Senior High School Department: Caldwell Adventist Academy

CALDWELL ADVENTIST ACADEMY
R.T. LIM BOULEVARD, ZAMBOANGA CITY

“The School for Future Leaders”
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Name: Date:
Year & Section: Module No. 1
Topic: Variables in Quantitative Research Lesson No. 5
Reference:
IFL:
THE LEARNER WIL:

3.differentiate kinds of variables and their uses
LEARNING
In this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
OBJECTIVES
3.1Differentiate the kinds of variables and their uses.
3.2 Apply appropriately variables in the area of inquiry.
Instruction:
Answer this activity with a group, preferably with three to five members. Fill in the given table
below.
1. Fill in the table below with the missing items.
2. Discuss your answers within the group.
3. Write your answers on one (1) sheet bondpaper
4. Present your answers to the class.
CAUSE EFFECT OR OUTCOME

AIR POLLUTION
POOR GARBAGE DISPOSAL
BANKRUPTCY
UNDEREMPLOYMENT
IMPROVE BRAND IMAGE
GOOD RELATIONSHIP WITH PARENTS
BETTER ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
VIOLENCE DURING CHILDHOOD
LINKING
STATEMENT
What have you noticed with our activity? How did you choose the missing variables?
Why do you think your answers are correct? In this chapter, we will learn more about variables
and how it could help our research studies.
CONCEPT
NOTES
Variables in Quantitative Research
Writing research, whether qualitative or quantitative in nature, focuses on the study of different
variables. Variables are anything that can be observed by researchers, such as a person, thing, place, situation
or even a phenomenon. Such variables can be changed or can inflict change. Thus, as researchers, it is
important that we know about our variables because research mainly revolves around them. Failure to
understand the meaning and use the variables in our own research can result in having a poorly done research.
Research studies use different kinds of variables that vary depending on its role and level of measurement.
Once you can identify them, you can easily identify variables everywhere and, thus, can be a starting point of a
research inquiry.
Roles
Researchers, who focus on cause and effect relationships between variables, need to understand the differences
among the roles of variables.
● Independent Variables
Independent variables (also causal variable) are variables that are presumed to cause the change in
the setup. These are also factors or phenomena that may influence another variable to change. In an experimental
research, independent variables may also be manipulated to examine the specific effect an independent variable may
have towards another variable.
 Dependent Variables
Dependent variables (also outcome variable) are variables that change because of another variable.
These are also the variables that are being measured by researchers using standardized tools.
● Mediating Variables
Mediating variables (also intervening variables) show the connection between the independent and
the dependent variables. It can also be a mechanism by which the independent variable can effect change on the
dependent variable.
● Moderating Variables
These are variables that may have a strong conditioned effect on the relationship of independent and dependent
variables. It may also portray how the relationship between variables may change given different circumstances. This
variable may also modify the strength of the original causal relationship between the independent and the dependent
variable.
● Extraneous Variables
These are variables that may be treated as independent or moderating variables but should be excluded from the
research study itself since it may interfere with the research process. It is important that researchers can identify
extraneous variables as they may compromise the validity of the experiment.
Level of Measurement
Level of measurement, also called scales of measure, gives you an idea on the type of data that you have and how
the dependent variables are measured. Understanding this will greatly help you in deciding on the statistical analysis
that you could use in your research. The level of measurement can be divided into two: categorical and continuous
variables.
Categorical variable is further divided into nominal and ordinal while the continuous variable is divided into interval
and ratio.
● Nominal Variable Any variable that represents different types of data which may be divided into groups or
categories. There is no intrinsic order; hence, this can only be counted. Examples are race, ethnicity and hair color.
● Ordinal Variable Any variable that may also be divided into groups or categories and has intrinsic order or rank.
Hence, it can be both counted and ranked. However, the distance between categories when ranked is not equivalent.
Examples are year of graduation, brands of bags and food preferences.
● Interval Variable Any variable that has numerical value and meaning. Hence, it can be counted and ranked. In
addition, the difference between ranked categories is meaningful. For example, you know that the difference or
interval between 25°C and 35°C is the same between 10°C and 20°C. However, there is no true zero when
determining the interval in this kind of variable. Just like in the example, if you say 0°C, then that means freezing
point.
● Ratio Variable Any variable that has numerical value and meaning. Hence, it can be counted, ranked and has a
meaningful difference between values. Additionally, there is a true zero point. True or absolute zero means that
nothing exists for that variable, that zero simply means none. For instance, a person’s weight can be counted, ranked
and you can determine the equivalent distance between a person’s weight and another person’s weight. In addition to
that, if you say that there is 0 kg, then there is no weight measured at all.
CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING
Directions: Write C if the sentence is correct; W, if not.

_____ 1. The experimenter relates himself/herself with the independent
variable.
_____ 2. Extraneous variables are nuisance variables.
_____ 3. Extraneous variables are as significant as independent variables.
______4. All variables are prone to changes or variations.
______5. All variables are controllable.
______ 6. The effects of something on dependent variables are measurable.
______ 7. Only words can express the effects of variables on dependent
variables.
______ 8. The effects of something can be shown through fractions and
percentages.
_____ 9. It is wrong to expose the variables to changeable factors.
______10. Attribute variables have the same meaning as participants’
variables.
GUIDE QUESTIONS
1. What is the level of measurements?
2. How does this topic help you in preparing a research?
3. What is the importance in identifying the variables?
COLLAB ACTIVITY
INSTRUCTIONS: GROUP YOURSELVE INTO 3 AND DISCUSS THIS ACTIVITY.

And list down as many variables as you can with the given phenomena.
PHENOMENA POSSIBLE VARIABLES
1. CLIMATE CHANGE
2. POLITICAL SYSTEM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
3. LOW COSTUMER RETENTION
PROCESS QUESTION:
1. What did you observe?
2. What made this a good activity?
3. What do this information imply?
4. What will you do differently if you will conduct this activity again?
INDIVIDUAL TASK

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CALDWELL ADVENTIST ACADEMY

R.T. LIM BOULEVARD, ZAMBOANGA CITY

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

THE LEARNER WIL:

CAUSE EFFECT OR OUTCOME

CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING

Directions: Write C if the sentence is correct; W, if not.

INSTRUCTIONS: GROUP YOURSELVE INTO 3 AND DISCUSS THIS ACTIVITY.

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