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    The Capacity F On Dry Surface or Soil

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    Aljon Languing
    Infiltration is the flow of water from the soil surface into the soil. The maximum rate at which soil can absorb water is called the infiltration capacity. Factors that affect infiltration capacity include rainfall intensity and duration, soil characteristics, temperature, and land use/cover. Infiltration is measured using instruments like double ring infiltrometers or rainfall simulators. The two main infiltration indices are the phi index (φ), which is the average rainfall intensity above which rainfall equals runoff, and the w-index, which is the infiltration obtained from the rainfall minus runoff and initial losses divided by duration. An example calculation of φ-index and w-index is provided.

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    The Capacity F On Dry Surface or Soil

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    Aljon Languing
    40 views2 pages
    Infiltration is the flow of water from the soil surface into the soil. The maximum rate at which soil can absorb water is called the infiltration capacity. Factors that affect infiltration capacity include rainfall intensity and duration, soil characteristics, temperature, and land use/cover. Infiltration is measured using instruments like double ring infiltrometers or rainfall simulators. The two main infiltration indices are the phi index (φ), which is the average rainfall intensity above which rainfall equals runoff, and the w-index, which is the infiltration obtained from the rainfall minus runoff and initial losses divided by duration. An example calculation of φ-index and w-index is provided.

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    INFILTRATION

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    Infiltration is the flow of water from the soil surface into the soil. The maximum rate at which soil can absorb water is called the infiltration capacity. Factors that affect infiltration capacity include rainfall intensity and duration, soil characteristics, temperature, and land use/cover. Infiltration is measured using instruments like double ring infiltrometers or rainfall simulators. The two main infiltration indices are the phi index (φ), which is the average rainfall intensity above which rainfall equals runoff, and the w-index, which is the infiltration obtained from the rainfall minus runoff and initial losses divided by duration. An example calculation of φ-index and w-index is provided.

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    40 views2 pages

    The Capacity F On Dry Surface or Soil

    Uploaded by

    Aljon Languing
    Infiltration is the flow of water from the soil surface into the soil. The maximum rate at which soil can absorb water is called the infiltration capacity. Factors that affect infiltration capacity include rainfall intensity and duration, soil characteristics, temperature, and land use/cover. Infiltration is measured using instruments like double ring infiltrometers or rainfall simulators. The two main infiltration indices are the phi index (φ), which is the average rainfall intensity above which rainfall equals runoff, and the w-index, which is the infiltration obtained from the rainfall minus runoff and initial losses divided by duration. An example calculation of φ-index and w-index is provided.

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    CE 101-SECTION 4CEA

    CHAPTER IV

    INFILTRATION – is the name given to the phenomenon of liquid intake by porous


    media. Simple definition of infiltration is the flow of water through soil surface. It is the
    main component of abstraction losses of rainfall. Infiltration replenishes soil moisture
    deficiency and excess water moves downward towards ground water storage by the
    force of gravity. This part of water is called percolation.

    The maximum rate at which the soil in any given condition is capable of
    absorbing water is called infiltration capacity fc. The capacity f on dry surface or soil
    condition begins with a high rate f0 initially and decreases to a fairly steady state fc as
    the rain continues.

    Infiltration capacity (cm/hr) also is define as the maximum rate at which a given soil at a
    given time can absorb water.

    Infiltration Rate –is the infiltration rate at any time (t) from the beginning of rainfall.

    f = fc ; i ≥ fc - when the rainfall is higher than the soil can absorb

    f = i; i < fc - rate at which water is falling is equal to the rate of infiltration.

    FACTORS AFFECTING INFILTRATION

    1. Intensity of Rainfall
    2. Duration of Rainfall
    3. Temperature
    4. Soil Characteristics
    5. Vegetative cover
    6. Urban areas
    7. Entrapped Air in Soil Pores
    8. Turbidity of Water
    9. Compaction of Soil
    10. Depth of Surface Detention and Thickness of Saturated Layer

    MEASUREMENT OF INFILTRATION

    1. Flooding Type Infiltrometer (Double Ring Infiltrometer)


    2. Artificial Rain Simulator
    3. Lysimeter Under Laboratory Sample
    4. Observation Infiltration in Pits and Ponds
    5. Hydrograph Analysis

    INFILTRATION INDICES –when infiltration rate is assumed to be constant it is called


    infiltration index. But in dry soil this rate is constant at the beginning. It may be more
    than the rainfall in the initial period of rainfall. Only after a considerable time, when the
    soil becomes wet, infiltration rate becomes constant or steady.
    Two type of Infiltration Indices

    1. ɸ (phi)-index – is the average rainfall intensity above which rainfall volume is


    equal to runoff volume.

    P−R
    ɸ= where; P - Precipitation; R - Runoff and t – effective duration when
    t
    rainfall intensity is greater than ɸ index.

    i ≤ ɸ there will be no Runoff

    i > ɸ the formula is valid.

    2. w-index – is the infiltration obtained when (Precipitation – Runoff – Initial loss)


    is divided by the duration of rainfall.

    P−R−I
    ɸ = where; P - Precipitation; R – Runoff; I – Initial losses and t –
    t
    effective duration when rainfall intensity is greater than ɸ index. It gives also the
    better idea about infiltration rate.

    EXAMPLE:

    1. The rainfall in the three successive 8 hours period is 1.6, 5.4, 4.1 cm. if the initial
    loss is 0.6 cm and the surface runoff resulting from the storm is 4.7 cm, then ɸ-
    index and w-index?

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