establishment: 1957-06-28

Date of Reaffirmation: 1988-10-01
Date of Public Notice in Official Gazette: 1988-1043

hestigated by: Japanese Industrial Standards C a n m i l ' '

Divisional CouncIl on Metals

Technical Committee on Forging Ratio

-------

This Eaglillh translation i s publisbd by:

Japanese Standards Assocktion
1-24, Akasaka 4. Wnato-ku.
~ o k y o 101 Japan
JSA, 1966

R i n d in Tokyo by
Hohbunrh. e.. lad.

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