Chapter 2: Materials: 2101804 Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Structures Assist. Prof. Dr. Pitcha Jongvivatsakul
Chapter 2: Materials: 2101804 Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Structures Assist. Prof. Dr. Pitcha Jongvivatsakul
Chapter 2: Materials: 2101804 Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Structures Assist. Prof. Dr. Pitcha Jongvivatsakul
th
Chapter 2: Materials
2101804
Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Structures
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Content
1. Concrete and its properties
2. High strength concrete
3. Fiber reinforced concrete
4. Light weight concrete
5. Reinforcement
6. Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)
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Concrete
▪ Elastoplastic material (Stress is not proportional to strain.)
▪ Stress-strain relationship is curved line.
▪ Properties of concrete (Hardened concrete)
• Strength: Compression, tension, flexural, etc.
• Deformation:
o Time-independence
• Modulus of elasticity
• Poisson’s ratio
o Time-dependence
• Creep factor
• Drying shrinkage strain
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Concrete in compression
▪ Stress-strain curve can be
obtained from the compression
test.
▪ Stress-strain curve shows
nonlinear because of the
gradual development of
microcracking in concrete.
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Concrete in compression
Concrete in compression
▪ There are 4 major stages in the
development of microcracking and
failure in concrete under uniaxial
compressive loading.
▪ Microcrack
1. Bond cracks = cracks at interface
between paste and aggregate
2. Mortar cracks = cracks cross the
mortar
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Concrete in compression
▪ Stages until failure
1. 0-30% of compressive strength
• Stress-strain curve is linear.
• There are cracks due to shrinkage of
paste during hydration.
= No-load bond cracks
• These cracks have little effect on the
Micro-
concrete at low load. crack
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Concrete in compression
▪ Stages until failure
2. 30-50% of compressive strength
• Stress will exceed tensile and shear
strength of the paste-aggregate
interfaces.
• Bond cracks initiate.
• These cracks propagate only if the
load is increased. → Stable cracks.
• Stress can transfer via unbroken
interface and mortar.
• Curve becomes nonlinear.
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Concrete in compression
▪ Stages until failure
3. Beyond 50% - 60% of compressive
strength
• Mortar cracks develop between bond
cracks.
• Stable crack propagation: cracking is
increased with increasing load
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Concrete in compression
▪ Stages until failure
4. At 75% - 80% of compressive strength
• The number of mortar cracks increases.
• Continuous pattern of microcracks is
formed.
• Undamaged portion to resist load become
limited.
• Curve becomes more nonlinear.
Concrete in compression
Lateral strain (3)
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Cylinder VS Cube
Cylinder VS Cube
f ’cylinder0.85f’cube 15
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2𝑃
𝑓𝑡 =
𝜋𝑙𝑑
𝑓𝑐𝑡 = 0.56 𝑓𝑐′ (MPa)
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Strength (MPa)
Direct tensile strength 0.25 to 0.58 𝑓𝑐′
Spitting tensile strength 0.50 to 0.66 𝑓𝑐′
Modulus of rupture 0.66 to 1.00 𝑓𝑐′
Factors affecting tensile strength
• Same factors that affect compressive strength
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Modulus of elasticity
▪ A change of stress with respect to strain in elastic range
▪ Represent stiffness or resistance of the material to
deformation
▪ The slope of the initial straight portion of stress-strain
= x/y
▪ = 0.15-0.2
(both normal and lightweight)
= 0.18 (in average)
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4. Descending branch
- Results from the destruction of the
structure of concrete caused by the
spread of microcracking. 1
- slope increase with increase in f’c
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3 5
0.003
=0.0127 mm
Biaxial loadings
▪ Loaded in two perpendicular directions
▪ No stress or restraint of deformation in the third direction
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2 2
crushed
Zone 3
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Triaxial Loadings
▪ Strength and ductility under triaxial compression are more than
those under uniaxial.
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Shrinkage
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Shrinkage
▪ Shortening of concrete during hardening and drying under
constant temperature
▪ Depend on relative humidity (RH)
▪ Many codes have proposed equations to predict the shrinkage
strain.
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Creep
▪ Loaded Elastic strains develop.
▪ If load remains on member creep strains develop with time.
▪ Because adsorbed water layer in concrete become thinner.
▪ c continues to increase over a period of 2-5 years.
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0 5 10 15 20 50 60 70
Slump Slump flow (cm)
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Types of fibers
1. Steel fibers ❑Nylon
2. Glass fibers ❑Polyester
3. Synthetic fibers ❑Polyethylene (PE)
❑ Acrylic ❑Polypropylene (PP)
❑ Aramid ❑Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) etc.
❑ Carbon 4. Natural fibers
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30 mm 60 mm
30 mm 30 mm
30 mm
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Natural fibers
❑ Coconut ❑ Sisal ❑ Bamboo
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Concept of toughness
▪ Toughness is defined as the area under a load-deflection (or stress-
strain) curve.
▪ Adding fibers to concrete greatly increases the toughness of the
material.
▪ Fiber reinforced concrete is able to sustain load at deflections or
strains much greater than those at which cracking first appears in
the matrix.
FRC
Toughening effect of
the fibers in concrete
Stress (load)
Usual
concrete
Displacement51
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Mechanism
▪ At the cracked section,
crack
• the matrix does not resist any tension and
• the fibers carry the entire load.
▪ With an increasing load,
• the fibers will tend to transfer the additional
stress to the matrix through bond stresses.
» This process of multiple cracking will continue until either
❑ the accumulated local debonding will lead to fiber pull-out or
❑ fibers fail
or
Strain gauges
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Circumferential
extensometer
Tensión (MPa)
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HSCcon with 3 Specimen
HAR 8080 kg/m
kg/m.cu.
offibras
steel metálicas
fibers
Stress
de
40 HSC
HAR
20 Hormigón
NSC
Convencional
0
0 3000 6000 9000 12000
Axial
Deformación strain
axial (microstrains)
(microdeformaciones) 53
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Lightweight concrete
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Lightweight concrete
Made from
▪ Lightweight aggregates concrete
▪ Aerated concrete
Code Criteria
ACI 318 Density between 1,440 and 1,840 kg/m3
BS EN 1992 Density of not more than 2,200 kg/m3
fib Density between 800 and 2,000 kg/m3
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Lightweight concrete
▪ f’c=70%-100% of normal concrete
▪ Ec of lightweight concrete is smaller that normal concrete.
▪ Thus, ultimate strain at failure is higher.
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Lightweight concrete
Comparison of design specifications (ACI 318)
▪ Modification factor reflecting the reduced mechanical
properties of lightweight concrete (λ)
1 for NC
f ct
= 0.85 for sand-LC = 1.0
'
0.56 f c
0.75 for all-LC
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Reinforcements and
their properties
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Yield Ultimate
strength, strength, MPa
MPa (psi) (psi)
Grade 280 280 420
(Grade 40) (40,000) (70,000)
Grade 420 420 620
(Grade 60) (60,000) (90,000)
Grade 520 520 690
(Grade 75) (75,000) (100,000)
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fs=sEs when s y
fs=fy when s y
su
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Prestessing steel
▪ Wires
▪ Seven-wire strand
▪ High strength steel bar
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Prestessing steel
▪ No yield plateau or sharp
yielding point
▪ So, define yield stress
from total elongation
• 0.010 for strand and
wire
• 0.007 for alloy steel
bars
▪ Higher strength than
reinforcing steel bars but
less ductility
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Prestessing steel
▪ Modulus of prestressing steel varies depending on the type of
steel.
• For unbonded strand, Ep= 179,000 MPa
• For bonded strand, Ep= 186,000 MPa
• For smooth round wires, Ep= 200,000 MPa
• For alloy steel bars, Ep= 186,000 MPa
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FRP
▪ FRP materials have
elastic-brittle stress-
strain curves.
▪ Strength and elastic
modulus depend on
type of fibers.
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FRP
Carbon Aramid E-Glass
Strength High High High
Modulus High Intermediate Low
Moisture Excellent Good Low
Cost High High Low
Excellent in Impact
resistance
Sensitive to galvanic sustained
corrosion loads
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Q&A
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