The Role of Technology in Sustainable Architecture PDF
The Role of Technology in Sustainable Architecture PDF
The Role of Technology in Sustainable Architecture PDF
What is “Smart”?
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place of the methods currently in use would inevitably lead to a radically
different future development of architectural design. Above and beyond
this, energy efficient architecture must be understood as a triad comprising
minimized energy consumption, optimal internal conditions, and excellent
architectural quality. It is possible, with the BEEP method, to combine the
first two parameters and objectively determine the best combination. The
third parameter should also be evaluated; in recent years, this aspect has
suffered in the name of energy conscious building. This is a development
that our society cannot afford. Sustainable development cannot by defini-
tion proceed with a simultaneous loss in the architectural quality of our
built environment.
It goes without saying, that the design of buildings such as these is complex
and requires more effort than the conventional design approach. Allowing
external forces to infiltrate the building in a controlled manner requires a
more sophisticated approach. Nevertheless the approach of working with
instead of against natural forces is, without a doubt, the future of sustain-
able building design. The Energy Design of buildings in practice is a design
process similar to the architectural design process, in which invisible energy
flows inside and outside the proposed building are manipulated to achieve
the design goal of an optimal internal environment. In place of the de-
ployment of standard solutions and the piecing together and arrangement
of standard components in specific configurations of mechanical building
systems, Energy Design applies the scientific principles of thermodynam-
ics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics to develop solutions which achieve
these aims through the use of multi–functional building elements, which
simultaneously take on spatial, functional, and energetic functions. The
discipline of Energy Design requires a synthesis of creative design talent
and precise analytical skills. Dynamic simulations are used to assess and
verify the feasibility of the proposed concepts and to optimize and validate
the design solutions. Thus, the use of “smart” technology allows an ongo-
ing optimization process to help achieve the desired performance.
“Smart” Skins
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The porosity of the skin is varied according to external conditions. The so-
lar control blinds in the façade cavity are automatically adjusted depend-
ing on the degree of incident solar radiation. Artificial lighting is also au-
tomatically adjusted depending on external light intensity. The offices are
naturally ventilated via manually operated narrow opaque ventilation ele-
ments (fig. 4). This concept not only reduced building energy consumption
and offered improved comfort for the building’s users but also proved the
economical feasibility of double skin façades in certain conditions. The ef-
Fig. 3 Building envelope concept for the
fectiveness of the high–performance double–skin façade allowed complete Braun HQ building in Kronberg, Germany
building systems, in this case the conventional heating system and the me- (Architect: Schneider + Schumacher)
chanical ventilation of the external offices, to be disposed of, and thus led
to considerable capital cost savings on the buildings mechanical services.
A network of capillary tubing integrated into a thin plaster layer on the
underside of the concrete slab, fed with warm water in cold weather and
cool water in warm weather, is the only system needed to provide comfort-
able internal conditions in the offices. The fact, that a modern transparent
office building can be optimally conditioned with such a simple system is
attributable to the energy performance of the building skin.
Our research shows also that achieving real progress in sustainable de-
velopment will entail the radical restructuring of the physical infrastruc-
ture of society. Alongside spatial densification, strategies for temporal and
digital densification need to be considered. Work on a research project
concerned with the nature of the relationship between different forms of
teleworking and the total energy efficiency in society provided new insights
(fig. 5). In recent years the use of new forms of working has unquestionably
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trapped on the ground plane. Various layers at different vertical levels are
conceivable in a truly three dimensional spatial arrangement of public
and private life. The obtainment of optimal density can lead to totally new
qualities in urban life and these considerations are not limited to the de-
sign of new cities in rapidly developing countries such as China and India.
With the knowledge that, in the course of the next fifty years, existing city
structures will drastically change on account of continual improvements
and renovations, it is imperative to develop a masterplan for all of our cit-
ies now, new and old, together with a vision of the city in fifty years time.
Why? Because every intervention we make between now and then, every
new building, every renovated old building is a fragment of the “City of the
Future.”
A recurring question in recent times, and one which we have just started
to examine in research, is the question “High Tech” or “Low Tech.” Which
approach is more suited to help achieve a sustainable development of ar-
chitecture and urban design? A substantiated discourse on this question
has not yet been established in the scientific community and discussions
in architectural circles seem to be limited to purely stylistic concerns. On
the other hand, a certain tendency towards a preference for a low–tech
approach can be discerned amongst many architects in practice and in re-
search, and also amongst students of architecture. This leaning towards
low–tech would however seem more grounded on an emotional than intel-
lectual level. This development is somehow fascinating and, at the same
time, somewhat disconcerting for a society which depends so much on
technology in everyday life. One could of course conjecture, that it is pre-
cisely this dependence which fuels the current seduction with “Low–Tech.”
Which building would you like to live in? Which building would you like to
work in? Which buildings should we be designing? Is it our responsibility
to use the latest technology to achieve the highest overall performance? It
could be that your answer to these questions is not the same in every case.
A further question of interest is, whether a high–tech approach can be used
to reduce mass, material and land use due to buildings. A fundamental
question is: which approach is more compatible with a sustainable future
development. When we analyze case studies during the search for answers
to these questions, we are less concerned with the appearance of the build-
ing as a parameter in determining whether a building is high or low–tech
and more in the substance of the approach.
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All this however, is not meant to suggest in any way that technology is not
needed to achieve optimization of building energy performance. Alongside
applied technologies in facade and HVAC systems such as those discussed
above, technology can play a useful role in providing feedback. This can
occur at two levels. On the one hand, feedback loops can be provided in
a technical building management system. Necessary adaptations may be
carried out automatically or human decision making and action on the
part of a building operator may be requested Feedback can however also
be directed to building users, allowing them to make better decisions and
thus contribute to improved building performance. In fact, sometimes the
possession of such knowledge can lead to an increase in a building user’s
subjective perception of the comfort level, enabling reduced energy con-
sumption without the need for any further action. Experience shows that
people are willing to accept a wider range of environmental conditions,
if they are allowed to exert some influence on the climate control mecha-
nisms employed to provide the environmental conditions in which they
find themselves. Building systems should therefore in most cases enable
such influence, e.g. by providing the possibility to override solar shading,
natural ventilation, HVAC systems, etc. Technology can be employed to
ensure that the total building performance is maximized. Buildings can be
seen as living organisms and designed along these lines. Not a “machine
for living,” as proposed by Le Corbusier in Vers une Architecture, in which
it was assumed that all people had more or less the same needs, which were
to be met automatically by the building and its systems, but rather an inte-
grated, intelligent, sensitive, sentient and adaptive “living machine,” which
supports the individual life and needs of its occupants.
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