98 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS [CHAP.

Hence Q_ = ð0:9257Þð1:00Þð200 − 20Þ + ð − 400Þ = − 233:4 kW. Note that the power input is negative, and a
negative heat transfer implies that the compressor is losing heat.

4.27 Air travels through the 4  2 m test section of a wind tunnel at 20 m/s. The gage pressure in the
test section is measured to be − 20 kPa and the temperature 20  C. After the test section, a
diffuser leads to a 6-m-diameter exit pipe. Estimate the velocity and temperature in the exit pipe.
The energy equation (4.72) for air takes the form

V 22 = V 21 + 2Cp ðT1 − T2 Þ = 202 + ð2Þð1:00Þð293 − T2 Þ

The continuity equation, 1 A1 V 1 = 2 A2 V 2 , yields

" #
P1 80 8
A1 V 1 = 2 A2 V 2 ∴ 2 V 2 = ð20Þ = 5:384 kg=m2 s
RT1 ð0:287Þð293Þ ð3Þ2

The best approximation to the actual process is the adiabatic quasiequilibrium process. Using (4.49), letting
 = 1=v, we have
 k − 1
T2 2 T2 293
= or = = 298:9
T1 1 0:4
2 ½80=ð0:287Þð293Þ0:4
The above three equations include the three unknowns T2 ; V 2 , and 2 . Substitute for T2 and V 2 back into the
energy equation and find

5:3842
= 202 + ð2Þð1:00Þ½293 − ð298:9Þð0:4
2 Þ
22
This can be solved by trial and error to yield 2 = 3:475 kg/m3 . The velocity and temperature are then
5:384 5:384
V2 = = = 1:55 m=s T2 = ð298:9Þð0:4
2 Þ = ð298:9Þð3:475Þ
0:4
= 492 or 219  C
2 3:475

4.28 Steam with a mass flux of 600 lbm/min exits a turbine as saturated steam at 2 psia and passes
through a condenser (a heat exchanger). What mass flux of cooling water is needed if the steam is
to exit the condenser as saturated liquid and the cooling water is allowed a 15  F temperature rise?
The energy equations (4.75) are applicable to this situation. The heat transfer rate for the steam is,
assuming no pressure drop through the condenser,
Q_ s = m_ s ðhs2 − hs1 Þ = ð600Þð94:02 − 1116:1Þ = − 613;200 Btu=min
This energy is gained by the water. Hence,
Q_ w = m_ w ðhw2 − hw1 Þ = m_ w Cp ðTw2 − Tw1 Þ 613;200 = m_ w ð1:00Þð15Þ m_ w = 40;880 lbm=min

4.29 A simple steam power plant operates on 20 kg/s of steam, as shown in Fig. 4-27. Neglecting losses
in the various components, calculate (a) the boiler heat transfer rate, (b) the turbine power
output, (c) the condenser heat transfer rate, (d) the pump power requirement, (e) the velocity
in the boiler exit pipe, and (f ) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

Fig. 4-27
CHAP. 4] THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 99

(a) Q_ B = mðh
_ 3 − h2 Þ = ð20Þð3625:3 − 167:5Þ = 69:15 MW, where we have taken the enthalpy h2 to be hf
at 40  C.
(b) W_ T = mðh
_ 4 − h3 Þ = − ð20Þð2584:6 − 3625:3Þ = 20:81 MW.
_
(c) QC = mðh_ 1 − h4 Þ = ð20Þð167:57 − 2584:7Þ = − 48:34 MW.
(d) W_ P = mðP
_ 2 − P1 Þ= = ð20Þð10 000 − 10=1000Þ = 0:2 MW.
_
(e) V = mv=A = ð20Þð0:03837Þ=ð0:15Þ2 = 10:9 m/s.
(f)  = ðW_ T − W_ P Þ=Q_ B = ð20:81 − 0:2Þ=69:15 = 0:298 or 29.8%.

4.30 An insulated 4-m3 evacuated tank is connected to a 4-MPa 600  C steam line. A valve is opened
and the steam fills the tank. Estimate the final temperature of the steam in the tank and the final
mass of the steam in the tank.
From (4.81), with Q = 0 and mi = 0, there results uf = h1 , since the final mass mf is equal to the mass
m1 that enters. We know that across a valve the enthalpy is constant; hence,
h1 = hline = 3674:4 kJ=kg
The final pressure in the tank is 4 MPa, achieved when the steam ceases to flow into the tank. Using Pf = 4 MPa
and uf = 3674:4 kJ/kg, we find the temperature in Table C-3 to be
 
3674:4 − 3650:1
Tf = ð500Þ + 800 = 812:8  C
3650:1 − 3555:5
The specific volume at 4 MPa and 812:8  C is
 
812:8 − 800
vf = ð0:1229 − 0:1169Þ + 0:1229 = 0:1244 ft3 =lbm
50
The mass of steam in the tank is then
Vf 4
mf = = = 32:15 kg
vf 0:1244

Supplementary Problems
4.31 An unknown mass is attached by a pulley to a paddle wheel which is inserted in a volume of water. The mass
is then dropped a distance of 3 m. If 100 J of heat must be transferred from the water in order to return the
water to its initial state, determine the mass in kilograms.

4.32 While 300 J of heat is added to the air in the cylinder of Fig. 4-28, the piston raises a distance of 0.2 m.
Determine the change in internal energy.

Fig. 4-28 Fig. 4-29

100 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS [CHAP. 4

4.33 A constant force of 600 lbf is required to move the piston shown in Fig. 4-29. If 2 Btu of heat is transferred
from the cylinder when the piston moves the entire length, what is the change in internal energy?

4.34 Each of the letters (a) through (e) in the accompanying table represents a process. Supply the missing values,
in kJ.

Q W E E2 E1
(a) 20 5 7
(b) −3 6 8
(c) 40 30 15
(d) − 10 20 10
(e) 10 −8 6

4.35 A system undergoes a cycle consisting of four processes. Some of the values of the energy transfers and
energy changes are given in the table. Fill in all the missing values. All units are kJ.

Process Q W U
1!2 − 200 (a) 0
2!3 800 (b) (c)
3!4 (d) 600 400
4!1 0 (e) −1200

4.36 A 12-V battery is charged by supplying 3 A over a period of 6 h. If a heat loss of 400 kJ occurs from the
battery during the charging period, what is the change in energy stored within the battery?

4.37 A 12-V battery delivers a current of 10 A over a 30-min time period. The stored energy decreases by 300 kJ.
Determine the heat lost during the time period.

4.38 A 110-V heater draws 15 A while heating a particular air space. During a 2-h period the internal energy in
the space increases by 8000 Btu. Calculate the amount of heat lost in Btu.

4.39 How much heat must be added to a 0.3-m3 rigid volume containing water at 200  C in order that the final
temperature be raised to 800  C? The initial pressure is 1 MPa.

4.40 A 0.2-m3 rigid volume contains steam at 600 kPa and a quality of 0.8. If 1000 kJ of heat is added, determine
the final temperature.

4.41 A piston-cylinder arrangement provides a constant pressure of 120 psia on steam which has an initial quality
of 0.95 and an initial volume of 100 in3 . Determine the heat transfer necessary to raise the temperature to
1000  F. Work this problem without using enthalpy.

4.42 Steam is contained in a 4-liter volume at a pressure of 1.5 MPa and a temperature of 200  C. If the pressure is
held constant by expanding the volume while 40 kJ of heat is added, find the final temperature. Work this
problem without using enthalpy.

4.43 Work Prob. 4.41 using enthalpy.

4.44 Work Prob. 4.42 using enthalpy.

4.45 Calculate the heat transfer necessary to raise the temperature of 2 kg of steam, at a constant pressure of
100 kPa (a) from 50  C to 400  C and (b) from 400  C to 750  C.
CHAP. 4] THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 101

4.46 Steam is contained in a 1.2-m3 volume at a pressure of 3 MPa and a quality of 0.8. The pressure is held
constant. What is the final temperature if (a) 3 MJ and (b) 30 MJ of heat is added? Sketch the process on a T -v
diagram.

4.47 Estimate the constant-pressure specific heat for steam at 400  C if the pressure is (a) 10 kPa, (b) 100 kPa, and
(c) 30 000 kPa.

4.48 Determine approximate values for the constant-volume specific heat for steam at 800  F if the pressure is
(aÞ 1 psia; (b) 14.7 psia, and (c) 3000 psia.

4.49 Calculate the change in enthalpy of 2 kg of air which is heated from 400 K to 600 K if (a) Cp = 1:006 kJ/kgK,
(b) Cp = 0:946 + 0:213  10 − 3 T − 0:031  10 − 6 T 2 kJ/kg  K, and (c) the gas tables are used.

4.50 Compare the enthalpy change of 2 kg of water for a temperature change from 10  C to 60  C with that of
2 kg of ice for a temperature change from − 60  C to − 10  C.

4.51 Two MJ of heat is added to 2.3 kg of ice held at a constant pressure of 200 kPa, at (a) − 60  C and (b) 0  C.
What is the final temperature? Sketch the process on a T -v diagram.

4.52 What is the heat transfer required to raise the temperature of 10 lbm of water from 0  F (ice) to 600  F
(vapor) at a constant pressure of 30 psia? Sketch the process on a T -v diagram.

4.53 Five ice cubes (4  2  2 cm) at − 20  C are added to an insulated glass of cola at 20  C. Estimate the final
temperature (if above 0  C) or the percentage of ice melted (if at 0  C) if the cola volume is (a) 2 liters and
(b) 0.25 liters. Use ice = 917 kg/m3 .

4.54 A 40-lbm block of copper at 200  F is dropped in an insulated tank containing 3 ft3 of water at 60  F.
Calculate the final equilibrium temperature.

4.55 A 50-kg block of copper at 0  C and a 100-kg block of iron at 200  C are brought into contact in an insulated
space. Predict the final equilibrium temperature.

4.56 Determine the enthalpy change and the internal energy change for 4 kg of air if the temperature changes
from 100  C to 400  C. Assume constant specific heats.

4.57 For each of the following quasiequilibrium processes supply the missing information. The working fluid is
0.4 kg of air in a cylinder.

Q W U H T2 T1 P2 P1 V2 V1
Process (kJ) (kJ) ðkJÞ ðkJÞ ð  CÞ ð  CÞ ðkPaÞ ðkPaÞ ðm3 Þ ðm3 Þ
(a) T =C 60 100 50
(b) V =C 80 300 200
(c) P=C 100 200 500
(d) Q=0 250 0.1 0.48

4.58 For each of the quasiequilibrium processes presented in the table in Prob. 4.57, supply the missing informa-
tion if the working fluid is 0.4 kg of steam. [Note: for process (a) it is necessary to integrate graphically.]

4.59 One thousand Btu of heat is added to 2 lbm of steam maintained at 60 psia. Calculate the final temperature
if the initial temperature of the steam is (a) 600  F and (b) 815  F.

4.60 Fifty kJ of heat is transferred to air maintained at 400 kPa with an initial volume of 0.2 m3 . Determine the
final temperature if the initial temperature is (a) 0  C and (b) 200  C.

4.61 The initial temperature and pressure of 8000 cm3 of air are 100  C and 800 kPa, respectively. Determine the
necessary heat transfer if the volume does not change and the final pressure is (a) 200 kPa and (b) 3000 kPa.
102 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS [CHAP. 4

4.62 Calculate the heat transfer necessary to raise the temperature of air, initially at 10  C and 100 kPa, to a
temperature of 27  C if the air is contained in an initial volume with dimensions 3  5  2.4 m. The pressure
is held constant.

4.63 Heat is added to a fixed 0.15-m3 volume of steam initially at a pressure of 400 kPa and a quality of 0.5.
Determine the final pressure and temperature if (a) 800 kJ and (b) 200 kJ of heat is added. Sketch the process
on a P-v diagram.

4.64 Two hundred Btu of heat is added to a rigid air tank which has a volume of 3 ft3 . Find the final temperature
if initially (a) P = 60 psia and T = 30  F and (b) P = 600 psia and T = 820  F. Use the air tables.

4.65 A system consisting of 5 kg of air is initially at 300 kPa and 20  C. Determine the heat transfer necessary to
(a) increase the volume by a factor of two at constant pressure, (b) increase the pressure by a factor of two at
constant volume, (c) increase the pressure by a factor of two at constant temperature, and (d) increase the
absolute temperature by a factor of 2 at constant pressure.

4.66 Heat is added to a container holding 0.5 m3 of steam initially at a pressure of 400 kPa and a quality of
80 percent (Fig. 4-30). If the pressure is held constant, find the heat transfer necessary if the final temperature
is (a) 500  C and (b) 675  C. Also determine the work done. Sketch the process on a T -v diagram.

Fig. 4-30

4.67 A rigid 1.5-m3 tank at a pressure of 200 kPa contains 5 liters of liquid and the remainder steam. Calculate the
heat transfer necessary to (a) completely vaporize the water, (b) raise the temperature to 400  C, and (c) raise
the pressure to 800 kPa.

4.68 Ten Btu of heat is added to a rigid container holding 4 lbm of air in a volume of 100 ft3 . Determine H.

4.69 Eight thousand cm3 of air in a piston-cylinder arrangement is compressed isothermally at 30  C from a
pressure of 200 kPa to a pressure of 800 kPa. Find the heat transfer.

4.70 Two kilograms of air is compressed in an insulated cylinder from 400 kPa to 15 000 kPa. Determine the final
temperature and the work necessary if the initial temperature is (a) 200  C and (b) 350  C.

4.71 Air is compressed in an insulated cylinder from the position shown in Fig. 4-31 so that the pressure increases
to 5000 kPa from atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa. What is the required work if the mass of the air is 0.2 kg?

4.72 The average person emits approximately 400 Btu of heat per hour. There are 1000 people in an unventilated
room 10  75  150 ft. Approximate the increase in temperature after 15 min, assuming (a) constant
pressure and (b) constant volume. (c) Which assumption is the more realistic?

4.73 Two hundred kJ of work is transferred to the air by means of a paddle wheel inserted into an insulated
volume (Fig. 4-32). If the initial pressure and temperature are 200 kPa and 100  C, respectively, determine
the final temperature and pressure.