Ee6604 Quesition Bank PDF

REGULATION:2013 ACADEMIC YEAR: 2018-2019
EE6604 DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES LT P C 3104
OBJECTIVES:
• To study mmf calculation and thermal rating of various types of electrical machines.
• To design armature and field systems for D.C. machines.
• To design core, yoke, windings and cooling systems of transformers.
• To design stator and rotor of induction machines.
• To design stator and rotor of synchronous machines and study their thermal behavior.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Major considerations in Electrical Machine Design - Electrical Engineering Materials – Space factor
– Choice of Specific Electrical and Magnetic loadings - Thermal considerations - Heat flow –
Temperature rise and Insulating Materials - Rating of machines – Standard specifications.
UNIT II DC MACHINES 9
Output Equations – Main Dimensions – Choice of Specific Electric and Magnetic Loading –
Magnetic Circuits Calculations - Carter’s Coefficient - Net length of Iron –Real & Apparent flux
densities – Selection of number of poles – Design of Armature – Design of commutator and brushes
– performance prediction using design values.
UNIT III TRANSFORMERS 9

Output Equations – Main Dimensions - kVA output for single and three phase transformers –
Window space factor – Design of core and winding – Overall dimensions – Operating
characteristics – No load current – Temperature rise in Transformers – Design of Tank - Methods of
cooling of Transformers.
UNIT IV INDUCTION MOTORS 9

Output equation of Induction motor – Main dimensions – Choice of Average flux density – Length
of air gap- Rules for selecting rotor slots of squirrel cage machines – Design of rotor bars & slots –
Design of end rings – Design of wound rotor – Magnetic leakage calculations – Leakage reactance
of poly-phase machines- Magnetizing current - Short circuit current – Operating characteristics-
Losses and Efficiency.
UNIT V SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 9

Output equations – choice of Electrical and Magnetic Loading – Design of salient pole machines –
Short circuit ratio – shape of pole face – Armature design – Armature parameters – Estimation of air
gap length – Design of rotor –Design of damper winding – Determination of full load field mmf –
Design of field winding – Design of turbo alternators – Rotor design.
TOTAL (L:45+T:15): 60 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
Ability to model and analyze electrical apparatus and their application to power system
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Sawhney, A.K., 'A Course in Electrical Machine Design', Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi, 1984.
2. M.V.Deshpande “Design and Testing of Electrical Machine Design” Wheeler Publications, 2010.
JIT-JEPPIAAR/EEE/Mr. K. JAYAVELU/IIIrdYr/SEM 06 /EE6604/DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES/UNIT 1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
5.1
REFERENCES:
1. A.Shanmuga Sundaram, G.Gangadharan, R.Palani 'Electrical Machine Design Data Book', New
Age International Pvt. Ltd., Reprint, 2007.
2. R.K.Agarwal “ Principles of Electrical Machine Design” Esskay Publications, Delhi, 2002.
Subject Code: EE6604 Year/Semester: III/06

Subject Name: Design of Electrical Machines Subject Handler: Mr. K. Jayavelu
UNIT I - INTRODUCTION
Major considerations in Electrical Machine Design - Electrical Engineering Materials –

Space factor – Choice of Specific Electrical and Magnetic loadings - Thermal considerations
- Heat flow – Temperature rise and Insulating Materials - Rating of machines – Standard
specifications.
PART * A
Q.
Questions
No
Define heating time constant. BTL1
1 Heating time constant is defined as the time taken by the machine to attain 0.632 of its
final steady temperature rise.
Define cooling time constant. BTL1
2 It is defined as the time taken by the machine for its temperature to fall to 0.368 of its
initial value.
What are the major ratings of Electrical machines? BTL6
➢ Short time rating
3
➢ continuous rating
➢ Intermittent periodic rating.
Define Continuous rating. BTL1
4 It defines the output which a machine can give continuously without exceeding specified
temperature rise. Machine can be operated for a very long period.
Define Short time rating. BTL1
Short time rating defines the output at which the machine can be operated for a specified
5
time (1/4, 1/2, 1 hour) without exceeding specified temperature rise. The operating
period is very short and shut down period is very long.
Give the expression for temperature rise. BTL3
θ = θf – ( θf – θ1 ) e(-t/τ)
6 where, θ = Temperature rise during the time ‘t’ (heating), θf = Final steady temperature
rise,
θ1 = initial temperature rise, τ = Heating time constant.
Give expression for cooling. BTL3
7 θ‘ =θf‘ + (θ2 – θf’ ) e(-t/ τc)
where, θ‘ = Temperature rise during the time ‘t’ (cooling)
5.2
θf = Final temp. rise reached during cooling, θ2 = Initial temp. rise at which cooling is
started
τc = Cooling time constant.
What are the major design considerations? (Dec2011, May2013, Dec2015 & Dec 2018)
BTL6
8 ➢ Cost
➢ Durability
➢ Performance.
What are the limitations in design? BTL6
➢ Saturation
9 ➢ Temperature rise
➢ Insulation
➢ Efficiency.
What are the major design factors? BTL6
➢ Magnetic Circuits
10 ➢ Electric Circuits
➢ Thermal Circuits
➢ Mechanical Parts.
What are the properties to be met by conductor? BTL6
➢ Highest possible conductivity
11 ➢ least possible temperature coefficient of resistance
➢ adequate mechanical strength
➢ Resistance to corrosion.
What is a soft magnetic material? BTL6
12
Magnetic materials with narrow hysteresis loop are called soft magnetic material.
What are the causes of failure of insulation? BTL6
➢ Weak points in the insulator
13 ➢ Effect of aging and mechanical fatigue
➢ Mica migration
➢ Tracking.
What is mica migration in insulating material? BTL6
14
It is a natural phenomenon of shifting of mica due to difference in the coefficient of th.
Define temperature gradient. BTL1
15
Variation of temperature with respect to distance is called temperature gradient.
Define thermal ohm. BTL1
16 It is defined as the thermal resistance which causes a drop of 1°C per Watt of heat flow.
L = Length of embedded conductors
Give the expression for heat flow in 2-D. BTL1
°C
17
where, Q = Total heat produced in coil, l = Length of coil in m, w = Width of coil, t =
Thickness of coil, ρx, ρy = Thermal resistivity in x and y directions.
Give the expression for temperature difference between center and overhang of a
18
conductor. BTL1
5.3
°C
Where, θ = Temperature difference in °C δ = Current density in A/m2
ρ = electrical resistivity in Ωmρc = Thermal resistivity in Ωm
Express heating time constant in terms of rate of temperature difference. BTL1
19 ; T – heating time constant; – Final temperature rise during heating;
θ – Temperature rise during time ‘t’.

What are the factors that affect the size of rotating machine? (Dec2013, May2015 &
Dec 2016) BTL1
20
The factors affecting the size of the rotating machines are speed, electric and magnetic
loadings.
What is specific Electric loading? (May 2012, May 2013, May 2014, May 2015 & Dec
2016) BTL1
21
The total amount of ampere conductors available at the armature periphery per unit
length is called specific electric loading. It is given by ac = Izz/πD, A/m
What are the different types of magnetic materials according to their degree of
magnetism? (May2011) (Dec 2011) (May 2014)6TL1
22 ➢ Ferro magnetic materials - µr>>1
➢ Para magnetic materials - µr> 1
➢ Dia magnetic materials - µr< 1
What are the main dimensions of a rotating machine? BTL6
23
Armature or rotor diameter and Stator core length.
Why silicon content in electrical sheet steel is limited to four to five percent? BTL4
24 If silicon content in electrical sheet steel exceeds five percent, then it acts brittle and
creates difficulties in punching.
What is real and apparent flux density? BTL6
The real flux density is due to the actual flux through a tooth. The apparent flux density
25 is due to total flux that has to be passing through the tooth. Since some of the fluxes
pass through slot so that the real flux density is always less than the apparent flux
density.
What is specific Magnetic loading? (May 2016) BTL1
The average flux density over the air gap of a machine is known as specific magnetic
26
loading.
Bav= Total flux around the air gap/Area of flux path at the air gap = PΦ/πDL
Mention the various duty cycles of a motor. (May 2016, Dec 2018 &May2017) BTL1
➢ Continuous duty
➢ Short time duty operation of motor
➢ Intermittent periodic duty
27 ➢ Intermittent periodic duty with starting
➢ Intermittent periodic duty with starting & braking
➢ Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading
➢ Continuous duty with starting & braking
➢ Continuous duty with periodic load changes
5.4
Define space factor. (Dec2015) BTL1

28 The ratio of the volume occupied by the wire in the winding or the iron in the core into
the total volume of the winding or the core
What are the electrical properties of insulating materials. (May 2017)BTL6
➢ High dielectric strength, sustained at elevated temperature.
➢ High resistivity or specific resistance.
➢ Low dielectric hysteresis.
29
➢ Good thermal conductivity.
➢ High degree of thermal stability i.e., it should not deteriorate at high temperature.
➢ Ability to withstand moisture, chemical attack, heat and other conditions of proposed
service
PART * B
Write a note on classification of insulating materials based on thermal considerations.
(May 2015, May 2018, Dec 2018)(13M)BTL1
Answer: Page: 1.17 to 1.19 – Dr. V. Balaji
Classes of insulating materials (4 M)

➢ Insulating materials used in machines like Transformers, Generators and Motors
based on their thermal heat withstanding capacity.
➢ As we know that with increase in load the temperature of winding also increases due
to increase in current flows.
Classes of Insulating Materials: (9M)
➢ Class Y – 90°C
Cotton, silk, paper and similar organic materials.
➢ Class A – 105°C
Impregnated paper, silk, cotton, polymide, resins.
1 ➢ Class E – 120°C
Enameled wire insulations on base of molded polyvinyle epoxy resins, powder
plastics.
➢ Class B – 130°C
Inorganic material (Mica, Fibre, Glass, Asbestos) impregnated with varnish and
other compounds.
➢ Class F – 155°C
Mica, polyster epoxide varnished and other varnish and in the high heat
resistance.
➢ Class H – 180
Composite materials on mica, fibre glass and other asbestos bases, impregnated
in the silicon rubber except other rubber compounds.
➢ Class C – >180°C
Mica, Ceramics, Glass, Teflon and Quartz.
What are the limitations being imposed on the design of electrical apparatus? Explain
briefly. (Dec2014) (8 M) BTL1
2
5.5
Designer understands rated power output, rated voltage and rated current of the machine.
The limitations being imposed on the design of electrical apparatus are
1. Saturation
2. Temperature rise
3. Insulation
4. Efficiency
5. Mechanical parts
6. Commutation
7. Power factor
8. Consumer’s specifications
9. Standard specifications
Calculate the specific magnetic loading of 100HP, 300V, 3 phase, 50Hz, 8 pole, star
connected, flame proof induction motor having stator core length = 0.5m and stator
bore = 0.66m, turns/phase = 286. Assume full load efficiency as 0.938 and power factor
has 0.86. (Dec 2013) (8 M) BTL3
Given Data:
P = 100 HP, V = 300 V, 3-phase IM, f = 50 Hz, p = 8, star connected, L = 0.5 m, D = 0.66
m, Tph = 286, η = 0.938, pf = 0.86
Solution:
3 Q = C0 D2Lns
𝐻𝑃∗0.746
Q = 𝜂∗𝑝𝑓 = 92.48 kVA
ns = 2f/p = 12.5 rps
ac = Iz * Z/(πD) (4 M)
IL = Iph = Iz = Q/(√3 VL *10-3) = 178 A
ac = 147313 ac/m
C0 = 11 Bav ac Kws*10-3
Bav = 0.022 wb/m2 (4 M)
What are the main groups of electrical conducting materials? Describe the properties
and application of those materials. (Dec 2011, May 2013, Dec 2018&May 2014)(13
M)BTL5
Answer: Page: 1.4 to 1.10– Dr. V. Balaji
Electrical conducting material are the basic requirement for electrical engineering
4 products. The electrical conducting material can be classified as below-
Based on Resistivity or Conductivity
➢ Low resistivity or high conductivity conducting material
➢ High resistivity or Low conductivity conducting material (3 M)
Low Resistivity or High Conductivity Conducting Material
Material having low resistivity or high conductivity are very useful in electrical engineering
products. These material used as conductors for all kind of windings required in electrical
5.6
machines, apparatus and devices. These materials are also used as conductor in transmission
and distribution of electrical energy. Some of low resistivity or high conductivity materials
and their resistivity are given in table below –
➢ Silver
➢ Copper
➢ Gold
➢ Aluminum (5 M)
High Resistivity or Low Conductivity Conducting Material
Materials having High resistivity or Low conductivity conducting are very useful for
electrical engineering products. These material are used to manufacture the filaments for
incandescent lamp, heating elements for electric heaters, space heaters and electric irons etc.
Some of materials having High resistivity or Low conductivity are listed below:
➢ Tungsten
➢ Carbon
➢ Nichrome or Bright ray - B
➢ Nichrome – Vor Bright ray - C
➢ Manganin
This general property of a conductor is listed below – In equilibrium condition the
conductor exhibits the following properties –
➢ Resistance
➢ Inductance
➢ The electric filed inside the conductor is zero
➢ The charge density inside the conductor is zero
➢ Free charge exists only on the surface of the conductor
➢ At the conductor surface, the electric field is normal to the surface. (4 M)
Explain in detail the various cooling methods of electrical machines. (May 2014) (13 M)
BTL1
Answer: Page: - Notes
Answer: Page: 1.4 to 1.10– Dr. V. Balaji
A process by means of which heat resulting from losses occuring in a machine is given up
to a primary coolant by increasing its temperature.
Depending upon the origin of cooling (5 M)
➢ Cooling System
5
➢ Natural Cooling
➢ Separate Cooling
According to the manner of cooling (8 M)
➢ Open circuit ventilation
➢ Surface ventilation
➢ Closed circuit ventilation
➢ Liquid Cooling
➢ Inner cooling of windings
6 State and explain the advantages of hydrogen cooling as apllied to turbo
5.7
alternatrors.(May 2015) (May 2016&Dec2016) BTL1

Answer: Page: - Notes
➢ The two main advantages of hydrogen cooling medium are its density is 1/14th of
the air and its thermal conductivity is 6.7 times that of the air.
➢ These two properties of the hydrogen gas have following advantages:
➢ Windage losses which are proportional to the density of the cooling medium are
drastically reduced. as lower as 10 times compared to the air.
➢ Therefore, this has the advantage of increase in the efficiency of the generator by
0.7 to 1%.
➢ The noise generated by the alternator is reduced considerably due to the lighter
cooling, medium and lower friction,
➢ The cooling surface required for Hydrogen cooling is considerably smaller than that
needed for the air coolers due to high heat transfer rates.
➢ The reliability of the insulation increases, and its life span is prolonged.
➢ The absence of oxidation of the insulation and of accumulation of dust and moisture
reduces the maintenance of the machine,
➢ There is no possibility of the fire hazard in the machine if the failure occurs in the
winding insulation as hydrogen gas does not support combustion.
➢ Therefore, there is no needs to incorporate any fire control,
➢ The usage of hydrogen gas as cooling medium compared to air permits the machine
of the same dimension to have 20% greater output capacity.
➢ Hydrogen cooled alternators requires 20% less active material (steel and copper)
than an air-cooled machine.
➢ The reason for this is the rate of heat transfer is 1.35 times greater than air and
thermal conductivity of hydrogen is 6.7 times greater than that of the air.
➢ The corona effects on the conductors in the windings are less harmful in hydrogen
atmosphere compared to air.
➢ This also increase the life of the windings.
➢ Due to numerous advantages offered by the hydrogen cooling, it is universally
accepted better cooling medium for high capacity generating units. (9 M)
5.8
(4 M)
The exciting coil of an electromagnet has a cross section of 120*50 mm2and a length of
mean turn 08m. It dissipates 150W continuously. Its cooling surface is 0.125m2 and
specific heat dissipation is 30 W/m2degree Celsius. Calculate the final steady
temperature rise of the coil surface. Also calculate the hot spot temperature rise of the
coil if the thermal resistivity of insulating material used is 8m. the space vector is 0.56.
(May 2015) (8 M) BTL2
Answer: Page: 1.56 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
Cross section of electromagnet ac = 120 x 50 mm2
7 Length of mean turn lc = 0.8 m
Cooling surface S = 0.125 m
Specific head dissipation λ = 30 W/m2
Thermal resistivity8 ohm m
Space factor Sf = 0.56
Solution:
θm = Q / Sλ = 40° C
ρ0 = ρi = (1- Sf½ ) = 2 Ωm (4 M)
Loss q = Q / ac lc = 31250 W/m2
θ0 = qpt2/8 = 19.5 °C
Temperature rise of hot spot = 59.5 °C (4 M)
What are the major considerations to evolve a good design of electrical machine?
(May2017) (7M) BTL1
8 Major considerations in Electrical Machine Design:

➢ The basic components of all electromagnetic apparatus are the field and armature
windings supported by dielectric or insulation, cooling system and mechanical parts.
➢ Therefore, the factors for consideration in the design are,
Magnetic circuit or the flux path: Should establish required amount of flux using
5.9
minimum MMF. The core losses should be less.

Electric circuit or windings: Should ensure required EMF is induced with no complexity in
winding arrangement. The copper losses should be less.
Insulation: Should ensure trouble free separation of machine parts operating at different
potential and confine the current in the prescribed paths.
Cooling system or ventilation: Should ensure that the machine operates at the specified
temperature.
Machine parts: Should be robust. The art of successful design lies not only in resolving the
conflict for space between iron, copper, insulation and coolant but also in optimization of
cost of manufacturing and operating and maintenance charges.
The factors, apart from the above, that requires consideration are
➢ Limitation in design (saturation, current density, insulation, temperature rise etc.,)
➢ Customer’s needs
➢ National and international standards
➢ Convenience in production line and transportation
➢ Maintenance and repairs
➢ Environmental conditions etc.
Limitations in design:
➢ The materials used for the machine and others such as cooling etc., imposes a
limitation in design.
➢ The limitations stem from saturation of iron, current density in conductors,
temperature, insulation, mechanical properties, efficiency, power factor etc.
Saturation:
➢ Higher flux density reduces the volume of iron but drives the iron to operate beyond
knee of the magnetization curve or in the region of saturation.
➢ Saturation of iron poses a limitation on account of increased core loss and excessive
excitation required to establish a desired value of flux. It also introduces harmonics.
Current density:
➢ Higher current density reduces the volume of copper but increases the losses and
temperature.
Temperature:
➢ poses a limitation on account of possible damage to insulation and other materials.
Insulation:
➢ poses a limitation on account of breakdown by excessive voltage gradient,
mechanical forces or heat.
➢ Mechanical strength of the materials poses a limitation particularly in case of large
and high-speed machines.
➢ High efficiency and high-power factor poses a limitation on account of higher capital
cost.
➢ Mechanical Commutation in dc motors or generators leads to poor commutation.
➢ Apart from the above factors Consumer, manufacturer or standard specifications may
pose a limitation.
(ii) Write a short note on standard specifications. List the Indian standard
specifications for transformer and induction motor. (May 2017) (6 M) BTL1
5.10
The standard specifications issued for electrical machines:

➢ Standard rating of machines
➢ Types of enclosure
➢ Standard dimensions of conductor to be used
➢ Method of marking rating and name plate details
➢ Performance specifications to be met
➢ Types of insulation and permissible temperature rise
➢ Permissible loss and range of efficiency
➢ Procedure for testing of machines parts and machines
➢ Auxiliary equipment to be provided
➢ Cooling methods to be adopted
Indian standard specification:
IS449 – 1962: Standard dimensions of enameled round copper conductor. (oleo resinous
enamel)
IS1595 – 1960: Standard dimensions of enameled round copper conductor. (synthetic
enamel)
IS1897 – 1962: Standard dimension of bare copper strip.
IS1666 – 1961: Standard dimension of paper covered rectangular copper conductor for
transformer winding.
IS2068 – 1962: Standard dimension of cotton covered rectangular copper conductor for
transformer winding.
IS325 – 1961: Specification for the phase induction motor.
IS966 – 1964: Specification for single phase ac and universal motor.
A stator of machine has a smooth surface, but its rotor has open types of slots with slot
width equal to tooth width=12mm and the length of air gap=2mm. Find the effective
1
length of air gap, if its carter’s co-efficient K c
 . (Dec2016) (8 M) BTL4
lg
1 5
ws
Given Data:
Ws = 12 mmm
9 Lg = 2 mm
Solution:
1
K c
 = 0.545
lg
1 5
ws
Ys = ws + wt = 24 mm
Kgs = Ys/(Ys – KcsWs) = 1.37 (4 M)
Kgd = 1
Kg = Kgs * Kgd = 1.37
lgs =kg * lg = 2.74 mm (4 M)
5.11
Calculate the apparent flux density at a section of the teeth from the following data:
slot width =10mm, tooth width = 12mm, Gross core length =0.32m, No. of ventilating
ducts=4 with each 10mm wide, real flux density =2.2Wb/m2.Permeability of teeth
corresponding to real flux= 3.14*10-6 H/m. Stacking factor=0.9. (Dec2016)(8 M) BTL6
Given Data:
Wt = 12 mm, ws = 10 mm, L = 0.32 m, nd = 4, wd = 10 mm, Breal = 2.2 wb/mm2, μ =
31.4*10-6 H/m, Sf = 0.9
10 Solution:
Bapp= Breal+ μ0 atreal (Ks – 1)
At real = Breal/μ = 70063 A/m
𝐿𝑌𝑠
Ks = 𝐿𝑖 𝑤𝑡
Ys = wt + ws = 22 mm (4 M)
Li = L’Sf = Sf (L – ndwd) = 0.252 m
Ks = 2.328
Bapp= 2.317 wb/m2 (4 M)
List the methods used for determining motor power rating for variable load drives.
Describe any two methods. (Dec2015&Dec2016) (13 M)BTL1
Methods: (2 M)
➢ Methods of average losses
➢ Equivalent current method
➢ Equivalent torque method
➢ Equivalent power method
Methods of average losses (2 M)
Qper = Qnom / Sλ
Qm = Qav / Sλ
11 Average losses Qam = (Q1t1 + Q2t2 +Q3t3 + …..+ Qntn) / (t1 + t2 +…..+ tn)
Equivalent current method (3 M)
The equivalent current method is based upon the assumption that the actual variable current
may be replaced by an equivalent current.
(𝐼12𝑡1+𝐼22𝑡2+⋯+𝐼𝑛2𝑡𝑛) 1/2
Ieq=[ ]
𝑡1+𝑡2+⋯_𝑡𝑛
For a triangular shaped diagram Ieq = (I1/3)1/2
For a trapezoidal diagrmIeq = √[(I12 + I1I2 + I22)/3]
Equivalent torque method (3 M)
(𝑇12𝑡1+𝑇22𝑡2+⋯+𝑇𝑛2𝑡𝑛) 1/2
Teq=[ ]
Equivalent powermethod (3 M)
(𝑃12𝑡1+𝑃22𝑡2+⋯+𝑃𝑛2𝑡𝑛) 1/2
Peq=[ ]
PART *C
1 Discuss about the factors that influence the choice of specific electric and magnetic
5.12
loadings in the design of rotating machines. (Dec2015, Dec 2018) (15 M)BTL6
Specific magnetic loading: (7 M)
Iron loss:
➢ A high value of flux density in the air gap leads to higher value of flux in the iron
parts of the machine which results in increased iron losses and reduced efficiency.
Voltage:
➢ When the machine is designed for higher voltage space occupied by the insulation
becomes more thus making the teeth smaller and hence higher flux density in teeth
and core.
Transient short circuit current:
➢ A high value of gap density results in decrease in leakage reactance and hence
increased value of armature current under short circuit conditions.
Stability:
➢ The maximum power output of a machine under steady state condition is indirectly
proportional to synchronous reactance.
➢ If higher value of flux density is used it leads to smaller number of turns per phase in
armature winding.
➢ This results in reduced value of leakage reactance and hence increased value of
power and hence increased steady state stability.
Parallel operation:
➢ The satisfactory parallel operation of synchronous generators depends on the
synchronizing power.
➢ Higher the synchronizing power higher will be the ability of the machine to operate
in synchronism.
➢ The synchronizing power is inversely proportional to the synchronous reactance and
hence the machines designed with higher value air gap flux density will have better
ability to operate in parallel with other machines.
Specific Electric Loading:(8 M)
Copper loss:
➢ Higher the value of q larger will be the number of armature of conductors which
results in higher copper loss.
➢ This will result in higher temperature rise and reduction in efficiency.
Voltage:
➢ A higher value of q can be used for low voltage machines since the space required for
the insulation will be smaller.
Synchronous reactance:
➢ High value of q leads to higher value of leakage reactance and armature reaction and
hence higher value of synchronous reactance.
➢ Such machines will have poor voltage regulation, lower value of current under short
circuit condition and low value of steady state stability limit and small value of
synchronizing power.
Stray load losses:
➢ With increase of q stray load losses will increase.
➢ Values of specific magnetic and specific electric loading can be selected from Design
5.13
Data Hand Book for salient and non-salient pole machines.

Derive the equation of temperature rise of a machine when it is run under steady load
conditions starting from conditions starting from cold condition. (15 M) (Dec2014)
BTL1
Thermal State in Electrical Machines: (3 M)

➢ In the theory of solid body heating, the temperature of a machines rises when it is run
under steady load conditions starting from cold conditions.
➢ The temperature at first increases at a rate determined by power wasted.
➢ As the temperature rises, the active parts of the machines dissipated heat partly by
conduction, partly by radiation and in most cases largely by means fair cooling.
Let,
Q = power loss
G = weight of active parts of machines
H = specific heat
S = cooling surface
λ = specific heat dissipation
c = cooling co-efficient
θ = temperature rise at any time
2
θm = final steady state temperature rises while heating
θn = final steady state temperature rises while cooling
Th = heating time constant
Tc = cooling time constant
t = time (2 M)
Heating:
dt = Q*dt
heat energy stored in the body = Ghdθ
heat energy dissipated by the body into the ambient medium du to radiation, conduction and
convection = Sλθ d
Qdt = Ghdθ + Sλθdt
𝑑𝜃
dt = 𝑄 (5 M)
−𝑆𝜆𝜃/𝐺ℎ
𝐺ℎ
𝑄
−𝜃
t = (Gh/Sλ) log ( 𝑆𝜆
𝑄 )
− 𝜃𝑖
𝑆𝜆
Heat time constant Th = Gh/Sλ
If the machines start from cold conditions θi = θ
θ = θm (1- e-t/Th)
At time t = Th from equation θ, θ = 0.632 θm (5 M)
Explain the modern trends in design of electrical machines? (Dec2014) (8 M)BTL1
➢ The modern-day design of electrical machines is designing a number of machines all of
3 which form part of. a single system, interconnected and reacts upon considerably and
disastrously.
➢ Hence isolation design of such system is not possible and it thus forms optimization of
5.14
the system.
➢ It is desired to design a series of machines having different ratings to fit into a single
frame size.
➢ But the finished designs of machines must be produced in groups, where all designs
within group are interdependent hence forms optimization of the system.
➢ Therefore, the optimal solution involves iterations wherein values of variables are
changed to satisfy both the performance and cost constraints.
➢ The evolution of design to meet the specified optimum criteria is a matter of long and
tedious iterations and this fact has led to the application of fast digital computers to the
design of electrical machines and transformers.
➢ The computer aided design has the advantages of eliminating tedious and time-
consuming hand calculations thereby realizing the designer from numerical drudgery to
allow grappling with physical and logical ideas.
➢ The use of computer makes possible more trial designs and enables sophisticated
calculations to be made without intolerable tedium and excessive time.
➢ It makes possible checking of Data at every stage, reduces empiricism, readily handles
non-linearities, and incorporates the designer’s ideas.
The temperature rise of a transformer is 25Degree Celsius after one hour and 37.5
Degree Celsius after two hours of starting from cold conditions. Calculate its final
steady temperature rise and heating time constant if its temperature falls from the final
steady value to 40 Degree Celsius in 1.5 hour when disconnected. Calculate its cooling
time constant. The ambient temperature is 30 Degree Celsius. (May 2015) (8 M) BTL1
Given Data:
θ = 25°C, t = 1 hour
θ = 37.5 °C, t = 2 hour
Solution:
4 For θ = 25°C, t = 1 hour
Temperature rise θ = θm(1 – et/Th)
25°C = θm(1 – e-1/Th) ----- (i) (4 M)
θ = 37.5 °C, t = 2 hour
37.5°C = θm(1 – e-2/Th) -----(ii)
From (i) and (ii)
Th = 0.5
θm = 50°C. (4 M)
A field coil has a heat dissipating surface of 0.15 m2 and a length of mean length of 1 m.
It dissipates loss of 10 W, the emissivity being 34 W/m2 C. Estimate the final steady
temperature rise of the coil and its time constant if the cross section of the coil is 100 x
50 mm2. Specific heat of copper is 390 J/kg C. The space factor is 0.56. Copper weight
5
8900 kg/m3. BTL 1 (8 M)
Answer: Page: 1.55– Dr. V. Balaji
Solution:
➢ Volume of copper = lc * ac * Sf = 2.7x10-3
5.15
➢ Weight of copper G = Volume * Weight per volume

➢ 2.8 * 103 * 8900 = 24.92 kg
➢ Final steady temperature rise θm = (Q/Sλ) = 29.4
➢ Heating time constant Th (Gh/Sλ) = 1906 S
Describe the different methods used for determination of motor rating for variable load
drives with suitable diagrams. BTL 1 (15 M)
➢ Continuous duty
In this case, the duration of load is for sufficiently long time that all the parts of
motor attain thermal equilibrium.
➢ Short time duty operation of motor
In this time, the motor operates at a constant load for some specified time, and then
followed by a period of rest.
➢ Intermittent periodic duty
In this case, on intermittent duty this periods of constant load and rest with machines
de-energized alternate.
➢ Intermittent periodic duty with starting
In this case, the type of duty consists of a sequence of identical duty cycle each
6
consisting of a period of starting, a period of operation at constant load and a rest
period.
➢ Intermittent periodic duty with starting & braking
In this case, the duty consists of a sequence of identical duty cycle, each having a
period of starting a period of operation at constant load and a period of electric
braking and a rest period.
➢ Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading
In this case, the duty consists of a sequence of identical duty cycles, each consisting
of period of operation at constant load and period of operation at no load.
➢ Continuous duty with starting & braking
In this case, the duty consists of a sequence of identical duty cycles, each having
a period of starting a period of operation at constant load and a period of electric
braking.
5.16

UNIT II–DC MACHINES
Output Equations – Main Dimensions – Choice of Specific Electric and Magnetic Loading –
Magnetic Circuits Calculations - Carter’s Coefficient - Net length of Iron –Real & Apparent
flux densities – Selection of number of poles – Design of Armature – Design of commutator
and brushes – performance prediction using design values.
PART * A
Q.
Questions
No
Define copper space factor for coil.(May 2015)BTL1
1
It is the ratio of area of copper in the field coil to the area of cross section of field coil.
How the design of armature is affected by choosing a lower value of air gap flux
density?BTL3
2
The dimensions of armature are increased, leading to magnetic material and cost hike,
however iron losses are reduced.
What are the effects of higher specific electric loading in dc machines?BTL6
3 Reduction in armature size, thus reducing in magnetic material and cost. Armature
copper losses are increased.
How main dimensions are calculated from D2L?BTL3
4
L = Pole arc; (L / Pole pitch) = 0.68 to 0.7, L = (0.68 to 0.7) * ( Π D ) / P.
Find out the cross-sectional area of armature conductor of a four-pole wave wound DC
machine with armature current 200 A and armature winding current density 4.5
5 A/mm2.BTL4
Current per conductor = 200/2 = 100 A
Cross sectional area of conductor = 100/4.5 = 22.2 mm2.
What are the losses occurring at commutator?BTL4
6 ➢ Brush friction loss
➢ Brush contact loss.
What are the advantages of designing a field system for a larger ratio of field mmf to
armature mmf?BTL4
7 ➢ Reduction in field distortion produced by armature reaction,
➢ In generators tendency of flash over is reduced
➢ Motors can be operated at a wide speed range.
What are the drawbacks of the large ratio of field MMF to armature MMF?BTL4
➢ Amount of copper for filled is increased.
8
➢ More winding space is required increasing pole height.
➢ Cost of field system is increased.
What is meant by the term reactance voltage?BTL6
9
The back EMF set up in the armature coil undergoing commutation, due to its self-
5.17
inductance and high rate of charge of current is called reactance voltage.

Give the expression for gap contraction factor for Slots (Dec 2014) (May 2015)BTL2
10 Kgs= Ys/(Ys – KcsWs)
Where; Ys – Slot pitch; Ws– Width of slot,Kcs – Carter’s gap coefficient.
Give the expression for copper space factor of the field coil.BTL2
11 Sf = af.Tf/df. hf
af– cross sectional area. Tf– No. of turns; df – depth of winding; hf– height of winding.
What is slot loading? (May 2011)BTL1
The number of ampere conductors per slot is known as slot loading. It should not exceed
12
1500A.
IzZs≠1500A.
Name any two methods to reduce armature reaction. (May 2011)BTL2
➢ Increasing the length of air gap at pole tips
13 ➢ Increasing reluctance of pole tips
➢ Compensating winding
➢ Inter-poles
Show how the specific magnetic and electric loadings are inter-dependent.(Dec 2011)
14 BTL1
If one value is chosen higher, the other value of other has to be assumed lower.
What is meant by peripheral speed? Write the expression for peripheral speed of a
rotating machine.(May 2012&Dec 2013) BTL6
The peripheral speed is a translational speed that may exist at the surface of the rotor,
15
while it is rotating. It is translational speed equivalent to the angular speed at the surface
of the rotor. peripheral speed Va=πDrn in m/sec.
What is meant by magnetic loading? (May 2012, Dec 2018) BTL1

16 Total amount of flux available in air gap of armature pheriphery is called magnetic
loading.
Define field form factor. (May 2012&May 2016) BTL1
17 Field form factor (KF) is defined as the reatio of average gap density over the pole pitch
to maximum flux density in the air gap. KF =(Bav/Bg) also KF=(Pole arc/ Pole pitch).
What is meant unbalanced magnetic pull? (May 2012)BTL6
18 The unbalanced magnetic pull is the radial force acting on the rotor due to non uniform
air-gap around armature periphery.
Why square pole is preferred?(Dec 2013&May 2015)BTL6
19
Square pole is preferred to reduce copper requirements.
Write down the Output equation & Output coeefficient of a DC Machines.
20 (May2013&Dec2016) BTL1
3
P a  C o D Ln Where C o   B av ac * 10
2 2
What is mean by magnetic circuit calculations? (Dec 2013)BTL6

21 Magnetic circuit calculations involve computation of magnetic flux, mmf and reluctance
of the magnetic circuit.
What are the factors to be considered in the design of commutator of a DC machine?
22
(May 2014)BTL4
5.18
➢ Number of segments
➢ Commutator Diameter
➢ Length of Commutator
Mention any two guiding factors for the choice of number of poles. (Dec2011, May
2013, May 2014 & Dec 2016) BTL5
➢ Frequency of flux reversal
23
➢ Weight of iron
➢ Weight of copper
➢ Length of commutator.
Mention the factors governing the length of armature core in a dc machine? (Dec2014)
24 BTL1
Cost and Ventilation
Why dc motors are preferred in general? (Dec2014)BTL4
➢ Speed control over a wide range both above and below the rated speed
Read
25 ➢ High starting torque
➢ Accurate steep less speed with constant torque
➢ Quick starting, stopping, reversing and acceleration and
➢ Free from harmonics, reactive power consumption.
Distinguish between real and apparent flux density? (Dec2015)(May 2016)(May2017)
BTL1
S. No Real flux density Apparent flux density
26 1 It is due to actual flux through a It is due to total flux that has to pass
tooth through the tooth.
2 It is always less than apparent It is always greater value than real
flux density flux density.
Write down the Carter’s coefficient of DC machine. (Dec2015) BTL1
1
Carter’s Co-efficient 𝐾𝐶 = 𝑙𝑔
1+5( )
𝑤𝑠
(or)
2
tan 1
y 
1
log 1 y
2

27  
ws wd
Where y  for slots and y  for ducts
2l g 2l g
Write down the expression for brush friction loss.(May2017) BTL1

Pbf= µPbABVc, Watts
Where, Pb= Brush contact pressure on commutator, N/m2
28 AB= Total contact area of all brushes,m2
AB=p Ab , for lap
AB= 2Ab, for wave
Vc= Peripheral speed of commutator,m/sec.
5.19
PART- B
Calculate the mmf required for the air-gap of machine having core length = 0.32m
including 4 ducts of 10mm each, pole arc = 0.19m, slot pitch = 65.4mm, slot opening =
5mm, air-gap length =5mm, flux per pole = 52mWb. Given carter’s coefficient is 0.18
for opening / gap= 1, and is 0.28 for opening / gap =
2(Dec2013,Dec2014,Dec2015&Dec2016)(8 M) BTL4
Given Data:
L = 0.32 m, nd =4, Wd = 10 mm, pole arc = 0.19 m, ys = 65.4 mm, w0 = 5 mm, lg = 5 mm,
ϕ = 52 mwb.
Solution:
1 ➢ Ratio (slot opening/Gap length) = 5/5 = 1
➢ Kcs = 0.18
➢ Ratio (Duct width/Gap length) = 10/5 = 2
➢ Kcd = 0.28
➢ Kgs = Ys/(Ys – KcsWs) = 1.014 ------------------- (4 M)
➢ Kgd = L/(L-Kcdndwd) = 1.036
➢ Kg = Kgs * Kgd = 1.05
➢ Flux density at the centre of pole = Bg = (flux/pole)/ (pole arc* core length) = 0.854
wb/m2
➢ Mmf required for air gap ATg = 800,000 Kg Bglg = 3587 AT ------------ (4 M)
A 5kW, 250V, 4 pole, 1500rpm DC shunt generator is designed to have a square pole
face. The specific magnetic loading and specific electric loading are 0.42 Wb/m2 and
15000AC/m respectively. Find the main dimensions of the machine. Assume full load
efficiency = 0.87 and pole arc to pole pitch ratio is 0.66.(May2011,May2012&
May2015)(13 M) BTL4
Given Data:
P = 5 kW, V = 250 V, p = 4, N = 1500 rpm, shut generator square pole face, Bav = 0.42
wb/m2, ac = 15000 ac/m, η = 0.87, ψ = 0.66
2 Answer:
➢ Pa = P[2+η]/3η = 5.5 kW
➢ C0 = π2Bav ac * 10-3 = 62.18
➢ n=N/60 = 25 rps
➢ D2L = Pa/C0n = 3.54 * 10-3 ---------------(6 M)
➢ Given square pole face L/τ = ψ
➢ L = ψ * πD/p
➢ L = 0.5184 D
➢ D = 0.1897 m
➢ L = 0.0983 m ------------------------(7 M)
A design is required for a 50kW, 4 pole, and 600 rpm DC shunt generator. The full load
terminal voltage being 220V. If the maximum gap density is 0.83 Wb/m2 and the
3
armature ampere conductors per meter are 30,000, calculate the suitable dimensions of
the armature core to give a square pole face. Assume the full load armature drop is 3%
5.20
of the rated terminal voltage and the field current is 1% of the full load current. Ratio
of pole arc to pole pitch is 0.67.(13 M) BTL6
Given Data:
P = 50 kW, p = 4, N = 600 rpm, shunt generator, V = 220 V, Bg = 0.83 wb/m 2, ac =
30000 ac/m, square pole face, IaRa = 0.03 of V, If = 0.01 * IL, ψ = 0.67
Answer:
➢ Load current IL = P/V = 227.27 A
➢ Field current If = 2.27 A
➢ Armature current Ia = IL + If = 229.54 A
➢ Armature resistance drop Ia Ra = 0.03 * V = 6.6 V
➢ Generated EMF Eg = V + IaRa = 226.6 V
➢ Pa = Eg * Ia * 10-3 kW = 52 kW
➢ Bav = Bg *ψ = 0.5561 wb/m2
➢ C0 = π2Bav ac * 10-3 = 164.65 ------------- (6M)
➢ n=N/60 = 10 rps
➢ D2L = Pa/C0n = 0.0316
➢ L = ψ * πD/p
➢ L = 0.5262 D
➢ D = 0.3916 m
➢ L = 0.206 m ------------ (7 M)
Determine the diameter and length of armature core for a 55kW, 110V, 1000rpm, 4
pole shunt generator, assuming specific electric and magnetic loadings of 26000ac/m
and 0.5Wb/m2 respectively. The pole arc should be about 70% of pole pitch and length
of core about 1.1 times the pole arc. Allow 10 A for the field current and assume a
voltage of 4V for the armature circuit. Specify the winding used and also determine the
suitable values for the number of armature conductors &number of slots.(May2012,
Dec2013, Dec 2018&Dec2014)(13 M) BTL3
Given Data:
P = 55 kW, p = 4, N = 1000 rpm, shunt generator, V = 110 V, Bav = 0.5 wb/m 2, ac =
26000 ac/m, square pole face, IaRa = 4 V, If = 10 A, pole arc = 70 % pole pitch, L = 1.1
4 pole arc.
Answer:
➢ Eg = V + Ia Ra = 114 V
➢ IL = P/V = 500 A
➢ Ia = IL + If = 510 A
➢ Pa = Eg Ig *10-3 = 58.14 kW
➢ C0 = π2Bav ac * 10-3 = 128.3
➢ n=N/60 = 16.667 rps
➢ D2L = Pa/C0n = 0.0271
➢ L = 1.1 * pole arc = 1.1 * 0.7 * τ = 0.6047 D
➢ D = 0.3551 m
➢ L = 0.2147 m ------------- (7 M)
5.21
If we choose wave winding, the current per parallel path Ia/2 = 510/2 = 255 A
➢ Lap winding, Ia/4 = 127.5 A < 200 A
Hence lap winding is used.
➢ Bav = pϕ/πDL, ϕ = 0.03 wb
For lap winding, Induced emf E = ZpϕN/60A
➢ Z = 288 conductor
The armature slot pitch should lie between 25 to 35 mm. Sa = πD/Ysa
➢ For Ysa = 25 mm, Sa = 44
➢ Ysa = 35 mm, Sa = 32
Therefore number of armature slots Sa = 32
➢ For lap winding, slot/pole slots/pole be multiple of pole pair.
➢ The allowable choice of slots are 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44
➢ If we select 36, slot/pole = Sa/p ±1/2 = 8.5 or 9.5
➢ If we choose 8.5, no. of slots = 8.5 * 4 = 34
➢ Conductor per slot = Z/Sa = 228/34 = 6.7
➢ If we choose 9.5, no. of slots = 9.5 * 4 = 38
➢ Conductor per slot = Z/Sa = 228/38 = 6
➢ Minimum No. of coil Cmin = Ep/15 = 30
➢ No. of coil C = ½ USa, If U = 2, C = 38 and If U = 4, C = 76
➢ Total no. of armature conductor Zs = 38 * 6 = 228
➢ No. of turns Tc = Z/2C = 3 ----------- (6 M)
Explain the various factors that are affected by the selection of poles in a DC machine.
(Dec2013, Dec 2014, May 2018&Dec2016)(8 M) BTL4
➢ Frequency:
The frequency of flux reversal is given by f = pn/2 Hz, F = 25 to 50 Hz
➢ Wight of pole:
• Yoke area
5 • Armature core area
➢ Weight of copper(4 M)
• Armature copper
• Field copper
➢ Length of commutator
➢ Labour charge
➢ Flash spark over
➢ Distortion of field form( 4 M)
Explain various steps involved in the design of shunt field winding of DC machine. (Dec
2013 & May 2015)(13 M) BTL4
The design of shunt field winding involves the determination of the following
6 ➢ Dimensions of the main field pole
➢ Dimensions of the field coil
➢ Dimensions of the field conductor
➢ Current in the shunt field winding
➢ Resistance of the field coil
5.22
➢ Number of turns in the field coil

➢ Losses in the field coil
Dimensions of the main field pole
The dimensions of the rectangular field pole are
➢ Area of cross-section
➢ Length
➢ Width
➢ Height of pole body
For cylindrical poles the dimensions has to be estimated instead of length and width. ----
-------------- (6 M)
Dimensions of field coil
The field coils are former wound & placed on the poles.
The field coils may have rectangular or circular cross-section, depending on the type of
poles. The dimensions of the field coil are depth, height & length of mean turn of field
coil.
Current in the shunt field winding
The shunt field current can be estimated from the knowledge of voltage across field coil
and the resistance of field coil. Each pole of a dc machine carries one field coil and all
the field coils are connected in series to form shunt field winding. Hence the voltage
across each field coil is given by voltage across each field coil, Ef =voltage across shunt
field winding Number of poles field current= Ef/Rf
Resistance of field coil
The resistance of the field coil can be estimated from the knowledge of resistivity of
copper, length of mean turn of field coil and area of cross section of field conductor
Dimensions of field conductor
The dimensions of the are area of cross section and diameter. The area of cross section
of the field conductor can be estimated from the knowledge of field current (If) &
current density
(δf). The usual range of current density in the field conductor is 1.2 to 3.5 A/mm2.
Number of turns in field coil
When the ampere turns to be developed by the field coil is known the turns can be
estimated from the knowledge of field current.
Power loss in the field coil
The power loss in the field coil is copper loss which depends on resistance and current.
Heat developed in the field coil due to this loss and heat is dissipated through the surface
of the coil. If there is no sufficient surface for heat dissipation then heat accumulates,
which may lead to damage (or burning) of the coil. In field coil design the loss
dissipated per unit surface area is specified and from which the required surface area can
be estimated. The surface area of field coil depends on length of mean turn, depth and
height of field coil. Usually the length of mean turn is estimated in order to provide the
required surface area. The heat can be dissipated from all the 4 sides of a coil ie., inner,
outer, top & bottom surface of the coil. ------------- (7 M)
Explain the various steps involved in the design of armature winding of the DC
7
machine.May2014)(13 M) BTL4
5.23

Choice of armature winding -------- (6 M)
➢ No. of armature conductors
➢ No. of armature coils
➢ No. of armature slots.
Guiding factors for choice of number of armature slots:
➢ Slot pitch: Maximum limit of slot pitch between 20 to 40mm, for normal machine
25 to 35 mm and for small machine 20mm and even less.
➢ Slot loading: Number of ampere conductors per slot should not exceed (IzZs) about
15000 A.
➢ Flux pulsations: Number of slots per pole pair should be an odd integer to minimise
the flux pulsation.
➢ Commutation: Slots per pole should at least 9 to prevent sparking. The number of
slots per pole usually lies between 9 to 16.
➢ Cross-section of armature conductors: Armature current, Ia=(Pa/E)*103. The
armature current may be calculated from, Ia=Il+If – generator =Il-If – motor Area of
each armature conductor, az=Iz/δa=Ia/δa in mm2. Where, δa= current density in
armature conductor, A/mm2. --------- (7 M)
(i)Determine the air gap length of a dc machine from the following particulars: gross
length of core = 0.12m, number of ducts = one and 10mm wide, slot pitch = 25mm, slot
width = 10 mm, carter’s coefficient for slots and ducts =0.32,gap density at pole centre
= 0.7wb/m2;field mmf/pole =3900 AT,mmf required for iron parts of magnetic
circuit=800AT. (May2015, May2016, Dec 2018 & May2017)( 7 M) BTL4
Given Data:
L = 12 cm, nd = 1, wd = 1 cm, ys = 2.5 cm, ws = 1 cm, Kcs = Kcd = 0.32, Bg = 0.7 wb/m 2,
ATt = 3900 AT, ATi = 800 AT
Answer:
➢ Kgs = Ys/(Ys – KcsWs) = 1.146
➢ Kgd = L/(L-Kcd*nd*wd) = 1.027
8 ➢ Kg = Kgs * Kgd = 1.176
➢ ATg = ATt – ATi = 3100 AT
➢ lg = ATg / (800,000 KgBg) = 4.7 mm
(ii) Give the expression for torque develope by a D.C motor in terms of main
dimensions of the armature.(May2017)(6 M) BTL1
➢ P=T*ω.....(1)
➢ For motors Pa=P
➢ Pa=π2BavacD2Ln*10-3 .....(2)
➢ ω=2πn
➢ Sub 2 in 1
➢ T=0.5*πBavacD2L*10-3
9 i)Calculate the diameter and Length of armature for a 7.5Kw, 4 pole, and 1000 rpm DC
5.24
shunt motor. The full load terminal voltage being 220V. If the maximum gap density is
0.9 Wb/m2 and the armature ampere conductors per meter are 30,000, Assume square
pole face. Assume that the maximum efficiency occurs at full load and the field current
is 2.5% of rated current. (Dec 2014).(6M) BTL4
Given Data:
P = 7.5 kW, Bg =0.9, N = 1000 rp, ac = 30000 ac/m, V = 220 V, Kf = 0.7 η = 0.83, If = 2.4
% of I, p = 4
Solution:
➢ Pa =C0D2Ln
➢ Pa = P + Mechanical losses and iron losses
➢ Pi = P / η = 9036 W
Since maximum efficiency occurs at full load, the constant losses and armature I2R losses are
equal at full load.
➢ Constant loses= 1536 / 2 = 768 W
➢ Full load current I = Pi / V = 9036/220 = 41.1 A
➢ If = 0.025 * 41.1 = 1.03 A
➢ Field copper losses = V * If = 220 * 1.03 = 227 W
➢ Mechanical losses, iron osses = 768 – 227 = 541 W
➢ Pa = 8041 W
➢ C0 = 186.5
➢ n = 16.67 rps
➢ D2L = Pa/C0n = 0.0026
➢ L = ψ * πD/p
➢ L = 0.55 D
➢ D = 0.17 m
➢ L = 0.09 m
ii) Derive the output equation of a DC machines. (Dec 2014, Dec2015 &May 2016)(7
M) BTL1
The output of the machine can be expressed in its main dimensions, specific magnetic,
specific electric loadings & speed.
The equation which relates the power output D, L, Bav, ac and n of the machine is
known as output equation.
➢ Power developed by armature in kW,
➢ Pa =generated emf * armature current*10-3
=Eia*10-3
Generated emf,E=(φPnZ)/a
➢ Pa =[(φPnZ)/a]*Ia*10-3
=(φP)(IaZ/a)*n*10-3
=(φP)(IzZ)*n*10-3
➢
Pa=(total magnetic loading)*(total electric loading)*speed in RPS*10-3
➢ Specific magnetic loading, Bav=(φP)/(πDL) or φP= πDL Bav
➢ Specific electric loading, ac=(IZZ)/πD or IZZ= πD ac
➢ Sub above Eqn. in Pa , we get
5.25
➢ Pa = (πDL Bav)*(πD ac)*n*10-3

= (π2 Bav ac*10-3)D2Ln
=C0D2Ln
Where, output co-efficient, C0=π2 Bav ac*10-3
A 350 KW, 500V, 450rpm, 6-pole, dc generator is built with an armature diameter of
0.87m and core length of 0.32m. The lap wound armature has 660 conductors.
Calculate the specific electric and magnetic loadings.(8 M) (May 2012)BTL1
Given Data:
P = 350 Kw, p = 6 V = 500 V, N = 450 rpm D = 0.87 m, L = 0.32 m Lap wound, Z = 660
Solution:
10 ➢
P = Via * 10-3
➢ Ia = 700 A (if If is Negligible)
➢ For lap wound A = p ---- (4 M)
➢ Iz = Ia/A = Ia/p = 116.6 A
➢ ac = Iz Z/Πd = 28186 A/m ---- (4 M)
PART * C
(i)Explain the methods by which mmf for teeth are calculated.(May 2016)(7 M)BTL4
Mmf required for teeth depends on area of cross section of the tooth and fluxpassing through
it.
Methods:
➢ Graphical method
Flux density Bg = ϕ / nt At
Total mmf for tooth ATt = atmean * lt
ATt = atmean * ds
Atmean = ∫ 𝑎𝑡. 𝑑𝑙
➢ Three Ordinate method
➢ Flux density Bg = ϕ / nt At
Total mmf for tooth ATt = atmean * lt
1 ATt = atmean * ds
𝑎𝑡1+4𝑎𝑡2+𝑎𝑡3
Atmean = 6
➢ Bt1/3 method
Total mmf for tooth ATt = at1/2 * lt
(ii) Derive the expressions for reluctance of air gap in machines with smooth armature
and slotted armature. (8 M) (May 2017, Dec 2018). BTL1
➢ The rotating machines have a small air gap between armature and pole surface.
➢ Smooth armature surfaces are possible only if the armature has closed slot.
➢ Let L = length of the core
➢ Lg = air gap length
➢ Wt = width of tooth
➢ Ys = slot pitch
5.26
➢ Ws = width of slot
➢ Reluctance of a magnetic path S = l/μA
➢ Reluctance of air gap Sg = lg/(μ0 Lys)
Reluctance of air gap neglecting fringing effect:
➢ Area of cross section of the air gap = L( ys – ws) = L wt
➢ Reluctance of air gap in machines with open armature slot S = lg /(μ0L(ys – ws))
Calculate the apparent flux density at a section of the teeth of an armature of a DC
machine from the following data at that section. Slot pitch = 24mm, slot width = tooth
width = 12mm, length of armature core including five ducts of 10mm each = 0.38m,
iron stacking factor = 0.92. True flux density in the teeth at that section is 2.2 T for
which the mmf is 70000AT/m. (May 2016).(8 M)BTL6
Given Data:
Ys = 24 mm, wd = 10 mm, ws = wt = 12 mm, Sf = 0.92, L = 0.38 m, Breal = 2.2 wb/m 2, nd
5, at real = 70000 AT/m
2 Solution:
➢ Bapp = Breal + μ0 at real [Ks – 1]
➢ Li = Sf * Ľ
➢ Ľ = L – nd wd = 0.33 ---- (4 M)
➢ Li = 0.3060
𝐿𝑌𝑠
➢ Ks = 𝐿𝑖 𝑤𝑡 = 2.503
➢ Bapp = 2.332 wb/m2 ------- (4 M)
Find the main dimensions and the number of poles of a 37kW, 230V, 1400 rpm shunt
motor, so that a square pole face is obtained. The average gap density is 0.5wb/m2 and
the ampere conductors per meter are 22000. The ratio of pole arc to pole pitch is 0.7
and the full load efficiency is 90%. (May 2016)(15 M) BTL4
Given Data:
P = 37 kW, V = 230 V, N = 1400 rpm, ac = 22000 ac/m, Bav = 0.5 wb/m2, square pole face,
η=90 %, b/τ = 0.7
Solution:
➢ Number of poles
➢ Frequency range between 25 to 50 Hz
f = 25 Hz = p = 120 f/N = 2
3
f = 35 Hz = p = 3
f = 50 Hz = p = 4
Number of poles should be even number. P = 2 or 4
Current per parallel path
➢ IL = P/V = 160.8 A
Assume lap winding, for p = 2 = IL/p = 80.4 A, for p=4 = IL/4 = 40.2 A
➢ Take p = 4
➢ Pa = 41.1 kW
➢ C0 = 108.656
➢ n = 23.33 rps
➢ D2L = Pa/C0n = 16.277*10-3 ------ (7 M)
5.27
➢ Given square pole face L/τ = ψ, b/τ = 0.7

➢ L = ψ * πD/p
➢ L = 0.549 D
➢ D = 0.3 m
➢ L = 0.164 m --------- (8 M)
State and explain the factors which govern the choice of specific magnetic loading in a
DC machine. (May 2016)(8 M) BTL4
➢ Choice of Bav (4M)
• Frequency
• Flux Density
• Size of the Machine
➢ Choice of ac(4M)
4 • Cu-loss
• Voltage Rating
• Speed of Machine
• Size of the machine
• Armature reaction
• Reactance voltage
• Temperature rise
Explain the different methods adopted to reduce the effects of armature reaction.
(Dec2015)(7 M)BTL4
➢ Increase in length of the airgap at the pole tips
5
➢ Increasing the reluctance of the pole tips
➢ Compensating Windings
➢ Inter-poles
For a preliminary design of 50 HP, 230V, 1400rpm. DC shunt motor, Calculate the
armature diameter and core length, the number of poles and peripheral speed. Take
Bav=0.5 Wb/m2, ac/m=25000 and efficiency=0.9.(Dec 2016)(15 M) BTL1
Given Data:
P = 50 HP, V = 230 V, N = 1400 rpm, ac = 25000 ac/m, Bav = 0.5 wb/m2, η=90 %,
Solution:
Number of poles
6
Frequency range between 25 to 50 Hz
➢ f = 25 Hz = p = 120 f/N = 2
➢ f = 35 Hz = p = 3
➢ f = 50 Hz = p = 4
Number of poles should be even number. P = 2 or 4
➢ Current per parallel path
➢ IL = P/V = 162.17 A
5.28
Assume lap winding, for p = 2 = IL/p = 81.085 A, for p=4 = IL/4 = 40.54 A
➢ Take p = 4 or 2 (current per parallel path should not exceed 200 )
➢ Pa = 41.44 Kw ---- (7 M )
➢ C0 = 123.3
➢ n = 23.33 rps
➢ D2L = Pa/C0n = 0.01440
Given square pole face L/τ = ψ, b/τ = 0.7
➢ L = ψ * πD/p (assume 4 poles)
➢ L = 0.549 D
➢ D = 0.297 m
➢ L = 0.163 m
➢ Peripheral speed Va = πDns = 21.74 m/s ---- (8 M)
Determine the main dimensions of 80kW, 4 pole, 600 rpm dc shunt generator, the full
load terminal voltage being 220V. The maximum gap density is 0.75Wb/m2 and ampere
conductors per metre are 27000. Assume square pole face. (May2017)(8 M)BTL4
Given Data:
P = 80 kW, V = 220 V, N = 600 rpm, ac = 27000 ac/m, Bg = 0.75 wb/m2, p = 4, square pole
face, DC shunt generator
Solution:
➢ Pa = 80 kW
7
➢ C0 = 199.85
➢ n = 10 rps
➢ D2L = Pa/C0n = 0.04
Given square pole face L/τ = ψ, b/τ = 0.7 -------- (4 M)
➢ L = ψ * πD/p
➢ L = 0.7853 D
➢ D = 0.37 m
➢ L = 0.29 m ------- (4 M)
5.29

UNIT III - TRANSFORMERS
Output Equations – Main Dimensions - kVA output for single and three phase transformers –
Window space factor – Design of core and winding – Overall dimensions – Operating
characteristics – No load current – Temperature rise in Transformers – Design of Tank -
Methods of cooling of Transformers.
PART * A
Q.
Questions
No
What are the advantages of using higher flux density in core? BTL1
➢ Reduction in core and yoke section
1
➢ Reduction in mean length of LV and HV winding
➢ Reduction in mean cost.
What are the disadvantages of using higher flux density in core? BTL1
➢ Increased magnetizing current & Iron loss
2 ➢ Saturation of magnetic material
➢ Low efficiency
➢ Increased temperature Rise.
Why cross section of yoke is taken greater that of core? (May 2016) BTL3
3
To reduce flue density in yoke there by to reduce iron losses and no-load current.
How are LV and HV windings placed on the core of 1- Φ Transformer? BTL3
4 On each core, half the number of LV and HV turns are placed. LV windings are first
placed and HV windings are placed over LV winding.
What is meant by inter leaved winding? BTL4
5 When LV and HV coils are arranged alternately one over the other along with height of
limb, the winding is called interleaved winding.
Why tappingis provided in a Transformer? BTL3
1. To maintain constant voltage at consumer’s end.
6
2. To control active and reactive power over a line inter connecting two generating stations
3. To regulate voltage.
Give expression for EMF / turn. BTL3
7
Et = 4.44 f Bm Ai; where f - frequency; Bm - Maximum flux density; Ai - net core area
Give O/P equation of 1- Φ Transformer.BTL3
8 Q = 4.44 f Bm Ai δ Kw Aw X 10-3 kVA; Where f - Frequency; Bm - Max flux density; Kw -
window space factor; Aw- window area; δ- current density.
Give O/P equation for 3- Φ Transformer. BTL3
9
Q = 3.33 f Bm δ Kw Aw Ai * 10-3 kVA
Give expression for resistance of winding. BTL3
10
r =ρ lmT/a ; where ρ - resistivity ; lm -mean length, T - No. of turns; a - area of cross
JIT-JEPPIAAR/EEE/Mr. K. JAYAVELU/IIIrdYr/SEM 06 /EE6604/DESIGN OF ELECTICAL MACHINES/UNIT 1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
5.30
section.
Give expression for heat dissipated with cooling tubes. BTL3
11 Heat dissipated =12.5 St θ + (6.5 At θ) 1.35 Watts; where St=Cooling surface of tank;
θ=Maximum allowable temperature; At=Area of cooling tubes.
Give temperature rise Q in terms of tank area.BTL3
12
Q = (Total Losses to be dissipated)/(12.5 X tank area)
Mention the main functions of Transformer oil.BTL3
13 ➢ To transfer the heat by convection
➢ To create good level of insulation.
Give expression of Et in terms of KVA.(May 2011)BTL3
3
14 E
t
 K KVA/Ph ; Where K  4.44fr10 ; r = Φm /AT, Φm – Maximum flux; AT –
Ampere conductor /m
What are the factors affecting the choice of flux density of core in a transformer?
(May2011)BTL1
➢ Core and yoke area
15 ➢ Overall size and weight of the transformer
➢ Magnetizing current
➢ Iron loss
➢ saturation and temperature rise.
Write the advantages of shell type transformer over core type transformer.
(May2012)BTL1
16 In shell type transformer the coils are well supported on all the sides and so they can
withstand higher mechanical stresses developed during short circuit conditions. Also the
leakage reactance will be less in shell type transformers.
What is meant by stacking factor? (May2012&Dec2014)BTL4
17 It is defined as the ratio of iron area to total area is called stacking factor. The usual value
of stacking factor is 0.9.
What are the cooling methods used for dry type transformers? (May2013)BTL4
18 ➢ Air Natural (AN) Cooling
➢ Air Blast (AB) Cooling
Define Window Space Factor. (May 2013,Dec2016&May2017)BTL1
19 The window space factor is defined as the ratio of copper area in the window to the total
window area.
Distinguish between core and shell type transformers. (Dec 2013)BTL4
Core Type Shell Type
20 Easy in design and construction Comparatively complex
Has low mechanical strength due to High mechanical strength
non-bracing of windings
Why are the cores of large transformers built-up of circular cross-section? (Dec2013&
Dec2014) BTL3
21
It has the smallest perimeter for a given area and, therefore, requires less copper than
rectangular cross section.
22 Define the term voltage regulation.(Dec 2011&May 2014)BTL1
5.31
 No load voltage  Load voltage 

Voltage Regulation=   x100%
 Load voltage 
What are the methods by which heat dissipation occurs in a transformer?(Dec2011,

May2014 & Dec2016)BTL1
23
➢ Radiation
➢ Convection.
What are the advantages of stepped cores?(May2015) (Dec2014, Dec 2018) BTL3
For same area of cross section, the stepped cores will have lesser diameter of
24
circumscribing circle than square cores. This results in reduction in length of mean turn
of the winding with consequent reduction in both copper cost and copper loss.
Why are the cores of large transformers built-up of cross section? (May2015) BTL3
The excessive leakage fluxes produced during short circuit and over loads develop severe
25 mechanical stress in the coils. On circular coils these forces are radial and there is no
tendency for the coil to change its shape but on the rectangular coils the forces are
perpendicular to the conductors and tend to deform the coil in circular.
Why the efficiency of transformer is so high? (May 2016) BTL3
Since, transformer is a Static device (i.e. no moving parts in it) hence it is the most
26 efficient machines ever made by man. However, in rotating machines there are various
losses like friction and windage, losses in commutator etc. So, yes, Transformers are
highly efficient devices.
Why is transformer yoke designed for low flux density? (Dec 2015) BTL3
27 Lower flux density reduces the iron losses resulting low temperature rise and increase in
all day efficiency.
How the magnetic curves are used for calculating the no-load current of the
transformer? (May2017) BTL4
28 The B-H curve can be used to find the mmf per metre for the flux densities in yoke and
core. The loss curve can be used to estimate the iron loss per kg for the flux densities in
yoke and core
What are the methods of cooling of transformers? (Dec 2015, May 2018)BTL2
➢ Air Natural (AN),
➢ Air Blast (AB),
➢ Oil Natural (ON),
➢ Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF),
29 ➢ Oil Natural Water Forced (ONWF).
➢ Forced Circulation of Oil (OF)
➢ Oil Forced Air Natural (OFAN)
➢ Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)
➢ Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF).
PART * B
A 1Φ, 400V, 50Hz transformer is built from stamping having a relative permeability of
1 1000. The length of flux path is 2.5m. Area of cross section of core is 2.5* 10-3 m2. The
primary winding has 800 turns. Estimate the maximum flux and no-load current of the
5.32
transformer. The iron loss at working flux density is 2.6 Watts/kg. Density of iron is
7.8*103 kg/m3. Stacking factor is 0.9. (May 2013) (Dec2015)(8 M) BTL6
Given Data:
Vp = 400 V, Tp = 800 turns, f = 50 Hz, iron loss = 2.6 W/kg, μr = 1000, weight of iron = 7.8
*103 kg/m3, li = 2.5 m, Sf = 0.9, ai – 2.65*10-3
Solution:
➢ Φm = BmAi
➢ Net iron area Ai = Sf * ai = 2.25*10-3
➢ Ep = 4.44f ϕm Tp = 4.44 f Bm Ai Tp
➢ Bm = 1 wb/m2
➢ Φm = 2.25 m wb
➢ No load current Io = √( Im2 + Il2) ----------- (4 M)
𝐴𝑡𝑜
➢ Im = 𝑇𝑝
√2
➢ AT0 = li * Bm / (μ0 * μr) = 1989.4 AT
➢ Im = 1.75 A
➢ Volume of core = Ai * li = 5.625 * 10-3
➢ Weight of core = volume of core * weight of iron = 43.87 kg
➢ Pi = iron loss = 2.6 * 43.87 = 114 W
➢ Il= 114 / 400 = 0.285 A
➢ I0 = 1.77 A-------------- (4 M)
Calculate the approximate the overall dimension for a 200 kVA, 6600/440V, 50Hz, 3Φ
core type transformer. The following data may be assumed; emf per turn=10V,
maximum flux density=1.3Wb/m2 current density= 2.5A/mm2; window space factor=0.3;
0verall height=overall width; stacking factor=0.9; use a 3-stepped core.(13 M) BTL5
Given Data:
Q = 200 kVA, Vp = 6600 V, Vs = 440 V, f = 50 Hz, Et = 10 V, Bm = 1.3Wb/m 2, δ =
2.5A/mm2, Kw = 0.3, ki = 0.9, 3-stepped core.
Solution:
➢ Use 3-stepped core
➢ Height of yoke Hy = a = 0.216 m
2 ➢ Depth of yoke Dy = a = 0.216 m
➢ Q = 3.33 f Bm Kw δ Aw Ai * 10-3
➢ Aw = 0.0355 m2
➢ Hw * Ww = 0.0355
➢ The given condition is overall height =H = W -------- (6 M)
➢ H = Hw + 2 Hy = Hw + 0.432
➢ W = 2D + a = 2 (Ww + d) + a = 2Ww + 0.696
➢ H=W
➢ Hw Ww = 0.0355
➢ Hw = 0.428 m
➢ Distance between adjacent core center D = Ww + d = 0.323 m
➢ Overall height H = 0.86 m
5.33
➢ Overall width W = 0.862 m ----------- (7 M)

(i)Derive the output equation of a three-phase transformer. (May 2016, Dec 2018)(6
M)BTL4
➢ Q = 3Vp * Ip *10-3 kVA
➢ Q = 3Ep * Ip *10-3 kVA
➢ Q = 4.44 f ϕm Tp Ip *10-3 kVA
➢ Q = 4.44 f ϕm ATp *10-3 kVA
➢ Ac = 2[ap Tp + as Ts]
➢ Ac = 2[(Ip/δp) Tp + (Is/δs) Ts]
➢ Ac = 2[ATp/ δp + ATs / δs]
Assuming ATp = ATs = AT and δp = δs = δ ------ (3 M)
➢ Ac = 4AT/ δ
➢ AT = Ac δ / 4
➢ Q = 3*4.44 f ϕm AT *10-3 kVA
➢ Q = 3*4.44 f ϕm (Ac δ / 4) *10-3 kVA
➢ Q = 3.33 f ϕm Ac δ *10-3 kVA
But Bm = ϕm/Ai and Kw = Ac/Aw
3 Q = 3.33 f ϕm Ai Aw Kw δ *10-3Kva ------- (3 M)
(ii)Calculate the net iron area and the window area of a single-phase transformer if the
ratio of flux to full load mmf in a 400kVA, 50Hz single phase transformer is 2.4*10 -6,
maximum flux density is 1.3 Wb/m2, current density is 2.7A/mm2 and window space
factor is 0.26. Also calculate full load mmf.(May2011 & May2014)(7M) BTL6
Given Data:
Q = 400 kVA, f = 50 Hz, δ=2.7A/mm2, Kw = 0.26
Solution:
➢ Et = K√𝑄
➢ K = (4.44 fr *103)1/2 = 0.73
➢ Et = 14.6 V
➢ Also Et = 4.44 f ϕm ---------- (3 M)
➢ Φm = 0.066 wb
➢ Ai = 0.05 m2
➢ Aw = 0.079 m2
➢ r = ϕm/AT
➢ AT = 27500 ------- (4 M)
A 250 kVA, 6600/400 V, 3-phase core type transformer has a total loss of 4800 watts on
full load. The transformer tank is 1.25 m in height and 1m x 0.5 m in plan. Design a
suitable scheme for cooling tubes if the average temperature rise is to be limited to 350
C. The diameter of the tube is 50 mm and are spaced 75 mm from each other. The
4 average height of the tube is 1.05 m. Specific heat dissipation due to radiation and
convection is 6 and 6.5 W/m2-°C. Assume that convection is improved by 35% due to
provision of tubes.(May2011,May2012,Dec2013,May2015,Dec2014, Dec 2018 &
May2016)(13 M) BTL5
5.34
Given Data:
Q = 250 kVA, Vp = 6600V, Vs = 400 V, A = 4800 W, Ht = 1.25 m, Lt = 1m, θ = 35° C, d =
50 mm spaced 75 mm, h = 1.05 m, Wt = 0.5 m.
Answer:
➢ Dissipating surface are of tank S = 2 Ht (Lt + Wt) = 3.75 m2
➢ Heat dissipation of tank due to convection and radiation B= (x + y) S θ = 1640.625
W
➢ Dissipating surface area of each tube St = πdh = 0.1648 m2
➢ Heat dissipation of each tank due to convection Wt = 1.25 St * y * θ = 50.61 W
➢ Heat dissipation of all tube C = A – B = 3159.375 W
➢ No. of cooling tubes nt = C/Wt = 62 tubes. ------------- (7 M)
➢ Along the length of the tank, leave 7.5 cm space on both sides.
➢ Therefore space required for tubes along length of the tank = Length – (2 * spacing)
= 85 cm
➢ Total no. of tubes along length wise 85/7.5 = 11
➢ Total tubes provided in first row 11+1 = 12
➢ Total tubes provided in second row 11
➢ Along the width of the tank, leave 7.5 cm space on both sides.
➢ Therefore space required for tubes along width of the tank = Length – (2 * spacing) =
35 cm
➢ Total no. of tubes along width wise 35/7.5 = 5
➢ Total tubes provided in first row 5
➢ Total no. of tubes provided = 64 tubes. --------------- (6 M)
A 6600V, 60Hz single phase transformer has a core of sheet steel. The net iron cross-
sectional area is 22.6X10-3 m2. The mean length is 2.23m and there are four lap joints.
Each lap joints takes1/4 times as much reactive mmf as if required per meter of core. If
Bm=1.1 Wb/m2, determine (i) The number of turns on the 6600V winding (ii) The no
load current. Assume an amplitude factor of 1.52 and that for given flux density mmf
per meter = 232ac/m, specific loss 1.76W/kg. Specific gravity of plates =7.5.(Dec
2011&May 2014)(13 M)BTL3
Given Data:
Vp = 6600 v, f = 60 Hz, Ai = 22.6X10-3 m2, li = 2.23 m, lap joint, Bm = 1.1 Tesla, amplitude
5 factor = 1.52, at = 232 A/m, specific loss = 1.76 W/kg, specific gravity of plates = 7.5
Soulution:
➢ E = 4.44 f ϕm Tp = 4.44 f Bm Ai Tp
➢ Tp = 996 turns
➢ Total magnetizing mmf, AT0 = mmf required for iron parts + mmf required for joints
➢ Mmf required for iron part = at * li = 517 AT
➢ Mmf required for joints = 4 * ¼ *at = 232 AT
➢ AT0 = 749 AT ------ (6 M)
➢ Im = AT0 / Kpk Tp = 0.349 A
➢ Weight of core = li *nAi * specific gravity = 378 kg
➢ Total iron loss = 665 W
5.35
➢ Loss components Il = Pi / Vp = 0.1 A

➢ Io = 0.363 A ------- (7 M)
Derive the output equation of single phase transformer in terms of core and window
area.(Dec 2013, May2014, May2015&Dec2014)(8 M) BTL5
Output rating is given by Q = Vs * Is *10-3 kVA
➢ Q = Vp * Ip *10-3 kVA
➢ Q = Ep * Ip *10-3 kVA
➢ Q = 4.44 f ϕm Tp Ip *10-3 kVA
➢ Q = 4.44 f ϕm ATp *10-3 kVA
➢ Ac = ap Tp + as Ts
6 ➢ Ac = (Ip/δp) Tp + (Is/δs) Ts
➢ Ac = ATp/ δp + ATs / δs
Assuming ATp = ATs = AT and δp = δs = δ ---------- (4 M)
➢ Ac = 2AT/ δ
➢ AT = Ac δ / 2
➢ Q = 4.44 f ϕm AT *10-3 kVA
➢ Q = 4.44 f ϕm (Ac δ / 2) *10-3 kVA
➢ Q = 2.22 f ϕm Ac δ *10-3 kVA
But Bm = ϕm/Ai and Kw = Ac/Aw
➢ Q = 2.22 f ϕm Ai Aw Kw δ *10-3Kva ----------- (4 M)
Determine the dimensions of core and yoke for a 200kVA, 50Hz, single phase core type
transformer. A cruciform core is used with a distance between adjacent limbs= 1.65
times the width of core laminations. Assume voltage per turn 14V, maximum flux
density 1.1Wb/m2, window space factor 0.32, current density 3A/m2 and stacking factor
=0.9. The net iron area is 0.56d2 in a cruciform core where d is a diameter of
circumscibing circle. Also the width of largest stamping is 0.85d. (May 2012, Dec
2018&Dec 2014)(13 M) BTL1
Given Data:
Q = 200 kVA, f = 50 Hz, 1φ, core type, cruciform core, D = 1.6 a, Et = 14 V, Bm = 1.1
wb/m2, Kw = 0.32, δ = 3 A/mm2, ki = 0.9, Ai = 0.56d2, a = 0.85d.
Answer:
7
➢ Net iron area Ai = Et/(4.44fBm) = 0.0573 m2
➢ Given a = 0.85d = 0.85 * 0.32 = 0.272 m
➢ D = 1.6 a = 1.6 * 0.272 = 0.435 m
➢ Given Ai = 0.56d2 = d = 0.32 m
➢ Width of window Ww = D -d 0.435 – 0.32 = 0.115 m
➢ Area of window Aw = Q/(2.22fBmAi Kw δ *10-3) = 0.0293 m2
➢ Height if window Hw = Aw / Ww = 0.255 m -------- (6 M)
➢ Gross core area Agi = Ai/Ki = 0.064 m2
➢ Assuming Ay = Agi for C.R.G.O steel, Ay = 0.064 m2
➢ But Ay = Hy * Dy
➢ Depth of yoke Dy = a = 0.272 m
➢ Height of yoke, Hy = Ay/Dy = 0.228 m
5.36
➢ Overall height of transformer H = Hw + 2 Hy = 0.711 m

➢ Overall width of transformer W = D + a = 0.707 m --------- (7 M)
Discuss about temperature rise and methods of cooling in transformer. (Dec
2011,May2013,May 2016,Dec2015, May 2018&May 2017)(13 M)BTL2
Temperature rise in transformer: (4 M)
➢ The process of energy transfer in transformer involves current in conductors and
fluxes in ferromagnetic parts.
➢ The losses are dissipated in the form of heat. The heated parts of an transformer
dissipated heat into their surroundings by
o Conduction
o Convection and
o Radiation
8 Methods of cooling of transformer: (9 M)
➢ Dry type transformer
o Air natural
o Air blast
➢ Oil immersed transformer
o Oil natural
o Oil natural air forced
o Oil natural water forced
➢ Forced circulation of oil
o Oil forced air natural
o Oil forced air forced
o Oil forced water forced
A 3 phase ,50Hz, oil cooled type transformer has the following has the following
dimensions: distance betweencore centers = 0.2m,height of window =0.24m. diameter of
circumscribing circle = 0.14m. the flux density in the core = 1.25Wb/m2, the current
density in the conductor = 2.5A/mm2. Assume a window space factor of 0.2 and the core
area factor = 0.56. the core is 2 stepped. Estimate kVA rating of the
transformer.(May2015)(8 M) BTL6
Answer: Page: 3.26to 3.26 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
f = 50 Hz, 3 phase, core type, 2-stepped core, D = 0.2 m, Hw = 0.24 m, d = 0.14 m, Bm =
9
1.25Wb/m2, δ = 2.5 A/mm2, Kw = 0.2, Kc = 0.56
Solution:
➢ Width of window Ww = D – d = 0.06 m
➢ Window area Aw = Hw * Ww = 0.0144 m2
➢ For 2-stepped core Kc = 0.56 ------ (4 M)
➢ Also Kc = Ai/d2
➢ Ai = 0.011m2
➢ Q = 3.33 f Bm Ai Kw Aw δ * 10-3 = 16.5 Kva ------ (4 M)
Determine the dimensions of core and window for a 5 kVA, 50 Hz, 1-phase, core type
10
transformer. A rectangular core is used with long side twice as long as short side. The
5.37
window height is 3 times the width. Voltage per turn = 1.8 V. Space factor = 0.2, δ= 1.8
A/mm2, Bm =1 Wb/m2 (Dec 2013)(13 M) BTL1
Given Data:
Q = 5 kVA, core type, rectangular core, f = 50 Hz, δ = 1.8 A/mm2, Et = 1.8 V, Hw = 3*Ww,
Kw = 0.2
Solution:
➢ Et = 4.44 f ϕm
➢ Φm = 0.0081 wb
➢ Ai = ϕm / Bm = 0.0081 m2
➢ Agi = Ai / ki = 0.009 m2
➢ Agi = length * breadth = a * b = b * b2 = 2b2 ------- (6 M)
➢ 2b2 = 0.009
➢ b = 0.067 m
➢ a = 2b = 0.134 m
➢ Q = 2.22 f Bm Ai Kw Aw δ * 10-3
➢ Aw = 0.0155 m2
➢ Aw = hw * Ww
➢ Aw = 3 Ww * Ww
➢ Ww = 0.0716 m
➢ Hw = 0.2148 m --------- (7 M)
PART * C
Estimate the main dimensions including winding conductor area of a 3-phase delta star
core type transformer rated at 300kVA, 6600/400V, 50Hz. A suitable core with 3 steps
having a circumscribing circle of 0.25m diameter and leg spacing of 0.4m is
available.EMF per turn is 8.5V, current density is 2.5A/mm2, Kw is 0.28, stacking fcator
Sf=0.9.(Dec 2016&May 2017)(13 M)BTL2
Solution:
➢ Vs = 440 / √3 = 254 V
➢ Emf per turn Et = Es / Ts
➢ Ts = Es / Et = 29.88 = 30 turns
➢ Number of primary turns Tp = Ts * Vp/Vs = 780 turns
1
➢ Q = √3 Vlp * Ilp * 10-3
➢ Ilp = 26.24 A
➢ Ip = Ilp / √3 = 15.15 A
➢ ap = Ip / δ = 6.06 mm2
➢ Ils = 393.65 A
➢ Is = Ils = 393.65 A
➢ As = 157.5 A ---------- (8 M)
➢ Total area in window = Ac = 2(apTp + as Ts) = 18903.6 mm2
➢ Window area = Aw = Ac / Kw = 0.0675 m2
➢ Area of circumscribing circle = π/4 * d2 = 0.049 m2
➢ For 3-stepped core, the ratio (gross core area/ Area of circumscribing circle) = 0.84
5.38
➢ Agi = 0.041 m2
➢ Net core area Ai = Sf * Agi = 0.0369 m2
➢ Leg spacing = 0.45 m
➢ Width of window Ww = leg spacing = 0.45 m
➢ Height of window Hw = Aw / Ww = 0.15 m ----------- (7 M)
The tank of 1250 kV natural oil cooled transformer has the dimensions length, width
and height as 0.65*1.55*1.85m respectively. The load loss=13.1Kw, loss due to
radiations is 6 W/sq.m οC, loss due to convection= 6.5 W/sq.m οC improvement in
convection due to provision of tubes=40% , temperature rise is 40οC, length of each
tube is 1m, diameter of each tube is 50mm. Find the number of tubes for this
transformer. Neglect the top and bottom surface of the tank as regards the cooling.(Dec
2016, May 2018)(13 M)BTL5
Given Data:
Q = 1250 kVA, A = 13.1 kW, Ht = 1.85 m, Lt = 1.55m, θ = 40° C, d = 50 mm spaced 75
mm, h = 1 m, Wt = 0.65 m, x = 6W/sq.m οC, y = 6.5 W/sq.m οC
Answer:
➢ Heat dissipation of tank due to convection and radiation B= (x + y) S θ = 4.07 kW
➢ Heat dissipation of each tank due to convection Wt = 1.25 St * y * θ = 57.148 W
2
➢ Heat dissipation of all tube C = A – B = 9.03 kW
➢ No. of cooling tubes nt = C/Wt = 158 tubes. (8 M)
➢ Along the length of the tank, leave 7.5 cm space on both sides.
➢ Therefore space required for tubes along length of the tank = Length – (2 * spacing)
= 170
➢ Total no. of tubes along length wise 170/7.5 = 23
➢ Total tubes provided in third row 20
➢ Along the width of the tank, leave 7.5 cm space on both sides.
➢ Therefore space required for tubes along width of the tank = Length – (2 * spacing)
➢ Total no. of tubes along width wise 8
➢ Total tubes provided in third row 6
➢ Total no. of tubes provided = 160 tubes. (7 M)
Differentiate the design feature of power and distribution type transformer.(May
2017)(8 M)BTL4
Distribution Transformer:(4 M)
➢ Transformer upto 200 kVA are used to step down distribution voltage to a standard
3
service voltage or from transmission voltage to distribution voltge are known as
distribution transformer.
➢ They are kept in operation all the 24 hours a day whether they are carrying any load
or not.
5.39
➢ Copper loss will be more comapred to core loss.

➢ Designed with less iron loss
➢ Designed to have the maximum efficiency at a lod much lesser than full load.
Power Transformer: (4 M)
➢ Transformer used in substation and generaing stations are called power transformer.
➢ Rating above 200 kVA.
➢ Number of trnsformer working in parallel.
➢ During heavy load all the tansformer are put in operation.
➢ During light load period some transformer are disconnected.
➢ Designed to have maximum efficicency at fill load.
➢ Designed to have greater leakage reactance.
➢ In order to limit the fault current.
A tank of 500 kVA, 6600/440V transformer is 110cm*65cm*155cm. If the load loss is
6.2kW, find and show suitable arrangements of cooling tubes to limit the temperature
rise to 35ο C. Take the diameter of cooling tubes as 5cm and average length of the tubes
as 110cm. (May 2017)(15 M) BTL2
Given Data:
Q = 500 kVA, V = 6600/400 V, dimension = 110 cm x 65 cm x 155 cm, A = 6.2 kW, θ =
35° C
4
Answer:
➢ Heat dissipation of tank due to convection and radiation B= (x + y) S θ
➢ Heat dissipation of each tank due to convection Wt = 1.25 St * y * θ
➢ Heat dissipation of all tube C = A – B
➢ No. of cooling tubes nt = C/Wt = 72 tubes. (8 M)
➢ Diagram. (7 M)
5.40

UNIT IV–INDUCTION MOTORS
Output equation of Induction motor – Main dimensions – Choice of Average flux density –
Length of air gap- Rules for selecting rotor slots of squirrel cage machines – Design of rotor
bars & slots – Design of end rings – Design of wound rotor – Magnetic leakage calculations
– Leakage reactance of poly-phase machines- Magnetizing current - Short circuit current –
Operating characteristics- Losses and Efficiency.
PART * A
Q.
Questions
No
What is slot space factor?BTL3
The slot space factor is the ratio of conductor area per slot and slot area. It gives as
1
indication of the space occupied by the conductors and the space available for insulation.
The slot space factor for induction motor varies from 0.25 to 0.4.
Write the expression for length of mean turn of stator winding.BTL1
2
Length of mean turn of stator Lmts = 2L + 2.3ґ + 0.24
Which part of induction motor has maximum flux density?BTL1
3
The teeth of the stator and rotor core will have maximum flux density.
What are the factors to be considered for estimating the length of air gap in induction
motor? BTL3
➢ Power factor
➢ Overload capacity
4
➢ Pulsation loss
➢ Unbalanced magnetic pull
➢ Cooling
➢ Noise.
What are the methods adopted to reduce harmonic torques? BTL3
5 The methods used are chording, integral slot winding, skewing and increasing the length of
airgap.
What are the different types of stator windings in induction motor? BTL3
6
Mush winding, lap winding and wave winding.
Write the expression for O/P equation and output co-efficient of induction
7 motor.(Dec2011,May2013 &May2014) BTL1
Q = Co D2L ns inkVA,Output coefficient Co = 11 KwBav ac x 10 -3 in kVA/m3- rps.
Give expression for stator current /Phase.BTL1
8 Iph=Is= (Q/η)/ (3Vph.Cosφ); where Q –output; η –efficiency;Vph – Volts/phase; cosφ- power
factor.
Why rotor slots are skewed?BTL1
9
➢ To reduce noise and vibrations
5.41
➢ To avoid tendency of cogging

➢ To reduce torque defects.
What are the effects of increased air gap?BTL3
➢ Increased magnetizing comment
10 ➢ Reduced PF
➢ Improved cooling
➢ Reduced noise.
Why Io of I.M. is higher than that of T/F?BTL3
11 ➢ Presence of air gap between stator and rotor
➢ Due to slots in stator and rotor.
What will happen if no. of rotor slots equal no. of stator slots?BTL3
12 The motor will develop locking torque and it may refuse to start when normal voltage is
applied to the winding.
Why a phase spread of 60° is more commonly used for stator winding?BTL3
13 Copper needed for the stator winding is reduced by approximately 11.5% compared to
120° phasespread.
Show a relation between D and L for best power factor. (May 2016)BTL1
14 τ= ; P 0 . 18 L
; where D= Diameter of stator bore, L=Length of stator core.
0 . 18 L D 

State some methods to reduce the harmonics torque in induction motors.BTL1
➢ Chording
15 ➢ Integral slot windings
➢ Skewing
➢ Increase in air-gap length
Define dispersion coefficient of an Induction motor?(May 2011)BTL1
16
It is defined as the ratio of magnetizing current to the ideal short circuit current of IM.
How crawling can be prevented by design in an Induction motor? (May 2011)BTL4
17 Crawling can be prevented by selecting number of rotor slots which is 15 to 30 percent
larger or smaller than the number of stator slots.
Define Stator slot pitch. (Dec 2011) (May 2014)BTL1
18  Gap surface  ΠD
Stator Slot pitch =   =
 Total Number of Stator Slots  Ss
What are the advantages and disadvantages of larger air gap length in induction
motor?(May 2012 & Dec 2015)BTL4
19 Advantages: A large gap length results in higher overload capacity better cooling,
reduction innoise and reduction in unbalanced magnetic pull.
Disadvantage: High valve of magnetizing current.
What are the factors to be considered for selecting the number of slots in induction
machine stator? (May 2012) BTL3
20 The factors to be considered for selecting the number of slots is tooth pulsation loss,
leakage reactance, magnetizing current, iron loss and cost. Also, the number of slots
should be multiple of slots per pole per phase for integral slot winding.
What is the function of end rings in the rotor of a cage induction motor?BTL2
21
End ring are provided to short circuit the rotor bars at both the ends.
5.42
Where mush winding is used? (May 2015)BTL3

22
This winding is commonly used for small induction motors having circular conductors.
List the advantages of using open slots. (Dec 2014&Dec2016)BTL2
23 ➢ The coils can be formed, wound and insulated prior to being placed in the slots.
➢ It provides facility in removal and replacement maintenance of defective coil.
Why fractional slot winding is not used for induction motor? (Dec 2014)BTL5
24 Fractional slot winding creates non-uniform flux density distribution in air gap and it
leads to torque ripples.
What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific electric loading?
(May2016)BTL2
➢ Permissible temperature rise
25
➢ Voltage rating of machine
➢ Size of machine
➢ Current density.
Write down the rules for selecting rotor slots of squirrel cage induction motor.
(Dec2015& May2017)BTL2
➢ S1  S2 to avoid cogging
➢ S1-S2  +p, +2p,+5p to avoid crawling
➢ S1-S2  +1,+2 or +(p+1), +(p+2) to avoid noise and vibration
26
➢ S1-S2  +3p to avoid magnetic locking 1 2
➢ Generally, rotor slots are selected by q 1  q 2   1,  , 
3 3
➢ Number of rotor slots, S2=3q2p.
Where, q1- stator slots per pole per phase
q2- rotor slots per pole per phase
Why induction motor is called as rotating transformer?(Dec2016, Dec 2018)BTL1
The principle of operation of induction motor is similar to that a transformer. The stator
windingis equivalent to primary of transformer and the rotor winding is similar to short
27
circuited secondary of transformer. In Transformer the secondary is fixed but in
induction motor it is allowed to rotate. Hence the induction motor is also called rotating
transformer.
What are ranges of efficiency and power factor in induction motor?(May 2017)BTL2
Squirrel cage motors
Efficiency=0.72 to 0.91
28 Power factor= 0.66 to 0.9
Slip ring motors
Efficiency=0.84 to 0.91
Power factor= 0.7 to 0.92
PART * B
Estimate the stator core dimensions, number of stator slots and number of stator
conductors per slot for a 100 KW, 3300 V, 50 Hz, 12 pole, star connected slip ring
induction motor. Bav=0.4 Wb/m2, ac = 25000 amp.cond/m, η = 0.9, PF = 0.9. Choose
1
main dimensions to give best power factor. The slot loading should not exceed 500 amp.
Conductors.(May2013,Dec2013, Dec 2011,May 2014,Dec2014,Dec2015&May 2017)(13
M) BTL3
5.43
Answer: Page: USP 46 – Dr. V. Balaji

Given Data:
P = 100kW, η = 0.9, pf = 0.9, f = 50 Hz, V= 3300 V, Bav = 0.4 wb/m2, ac = 25000 A/m, p =
12, 3 phase , slot loading ≤ 500 A
Solution:
➢ Input kVA = Q = kW/(η*pf) = 123.457 kVA
➢ C0 = 1.11*π2Bav ac Kw * 10-3 = 105.6 kVA
➢ ns = 2f / p = 8.33 rps
➢ D2L = 0.1403
➢ τ = (0.18 L)1/2
➢ L = 0.23 m
➢ D = 0.78 m
➢ Et = 3300/√3 = 1905.256 V
➢ Φm = 0.0188 wb
➢ Es = 4.44 f ϕmTs Kw = Ts = 478
Stator slot pitch should lie between 15 to 25 mm
➢ Yss = 15 mm, Ss = πD/yss = 163
➢ Yss = 25 mm, Ss = πD/yss = 98, Ss should lie between 98 to 163 --- (7 M)
➢ When qs = 2, Ss = 3 p qs = 72
➢ qs = 3, Ss = 108
➢ qs = 4, Ss = 144
➢ qs = 5, Ss = 180
➢ Ss may be 108 or 144
Check:
➢ Stator current per phase = kVA *103 / √3 VL = 21.6 A
When Ss = 108, Zss = 6Ts / Ss = 26
➢ Slot loading = Zss Is = 561.6 amp.cond
➢ When Ss = 144, Zss = 6Ts / Ss = 20
➢ Slot loading = Zss Is = 432 amp.cond
➢ When Ss = 144 the slot loading does not exceed 500 am. Cond.
➢ Hence 144 slotsis suitable
➢ Total stator conductors = Ss * Zss = 144 x 20 = 2880
➢ Ts = ZssSs / 6 = 480 ------ (6 M)
5.44
Discuss the factors to be considered in estimating the length of air gap of an induction
motor. Andalso discuss the step by step procedure to design the rotor of a squirrel cage
induction motor. (`13 M) (May 2011, Dec2015&May 2017) BTL3
Calculation of length of air gap: (7 M)
➢ In order to estimate the length of air gap of small induction motors, the following
expression can be used
lg = 0.2 + 2√𝐷𝐿 in mm for roller and ball bearings
lg = 0.15 + 0.35 D + L + 0.015γa in mm
lg = 0.2 + D in mm
lg = 1.6√𝐷 − 0.025 𝑚𝑚 for journal bearing
S.No D in Ig in S.No D in Ig in
. m mm . m mm
1 0.15 0.35 5 0.45 1.3
2 0.20 0.50 6 0.55 1.8
3 0.25 0.60 7 0.65 2.5
2 4 0.30 0.70 8 0.80 4.0
Design of Squirrel cage rotor: (6 M)
6 I sT s
➢ Rotor bar current, I b  0 . 85
Sr
Ib
➢ Area of rotor bars, ab 
b
o where  b
lies between 4 to 7 A/mm2.
SrIb
➢ End ring current, Ie 
p
Ie
➢ Area of end ring, ae 
 e
Also a e  d e xt e
where dedepth of endring
te thickness of endring
Rules for selecting rotor slots:
Summarizing, (Ss-Sr) ≠ 0, ±p, ±2p, ±5p, ±3p, ±1, ±2, ±(p±1), ±(p±2)
Describe the steps involved in the design of magnetizing current for an induction motor
3 from the design data. (Dec 2011)(8 M) BTL3
5.45
➢ The flux produced by stator mmf turns passes through the following parts
o air gap
o rotor teeth
o rotor core
o stator teeth and
o stator core
➢ Relation between B60 and Bav
➢ Mmf required for air gap
➢ Mmf required for stator teeth
➢ Mmf required for stator core
➢ Mmf required for rotor core
➢ Magnetising current Im = 0.427 {P (AT60)/TSKWS}
Derive the output equation of AC machines in terms of its main dimensions.(May2012,

Dec 2013,Dec 2014,Dec2016&May2017)(8 M) BTL1
Output Equation:
We know that,
➢ Induced Emf per Phase, Eph = 4.44fØTphKws
2 f
➢ Synchronous speed ns= rps
p
Iph
Current through each conductor, Iz = a A
➢
➢ Total no. of armature conductors, Z = 6Tph
p
➢ Specific magnetic loadings, Bav = wb/m2.
 DL
IzZ
➢ Specific electric loadings, ac = A/m2
4 D
D

➢ pole pitch, = p
KVA Rating of 3Ø induction machine, Q = 11BavacKwsx10-3D2Lns KVA

Q = C0 D2Lns KVA
Where C0= 11BavacKwsx10-3
Separation of D & L:
Ratio of L/ Ʈ for various design features are given below:
➢ For minimum cost = 1.5 to 2
➢ For good power factor = 1 to 1.25
➢ For good efficiency = 1.5
➢ For good overall design = 1.0
➢ For best power factor Ʈ = √0.18𝐿
Generally L/ Ʈ lies between 0.6 to 2
5.46
Describe the procedure for design of rotor bars and end rings of an induction motor.
(Dec 2013,May 2015, Dec 2018&Dec2016)(8 M) BTL3
Design of Squirrel cage rotor:
6 I sT s
➢ Rotor bar current, I b  0 . 85
Sr
Ib
➢ Area of rotor bars, ab 
b
5
o where  b
lies between 4 to 7 A/mm2.
SrIb
➢ End ring current, Ie 
p
Ie
➢ Area of end ring, ae 
 e
Also a e  d e xt e
where dedepth of endring
te thickness of endring
Describe the effect of dispersion co-efficient due to the following factors in an induction
motor:Overload capacity, (ii) Airgap Length, (iii) Number of poles and (iv) Frequency
(May 2013)(8 M) BTL3
➢ The overload capacity of induction motor decreases with increase in the value of
dispersion co-efficient.
6
➢ An increase in magnetising current means an increase in the value of dispersion
co-efficient and therefore an increase in air gap reduces the maximum obtainable
power factor. This reduces the output for a given current.
➢ An increase in number of poles decreases the ideal short circuit current and
therefore increases the dispersion co-efficient. Hence an increase in number of
poles results in decrease in maximum power factor.
Find the main dimensions, of a 15kW, 400V, 3Φ, 4 pole, 50Hz, 2810 rpm, Squirrel cage
Induction Motor having efficiency of 0.88 and full load power factor of 0.9. Assume:
Specific magnetic loading 0.5Wb/m2, Specific electric loading 25000 AC/m. Take the
rotor peripheral speed as approximately 20m/s at synchronous speed (Dec2014)(13 M)
BTL2
7
Given Data:
P = 15 kW, pf = 0.9, three phase, Bav = 0.5 wb/m2, V = 400 V, ac = 25000 A/m, f = 50 Hz,
Va = 20 m/s, N = 2810 rpm, η = 0.88
Solution:
➢ C0 = 1.11*π2Bav ac Kw * 10-3 = 131.31 kVA
5.47
➢ P = 120f/p = 2
➢ Ns = 120f/p = 3000 rpm
➢ ns = Ns/60 = 50 rps---- (6 M)
➢ D2L = 2.88*10-3
➢ Va = 20 m/s
➢ D = Va/πns = 0.1273 m ------ (7 M)
➢ L = 0.177 m
A 15kW, 400V,4 pole, 50 Hz, 3 phase induction motor is built with stator bore 0.25m
and a core length of 0.16m. The specific electric loading is 23000 ampere conductors
per metre. Using the data of this machine, determine the core dimensions, number of
stator slots and number of stator conductors for a 11 kW,460V,6pole,50Hz motor.
Assume a full load efficiency of 84 percent and power factor of 0.82 for each machine.
The winding factor is 0.955.(May 2015)(13 M)BTL2
Given Data:
Case I: 3ϕ, f = 50 Hz, p = 4, Es = 440 V, P = 15 kW, D = 0.25 m, L = 0.16 m, ac = 23000
A/m, η = 0.84, pf = 0.82, Kw = 0.955
Case II: p = 6, f = 50 Hz, EL = 460 V, P = 11 kW, η = 0.84
Solution: (For 15 kW motor)
➢ ns = 2f / p = 25 rps
➢ C0 = kVA / (D2Lns) = 87.2
➢ Bav = C0/(1.11*π2 ac Kw * 10-3) = 0.36 wb/m2
➢ L/τ = 0.816
For 11 kW motor:
8
➢ ns = 2f / p = 16.67 rps
➢ D2L = 10.98*10-3
➢ L/τ = 0.816
➢ L= 0.427 D
➢ D = 0.295 m
➢ L = 0.126 m ----- (7 M)
Assuming single layer winding,
➢ qs ≥ 2 and Yss = 1.0 to 1.5 cm
➢ Number of stator slots Ss = 3pqs
Let qs = 2, Ss = 36, Yss = 2.6 cm
qs = 3, Ss = 54, Yss = 1.7 cm
qs = 4, Ss = 72, Yss = 1.3 cm
qs = 5, Ss = 90, Yss = 1 cm
➢ Assuming Delta connected stator,Es = EL = 460 V
➢ Φm = Bav * (πDL/p) = 6.95 m wb
➢ Number of stator turns per phase Ts = Es / (4.44 fϕm Kw) = 312
➢ Number of stator conductors Zs = 6* Ts = 1872 ----- (6 M)
Describe the steps involved in the design of end rings.(13 M) (May 2014, Dec 2018)
9
BTL3
5.48

Procedure: (6 M)
➢ If the current is maximum in all the bars at the same time, then maximum value of the
current in the end ring,
𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
➢ = * current per bar
2
𝑆𝑟
➢ = 𝐼𝑏
2
➢ However, current is not maximum in all the bars at the same time but varies sine wave.
Hence, maximum value of current in the end ring is the average of current in the end
ring.
But bar current var ies sin usoidally
2 Sr
I b (m ax)  2Ib or I e (m ax)  * * 2Ib
 2p
The ring current also var ies sin usoidally
 RMS valua of end ring current
I e (m ax) 1 2 Sr SrIb
Ie   * * * 2Ib 
2 2  2p p
Area of end rings: (7 M )
➢ Area of each end ring,
Ie SrIb
➢ ae   in mm
2
e p e
➢ Area of ring, ae=depth of ring*thickness of ring
▪ =de*te.
Full load slip:

rotor copper loss s

rotor output 1 s
Determine the approximate diameter and length of stator core, the number of stator
slots and the number of stator conductors for a 11Kw, 400V, 3 phase, 4-pole, 1425 rpm,
delta connected induction motor. Bav = 0.45Wb/sq.m, ac=23000 amp.cond/m, full load
10
efficiency = 0.85, pf = 0.88, pole arc to pole pitch is 1. The stator employs a double layer
winding. (May 2016)(13 M) BTL3
5.49
Given Data:
P = 11Kw, EL = 400 V, 3ϕ, p =4, f = 50 Hz, squirrel cage delta connected stator, Bav =
0.45 wb/m2, ac = 23000 A/m, η = 0.85, pf = 0.88 Kw = 0.955, L/τ = 1
Solution:
➢ Input Kva = Q = Kw/(η*pf) = 14.7 Kva
➢ C0 = 1.11*π2Bav ac Kw * 10-3 = 108.7
➢ ns = 2f / p = 23.75rps
➢ D2L = 5.694*10-3
➢ L/τ = 1
➢ L= 0.7853 D
➢ D = 0.193 m
➢ L = 0.151m --- (6 M)
Number of stator slots Ss = Πd/Yss , Ys lies between 15 mm to 25 mm
➢ Yss = 15 mm, Ss = 40
➢ Yss = 25 mm, Ss = 24
Number of stator slots = 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40
➢ When q = 2, Ss = 24
➢ q = 3, Ss = 36
➢ q = 4, Ss = 48
Large value of Ss can be selected Ss = 36
➢ Zs = Zss * Ss
➢ Zss = 6 Tph/Ss
➢ Bav = pϕ/(Πdl)
➢ Φm = 0.01 wb
➢ Eph = 400 V
➢ Tph = 188 turns
➢ Zss = 30 or 32
➢ Number of conductor Zs = 1080--- (7 M)
PART * C
Design a cage rotor for a 40Hp, 3- Phase, 400V, 50Hz, 6 pole delta connected induction
motor having a full load efficiency of 87% and a full load pf of 0.85. Take D= 33cm and
L= 17cm. Stator slots = 54, Conductors per slot = 14. Assume suitably the missing data
if any. (May 2016)(15 M) BTL5
Given Data:
P = 40 HP, V = 400 V, 3ϕ, p =6, f = 50 Hz, squirrel cage delta connected stator, η = 0.87,
pf = 0.85, D = 33 cm, L = 17 cm, Ss = 54, Zss = 14
1
Solution:
➢ For p = 6, Ss – Sr cannot be 0, ±6, ±12, ±18, ±30, ±1, ±2, ±7, ±6, ±8, ±4
➢ Hence Ss – Sr can be ±3, or ±9
➢ Ts = stator slot * conductor per slot /6 = 119
➢ Q = HP * 0.746 / (pf *η) = 40.35 kVA
➢ Is = Q /(3 Es *10-3) = 33.62 A
➢ Ib = 400 A ---- (7 M)
➢ ab = 100 mm2 (δ = 4 A/mm2)
5.50
➢ ae = 270.56 mm2
➢ Lr = 17 cm
➢ lg = 0.2 + 2(√(DL)) = 0.673 m
➢ Dr = D – 2 lg = 0.3288 m ---- (8 M)
Calculate the magnetizing current of 450V,4pole, 3 phase, 50Hz, induction motor
having the following data. No of stator slots=36, No of stator conductors/slot=30, Stator
bore diameter=13cm, Axial length of stator =13cm, effective air gap length is 0.1cm,
winding is full pitched, phase spread angle is 60ο, gap contraction factor=1, Assume
that iron loss has infinite permeability.(Dec2016) (15 M) BTL5
Given Data:
V = 450 V, p = 4, 3-phase, f = 50 Hz, Ss = 36, Zss = 30 D = 13 cm, L = 13 cm, lg = 0.1cm
Solution:
0.427∗𝑝∗𝐴𝑇60
➢ Im = 𝑇𝑠∗ 𝐾𝑤𝑠
➢ Ts = Zs /6
2 ➢ Zs = Zss * Ss = 1080
➢ Ts = 180 turns
➢ AT60 = ATg60 + ATi
➢ ATg60 = 800000Bg60 Kg lg = 557 AT
➢ Assume Ati = 25% of ATg60 = 139.25 AT ------ (8 M)
➢ AT60 = 696.25 AT
➢ Im = 6.917 A
➢ Bg60 = 1.36 Bav
➢ Bav = pϕ/(πDL)
➢ Φ = 0.0068 wb
➢ Bav = 0.512 wb/m2
➢ Bg60 = 0.6963 wb/m2 ------- (7 M)
A 90kW,500V,50Hz, 3phase, 8 pole induction motor has a star connected stator
winding accommodated in 63 slots with 6 conductors per slot. If slip ring voltage on
open circuit is not to exceed400 volts, find the suitable rotor winding by estimating
number of slots, number of conductors per slot, coil span, slip ring voltage on open
circuit, approximate full load current per phase in rotor. Assume ղ=0.9 and
p.f=0.86.(May2017)(15 M) BTL5
Given Data:
3 P = 90 kW, f = 50 Hz, 3-phase, p = 8, V = 500 V, Ss = 63, Zss = 6, Vslip ring ≤ 400 V, pf =
0.86, η = 0.9
Solution:
➢ Rotor slots Sr = 3 pq
➢ q = 2, Sr =48
➢ q = 3, Sr = 72
➢ q = 4, Sr = 96
➢ to eliminate Ss – Sr should not be equal to 0, ±p, ±2p, ±3p, ±5p, ±1, ±2, ±(p±1),
±(p±2)
5.51
➢ for Sr = 48, Ss – Sr = 63 – 48 = 15
➢ Sr = 48 can be selected
➢ Er = 400/√3 = 231 V,
➢ Es = 500 / √3 = 289 V
➢ Ts = SsZss/6 = 50 ------ (7 M)
➢ Zsr = 6.25 = 6
➢ Rotor coil span = 48 / 8 = 6 slots
➢ Er = Es * (Tr/Ts) =
➢ Tr = 48
➢ Er = 220 V
0.85 𝐼𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑄
➢ Ir = 𝑇𝑟 and Is = 3 𝐸𝑠∗10−3
➢ Q = 116.27 kVA
➢ Is = 134.12 A
➢ Ir = 149.63 A ------- (8 M)
Find the main dimensions, net length of iron of a 3.7kW, 400V, 3Φ, 4 pole, 50Hz,
Squirrel cage Induction Motor which is to be started by a star delta starter. Specific
magnetic loading 0.45Wb/m2, Specific electric loading 23000 AC/m, efficiency= 0.85.
power factor=0.84, winding factor=0.955, L/τ ratio is 1.5. (May 2011, Dec 2018)(15
M)BTL5
Given Data:
P = 3.7 kW, EL = 400 V, 3ϕ, p =4, f = 50 Hz, squirrel cage delta connected stator, Bav =
0.45 wb/m2, ac = 23000 A/m, η = 0.85, pf = 0.84 Kw = 0.955, L/τ = 1.5
Solution:
➢ C0 = 1.11*π2Bav ac Kw * 10-3 = 108.28
➢ ns = 2f / p = 25 rps
➢ D2L = 1.91*10-3
4 ➢ L/τ = 1.5
➢ L= 1.178 D
➢ D = 0.117 m
➢ L = 0.13 m
➢ Net length of sator core Li = K (L – ndwd) = 0.108 m
➢ Bav = pϕ/πDL = ϕ = 5.5 * 10-3wb ---- (7 M)
As the machines is started by star delta starter, it is designed for delta connection.
➢ Es = EL = 400 V
➢ Es = 4.44 f ϕmTs Kw = Ts = 343
➢ Slot per pole per phase qs = 3
➢ Sator slots Ss = mpq = 36
➢ Stator slot pitch Yss = πD/Ss = 10.47 mm
➢ Number of stator conductors = 6 Ts = 2058
➢ Conductor per slot Zss = 57
➢ Actual number of turns per phase Ts = 342 --- (8 M)
5.52

UNIT V–SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
Output equations – choice of Electrical and Magnetic Loading – Design of salient pole
machines – Short circuit ratio – shape of pole face – Armature design – Armature parameters
– Estimation of air gap length – Design of rotor –Design of damper winding – Determination
of full load field mmf – Design of field winding – Design of turbo alternators – Rotor design.
PART * A
Q.
Questions
No
Give the output equation of synchronous machine.BTL1
Q = (11 Bav ac Kw x 10-3) D2 ns
➢ Bav = Specific Magnetic loading;
1 ➢ ac= Specific electric loading
➢ Kw= Winding factor;
➢ D= Diameter of stator
➢ L= length
List the advantages of higher value of gap flux. BTL1
➢ Reduced size and cost
2
➢ higher stability
➢ satisfactory parallel operation.
List the disadvantages of high Bav. BTL1
➢ Higher losses and temperature rise
3
➢ Reduced efficiency
➢ increased transient short circuit.
Name the two types of synchronous machines?BTL1
4 ➢ Salient pole machine
➢ Cylindrical rotor machines.
Define SCR of a Synchronous machine.(May2013,May2014,May2016&Dec 2015)BTL1
Ratio of excitation current needed to under rated voltage in the stator winding under no
5
load conditions to the excitation current needed to circulate rated current under rated
short circuit current. But the speed of the machine remains rated for both the tests.
What are the effects of SCR on machine performance?(May2017)BTL3
Increase in SCR value effects in following results:
6 ➢ Good regulation
➢ Good stability
➢ large short circuit current
How is cylindrical pole different from salient pole in a synchronous machine? (May
2015)BTL2
7
➢ Cylindrical pole is non-projecting pole whereas the salient pole machines are
projecting pole.
5.53
➢ Cylindrical rotor construction is used for turbo alternators which are driven by high
speed steam or gas turbines whereas the salient pole construction is used for
generators driven by hydraulic turbine since these turbines operate at relatively low
speeds.
What are advantages of low values of SCR? BTL1
➢ Cost of control equipment’s is reduced
8
➢ Reduction in size of machines
➢ Reduction inoverall cost of machines
What are the disadvantages of low value of SCR? BTL1
➢ Poor stability limit
9
➢ Poor voltage regulation
➢ Unsatisfactory parallel operation
Define specific magnetic loading of a Synchronous machine. (May 2014) BTL1
The average flux density over the air gap of a machine is known as specific magnetic
10
loading.
Bav= Total flux around the air gap/Area of flux path at the air gap = PΦ/πDL
What is critical speed of alternator? BTL2
11 The rotor is a structure with mass and velocity and o has a natural frequency of
vibration. The speed of the machine at which this occurs is known as critical speed
How the value of SCR affects the design of alternator? (May 2012) BTL2
For high stability and low regulation the value of SCR should be high, which requires
12
larger airgap. When the length of airgap is large, the mmf requirement will be high and
so the field system will be large. Hence the machine will be costlier.
What is critical speed of alternator? BTL1
13 The rotor is a structure with mass and velocity and o has a natural frequency of
vibration. The speed of the machine at which this occurs is known as critical speed.
Why salient pole construction is rejected for high speed alternators? BTL6
➢ The rotor part is subjected to very high mechanical stress
14
➢ Excessive windage loss
➢ The machine would be very noisy
Give expression for armature ampere turns/ pole.BTL1
15 ATa =1.35 Tph. Iph. Kw / P
Tph = turns/phase; Iph = current/Phase: Kw = winding factor, P= Pair of poles.
What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific magnetic loading in
16 synchronous machine? (Dec 2011,May 2013&Dec 2015)BTL6
Iron loss, stability, voltage rating, parallel operation, transient short circuit current.
What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific electric loading in
17 synchronous machine?BTL6
Copper loss, synchronous reactance, temperature rise, stray losses, voltage rating.
What is the limiting factor for the diameter of synchronous machines? (Dec 2013)BTL1
18 Peripheral speed. The limiting value of peripheral speed is 175 m / sec for cylindrical
rotor machines and 80 m/sec for salient pole machines.
Write the expression for air gap length in cylindrical rotor machine?BTL1
19
lg= 0.5 (SCR) ac ґ Kf x 10 -6 / kg Bavg
20 What is the effect of high value of dispersion coefficient? BTL3
5.54
Poor power factor, Reduced over – load capacity, reduced output.

What is run away speed of Synchronous Machine? (May 2011,May 2012, Dec
2018&Dec 2013)BTL1
21
Speed which the prime mover would have if suddenly unloaded when working at its
rated load is known as runaway speed
Give the need for damper winding in synchronous machine? (May 2011)BTL1
22 ➢ To damp out hunting
➢ For self-start.
How the dimensions of induction generator differ from that of an induction motor?
(May2015)BTL2
23
Dimensions of induction generator and induction motor are same. Energy conversion
process isreversible.Therefore, induction motor can operate as induction generator.
How is the efficiency of an alternator affected by load power factor?(Dec 2014)BTL2
24 When the load power factor increases, output power increases in turn efficiency of an
alternator also increases.
Mention the factors to be considered for the selection of number of armature
slots.(Dec2014)BTL6
➢ Balanced windings
➢ Cost
25
➢ Hot spot temperatures
➢ Leakage reactance
➢ Torque ripples
➢ Flux density in iron.
Mention the factors that govern the design of field in an alternator. (May 2016)BTL6
➢ No of poles and voltage across each field winding
➢ Ampere- turn per pole
26
➢ Copper loss in the field winding
➢ Dissipating surface of field coil
➢ Specific loss dissipation and allowable temperature rise.
State the factors for separation of D and L for cylindrical rotor machine
(Dec2016).BTL1
The separation of D and L in cylindrical rotor machine depends on the following factors.
27
➢ Peripheral speed
➢ Number of poles.
➢ Short Circuit Ratio (SCR)
State three important features of turbo alternator rotors.(May2017)BTL1
➢ The rotor of turbo alternators has large axial length and small diameters.
28 ➢ Damping torque is provided by rotor itself and so there is no necessity for additional
damper winding.
➢ They are suitable for high speed operations and so number of poles is usually 2 or 4.
Determine the total number of slots in the stator of alternator having 4poles, 3phase, 6
slots per pole for each phase? (Dec2016)BTL6
29
Ss=3pqs, where p=4 poles, qs=6
Ss=3*4*6=72
PART * B
5.55
Determine for a 250 kVA, 1100 V, 12 pole, 500 rpm, 3-phase alternator (i) air gap
diameter, (ii) core length, (iii) Number of stator conductors, (iv) Number of stator slots
and (v) cross-section of stator conductors. Assuming average gap density as 0.6
Wb/m2 and specific electric loading of 30,000-ampcond/m. L/ τ = 1.5. (May 2012,May
2015,May 2016&May 2017)(13 M) BTL5
Solution:
Q = C0 D2Lns, kVA
C0 = 11 Bav ac Kws *10-3
C0 = 189.09
ns = N/60 = 8.33 rps
D2L = 0.1587
L/τ = 1.5
L = 0.392 D
D = 0.7348 m
1 L = 0.2939 m
Number of stator sots = No. of phases * No. of pols * q
q = 2, Ss = 72
q = 3, Ss = 108
Yss = πD/Ss = 21 mm
Since Yss = 25 mm the choice is valid --- (6 M)
Number of stator conductors
Zs = 6 Ts
Φm = Bav πDL / p = 0.0338 wb
Ts = Eph / (4.44 f ϕmKws) = 88.6 = 88
Zs = 6 Ts = 528
Zss = Zs / Sf = 4.88 = 5
Area of cross section of stator conductors, as = Iph / δs
Iph = kVA / (3 Eph *10-3) = 131.21 A
δs may be from 3 to 5 A/mm2
as = 37.48 mm2 ------- (7 M)
Determine the output coefficient for a 1500 kVA, 2200V, 3-phase, 10-pole, 50 Hz, star
connected alternator with sinusoidal flux distribution. The winding has 600 phase
spread and full pitch coils. ac = 30000 amp.cond/m, Bav = 0.6 Wb/m2. If the peripheral
speed of the rotor must not exceed 100 m/sec and the ratio pole pitch to core length is to
be between 0.6 and 1, find D and L. Assume an air gap length of 6 mm. Find also the
approximate number of stator conductors. (13 M) (May2015)BTL3
2 Given Data:
Q = 1500 kVA, E = 2200, p = 10, f = 50 Hz, Bav = 0.6 wb/m2, ac = 30000 ac/m, Va not >
100 m/s L/τ = 06 to 1,lg = 6 mm
Solution:
N = 120f/p = 600 rpm
ns = N/60 = 10 rps
Q = C0 D2Lns, kVA
C0 = 11 Bav ac Kws *10-3
5.56
C0 = 189.09
D2L = 0.7933
L/τ = 0.6 to 1
Choose L/τ = 0.85
L = 0.2669 D
D = 1.437 m
L = 0.3835 m
Bav = pϕm / (πDL)
Φm = 0.1038 wb
Es = EL/√3 = 1270.17 V
Es = 4.44 f ϕmKwsTs --- (6 M)
Ts = 58
Number of conductor Zs = 6 Ts = 348
Number of stator slots, s = 3pq
For q = 2, Ss = 60
For q = 2.5, Ss = 75
For q =3, Ss = 90
For q = 3.5, Ss = 105
We know that for voltage upto 6 kV
Yss = 4 to 6 cm
Ss =60, Yss = 7.5 cm
Ss = 75, Yss = 6 cm
Ss = 90, Yss = 5cm
Ss = 105, Yss = 4.3 cm
Considering Ss = 75 or 60
Zss = Zs/Ss
Ss = 90, Zss = 348/90 = 3.8667 = 4
For Ss = 75
Zss = 348/75 = 5
Actual number of stator conductor Zs = Zss * Ss = 360 ----- (7 M)
Find the main dimensions of a 100MVA, 11KV, 50Hz, 150rpm, 3 phase water wheel
generator. The average gap density is 0.65Wb/m2 and ampere conductors per meter are
40,000. The peripheral speed should not exceed 65m/s at normal running speed in
order to limit the run-away speed.(13 M) (Dec 2013&Dec 2014)BTL3
Given Data:
3 phase, Q = 100 MVA, N = 150 rpm, Bav = 0.65 wb/m2, ac = 40000 ac/m. Va not > 65m/s
Solution:
3
Q = C0 D2Lns, kVA
C0 = 11 Bav ac Kws *10-3
C0 = 273.13
ns = N/60 = 2.5 rps
D2L = 146
Va = πDN/60 = 65
D = 8.28 m
L = 2.136 m
5.57
Or
L/τ = 0.65
p = 120f/N =40
L = 0.051 D
D = 14.19 m
L = 0.724 m
Check for peripheral speed Va= πDN/60 = 111.5 m/s --- (6 M)
Va> 65 m/s (not eligible)
Take L/τ = 4
L = 0.314 D
D = 7.544 m
L = 2.34 m
Va = 59.22 m/s
Therefore Va< 65 m/s accepted. ----- (7 M)
Explain the step by step procedure for the design of field winding of synchronous
machine. (Dec 2011,May 2013, Dec 2018&May 2014)(13 M) BTL3
DESIGN OF FIELD WINDING:
➢ With of conductor does not exceeds 6mm.
➢ Two layer of insulation between conductor, each thickness 2*0.18mm=0.36mm
➢ under pressure, thickness of lamination reduced to 0.26mm.
➢ Flanges of 10mm thickness.
➢ Pole body insulation is 4 to 5mm thick.
➢ Coil is under pressure of 4 to 12 MN/m2. Length of mean turn of field coil,
Lmtf=2Lm+π(bp+0.01+df) where, Lm=0.9L&e=0.05L
➢ Normally the exciter voltage varies between 50V to 400V. For small machine
125V and large machine 250V is the exciter voltage. Voltage across each field
coil, Ef=(0.8 to 0.85)Ve/p where, Ve-exciter voltage. --- (6 M)
4 ➢ Height of field winding, hf=hpl-h1-space taken for flanges, etc., where, hpl-
height of pole; h1-height of pole shoe; space taken for flanges, etc.,=20mm
➢ Voltage across each field coil Ef=field current*resistance of each field coil at
750c =IfRf=If(TfLmtfρ)/af. Where, ATfl=IfTf. Area of field conductors,
af=(ATflLmtfρ)/Ef. ------ (4 M)
➢ Diagram: (3 M)
A 100KVA, 3300V, 50Hz, 300rpm, 3-phase alternator has 180 slots with 5 conductors
per slot. Single layer winding with full pitch coils is used. The winding is star
5
connected with one circuit per phase. Determine the specific electric and specific
magnetic loadings, if the stator bore is 2.0m and the core length is 0.4m. Using the
5.58
same loading, determine the corresponding data for a 1250kVA, 3300V, 50Hz,250 rpm,
3phase star connected alternator having 2 circuits per phase. The machine has 60˚
phase spread. (Dec 2011&Dec 2016)(13 M) BTL4
Given Data:
Machines – 1;Q = 1000 kVA, EL = 3300 V, Ns = 300 rp, f = 50 H, 3 phase, Ss = 180, Zss =
5, Machines – 2: Q = 1250 kVA, Vl = 3300 V, f = 50 Hz, N = 250 rpm, 3-phase, star
connected, two circuit per phase, 60 phase spread
single layer σ = 60, Kp = 1, star connected, a = 1, D = 2.0 m, L = 0.4 m
Solution:
ns = Ns /60 = 5 rps
p = 2f/p = 20
C0 = Q/(D2Lns) = 125 kVA
No. of stator slots/pole/phase qs = Ss/(mp) = 3
Distribution Factor kd = sin(σ/2) / (q sin (σ/2q)) = 0.96
Winding factor kw = kp * kd =1 * 0.96 = 0.96
Now, Bac * ac = C0 / (1.11 π2 kw *10-3) = 11885 ----- (6 M)
No. of stator conductors Zs = Zss * Ss = 5 * 180 = 900
Stator voltage / phase Es = EL/√3 = 1905 V
Stator current / phase Is = output kVA * 103/(3 * Es) = 175 A
Current / conductor in statoIz = Is / a = 175 A
ac = Iz * Z / πD = 25066 A/m
Bav = 0.54 wb /m2----- (7 M)
Derive the expression for length of air gap of a synchronous machine. (13 M)(May
2012)BTL1
LENGTH OF AIRGAP: ( 6 M)
A large airgap makes a high reluctance to the flux path produced by the armature mmf
and reduce the effect of armature reaction. Machine with large airgap has the following
advantages,
➢ small value of inherent regulation
➢ higher value of stability limit
➢ higher synchronising power.
while increasing the airgap length, a large value of field mmf is required it increase the cost
6 of machine.
For salient pole machines of normal construction and open type slots.
➢ Length of air gap / pole pitch = 0.01 – 0.015
➢ For turbo alternator with massive rotor
➢ Length of air gap / pole pitch = 0.02 – 0.025
➢ For synchronous motor designed with maximum output 1.5 times rated output
➢ Length of air gap / pole pitch = 0.02
ESTIMATION OF AIR GAP LENGTH: (7 M)
No load field mmf per pole is equal to the product of armature mmf per pole and the short
circuit ratio,
➢ ATf0=ATa*SCR
➢ The value of armature mmf per pole ATa=(2.7*IphTphKw1)/p
5.59
➢ ATf0= 2.7*(IphTphKw1)/p *SCR

➢ The mmf required during the flux across air gap is approximately 80% of the no load
field mmf.
➢ Mmf required for air gap=0.8ATf0=800000BgKglg.
0.8ATf0
➢ Length of air gap at centre of pole, lg=800000BgKg
Explain the armature winding and rotor design of turbo alternator. (Dec 2013)(13 M)
BTL1
Answer: Page: 5.52 & 5.45 – Dr. V. Balaji
DESIGN OF TURBO ALTERNATOR:
Stator design: (4 M)
➢ Number of slots/pole/phase=8 or 9
➢ Normally slot pitch=25 t0 60mm but large alternator=75 to 90mm.
➢ Current density for conventional machines=4 A/mm2, for large machines=8 to
9.5 A/mm2.
➢ Use deep slot to increase leakage reactance, to reduce the force under short circuit
conditions, have the advantages of spacing the overhang away from rotor end
rings.
Rotor Design: (6 M)
The rotor winding is distributed in slots, number of slots should be integer which is
multiple of 4 ie., 16, 20,24,.. Current density value for modern cooled alternator is 9.5 to
14 A/mm2 for conventional cooled machine is 2.5 A/mm2. Thickness of insulation 0.25
to 0.33mm per 100v across winding.
➢ Full load field mmf can be taken as twice the armature mmf.
➢ Full load field mmf, ATfl=2ATa.
➢ Where, ATa=(2.7*IphTphKw)/p
7
➢ Voltage across each field coil, Ef=(0.8 to 0.85)Ve/p
➢ Length of mean turn of field winding is approximated from, Lmts=2L+2.3 ԏ+0.24
➢ Voltage across each field coil, Ef=IfRf=If(TfLmtfρ)/af. Where, ATfl=IfTf.
➢ Area of field conductors, af=(ATflLmtfρ)/Ef.
➢ Assume suitable value for current density for field winding.
➢ Total area of field conductors=(2pATfl)/δf.
➢ Number of field conductors=(2pATfl)/δfaf.
➢ Number of conductor per slot=(2pATfl)/δfafSr.
Diagram: (3 M)
5.60
Describe the construction of turbo alternator with neat sketch. (13 M) (May 2015)BTL1
Answer: Page: 5.45 & 5.52 – Dr. V. Balaji
Stator Design: (7 M)
➢ Number of stator slots per pole per phase lies between 2 to 4 but for turbo alternator
it is 8 or 9 slot pole per phase.
➢ Slot pitch may be 75 to 90 mm.
➢ Single layer concentric or two-layer short pitched winding s used.
➢ Higher stray load loss which leads to overhang running parallel to the end plates.
➢ Assembling two conductors per slot to reduce eddy current losses
8 ➢ Current density is 8 to 9 A/mm2.
➢ Winding is deliberately put in deep slots to increase the leakage reactance therefore
to reduce the force under short circuit condition.
Rotor design: (6 M)
➢ Windings are distributed in slots.
➢ The slot pitch should be chosen in such a way that harmonics are eliminated.
➢ Width of the slots is limited by stresses at the root and end of the rings.
➢ Thickness of insulation may be 0.25 to 0.33 mm per 100 V across the winding.
➢ Rotor current density is 2.5 A/mm2 and for direct cooled generator is 9.5 to 14
A/mm2.
Determine the suitable number of slots and conductors per slot,for the stator winding
of a 3 phase 3300V, 50Hz, 300rpm alternator. The diameter is 2.3m and the axial
length of core is 0.35m. The maximum flux density in the air gap should be
approximately 0.9Wb/m2.Assume sinusoidal flux distribution. Use single layer winding
and star connection for stator.(May2013,May2014&Dec 2015)(13 M) BTL5
Given Data:
V = 3300, f = 50 Hz, N = 300 rpm, D = 2.3 m, L = 0.35 m, Bav =0.9 wb/m2
Solution:
Number of stator slots, s = 3pq
p = 120f/N = 20
For q = 2, Ss = 120
9 For q = 2.5, Ss = 150
For q =3, Ss = 180
We know that for voltage upto 6 kV
Yss = 4 to 6 cm ---- (7 M)
For Yss = 4 cm, Ss = πD/Yss = 180
For Yss = 5 cm, Ss = 144
For Yss = 6 cm, Ss = 120
Bav = pϕ/(πDL)
Φm = 0.1137 wb
Ts = Eph / (4.44 f ϕmKws) = 79
Zs = 6 Ts = 474
Zss = Zs/Ss = 3.95 = 3
Since it is single layer winding. ---- (6 M)
5.61
Find the main dimensions of a 2500 kVA, 3kV, 50Hz, 187.5rpm, 3 phase salient pole
synchronous generator. The generator is to be vertical wheel type. Use circular pole
with ratio of core length to pole pitch = 0.65. Specify the type of pole construction used
if the runaway speed is about 2 times the normal speed. (Dec 2014)(13 M)BTL5
Given Data:
3-phase salient pole generator, Q = 2500 kVA, E = 3 kV, Bav = 0.6 wb/m2, ac = 34000
ac/m, L/τ = 0.65, Kw = 0.955
Solution:
Q = C0 D2Lns, kVA
C0 = 11 Bav ac Kws *10-3
10 C0 = 214
ns = N/60 = 3.125 rps
p = 120f/N = 32
D2L = 3.74 ---- (7 M)
L/τ = 0.65
L = 0.0638 D
D = 3.885 m
L = 0.247 m
Va = πDns = 38.2 m/s
Runaway speed = 2 * Va = 76.4 m/s
The runaway peripheral speed will be about 80 m/s and therefore dove-tail construction is
used for attaching the rotor poles to the rim.M---- (6 M)
PART * C
Illustrate the steps required for the design of damper winding of synchronous machine
and show the position of damper bars in a diagram.(15 M)(Dec2015)BTL4
DESIGN OF DAMPER WINDING:
➢ In synchronous generator- damper winding use to suppress the negative sequence
field and reduce the oscillation.
➢ In synchronous motor-damper winding use to provide starting torque and reduce
1 hunting.
➢ The amplitude of fundamental of mmf AT1 of one phase of polyphase winding,
AT1=(4/π)ATmKw1. ------- (7 M)
➢ Amplitude of phase mmf, ATm=maximum conductor current*turns per pole per
phase =(√2)Iz(slot per pole per phase)*(conductor per slot/2) =(√2)Izq(Zs/2)=qZs
(Iz/√2)
➢ Where, current in each conductor, Iz=Iph and conductor per slot, Zs=2Tph/qp --
(8 M)
State and explain the main factors which influence the choice of specific magnetic
loading and specific electric loading in a synchronous machine. (May 2016)(15 M)BTL1
Answer: Page: 5.8 to 510 – Dr. V. Balaji
2 CHOICE OF SPECIFIC MAGNETIC LOADING: (7 M)
➢ Iron loss
➢ Voltage
➢ Transient short circuit current
5.62
➢ stability
➢ parallel operation Value of average flux density for various machines are Salient
pole machines-0.52 to 0.65 Wb/m2. Turbo-alternators-0.54 to 0.65 Wb/m2.
Lower value normally applied to small size machines.
CHOICE OF SPECIFIC ELECTRIC LOADING: (8 M)
➢ copper loss and temperature rise
➢ voltage
➢ synchronous reactance
➢ stray load loss Value of specific electric loading for various machines are Salient
pole machines-20,000 to 40,000 A/m. Turbo-alternators-50,000 to 75,000 A/m.
Derive the output equation of synchronous machine. (15 M) (May 2016)BTL1
OUTPUT EQUATION:
Consider an ‘m’ phase machine having one circuit (parallel path) per phase, kVA rating of
machine.
➢ Q=number of phase*output voltage per phase*current per phase*10-3=mEphIph*10-3.
➢ Terminal voltage of each phase may be taken equal to the induced emf per phase.
➢ Induced emf per phase, Eph=4.44fΦTphKw.
➢ Therefore, Q=m*4.44fΦTphKwIph*10-3.
➢ Frequency, f=pns/2
➢ Then, Q=m*4.44(pns/2) ΦTphKwIph*10-3=m*2.22pnsΦTphKwIph*10-3
▪ =1.11(pΦ) 2mnsTphKwIph*10-3
➢ Current in each conductor, Iz=Iph (as there is one circuit per phase)
3 ➢ Total number of armature conductors
➢ Z=number of phases*(2*turns per phase) =2mTph. ---- (7 M)
➢ Therefore, total electric loading=IzZ=2mIphTph.
➢ Hence, Q=1.11Kw (pΦ) ns(2mTphIph) *10-3 =1.11Kw (pΦ) ns(IzZ)*10-3
=1.11Kw*(total magnetic loading) * (total electric loading) *(synchronous
speed)*10-3.
➢ Where, pΦ=ΠDLBav. and IzZ=ΠDac
➢ Substitute eqn.4.2in 4.1, we get
➢ Q = 1.11Kw (ΠDLBav) ns(ΠDac) *10-3 = (1.11 Π2BavacKw *10-3)D2Lns
• = (11BavacKw *10-3)D2Lns
➢ Q = C0D2Lns. Where, C0= 11BavacKw *10-3
➢ Output equation in terms of peripheral speed is
➢ Q = (1.11 Π2BavacKw *10-3)D2Lns= (1.11 BavacKw *10-3)Va2L/ns.
➢ Where, peripheral speed, Va= ΠDns. so, Π=Va/Dns. ---- (8 M)
Explain the construction of synchronous machines with neat diagram.(Dec2016)(15
M)BTL1
Stator
4 ➢ Stator stationary member.
➢ Cylinder inside which rotor rotates.
➢ Air gap between the stator and the rotor.
➢ Armature windings are housed in the slots cut the stator.
Rotor
5.63
➢ Two types of rotor.

➢ Cylindrical type rotor and salient pole.
➢ Cylindrical pole rotor has dc field winding.
➢ Cylindrical rotor provides greater mechanical strength
➢ Used in high speed turbo generators.
➢ Salient pole rotors have projecting poles.
➢ Projecting poles lessen its mechanical strength.
➢ Used for low speed applications.
➢ Larger in diameter and smaller in length.
What are the factors to be considered for fixing the air gap length for synchronous
machines?(May2017) (7 M)BTL1
For turbo alternators: Lg/τ=0.02 to 0.025
5 For Synchronous motor designed with maximum output=1.5 times rated output
Lg/τ=0.02
For salient pole machine with open slot
Lg/τ=0.01 to 0.015
Lg= (ATa *SCR*Kf)/(Bav*Kg*106)
5.64

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REGULATION:2013 ACADEMIC YEAR: 2018-2019

EE6604 DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES LT P C 3104

UNIT III TRANSFORMERS 9

UNIT IV INDUCTION MOTORS 9

UNIT V SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 9

Subject Code: EE6604 Year/Semester: III/06

Major considerations in Electrical Machine Design - Electrical Engineering Materials –

θ – Temperature rise during time ‘t’.

JIT-JEPPIAAR/EEE/Mr. K. JAYAVELU/IIIrdYr/SEM 06 /EE6604/DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES/UNIT 1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0

Define space factor. (Dec2015) BTL1

Classes of insulating materials (4 M)

JIT-JEPPIAAR/EEE/Mr. K. JAYAVELU/IIIrdYr/SEM 06 /EE6604/DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES/UNIT 1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0

alternatrors.(May 2015) (May 2016&Dec2016) BTL1

JIT-JEPPIAAR/EEE/Mr. K. JAYAVELU/IIIrdYr/SEM 06 /EE6604/DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES/UNIT 1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0

8 Major considerations in Electrical Machine Design:

minimum MMF. The core losses should be less.

The standard specifications issued for electrical machines:

JIT-JEPPIAAR/EEE/Mr. K. JAYAVELU/IIIrdYr/SEM 06 /EE6604/DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES/UNIT 1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0

Data Hand Book for salient and non-salient pole machines.

Thermal State in Electrical Machines: (3 M)

➢ Weight of copper G = Volume * Weight per volume

JIT-JEPPIAAR/EEE/Mr. K. JAYAVELU/IIIrdYr/SEM 06 /EE6604/DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES/UNIT 1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0

Subject Code: EE6604 Year/Semester: III/06

UNIT II–DC MACHINES

inductance and high rate of charge of current is called reactance voltage.

What is meant by magnetic loading? (May 2012, Dec 2018) BTL1

What is mean by magnetic circuit calculations? (Dec 2013)BTL6

Write down the expression for brush friction loss.(May2017) BTL1

JIT-JEPPIAAR/EEE/Mr. K. JAYAVELU/IIIrdYr/SEM 06 /EE6604/DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES/UNIT 1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0

➢ Number of turns in the field coil

Answer: Page: 2.63 – Dr. V. Balaji

➢ Pa = (πDL Bav)*(πD ac)*n*10-3

➢ Given square pole face L/τ = ψ, b/τ = 0.7

JIT-JEPPIAAR/EEE/Mr. K. JAYAVELU/IIIrdYr/SEM 06 /EE6604/DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES/UNIT 1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0

Subject Code: EE6604 Year/Semester: III/06

UNIT III - TRANSFORMERS

 No load voltage  Load voltage 

What are the methods by which heat dissipation occurs in a transformer?(Dec2011,

➢ Overall width W = 0.862 m ----------- (7 M)

➢ Loss components Il = Pi / Vp = 0.1 A

➢ Overall height of transformer H = Hw + 2 Hy = 0.711 m

➢ Copper loss will be more comapred to core loss.

JIT-JEPPIAAR/EEE/Mr. K. JAYAVELU/IIIrdYr/SEM 06 /EE6604/DESIGN OF ELECTICAL MACHINES/UNIT 1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0

Subject Code: EE6604 Year/Semester: III/06

UNIT IV–INDUCTION MOTORS

➢ To avoid tendency of cogging

Where mush winding is used? (May 2015)BTL3

Answer: Page: USP 46 – Dr. V. Balaji

JIT-JEPPIAAR/EEE/Mr. K. JAYAVELU/IIIrdYr/SEM 06 /EE6604/DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES/UNIT 1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0

Design of Squirrel cage rotor: (6 M)

Derive the output equation of AC machines in terms of its main dimensions.(May2012,

KVA Rating of 3Ø induction machine, Q = 11BavacKwsx10-3D2Lns KVA

JIT-JEPPIAAR/EEE/Mr. K. JAYAVELU/IIIrdYr/SEM 06 /EE6604/DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES/UNIT 1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0

Answer: Page: 4.39 to 4.40 – Dr. V. Balaji

Full load slip:

JIT-JEPPIAAR/EEE/Mr. K. JAYAVELU/IIIrdYr/SEM 06 /EE6604/DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES/UNIT 1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0

Subject Code: EE6604 Year/Semester: III/06

UNIT V–SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

➢ Pa = (πDL Bav)(πD ac)n*10-3

➢ ATf0= 2.7(IphTphKw1)/p SCR