AEES- DISTANT LEARNING PROGRAMME

CLASS IX - PHYSICS CHAPTER -8

MOTION

In our daily life, we see many things moving around us.

A man walking along a road, a woman driving a car, a speeding bus, a flying bird, a football rolling on
the ground, a fruit falling from a tree are a few examples of things showing motion.
We also see some of the objects such as buildings and electric poles to be at rest.

What do we mean by the terms rest and motion?

As I am recording the audio, I continue to sit on the chair. For someone who is observing me, I seem to
be at rest. This is because I have not moved from my position or I continue to be sitting at the same
place as the time passes. I observe an ant moving on the surface of the table from one point to the other
as the time passes. We say that the ant is in motion.

Now, how do we define rest and motion.

For this we need to describe the location of the object by specifying a reference point called origin.
REST:
An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with time with reference to origin.
Example: a book on the table, a house, a tree.

MOTION:
An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with time with reference to the origin.
Example: a moving car, a sailing ship.

NOTE:
Rest and motion are relative terms. There is no object in the world that is at absolute rest. If an object is
at rest in one situation, in other situation it is in motion. For example, a person sitting in a moving car is
at rest with respect to the seat and the fellow passengers. But he his in motion with respect to the
objects outside the vehicle like trees, mile-stones etc. A person sitting in his house is at rest with respect
to the earth but is in motion with respect to other planets. Thus there is no example of absolute rest of
an object.

In your earlier classes you have studied about different types of motion such as rectilinear, circular and
periodic motion.In this session we are dealing with motion along a straight line (called rectilinear
motion) or motion in one dimension.

To study and describe the motion of an object we need to know a variety of physical quantities such as
distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration etc. A physical quantity is one which can be
measured. All the physical quantities have some numerical value which is called magnitude. Physical
quantities are further divided into two types namely scalar and vector. All those physical quantities
which can be expressed completely by a number with suitable unit are known as scalar quantities.
Example: length, mass, time, distance, density, volume.

All those physical quantities which need direction too, besides the numerical value and units are known
as vector quantities.
Example: displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force, weight

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DISTANCE:
The total length of the path covered by the object is called distance. It is a scalar quantity.
SI Unit: metre (m)
DISPLACEMENT:
The shortest possible distance from the initial position to final position of the object is called
displacement. It is a vector quantity.
SI Unit: metre (m)
Consider the following cases of the motion of a car and fill in the blanks:
Please refer the diagram given in below:

Case 1: A car travels 40km from O to A and then 20km from A to B along the same direction.
Distance = ________ Displacement =_________
Case 2: A car travels 40km from O to A and then 20km back along the same path to reach B.
Distance = ________ Displacement =_________
Case 3: A car travels 20km from O to A and then 40km back on the same path to reach B.
Distance = ________ Displacement =_________
Case 4: A car travels 40km from O to A and then 40km back on the same path to reach O.
Distance = ________ Displacement =_________

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Distinction between distance and displacement:

Distance Displacement
1. It is the length of the path traversed by the 1. It is the distance travelled by the object in a
object in a certain time. specified direction in a certain time
2.It is a scalar quantity 2. It is a vector quantity
3.It depends on the path followed by the object. 3. It does not depend on the path followed by the
object.
4.It is always positive. 4. It can be positive or negative or zero.
5.It can be more than or equal to the magnitude 5. Its magnitude can be less than or equal to the
of displacement. distance, but can never be greater than the
distance.

UNIFORM MOTION
An object is said to be in uniform motion if it moves along a straight line and covers equal distances in
equal intervals of time.

NON UNIFORM MOTION

An object is said to be in non-uniform motion if it covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time or
equal distances in unequal intervals of time.

Now,
Observe the table given below. We find that the distance covered by object A for every 15 minutes
remains the same whereas the distance covered by object B in every 15 minutes of duration is different.
Object A is said to be in uniform motion whereas object B is said to be in non-uniform motion.

DATA REGARDING MOTION OF 2 DIFFERENT OBJECTS A AND B

Time Distance travelled Distance travelled

by object A in m by object B in m
9.30 am 10 12
9.45 am 20 19
10.00 am 30 23
10.15 am 40 35
10.30 am 50 37
10.45 am 60 41
11.00 am 70 44

Different objects may take different amounts of time to cover a given distance. Some of them move fast
and some move slowly.

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SPEED:
The distance travelled by the object in unit time is called speed. It is a scalar quantity. Speed can either
be positive or zero.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
Speed = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

SI unit: m/s
Other units of speed are km/hr, miles/hr.
TYPES OF SPEED:
Uniform speed:
If an object travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, however small the intervals may be, then it
is said to be moving with uniform speed.
Non-uniform speed:
If an object travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time or equal distance in unequal intervals of
time, the object is said to be travelling with non-uniform or variable speed.
Average speed:
The ratio of the total distance travelled to the total time of travel is called average speed.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Average speed = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Velocity:
Velocity is the speed of an object moving in a definite direction. Velocity is a vector quantity.

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Velocity = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

SI units: m/s
It can be either positive or zero or negative.
Average Velocity
1. If the velocity of an object moving along a straight line is non-uniform,
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Average velocity =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

2. In case the velocity of an object is changing at uniform rate,

𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦+𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Average velocity =
2

If you go to a store and return home in 1 hour and if you have covered 12 km, then your average speed
is 12km/hr. Your average velocity is zero because your displacement for the round trip is zero.

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ACCELERATION:
The change in velocity of an object per unit time is called acceleration.
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Acceleration =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

SI unit: m/s2
If an object moves with uniform velocity, then the acceleration is equal to zero.
TYPES OF ACCELERATION:
Uniform acceleration
If an object travels in a straight line and if its velocity increases or decreases by equal amounts in equal
intervals of time, then the object is said to be in uniform acceleration.
Example:
A freely falling object.
Non-uniform acceleration
If the velocity of an object changes at a non-uniform rate then it is said to be in non-uniform
acceleration.
Example:
A car moving in a crowded street.
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