Review Of Related Literatures

Independent Variable

(1) IV

Title: YOUNGSTERS’ MOTIVATIONS AND DIFFICULTIES FOR CHOOSING SEAFARER

CAREER. THE CASE OF LATVIA

Link:http://www.vascodagama.eu/medias/fichiers/Doc%20additionnels/summary%20of
%20research%20for%20Vasco%20de%20Gama_Latvia.pdf

Author: Manuel Joaquín Fernández González, Dmitrijs Semjonovs, Aleksejs Bogdaņecs, Sandra
Ozola

Year Publication: 2014

Abstract:

The contribution of maritime academies is of first importance to the shipping industry. In

order to respond to the growing demand for qualified seafarers in the European maritime
community, the quality of recruitment campaigns should be enhanced, taking in consideration
prospective students’ believes and fears about the profession. Based on career motivation theory
and on the concept of “generation”, the aim of this study was to investigate youngsters’ reasons
for choosing or rejecting seafarer profession, and to investigate regional and gender differences.
In order to answer the research question, a sequential mixed-method study, using open-questions
and a questionnaire, was conducted at the Novikontas Maritime College, in Riga, among
participants of the concourse “Enkurs” (youngsters from 16 to 19 y/o interested in maritime
profession) from February to May 2014. 219 answers to the questionnaires and 144 to the open
questions were recorded. After the analysis of scientific literature, a questionnaire and open
questions were elaborated and piloted; then data collection and preparatory data cleaning was
done; after that, data were processed and analysed; the data analysis methods were Cronbach’s
alpha, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Mean of ranks (MR) and Median, Chi2, Spearman's rank
correlation coefficient, Cross tabulation and t-test. Finally, the interpretation of the results and
elaboration of conclusions and recommendation was done. The main youngsters’ “reasons for
choosing seafarer profession” were “stable employment” (MR=4.42 in a 5 point Likert scale) and
“travelling and seeing new places” (MR=4.42), followed by “good salary” (MR=4.38). The main
“dissuading factors” were “difficulties for family life” (MR=3.94) and “studies are too
expensive” (MR=3.17). Statistically significant differences between regions and between
genders were found: respondents from Latvian regions Latgale and Vidzeme were more attracted
by seafarers’ team spirit than respondents from other regions. For respondents from Riga, the
lack of family life is not such a severe obstacle compared with other regions. Females seem to be
more attracted by travelling and more concerned about negative influence of seafarer work on
health than males, while males are more attracted by the salary and prestige of the profession
than females. In the last section, these respondents’ perceptions were compared with recent
research and contrasted with the opinion of professional seafarers and real data about these
issues, especially about family life, cost of the studies and health problem. Some
recommendations for adapting career promotion campaigns to the needs of potential students are
put forward. The results of this study will help Maritime Education and Training (MET) teachers
to adapt their discourse to the needs of students. Also prospective maritime education students
will find useful to reflect on the positive aspects and dissuading factors of this profession and to
have a real picture of work at sea, in order to make a well informed choice of profession.

(2) IV

Title: MOTIVATION AND RESTRAINTS OF MAAP MIDSHIPMEN IN CHOOSING A

MARITIME PROGRAM AS ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Link:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Venelin_Terziev/publication/320432728_SPECIFIC_ASPE
CTS_oF_MOTIIVATION_OF_SEAFARERS/links/59e50248458515250246ef0d/SPECIFIC-
ASPECTS-oF-MOTIIVATION-OF-SEAFARERS.pdf#page=115

Author: Caroline Dacwag, Josefin D. Fajardo III, Jose M. Barlis Jr. EdD, Captain Daniel S.
Torres, Jr.

Year Publication: 2017

Abstract:
 The role of the Maritime Higher Education institutions (MHEIs) in the Philippines is very
vital in producing competent seafarers that will man the international ships. However, the
motivations and restraints of the learners are also important in determining the performance of
the midshipmen during their stay in the academe and later in their performance as ship officers.

A total of one hundred thirty-five (135) or seventy – five percent (75%) of the students taking

Bachelor of Science in Marine Transportation of the Maritime Academy of Asia and the

Pacific (MAAP) during the first semester of the Academic Year (AY) 2015 – 2016, participated
in the study.

A self-made questionnaire was used to determine the motivations and restraints of the
respondents. The questionnaire was divided into six (6) areas of concerns namely: fulfillment of
dreams, source of income, and expression of me, challenging work / workplace, accidentally
chosen profession and long term plans. Among the six (6) areas of concerns, the results showed
that the main motivation of the midshipmen in choosing the maritime profession is the source of
income while their main restraint is that they find maritime profession as a challenging work or
work place. It also showed that the demographic profile of the respondents and restraints in
choosing maritime profession are not significantly associated with their academic performance
while motivation is significantly associated with the academic performance.

(3) IV

Title: The motivations and expectations of students pursuing maritime education.

Link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13437-015-0075-3

Author: Yui-yip Lau, Adolf K.Y. Ng

Year Publication: 2015

Abstract:

The ever-changing global environment has increased emphasis on the research and
creation of knowledge dedicated to professional practice. The maritime industry serves as the
illustrative example, of which it has transformed from a traditionally largely unskilled, labor-
intensive industry to a capital-intensive, sophisticated one. This has transformed the nature of
maritime education from a highly practical, hands-on approach to tertiary education emphasizing
on business and analytical skills, as characterized by the increasing number of tertiary
institutions offering under- and postgraduate maritime programs. However, the motivations and
expectations of students pursuing such programs have remained under-researched. In this study,
we have conducted a questionnaire survey towards under- and postgraduate students who pursue
maritime programs. The aim is to understand their profiles, motivations, and expectations of
respective programs that these students have enrolled in. Constructive recommendations and
strategies are provided to contribute to an effective planning and management of program
articulation.

(4) IV

Title: Analysis of students’ perceptions of seafaring career in China based on artificial neural
network and genetic programming

Link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03088839.2013.873545

Author: Jiangang Fei, and Jianjun Lu

Year Publication: 2014

Abstract:

Research indicates that the worldwide shortage of qualified seafarers has been due to the
rapidly increasing world merchant fleet on the one hand and the difficulty of attracting and
retaining people in the industry on the other. The paper argues that in the context of the Chinese
shipping industry, the high “wastage” is one of the major contributors to the shortage. The aims
of the research are to examine the motives of students studying nautical courses; identify the key
factors affecting nautical students to choose seafaring career, and to predict students’ career
choice behavior. The research finds that (a) those who had a clear sense of their future career
when enrolled in the nautical studies tend to choose a seafaring career and remain active for a
longer period of time; (b) high wage is the most important factor affecting students’ decisions to
choose seafaring as a career; (c) prolonged separation from family, job opportunities ashore, and
concern about children’s growth and education are among the top three factors for students not to
choose a seafaring career or to quit it early; and (d) nautical students’ career choice behaviors
can be predicted through the use of artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic programming
(GP) with five rules being generated. This novel methodological approach, a combination of
ANN and GP, has been proven to be effective in analyzing complex variables and in generating
rules.

(5) IV

Title: THE CONDITIONAL EFFECT OF MARITIME STUDENTS’ DEMOGRAPHIC

CHARACTERISTICS ON CAREER COMMITMENT AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
CAREER MOTIVATION

Link: http://www.imla.co/sites/default/files/conference_proceedings_20-06-15.pdf

Author: Shaun Ruggunan, and Herbert Kanengoni

Year Publication: 2015

Abstract:

Several challenges have been cited in recent reports on human resource development in
South African maritime sector and these include but not limited to policy neglect and attracting
very little attention to create jobs, grow the economy and make effective interventions in society
as well as persisted lack of awareness about the sector. Moreover, most recent global reports
cited decline in number of seafarers due to increased concentration on in land professions.
Against this background, this study investigated the moderating influence of career motivation
on relations between selected demographic variables and career commitment amongst
undergraduate maritime students (n= 108, females=36%) from a South African University. The
study sought, first, to determine whether a relationship exist between demographic
characteristics, motivation and career commitment; and second, we investigated the influence
students’ motivation on commitment after controlling for demographics. Lastly, we investigated
the moderating effect of career motivation on the demographics-commitment relationship
amongst prospective seafarers; and finally Participants completed a variety of instruments of
motivation via; Career identity scale (CIS) and Career Planning Scale (CPS) as well the Career
Commitment Scale (CCS). Data analysis consisted of Spearman’s rank-order correlations,
hierarchical regressions to predict career commitment from the biographical variables and career
motivation; and also to determine the moderating effect of motivation on the relationship
between demographic variables and career commitment. Recommendations for researchers and
organizations in maritime industry regarding the management and retention of the future crop of
seafarers in South Africa to offset any possible and anticipated disparities are provided.
 Dependent Variable

(1) DV

Title: MARINE TRANSPORTATION AND MARINE ENGINEERING STUDENTS’

ATTITUDE ON CLASSROOM SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

Link:http://www.multidisciplinaryjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/MARINE-
TRANSPORTATION-AND-MARINE-ENGINEERING.pdf

Author: Edwin M. Agena, Brian L. Tiongson, Bienvenido Arevalo, Myrna C. Clemeno ,

Geronimo Dolor, Jake M. Laguador

Year Publication: 2015

Abstract:

Social interaction of the students within the classroom involves the teachers and their
classmates where teaching and learning activities are being facilitated which need to be
improved and addressed some factors that may somehow influence the learning process of the
Marine Transportation and Marine Engineering Students in one private Asian university. This
study aimed to determine the difference on the attitude between Marine Transportation and
Marine Engineering students towards the classroom social environment in terms of teachers as to
character, subject mastery and teaching strategy; as well as in terms of their interpersonal
relationships with other students. Descriptive type of research was utilized in the study. Results
showed that the Marine Transportation and Marine Engineering students have positive attitude
towards their teachers and peers. They viewed positively the way teachers facilitate the teaching
and learning process and the way their colleagues communicate and socialize within the circle of
classmates. They maintain constructive view of seeing each other every day with genuine interest
in the activities of each member of the class.

(2) DV
Title: Pursuing a career at sea: an empirical profile of South African cadets and implications for
career awareness

Link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03088839.2016.1275859

Author: Shaun Ruggunan, Herbert Kanengoni

Year Publication: 2017

Abstract:

Sustainable job creation remains a challenge in South Africa despite government attempts
to increase employment opportunities amongst the youth which include the drawing up of a
National Development Plan. Although, the South African maritime industry is suggested as a job
growth sector, little is empirically known about the profile of prospective cadets thus making
human resource development policy difficult to formulate. The article notes the limited number
of seafarers recruited from South Africa and seeks to identify the factors that contribute to
current cadets pursuing a maritime career, with the aim of informing recruitment policy. In this
cross-sectional survey, census sampling was attempted with 108 respondents completing a quasi-
adopted questionnaire from a population of 120 undergraduate students pursuing cadetships at a
South African university. Descriptive statistics are mainly used to present findings which provide
insight into the biographical details of cadets, the sources of funding for their studies, the
importance of funding for their eventual graduation, the awareness levels of their chosen careers
and likelihood of them remaining in their chosen careers at sea. The results show that seafaring
has the potential to create thousands of jobs, yet there is limited support to reach the desired
levels.

(3) DV

Title: Professionalization of the shipping industry via postgraduate education

Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569110001870

Author: Adolf K.Y. Ng, Anita C.Koo, Athanasios A.Pallis

Year Publication: 2011

Abstract:

The paper investigates the roles and nature of postgraduate education on the
professionalization of the shipping industry. The recent growth of postgraduate education is
marked by the massive expansion of professional programmes on disciplines which traditionally
emphasized non-academic, apprentice-style learning approach, including shipping business and
management. The reasons behind such growth of demands, however, have remained scarce and
empirically under-researched. Understanding this deficiency, in this study, we have undertaken a
questionnaire survey completed by students/graduates who are pursuing/have recently pursued
masters' programmes in shipping-related business and management offered by six Asian and
European universities. Specifically, we analyze student motivations, considerations, and sources
of information before enrolling such programmes, the extent that the shipping industry or other
forces act as driving forces towards such enrollment, as well as students' evaluation of the
postgraduate programmes that they are pursing/have pursued. Integrated in these discussions are
comparative analyses of the data provided by different student groups based on their professional
experiences and cultural backgrounds. We believe that this study has provided the lacking
empirical inputs essential for achieving the sustainable development of postgraduate education in
shipping business and management.

(4) DV

Title: Using the flipped classroom to improve student engagement and to prepare graduates to
meet maritime industry requirements: a focus on maritime education

Link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13437-014-0070-0

Author: Allison J. James, Christopher K. H. Chin, Belinda R. Williams

Year Publication: 2014

Abstract:

This paper challenges maritime educators (MEs) to utilize the flipped or partially flipped
classroom to meet increasingly diverse stakeholder needs. Given the international and
geographically dispersed nature of the maritime industry (MI), the skills required are more
complex than in a domestic situation. Further considerations include continuous improvement of
learning and teaching practices whilst engaging with a unique student cohort, preparing a
graduate suited to specific MI requirements and working within constrained university resources.
At first, this may appear to be addressing too many divergent stakeholder expectations. The
authors propose using backward course design (a design that meets the needs and goals of the
specific nature of the MI through stakeholder consultation) as a premise to flipped teaching, thus
unifying stakeholder requirements. Skills developed in the flipped classroom are particularly
useful within the international nature of the MI. The skills required for effectively working in a
linguistically and culturally diverse industry such as teamwork, decision-making, problem-
solving and conflict resolution are practiced in the flipped classroom. These skills along with
specific consideration of MI-based cases and examples discussed in class time produce a more
work-ready graduate attuned to specific industry requirements. This paper provides two
application examples of the flipped classroom in the MI and highlights how this approach can
lead to improved teaching outcomes for MEs.

(5) DV

Title: Analysis of students’ perceptions of seafaring career in China based on artificial neural
network and genetic programming

Link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03088839.2013.873545

Author: Jiangang Fei, and Jianjun Lu

Year Publication: 2014

Abstract:

Research indicates that the worldwide shortage of qualified seafarers has been due to the
rapidly increasing world merchant fleet on the one hand and the difficulty of attracting and
retaining people in the industry on the other. The paper argues that in the context of the Chinese
shipping industry, the high “wastage” is one of the major contributors to the shortage. The aims
of the research are to examine the motives of students studying nautical courses; identify the key
factors affecting nautical students to choose seafaring career, and to predict students’ career
choice behavior. The research finds that (a) those who had a clear sense of their future career
when enrolled in the nautical studies tend to choose a seafaring career and remain active for a
longer period of time; (b) high wage is the most important factor affecting students’ decisions to
choose seafaring as a career; (c) prolonged separation from family, job opportunities ashore, and
concern about children’s growth and education are among the top three factors for students not to
choose a seafaring career or to quit it early; and (d) nautical students’ career choice behaviors
can be predicted through the use of artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic programming
(GP) with five rules being generated. This novel methodological approach, a combination of
ANN and GP, has been proven to be effective in analyzing complex variables and in generating
rules.
 Independent Variable -> Dependent Variable

(1) IV DV

Title: Maritime Student Satisfaction on the Instructional Materials Utilized in one Asian
Maritime Academy

Link:http://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/APJME-2015-006-
Magtibay-Level-of-Satisfaction-on-the-Instructional-Materials-for-Maritime-Students-in-
Lyceum-International-Maritime-Academy.pdf

Author: Dominic Lance A. Magtibay, Rommar V. Lanto, Agriel Joseph E. Magnaye, John Carlo
M. Castillo, Julio Virgilio M. Baoy, Beverly T. Caiga

Year Publication: 2015

Abstract:

This study primarily aimed to investigate the level of satisfaction on different

instructional materials offered to maritime students of LIMA in relation to content, equity and
accessibility, assessment, organization and presentation, and instructional design and support.
This research was also pursued to identify the instructional materials frequently utilized by the
students of LIMA and the problems encountered in the use of such materials. Descriptive type of
research was utilized in the study. The respondents of the study were two hundred-forty (240)
students that were chosen on the basis of random sampling, where samples were taken
proportionally with the total number of population in different programs of LIMA. The results
showed that most of the instructional materials in LIMA were able to utilize, though some
students were not mindful of the available aids so they are not able to maximize the function of
it. Awareness of the materials available can enhance one’s memory, focus and concentration,
writing skills, and analytical thinking abilities. The study yielded that most of the respondents
were satisfied with the instructional materials in relation to various criteria. The respondents
believed that conditions and quality of instructional materials were not optimal of its price and
instructional aides were late in late in the field of technology and advancement. The demand of
maritime students to have a competitive edge on the instructional aids includes the all materials
offered by an educational institution wherein these should meet the satisfaction of these students
in all key areas and problems; otherwise such institution has to take appropriate action and
measure to improve its services

(2) IVDV

Title: Public Perceptions about Women Pursuing the Seafaring Career a Case of Ghana

Link: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8e1e/267ef79a3db5fdd73077883584eee3bbcd33.pdf

Author: Felicity Ankoma - Sey

Year Publication: 2014

Abstract:

There have been positive responses to international calls for more females to also join the
seafaring profession, but the growth rate is rather slow even with advancements in ship
technology, which continues to make seafaring less strenuous than it used to be. There are many
known internal positive and negative perceptions about women in seafaring. The studies sort for
external perceptions on the matter and whether the Ghanaian public would encourage their
females to pursue seafaring. Secondary data was used to trace the trend of female enrolment at
the RMU from 2004 to date. The percentage of females was insignificant. Perceptions of
Ghana’s general public sampled from communities close to Tema Port and to RMU (i.e. Tema
and Nungua) were collated. It was realized that few would encourage their female relatives to
pursue seafaring because of its high income potentials, especially if it were for short sea hauls.
Younger females were more likely to consider it. Majority would not encourage their females,
major reasons being that the job was risky and that women played the natural role of maintaining
a favorable emotional environment in society. Perception about the most cherished ambition for
many women was to have a happy/successful family life. In conclusion, few people knew of the
improvements in seafaring conditions. Seafaring may become attractive to young females in
Ghana with the emergence of the short sea or coastal shipping industry. Recommendations
included giving more publicity to the seafaring profession in its present state and introducing
more diversity into seafaring courses to make both male and female graduates versatile, thus
capable of making other career choices in their future when they opt to stay ashore.

(3)IV DV

Title: THE CONDITIONAL EFFECT OF MARITIME STUDENTS’ DEMOGRAPHIC

CHARACTERISTICS ON CAREER COMMITMENT AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
CAREER MOTIVATION

Link: http://www.imla.co/sites/default/files/conference_proceedings_20-06-15.pdf

Author: Shaun Ruggunan, and Herbert Kanengoni

Year Publication: 2015

Abstract:

Several challenges have been cited in recent reports on human resource development in
South African maritime sector and these include but not limited to policy neglect and attracting
very little attention to create jobs, grow the economy and make effective interventions in society
as well as persisted lack of awareness about the sector. Moreover, most recent global reports
cited decline in number of seafarers due to increased concentration on in land professions.
Against this background, this study investigated the moderating influence of career motivation
on relations between selected demographic variables and career commitment amongst
undergraduate maritime students (n= 108, females=36%) from a South African University. The
study sought, first, to determine whether a relationship exist between demographic
characteristics, motivation and career commitment; and second, we investigated the influence
students’ motivation on commitment after controlling for demographics. Lastly, we investigated
the moderating effect of career motivation on the demographics-commitment relationship
amongst prospective seafarers; and finally Participants completed a variety of instruments of
motivation via; Career identity scale (CIS) and Career Planning Scale (CPS) as well the Career
Commitment Scale (CCS). Data analysis consisted of Spearman’s rank-order correlations,
hierarchical regressions to predict career commitment from the biographical variables and career
motivation; and also to determine the moderating effect of motivation on the relationship
between demographic variables and career commitment. Recommendations for researchers and
organizations in maritime industry regarding the management and retention of the future crop of
seafarers in South Africa to offset any possible and anticipated disparities are provided.

(3) IV DV

Title: The relevance of maritime education and training at the secondary level

Link: http://commons.wmu.se/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1498&context=all_dissertations

Author: Simone Britanna Cunningham

Year Publication: 2015

Abstract:

The relevance of MET at the secondary level has been found to be necessary to increase
awareness as well as to mitigate the trends and challenges influenced by the philosophical and
sociological changes experienced in society and the Maritime Industry. Firstly, this study
examines the purpose of secondary education, the secondary curriculum; factors that may require
MET at the secondary level as well as the effectiveness of early awareness of maritime concepts
to youth ages 11-18 years. Secondly, a mixed method approach was applied in collecting and
analyzing data through survey and interviews. Considering the objectives of the study the
purposive sampling and random survey method was utilized to get a wide cross section of
participants to be able to answer the five research questions. Thirdly, the findings reveal that the
relevance of MET at the secondary level is weighted by geographical, economical as well as the
country’s interest in the industry, as well as to bring awareness and for career opportunities. The
findings established that stakeholders in some cases lack awareness of the industry and therefore
do not promulgate policies for implementing MET at the secondary level. Further, the literature
has noted the lack of concentrated effort in promoting the industry to the youth. As such, there is
a need for paradigm shift in the education system to reform the secondary curriculum to make it
relevant to society in terms of exposure to the maritime industry.

(4) IV DV

Title: Improving MET Quality: Relationship between Motives of Choosing Maritime

Professions and Students’ Approaches to Learning
Link: https://books.google.com.ph/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=IQoNDgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA79&dq=kalvaitiene+2011&ots=qDGEKNN4
ll&sig=EFpniFv6dMtNzfId5npoDCJU1tI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

Author: G. Kalvaitiene, I. Bartuseviciene & V. Sencila

Year Publication: 2011

Abstract:

Question of improvement quality of studies is a continual hot issue in every educational

environment. In maritime education and training, this question is especially important because of
international regulations of maritime professions. Quality of studies is a multidimensional and
complex phenomenon. It is influenced by wide range of factors: from labor market and current
educational policy to individual students’ efforts and characteristics. Motives of choosing
maritime profession and approaches to learning are characteristics of an individual person.
Quality of studies is influenced by students’ approaches to learning: deep approach to learning is
related with higher quality of studies, surface approach – to lower quality. On the other hand
approaches to learning could be influenced by motives of choosing profession, which affect
entire professional career planning. Both phenomena are important for the improvement of
quality of studies. The relation between motives of choosing maritime professions and students’
approaches to learning in the context of quality of studies are under investigation in this paper.
Improving MET Quality: Relationship between Motives of Choosing Maritime Professions
and Students’ Approaches to Learning

According to Kalvaitiene, et al., (2011), the motives of choosing profession of the great
majority of young people were determined by economic, social and psychological factors. It is
proved statistically that if the student chooses profession following his emotions, interest in the
profession and understanding of the advantages of professions, his studies are more effective,
than if he chooses profession accidentally or influenced by his/her family or relatives.

The Motivations and Expectations of Students Pursuing Maritime Education

The Researchers, Yui-yip Lau, Adolf K.Y. Ng (2015), a good program should have the
following capabilities: (1) increases students’ professional abilities and skills, (2) provides
updated information on the industry, and (3) courses to be brought by well-qualified teachers.
Additionally, well-qualified teaching staff should provide a wide variety of good teaching
methods so as to transfer relevant professional and practical skills to students and enhance their
knowledge about the maritime industry.

An investigation into the seafarers’ perception towards higher education and identifying,
what motivates them to remain in continued learning?

Kunal Anand (2014), the seafarers’ accord to the role of higher education, their
perceptions towards it and finally their motivations to continue in it to change the perception
amongst seafarers, where higher education although perceived positively, is seen as beneficial
only to move to management positions ashore or something that is just good to have, in addition
to their competency based training, which they feel is core to their job requirement., the
development of higher education skills from early stages of the career is also equally important,
not just for higher roles but even for their roles as junior officers, because they do need problem
solving and analytical skills at all stages of their career and also because good education is
equally essential for being competent.
Youngsters’ Motivations and Difficulties for Choosing Seafarer Career
Manuel Joaquin Fernandez Gonzalez, et.al. (2014), according to the researcher that the
students who are interested in seafarer profession are attracted by the good salaries, but for them,
a good salary is not the most important aspect of the profession: stable employment and
travelling now reached even a higher level of importance. The most important discouraging
factor was difficulties for family life, it seems that students interested in the profession are
already more aware of the possibility of having a family life, even if they are still afraid about
the difficulties of works in the ship. Students still perceive seafarer profession as an isolating
one, it seems that they are afraid about the lacking connectivity with relatives and friends
through internet on board. There are also some gender differences: Males are more attracted by
the salary and respect of the profession, while females are more attracted by travelling and they
are discouraged by health and risk issues.

Factors Affecting the Choice of School and Students’ Level of Interest towards the
Maritime Program
According to Carlos L. Aguado, et al., (2015), maritime students graduated from public
schools have significantly higher chance of being influenced by people in choosing the school
and degree program and they also have significantly higher degree of interest towards the
maritime program compared to those graduated from private schools. It is the student’s choice to
enroll in Maritime Program with the support of their parents. Also, with the advice from their
brothers and sisters and as well as teachers is also considered in making their decision. If they
can practice the profession right and they have the eagerness to make their dreams come true,
there is an assurance that they can come across all borders.
Their experience in higher education would also make them better trainers of trainees on-board.