Replaceable Grouted External Post-Tensioned Tendons: October 2019
Replaceable Grouted External Post-Tensioned Tendons: October 2019
Replaceable Grouted External Post-Tensioned Tendons: October 2019
Post-Tensioned Tendons
October 2019
Notice
This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation
(USDOT) in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the
use of the information contained in this document.
The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’
names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the
document. They are included for informational purposes only and are not intended to reflect a
preference, approval, or endorsement of any one product or entity.
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period
14. Sponsoring Agency Code
Federal Highway Administration
Office of Infrastructure – Bridges and Structures
1200 New Jersey Ave., SE
Washington, DC 20590
Work funded by task order “Advance Concrete Bridge Technology to Improve Infrastructure Performance” between
FHWA and WSP.
16. Abstract
Corrosion of prestressing strands has required replacement of external post-tensioning tendons in several existing
post-tensioned bridges. External tendons are commonly used in concrete box girder bridges constructed using the
span-by-span or balanced cantilever methods. Currently in the US, external tendons are discretely bonded at
anchorages and deviator locations. Replacement of these types of tendons is a complex and time-consuming
operation with safety concerns for personnel. Under task order 5009, WSP conducted a state-of-the-art review,
then developed and presented guidance for fully replaceable grouted external tendons. Specific details included
post-tensioning system components, structural design and detailing aspects, and tendon installation and
replacement procedures.
19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
5.0 TESTING-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-1
5.1 SR 826/ SR 836 Interchange Design-Build Project, Miami, FL ---------------5-1
i
LIST OF FIGURES
ii
Figure 7-2 Diabolo Constructed using Stay-In-Place Form------------------------------ 7-2
Figure 7-3 Diabolo Constructed using Removable Form – After Construction------ 7-2
Figure 7-4 Current Grouting Detail for Tendon at Diaphragm--------------------------- 7-3
Figure 7-5 Proposed Grouting Detail for Tendon at Diaphragm ------------------------ 7-3
Figure 7-6 Proposed Grouting Detail for Tendon at Diaphragm ------------------------ 7-4
Figure 7-7 Tendon De-tensioning Schematic ----------------------------------------------- 7-5
Figure 7-8 U-bolt Clamps around Strands --------------------------------------------------- 7-6
Figure 7-9 Stressing End Clearance Diagram ---------------------------------------------- 7-7
Figure 7-10 Anchorage Clearance at Interior Diaphragm for Span-by-Span
Construction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7-9
Figure 7-11 Non-Stressing End Anchorage Clearance at End Diaphragm ---------- 7-9
LIST OF TABLES
iii
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Definitions
Adjustable PT – Post-tensioned tendon in which the stressing force can be modified
during the life of the structure if needed.
Blister – A concrete block with prismatic shape where a tendon is anchored outside of
the main concrete section.
Deviator – A concrete block attached to the main concrete section to change the
direction of an external post-tensioned tendon.
Diabolo – A formed void in a deviator or diaphragm with trumpet shaped ends to align
and direct an external tendon through the concrete section.
Double envelope concept – Replaceable external tendon utilizing diabolo forms and
guide pipes where the whole tendon, including anchorages is detailed so that no
integral connection is made to the structure.
External tendon – A tendon located external to the concrete section and is thus an
unbonded tendon.
Filler material – Material used to fill the space between post-tensioning strands and
tendon duct. The most common filler material used is grout but grease or wax are
also used.
Guide pipe – A structural assembly that aligns and directs the tendon at the anchorage
location and provides separation between the anchor body/trumpet and duct to the
surrounding concrete section.
iv
Abbreviations
ASBI – American Segmental Bridge Institute
PE – Polyethylene
PP – Polypropylene
PT – Post-tensioned or Post-tensioning
v
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Due to corrosion of prestressing strands, several existing bridges in the United States
(US) have required replacement of external tendons. External tendons are commonly
used in concrete box girder bridges constructed using the span-by-span or balanced
cantilever methods. Currently in the US, external tendons are discretely bonded at
anchorage and deviator locations. Figure 1-1 shows typical external tendons in a
span-by-span box girder. The replacement of these types of tendons is a complex and
time-consuming operation with safety concerns for personnel.
Figure 1-1
Typical External Tendons in a Box Girder
There is significant opportunity to further improve the state of practice for post-
tensioned (PT) bridges. Replacement of external PT systems can be greatly
advanced using currently available tools and technologies.
1.2 Objectives
The objective of this report is to develop and present guidance for fully replaceable
grouted external tendons. Specific items of interest include post-tensioning system
components, structural design and detailing aspects, and tendon installation and
replacement procedures. Additionally, specification language is proposed for
adoption into the PTI/ASBI M50.3 Guide Specification for Grouted Post-Tensioning.
1-1
Components required for tendon replaceability such as guide pipes or double trumpets
at tendon anchorages and diabolo forms at diaphragms and deviators are existing
technologies although their use is not widespread in the US. Part of the goal of this
report is to compile these existing techniques and present background information.
The French Technical Department for Transport, Roads and Bridges (SETRA) later
prohibited grease and replaced it with wax filler material.
Japan, on the other hand, implemented epoxy coated strands without any filler in their
external tendons. The epoxy coated multi-strands are not bonded to the deviator or
diaphragm but pass through plastic / steel pipes.
A survey of several countries around the world found replaceable external tendons
are required, while some countries also require tendons to be de-tensionable and
adjustable as shown in Table 1-1 below.
1-2
Table 1-1
External Tendon Requirements in Various Countries
Japan No Yes No
The double envelope concept (see Section 2.1) can be used to provide replaceability
for external tendons with any type of filler material. However, flexible filler materials
are required for de-tensionable and adjustable tendons.
In France and Germany, both flexible filler materials and double envelope details are
implemented at the same time.
1-3
2.0 REPLACEABLE EXTERNAL TENDON CONCEPT
This type of construction detailing does not easily allow the replacement of tendons
since separating the strands from the embedded anchorages and pipes in the
deviators and diaphragms requires chipping or water-blasting of grout inside the
tendon duct. The replacement of these types of tendons quite often results in
secondary damage to deviators and diaphragms where the tendons are embedded in
the concrete section (see Figure 2-4 and Figure 2-5).
Grout Inlet
Figure 2-1
Typical External Tendon Details
2-4
Courtesy of Teddy Theryo
Figure 2-2
Bonded Rigid Steel Pipes in Deviator
Figure 2-3
Bonded Rigid Steel Pipe in Diaphragm
2-5
Courtesy of Teddy Theryo
Figure 2-4
Cracked Concrete Anchor Block During De-tensioning
Figure 2-5
Rigid Steel Pipe Pull-out Resulting in Spalled Concrete
2-6
2.2 Proposed Detailing of External Tendons
The focus of this study is to develop guidance and standard details for replaceable
grouted external tendons using the double envelope concept, although the concepts
presented herein can be applied to other filler materials.
Grout Inlet
Figure 2-6
Replaceable External Tendons using the Double Envelope Concept
2-7
3.0 DIABOLOS
Diabolos typically refer to the shaped voids which allow external tendons to deviate
through a concrete element while minimizing stress concentrations along the interface
with the concrete element. Diabolos can be used at deviators, blisters, end
diaphragms and intermediate diaphragms of box girder bridges. The voids may be
constructed using removable and reusable form tools or may be constructed using
permanent forms.
Figure 3-1 including; (a) basic trumpet shape, (b) trumpet shapes at ends of a straight
pipe, (c) trumpet shapes at ends of a curved pipe, and (d) race track form.
The trumpet shape allows tendon deviations in the vertical and horizontal directions
(see Figure 3-2). To minimize the spacing required at entry and exit points, the use
of straight or curved pipes between the trumpet ends may be considered. The race
track shape may also be used (see Figure 3-3), however, the race track shape allows
tendon deviation and provides tolerances for misalignment in one direction only.
Figure 3-4 shows a bridge with trumpet shaped and race track shaped diabolos at a
deviator.
There are many alternative diabolo geometries and orientations that can be achieved;
however, the trumpet shaped form will mainly be discussed in this report. The primary
reason diabolos are used is to simplify forming and construction detailing.
Complicated forms and geometric requirements negate some of the main advantages
for using the diabolo form. However, each project is unique, and the designer may
modify the details as appropriate for the project.
3-1
Elevation View Section
Figure 3-1
Alternative Diabolo Cross Section Shapes
3-2
Figure 3-2
Rendering of Trumpet Shaped Diabolos at a Deviator
Figure 3-3
Rendering of Race Track Shaped Diabolos at a Deviator
3-3
Courtesy of Teddy Theryo
Figure 3-4
View of External Tendons at a Deviator
(Race track and circular shaped diabolo forms)
The force in the tendon is transferred to the concrete section by radial force between
points of tangency (PT) and centered at the point of curvature (PC) along the diabolo
form. To allow for construction tolerances and prevent concrete spalling due to kinks
or hard points, points of tangency shall be set back from the concrete face of the
deviator or diaphragm. To accomplish this, it is recommended that the exit angle of
the diabolo form, β, is three degrees greater than the tendon deviation angle and
tangent point is at least 6” from the face of concrete.
It is recommended that the minimum inside diameter of the diabolo form is at least
one-half inch larger than the outside diameter of the tendon duct. This one-half inch
gap allows the deformed duct to pass through the diabolo void in the event
replacement of the tendon is required. Refer to Section 7.2 for further discussion and
recommendations on diabolo geometry.
3-4
PT
(min.)
½” gap
Figure 3-5
Diabolo Form Basic Geometry
3-5
1 - Form type
Figure 3-6
Elevation View of a Span-by-Span Bridge with External Tendons
The Type 1 form is typically used at deviator locations. The continuous curvature of
the diabolo is simple to construct and is typically used where the deviation angle is
moderate and the length of the concrete element in which the tendon is passing is
through is relatively short.
Figure 3-7
Type 1 Form at Deviator
The Type 2 diabolo form may be used at interior diaphragm locations when it is
desirable for the tendon to pass through the diaphragm and anchor at a location away
from the diaphragm. As the diaphragm thickness increases, it becomes more difficult
to minimize the diabolo dimensions at the exit ends if using the Type 1 form. The
addition of a straight or curved constant diameter section may be used between the
diabolo ends in this instance. Note that this detail currently does not meeting current
grouting practices where a grout outlet is required at the high point. Refer to Section
7.2 of this report for further discussion and details.
3-6
Figure 3-8
Type 2 Form at Pier Diaphragm for a Continuous Tendon
The Type 3 and Type 4 diabolo forms are used at anchor locations. The Type 3 form
pictured in Figure 3-9 shows a tendon anchored horizontally with deviation at the exit
end.
Figure 3-10 shows a tendon anchored at an angle and also angled at the exit end.
Both forms consist of a guide pipe with a diabolo form at the exit end. The shape of
the guide pipe at the anchorage end will depend on the type of anchorage supplied
as discussed in Section 5.0 and may be constructed horizontal or angled.
Figure 3-9
Type 3 Form near Anchorage
3-7
Figure 3-10
Type 4 Form near Anchorage
3-8
α α
Figure 3-11
DSI PE Deflection Half Shell Systems
3-9
Courtesy of Teddy Theryo
Figure 3-12
DSI Half Shell Inserts in Diaphragm during Installation
Figure 3-13
DSI PE Half Shell Inserts
3-10
4.0 POST-TENSIONING ANCHORAGES
Replaceability requires that the entire tendon including strands, grout and PE duct be
removable and replaceable after tendon de-tensioning. To allow for this operation,
the anchorage system is slightly different from the typical bonded system where the
anchor body is cast into the concrete. There are several anchorage types currently
available that allow replacement of the tendons. One system uses a guide pipe with
bearing plate cast into the concrete. Strands are seated in the anchor head (wedge
plate) which bears against the guide pipe bearing plate to transfer force to the concrete
section as shown in Figure 4-1 and Figure 4-2. An alternative anchorage system uses
a more conventional anchor body and trumpet system. In this system, a separate
inner trumpet and duct system is inserted into the outer anchor body and duct which
allows future replaceability as shown in Figure 4-3.
Anchorage systems are proprietary, and each supplier will have slightly different
systems to accommodate replaceability. The designer should schematically show the
anchorage system and guide pipe assembly and require the post-tensioning supplier
to submit shop drawing details for the designer to review and approve.
Figure 4-1
DSI External PT Plate Anchorage System
4-1
Figure 4-2
VSL Type A Plate Anchorage System
Figure 4-3
VSL Type GC Anchorage System for External Tendons
4-2
5.0 TESTING
In the United States, however, there is very little information regarding testing of
diabolos and geometric requirements. One such case where testing was performed
is discussed below. The tests specified in Section 6.1 are recommended for adoption
into PTI/ASBI M50.3 Guide Specification for Grouted Post-Tensioning.
(a) Wear and Creep Test - The wear creep test is the modified test required
by ETAG 013 – Post-Tensioning Kits for Prestressing of Structures,
Section 6.1.5-I and test procedure specified in Annex B.5.1.
(b) Flexibility of Duct Test - The flexibility test is based on fib Bulletin 7
Section 4.1.3 requirement and test procedure specified in Annex A3.
The D/B team proposed to test four 19-0.6” diameter strand tendons with radius of
curvature of 10’ and angles of deviation ranging from 0.1 radians (5.7 degrees) to 0.4
radians (22.9 degrees). The specimens were tested between February 10, 2011 and
March 4, 2011 [30]. Figure 5-1 shows the test set-up requirements from ETAG Annex
B.5.1 [4].
5-1
Figure 5-1
ETAG 013 Deviator Test Set-up for Static Load Test
Figure 5-2 to Figure 5-5 show the testing performed by VSL for FDOT. The test report
concluded that the tests were successful and met the Modified Special Provision
requirements.
Figure 5-2
Diabolo Test Specimen Prior to Concreting
5-2
Courtesy of Structural Technologies
Figure 5-3
Diabolo Testing in Progress
Figure 5-4
Stressing Jack Fully Retracted
5-3
Courtesy of Structural Technologies
Figure 5-5
Duct Internal Area Wear after Testing
5-4
6.0 DESIGN PARAMETERS
At Deviator At Anchorage
Figure 6-1
Minimum Tendon Radii and Tangent Length
Based on European Technical Assessments (ETA) [5] [6] [7] [8] of various post-tensioning
suppliers meeting ETAG 013 requirements and test results from the project in Florida
[30], the recommended minimum radii and tangent lengths for different sizes of tendon
are listed in Table 6-1 and Table 6-2. The designer should verify the dimensions
based on the selected post-tensioning system as the requirements differ slightly.
Refer to FDOT Structures Manual [14] for alternative minimum tendon radii and tangent
lengths.
6-1
Table 6-1
Minimum Tendon Radii and Tangent Lengths at Anchorages
Tendon Size Minimum Radius (feet) Min. Tangent Length (feet)
7-0.6” 9.8 2.5
12-0.6” 11.5 3.3
15-0.6” 12.3 3.3
19-0.6” 13.1 3.9
22-0.6” 13.9 3.9
27-0.6” 14.8 4.3
31-0.6” 15.6 4.8
Table 6-2
Minimum Tendon Radii at Deviators
Tendon Size Minimum Radius (feet)
7-0.6” 6.6
12-0.6” 8.2
15-0.6” 9.0
19-0.6” 9.8
22-0.6” 10.7
27-0.6” 11.5
31-0.6” 12.3
It is recommended that the minimum inside diameter of the diabolo form is at least
one-half inch larger than the outside diameter of the tendon duct. This one-half inch
gap allows the deformed duct to pass through the diabolo void in the event
replacement of the tendon is required.
6-2
The main concern is the durability of the duct due to deformations during stressing of
the tendon. The duct is not confined by the concrete section and is free to deform and
expand. The diabolo inside diameter to tendon duct outside diameter varies along the
length of the contact area as the diabolo form flares out. Durability associated with
duct size to diabolo dimensions is addressed by testing in accordance with ETAG 013,
Section 6.1.5-I. Note that this section allows that previous known successful behavior
may be considered sufficient. Testing every diabolo to duct combination need not be
required unless the minimum radius of the diabolo uses smaller radii than shown in
Table 6-1 and Table 6-2.
Deviators design using diabolo forms differ from deviators using individually bent steel
pipes. The contact length where the tendon bears against a diabolo form is typically
shorter than when using pre-bent pipes which leads to more concentrated or larger
tie-down reinforcement requirements.
6-3
7.0 CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS
Solid nylon and PE forms can be removable (Figure 7-1) or stay-in-place (Figure 7-2).
The Type 2 through Type 4 forms discussed in Section 4.3 are typically stay-in-place
due to the length and complexity of the shape. Figure 7-3 shows a diabolo at a future
tendon deviator constructed using a removable wood form.
Figure 7-1
Diabolo Constructed using Removable Form – During Construction
7-1
Courtesy of Structural Technologies
Figure 7-2
Diabolo Constructed using Stay-In-Place Form
Figure 7-3
Diabolo Constructed using Removable Form – After Construction
7-2
7.2 Grouting of External PT Tendon
Grouting of replaceable external PT tendons shall follow current PTI M55.1-12
Specification for Grouting of Post-Tensioned Structures. The location of grout inlets,
outlets and inspection ports shall follow the details shown in Appendix C of that
document. One difference that needs further investigation and discussion with PTI M-
55 Grouting Committee is the Type 2 diabolo form used for a continuous tendon
through a pier diaphragm as depicted in Figure 3-6, Figure 3-8 and Figure 3-13.
Current requirements require a grout outlet at the high point of the tendon as shown
in Figure 7-4. The proposed Type 2 diabolo form with an outer guide pipe would
prevent placing the grout outlet at the high point. It is recommended that additional
testing be performed to determine if proper grouting can be achieved using the
proposed details shown in Figure 7-5 and Figure 7-6. Vacuum or vacuum assisted
grouting may also be considered to minimize risk of voids at the high point.
Figure 7-4
Current Grouting Detail for Tendon at Diaphragm
7-3
Figure 7-6 shows the details for the above grouting schematic. Grout outlets are
placed as close as possible to the pier diaphragm. Duct couplers are placed 1 meter
(39 in) from the diaphragm face to allow room for the grout outlet connections.
7-4
be achieved by either cutting or burning the strands. Burning/heating the strands with
an open flame is typically not performed for tendons located inside the box girder due
to confined space requirements. The heat generation, ventilation requirements, and
safety concerns typically rule out this option. Heating the strands at the end
anchorages is feasible to release some of the energy in the strands. The typical
method of detensioning the tendons is to incrementally cut the strands in an attempt
to release the energy in the strands in as slow a manner as possible.
Additional personnel shall stay away from the tendon and from behind anchorages
during de-tensioning operations. Installation of a steel containment plate behind the
anchorages is encouraged. If the tendon is being replaced due to corrosion in areas
of voids or soft grout, sections of strand may not be bonded to hard grout. Since grout
is injected into the tendon duct after tendon stressing, compression in the grout is low.
As the strands are cut, the force is transferred to the surrounding grout similar to a
pretensioned girder. In the case of poorly grouted sections of tendon; the energy may
be released more suddenly.
Figure 7-7
Tendon De-tensioning Schematic
7-5
Courtesy of Teddy Theryo
Figure 7-8
U-bolt Clamps around Strands
Figure 7-9 shows the typical clearance requirements for stressing a multi-strand
tendon. Figure 7-9a shows the clearance required for positioning the stressing jack.
Adequate room for the strand projection plus the length of the stressing jack is
required. Figure 7-9b shows the clearance required during stressing operations. The
lengths and diameters of stressing jacks used by the various post-tensioning suppliers
varies considerably. Therefore, the designer should refer to supplier data and
conservatively evaluate the clearances required.
7-6
a) During Positioning
b) During Stressing
Figure 7-9
Stressing End Clearance Diagram
Recommended minimum end clearances associated with Figure 8-9a at the stressing
end anchorage based on information from PT supplier brochures [17] [29] are shown in
Table 7-1 along with minimum end and lateral clearances recommended by FDOT [14].
The designer should verify the dimensions based on the selected post-tensioning
supplier’s stressing jacks during design and shop drawing review.
7-7
Table 7-1
Minimum Stressing Jack Envelope Dimensions
The designer should consider future replacement of the tendon and not only
clearance during construction. Figure 7-10 shows typical stressing operations for
span-by-span segmental bridge construction. During construction, tendons are
typically stressed from the leading end of the span. During tendon stressing, the
forward span has not been constructed and the stressing jack can easily be
accommodated as shown in Figure 7-10a. After the forward span has been
constructed, in the event of tendon replacement, conflicts between the stressing jack
and the top slab arise as shown in Figure 7-10b. Reliance on curved stressing
chairs or beveled plates should be avoided.
7-8
a) Stressing during construction – no conflicts
b) Stressing after tendon replacement – stressing jack conflicts with top slab
Figure 7-10
Anchorage Clearance at Interior Diaphragm for Span-by-Span Construction
Figure 7-11 shows the clearance diagram at the non-stressing end of the tendon. The
non-stressing end clearance requirement is reduced but should still be sufficient to
accommodate tendon replacement for the specific anchorage type used in the bridge.
Specific anchorage replacement items include anchor body replacement, inner
trumpet replacement, and adequate space for anchorage to duct connections,
grouting operations, and strand tails. The recommended minimum clearance is 2’-6”.
7-9
Additional consideration should be given to the permanent access openings in the
bridge. External access opening and internal openings at the diaphragms should be
large enough to deliver and transport the equipment required for stressing. A clear
pathway without transverse ribs or other obstructions along the box girder is also
helpful for transporting equipment and materials. Temporary access openings may
be constructed but their size may be limited based on the presence of internal
longitudinal and transverse tendons in the top slab. Careful measures should be taken
to ensure that internal post-tensioning is not damaged when creating temporary
access openings. Temporary access openings also create additional joints that are
susceptible to water intrusion.
7-10
8.0 REFERENCES
1. AASHTO. “LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 7th Edition with 2016 Interims.”
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C.
2. The Concrete Society. Technical Report No. 72, “Durable Post-tensioned Concrete
Structures,” Report of a Concrete Society Working Party, Berkshire, England, 2010.
3. ENV 1992-1-5. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures. Structures with Unbonded
and External Prestressing Tendons.
4. ETAG 013. “Guidelines for European Technical Approval of Post-tensioning Kits for
Prestressing of Structures”. EOTA, Brussels, Belgium, June 2002.
5. European Technical Assessment ETA-06/006. July 28, 2011. VSL, Post-Tensioning
System – Post-tensioning Kits for Prestressing Structures, Koeniz, Switzerland.
6. European Technical Assessment ETA-06/0226. March 19, 2013. Freyssinet System,
“Post-tensioning kit for prestressing of structures”, Paris, France.
7. European Technical Assessment ETA-07/0186. October 19, 2015. Dywidag-Systems
International, “SUSPA Systems External Prestressing System with 30 to 84 Prestressing
Steel Wires”, Vienna, Austria.
8. European Technical Assessment ETA-13/0979. June 27, 2013. Dywidag-Systems
International, “External and Internal unbonded Strand Post-Tensioning Systems for 3 to
37 strands”, Paris, France.
9. Evans, J., Bollmann, H. “Detensioning an External Prestressing Tendon.” Florida
Department of Transportation, ca. 2000.
10. fib. Bulletin No. 7. “Corrugated Plastic Ducts for Internal Bonded Post-Tensioning.”
International Federation for Structural Concrete, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2000.
11. fib. Bulletin No. 75. “Polymer-Duct Systems for Internal Bonded Post-Tensioning.”
International Federation for Structural Concrete, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2014.
12. FDOT. Structures Design Bulletin 14-06. “Revisions to Policy for Post-Tensioning
Tendons.” FDOT State Structures Office, Tallahassee, FL, April 30, 2014.
13. FDOT. Structures Design Bulletin 16-07. “Design and Detailing Requirements for Post-
Tensioning Tendons.” FDOT State Structures Office, Tallahassee, FL, July 22, 2016.
14. FDOT, Structures Manual, Topic No. 625-020-018. Florida Department of
Transportation, Tallahassee, FL, January 2019.
15. FHWA, Post-Tensioning Tendon Installation and Grouting Manual, Version 2.0, May
2013, FHWA-NHI-13-026.
16. Freyssinet. “Freyssinet Prestressing” catalogue. May 2010, Velizy, France.
17. Freyssinet. “The C-range Post-Tensioning System” catalogue. August 1999, Velizy,
France.
18. Goldsberry, B., Hamilton, T., Robertson, R., and Theryo, T. “Flexible PT Duct Filler
Material for Tendon Corrosion Protection.” FDOT, Parsons Brinckerhoff and University
of Florida, Tallahassee, FL, December 2013.
8-1
19. Menn, Christian. “Prestressed Concrete Bridges,” Springer-Verlag, Wien, 1986.
20. Pearson-Kirk, D. “Managing Post-Tensioned Bridges – Better than Before,”
Proceedings of Concrete Solutions, 5th International Conference on Concrete Repair,
Belfast, Northern Ireland, September 1-3, 2014.
21. Pfuntner, J. “External Tendons with Diabolos – Making Something Out of Nothing,”
Aspire, The Concrete Bridge Magazine: 30-31, Fall 2015.
22. PTI M50.3-12, “Guide Specifications for Grouted Post-Tensioning,” Post-Tensioning
Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, June 2012.
23. PTI M55.1-12, “Specification for Grouting of Post-Tensioned Structures,” Post-
Tensioning Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, April 2012.
24. SETRA-LCPC. January 2008. Information notes to raise awareness of existing
structures with external prestressing protected by cement grout in contact with the
tensile elements, Bagneux Cedex, France.
25. SETRA. October 2013. Replacement of External Post-tension in Pont-a-Mousson
Viaduct, Bagneux Cedex, France.
26. SETRA. February 1990. External Prestressing, Bagneux Cedex, France
27. Traute, Markus, Weiher, Hermann. June 2011. “Improved Sustainability in Post-
Tensioning by Replaceable Internal Unbonded Tendons,” DSI.
28. VDOT Structure and Bridge Division Instructional and Information Memorandum (IIM-
SB-91). “General Requirements for the Usage, Design and Specification of Post-
Tensioned Bridge Superstructures.” VDOT Structure and Bridge Division, Richmond,
VA, December 13, 2016.
29. VSL International Ltd. 1991. “Detailing for Post-tensioning,” Bern, Switzerland, VSL
Report Series 3.
30. VStructural LLC/VSL. 2011. “ECI 6-19 External tendon Diabolo Wear Resistance and
Flexibility Testing in Accordance with FDOT Supplemental Specifications 462-4.8,”
Springfield, VA.
31. VSL International Ltd. July 2008. “VSL External PT tendons with Monostrands,” Report
No. 498, Bern, Switzerland.
32. VSL International Ltd. April 1988. “External Post-Tensioning.” Bern, Switzerland
8-2