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    7-7760-Diana Novita

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    Pervasive computing aims to spread intelligence and connectivity through embedding microprocessors in everyday objects. This will allow computing to be available wherever and whenever needed. Key enablers of pervasive computing include Moore's law which doubles computing power every couple years, improving communication technologies, new materials like electronic ink and smart fabrics, and smaller sensors and actuators. Ultimately, pervasive computing envisions invisible computing integrated into our physical environment.

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    7-7760-Diana Novita

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    DIANA
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    Pervasive computing aims to spread intelligence and connectivity through embedding microprocessors in everyday objects. This will allow computing to be available wherever and whenever needed. Key enablers of pervasive computing include Moore's law which doubles computing power every couple years, improving communication technologies, new materials like electronic ink and smart fabrics, and smaller sensors and actuators. Ultimately, pervasive computing envisions invisible computing integrated into our physical environment.

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    Pervasive computing aims to spread intelligence and connectivity through embedding microprocessors in everyday objects. This will allow computing to be available wherever and whenever needed. Key enablers of pervasive computing include Moore's law which doubles computing power every couple years, improving communication technologies, new materials like electronic ink and smart fabrics, and smaller sensors and actuators. Ultimately, pervasive computing envisions invisible computing integrated into our physical environment.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    35 views41 pages

    7-7760-Diana Novita

    Uploaded by

    DIANA
    Pervasive computing aims to spread intelligence and connectivity through embedding microprocessors in everyday objects. This will allow computing to be available wherever and whenever needed. Key enablers of pervasive computing include Moore's law which doubles computing power every couple years, improving communication technologies, new materials like electronic ink and smart fabrics, and smaller sensors and actuators. Ultimately, pervasive computing envisions invisible computing integrated into our physical environment.

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    of 41

    MOBILE COMPUTING

    Dosen Pengampu: Hendry Gunawan S.Kom, MM


    Prodi Sistem Informasi - Fakultas Ilmu Komputer
    The Trends in Computing Technology

    1970s

    1990s

    Late 1990s

    Now and Tomorrow ?


    Pervasive Computing Era
    Computing Evolution
    Ubiquitous Computing

    • Mark Weiser, Xerox PARC 1988


    • “Ubiquitous computing enhances computer
    use by making many computers available
    throughout the physical environment, but
    making them effectively invisible to the user.”

    Source: Weiser, 1993a


    Pervasive (Ubiquitous) Computing
    Vision
    “In the 21st century the technology revolution will move
    into the everyday, the small and the invisible…”
    “The most profound technologies are those that
    disappear. They weave themselves into the fabrics of
    everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it.”
    Mark Weiser (1952 –1999), XEROX PARC

     Small, cheap, mobile processors and sensors


    in almost all everyday objects
    on your body (“wearable computing”)
    embedded in environment (“ambient intelligence”)
    Related Topics

    • Several terms that share a common vision

    – Pervasive Computing
    – Sentient computing
    – Ubiquitous Computing
    – Ambient Intelligence
    – Wearable Computing
    – Context Awareness
    – ...
    What is Ubiquitous Computing?

    • Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp) integrates


    computation into the environment, rather than
    having computers which are distinct objects.
    • The idea of ubicomp enable people to interact with
    information-processing devices more naturally and
    casually, and in ways that suit whatever location or
    context they find themselves in.
    ~from Wiki
    Pervasive Computing

    ☻Pervasive computing (also called ubiquitous computing)


    is the growing trend towards embedding microprocessors.

    ☻ The words pervasive and ubiquitous mean "existing


    everywhere".

    ☻The aim of Pervasive Computing is for computing available


    wherever it's needed. It spreads intelligence and
    connectivity to more or less everything.
    ☻ Ships, Aircrafts, Cars, Bridges, Tunnels, Machines, Refrigerators, Door handles, Lighting fixtures,
    Shoes, Hats, Tools, Homes and even things like our coffee mugs and even the human body embedded
    with chips
    ☻ Mobile Internet access, Third-generation wireless communication, Handheld devices, and Bluetooth
    have made pervasive computing a reality.
    Characteristics of pervasive computing
    • Physical integration: integration between computing nodes
    and the physical world, e.g., a whiteboard that records what’s
    on.
    • Instantaneous Interoperation: devices interoperate
    spontaneously in changing environments, e.g., a device
    changes its partners as it moves or as the context changes.
    Goals of Pervasive (Ubiquitous)
    Computing
    • Ultimate goal:
    – Invisible technology
    – Integration of virtual and physical worlds
    – Throughout desks, rooms, buildings, and life
    – Take the data out of environment, leaving behind
    just an enhanced ability to act
    PRINCIPLES OF PERVASIVE COMPUTING
    Pervasive Computing Phase I

    •Phase I
    –Smart, ubiquitous I/O devices: tabs, pads, and boards
    –Hundreds of computers per person, but casual, low-intensity
    use
    –Many, many “displays”: audio, visual, environmental
    –Wireless networks
    –Location-based, context-aware services

    •Using a computer should be as refreshing as a walk in


    the woods
    Smart Objects
    • Real world objects are
    enriched with information
    processing capabilities
    • Embedded processors
    – in everyday objects
    – small, cheap, lightweight
    • Communication capability
    – wired or wireless
    – spontaneous networking and
    interaction
    • Sensors and actuators
    Smart Objects (cont.)

    • Can remember pertinent events


    – They have a memory
    • Show context-sensitive behavior
    – They may have sensors
    – Location/situation/context
    awareness
    • Are responsive/proactive
    – Communicate with environment
    – Networked with other smart objects
    Smart Objects (cont.)
    Pervasive Computing Enablers

    • Moore’s Law of IC Technologies

    • Communication Technologies

    • Material Technologies

    • Sensors/Actuators
    Moore’s Law
    100000000000
    10000000000
    1000000000
    100000000
    10000000
    Power

    1000000
    100000
    10000
    1000
    100
    10
    1
    2
    3
    5
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    35
    36
    38
    39
    41
    42
    44
    45
    47
    48
    50
    51
    53
    54
    Years

    • Computing power (or number of


    transistors in an integrated circuit)
    doubles every 18 months
    Moore’s Law
    80000000000

    70000000000

    60000000000

    50000000000
    Power

    40000000000

    30000000000

    20000000000

    10000000000

    0
    2
    5
    8
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    35
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    44
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    53
    1965
    Years

    • Computing power (or number of


    transistors in an integrated circuit)
    Generalized Moore’s Law

    • Most important
    Problems:
    technology parameters
    • increasing cost
    double every 1–3 years:
    • energy
    – computation cycles
    – memory, magnetic disks
    – bandwidth
    • Consequence:
    – scaling down
    2nd Enabler: Communication

    • Bandwidth of single fibers ~10 Gb/s


    – 2002: ~20 Tb/s with wavelength multiplex
    – Powerline
    – coffee maker “automatically” connected to the Internet
    • Wireless
    – mobile phone: GSM, GPRS, 3G
    – wireless LAN (> 10 Mb/s)
    – PAN (Bluetooth), BAN
    Body Area Networks

    • Very low current (some nA), some kb/s


    through the human body
    • Possible applications:
    – Car recognize driver
    – Pay when touching
    the door of a bus
    – Phone configures itself
    when it is touched
    Spontaneous Networking

    • Objects in an open, distributed, dynamic


    world find each other and form a transitory
    community
    – Devices recognize that
    they “belong together”
    3rd Enabler: New Materials
    •Important: whole eras named after materials
    –e.g., “Stone Age”, “Iron Age”, “Pottery Age”, etc.

    •Recent: semiconductors, fibers


    –information and communication technologies

    •Organic semiconductors
    –change the external appearance of computers

    •“Plastic” laser
    –Flexible displays,…
    Smart Paper, Electronic Ink

    • Electronic ink
    – micro capsules, white on one
    side and black on the other
    – oriented by electrical field
    – substrate could be an array of
    plastic transistors
    • Potentially high contrast, low
    energy, flexible
    • Interactive: writable with
    magnetic pen
    Interactive Map

    • Foldable and rollable

    You are here!


    Smart Clothing
    • Conductive textiles and inks
    – print electrically active patterns
    directly onto fabrics
    • Sensors based on fabric
    – e.g., monitor pulse, blood
    pressure, body temperature
    • Invisible collar microphones
    • Kidswear
    – game console on the sleeve?
    – integrated GPS-driven locators?
    – integrated small cameras (to
    keep the parents calm)?
    Smart Glasses

    • By 2009, computers will disappear. Visual


    information will be written directly onto our
    retinas by devices in
    our eyeglasses and
    contact lenses
    -- Raymond Kurzweil
    4th Enabler: Sensors/Actuators

    • Miniaturized cameras, microphones,...


    • Fingerprint sensor
    • Radio sensors
    • RFID
    • Infrared
    • Location sensors
    – e.g., GPS
    • ...
    Example: Radio Sensors
    •No external power supply
    –energy from the
    actuation process
    –piezoelectric and
    pyroelectric materials
    transform changes in
    pressure or temperature
    into energy
    •RF signal is transmitted via an antenna (20 m distance)
    •Applications: temperature surveillance, remote control
    (e.g., wireless light switch),...
    RFIDs (“Smart Labels”)
    •Identify objects from distance
    –small IC with RF-transponder
    •Wireless energy supply
    –~1m
    –magnetic field (induction)
    •ROM or EEPROM (writeable)
    –~100 Byte
    •Cost ~$0.1 ... $1
    –consumable and disposable
    •Flexible tags
    –laminated with paper
    Lego

    Making Lego
    Smart:
    Robot command
    Explorer (Hitachi
    H8 CPU, 32KB
    RAM, IR)
    Lego Mindstorms
    Idea: Making Objects Smart

    The Smart Its Project


    • Vision: make everyday objects
    as smart, interconnected
    information artifacts
    – by attaching “Smart-Its”
    • Smart labels
    – Atmel microcontroller:
    (ETH Zurich)
    4 MIPS, 128 kB flash
    Magnifying Glass

    • An object as a web link


    – e.g., by displaying a dynamically generated
    homepage
    – Contents may depend
    on circumstances, e.g.,
    context and privileges
    – possibly mediated by
    different name resolvers
    – HP Cooltown project
    Smart Environment, Dumb Object

    • A context-sensitive cookbook with RFID

    RFID
    Can be Context-Aware

    • Properties of the ingredients


    – Check whether there is enough of an ingredient
    – Prefer ingredients with earlier best-before date
    • Properties of the kitchen
    – Check whether required tools and spices are
    available
    • Preferences and abilities of the cook
    – Prefers Asian dishes
    – Expert in vegetarian dishes
    INTERACTIVE FLEX POSTERS

     Flexes that
    communicate with the
    person automatically
    in a building and then
    provide him the
    information about his
    office and the venue
    of his meeting that his
    held.
    PILL CAM

     Miniature camera
     Diagnostic device
     It can be
    swallowed
     Once swallowed it
    gives the data
    about the
    functioning of the
    vital organs in our
    body .
    ONGOING RESEARCH PROJECTS
     IBM ‘s “smarter planet “
     The project is about building
    a smarter planet by including
    everyday case scenarios like
    parking the car in a place by
    communicating with another
    car.

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