Ee6604 Quesition Bank PDF
Ee6604 Quesition Bank PDF
Ee6604 Quesition Bank PDF
OBJECTIVES:
• To study mmf calculation and thermal rating of various types of electrical machines.
• To design armature and field systems for D.C. machines.
• To design core, yoke, windings and cooling systems of transformers.
• To design stator and rotor of induction machines.
• To design stator and rotor of synchronous machines and study their thermal behavior.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Major considerations in Electrical Machine Design - Electrical Engineering Materials – Space factor
– Choice of Specific Electrical and Magnetic loadings - Thermal considerations - Heat flow –
Temperature rise and Insulating Materials - Rating of machines – Standard specifications.
UNIT II DC MACHINES 9
Output Equations – Main Dimensions – Choice of Specific Electric and Magnetic Loading –
Magnetic Circuits Calculations - Carter’s Coefficient - Net length of Iron –Real & Apparent flux
densities – Selection of number of poles – Design of Armature – Design of commutator and brushes
– performance prediction using design values.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Sawhney, A.K., 'A Course in Electrical Machine Design', Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi, 1984.
2. M.V.Deshpande “Design and Testing of Electrical Machine Design” Wheeler Publications, 2010.
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REFERENCES:
1. A.Shanmuga Sundaram, G.Gangadharan, R.Palani 'Electrical Machine Design Data Book', New
Age International Pvt. Ltd., Reprint, 2007.
2. R.K.Agarwal “ Principles of Electrical Machine Design” Esskay Publications, Delhi, 2002.
UNIT I - INTRODUCTION
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θf = Final temp. rise reached during cooling, θ2 = Initial temp. rise at which cooling is
started
τc = Cooling time constant.
What are the major design considerations? (Dec2011, May2013, Dec2015 & Dec 2018)
BTL6
8 ➢ Cost
➢ Durability
➢ Performance.
What are the limitations in design? BTL6
➢ Saturation
9 ➢ Temperature rise
➢ Insulation
➢ Efficiency.
What are the major design factors? BTL6
➢ Magnetic Circuits
10 ➢ Electric Circuits
➢ Thermal Circuits
➢ Mechanical Parts.
What are the properties to be met by conductor? BTL6
➢ Highest possible conductivity
11 ➢ least possible temperature coefficient of resistance
➢ adequate mechanical strength
➢ Resistance to corrosion.
What is a soft magnetic material? BTL6
12
Magnetic materials with narrow hysteresis loop are called soft magnetic material.
What are the causes of failure of insulation? BTL6
➢ Weak points in the insulator
13 ➢ Effect of aging and mechanical fatigue
➢ Mica migration
➢ Tracking.
What is mica migration in insulating material? BTL6
14
It is a natural phenomenon of shifting of mica due to difference in the coefficient of th.
Define temperature gradient. BTL1
15
Variation of temperature with respect to distance is called temperature gradient.
Define thermal ohm. BTL1
16 It is defined as the thermal resistance which causes a drop of 1°C per Watt of heat flow.
L = Length of embedded conductors
Give the expression for heat flow in 2-D. BTL1
°C
17
where, Q = Total heat produced in coil, l = Length of coil in m, w = Width of coil, t =
Thickness of coil, ρx, ρy = Thermal resistivity in x and y directions.
Give the expression for temperature difference between center and overhang of a
18
conductor. BTL1
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°C
Where, θ = Temperature difference in °C δ = Current density in A/m2
ρ = electrical resistivity in Ωmρc = Thermal resistivity in Ωm
Express heating time constant in terms of rate of temperature difference. BTL1
19 ; T – heating time constant; – Final temperature rise during heating;
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What are the limitations being imposed on the design of electrical apparatus? Explain
briefly. (Dec2014) (8 M) BTL1
2
Answer: Page: 1.2 to 1.4 – Dr. V. Balaji
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Designer understands rated power output, rated voltage and rated current of the machine.
The limitations being imposed on the design of electrical apparatus are
1. Saturation
2. Temperature rise
3. Insulation
4. Efficiency
5. Mechanical parts
6. Commutation
7. Power factor
8. Consumer’s specifications
9. Standard specifications
Calculate the specific magnetic loading of 100HP, 300V, 3 phase, 50Hz, 8 pole, star
connected, flame proof induction motor having stator core length = 0.5m and stator
bore = 0.66m, turns/phase = 286. Assume full load efficiency as 0.938 and power factor
has 0.86. (Dec 2013) (8 M) BTL3
Given Data:
P = 100 HP, V = 300 V, 3-phase IM, f = 50 Hz, p = 8, star connected, L = 0.5 m, D = 0.66
m, Tph = 286, η = 0.938, pf = 0.86
Solution:
3 Q = C0 D2Lns
𝐻𝑃∗0.746
Q = 𝜂∗𝑝𝑓 = 92.48 kVA
ns = 2f/p = 12.5 rps
ac = Iz * Z/(πD) (4 M)
IL = Iph = Iz = Q/(√3 VL *10-3) = 178 A
ac = 147313 ac/m
C0 = 11 Bav ac Kws*10-3
Bav = 0.022 wb/m2 (4 M)
What are the main groups of electrical conducting materials? Describe the properties
and application of those materials. (Dec 2011, May 2013, Dec 2018&May 2014)(13
M)BTL5
Answer: Page: 1.4 to 1.10– Dr. V. Balaji
Electrical conducting material are the basic requirement for electrical engineering
4 products. The electrical conducting material can be classified as below-
Based on Resistivity or Conductivity
➢ Low resistivity or high conductivity conducting material
➢ High resistivity or Low conductivity conducting material (3 M)
Low Resistivity or High Conductivity Conducting Material
Material having low resistivity or high conductivity are very useful in electrical engineering
products. These material used as conductors for all kind of windings required in electrical
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machines, apparatus and devices. These materials are also used as conductor in transmission
and distribution of electrical energy. Some of low resistivity or high conductivity materials
and their resistivity are given in table below –
➢ Silver
➢ Copper
➢ Gold
➢ Aluminum (5 M)
High Resistivity or Low Conductivity Conducting Material
Materials having High resistivity or Low conductivity conducting are very useful for
electrical engineering products. These material are used to manufacture the filaments for
incandescent lamp, heating elements for electric heaters, space heaters and electric irons etc.
Some of materials having High resistivity or Low conductivity are listed below:
➢ Tungsten
➢ Carbon
➢ Nichrome or Bright ray - B
➢ Nichrome – Vor Bright ray - C
➢ Manganin
This general property of a conductor is listed below – In equilibrium condition the
conductor exhibits the following properties –
➢ Resistance
➢ Inductance
➢ The electric filed inside the conductor is zero
➢ The charge density inside the conductor is zero
➢ Free charge exists only on the surface of the conductor
➢ At the conductor surface, the electric field is normal to the surface. (4 M)
Explain in detail the various cooling methods of electrical machines. (May 2014) (13 M)
BTL1
Answer: Page: - Notes
Answer: Page: 1.4 to 1.10– Dr. V. Balaji
A process by means of which heat resulting from losses occuring in a machine is given up
to a primary coolant by increasing its temperature.
Depending upon the origin of cooling (5 M)
➢ Cooling System
5
➢ Natural Cooling
➢ Separate Cooling
According to the manner of cooling (8 M)
➢ Open circuit ventilation
➢ Surface ventilation
➢ Closed circuit ventilation
➢ Liquid Cooling
➢ Inner cooling of windings
6 State and explain the advantages of hydrogen cooling as apllied to turbo
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➢ The two main advantages of hydrogen cooling medium are its density is 1/14th of
the air and its thermal conductivity is 6.7 times that of the air.
➢ These two properties of the hydrogen gas have following advantages:
➢ Windage losses which are proportional to the density of the cooling medium are
drastically reduced. as lower as 10 times compared to the air.
➢ Therefore, this has the advantage of increase in the efficiency of the generator by
0.7 to 1%.
➢ The noise generated by the alternator is reduced considerably due to the lighter
cooling, medium and lower friction,
➢ The cooling surface required for Hydrogen cooling is considerably smaller than that
needed for the air coolers due to high heat transfer rates.
➢ The reliability of the insulation increases, and its life span is prolonged.
➢ The absence of oxidation of the insulation and of accumulation of dust and moisture
reduces the maintenance of the machine,
➢ There is no possibility of the fire hazard in the machine if the failure occurs in the
winding insulation as hydrogen gas does not support combustion.
➢ Therefore, there is no needs to incorporate any fire control,
➢ The usage of hydrogen gas as cooling medium compared to air permits the machine
of the same dimension to have 20% greater output capacity.
➢ Hydrogen cooled alternators requires 20% less active material (steel and copper)
than an air-cooled machine.
➢ The reason for this is the rate of heat transfer is 1.35 times greater than air and
thermal conductivity of hydrogen is 6.7 times greater than that of the air.
➢ The corona effects on the conductors in the windings are less harmful in hydrogen
atmosphere compared to air.
➢ This also increase the life of the windings.
➢ Due to numerous advantages offered by the hydrogen cooling, it is universally
accepted better cooling medium for high capacity generating units. (9 M)
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(4 M)
The exciting coil of an electromagnet has a cross section of 120*50 mm2and a length of
mean turn 08m. It dissipates 150W continuously. Its cooling surface is 0.125m2 and
specific heat dissipation is 30 W/m2degree Celsius. Calculate the final steady
temperature rise of the coil surface. Also calculate the hot spot temperature rise of the
coil if the thermal resistivity of insulating material used is 8m. the space vector is 0.56.
(May 2015) (8 M) BTL2
Answer: Page: 1.56 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
Cross section of electromagnet ac = 120 x 50 mm2
7 Length of mean turn lc = 0.8 m
Cooling surface S = 0.125 m
Specific head dissipation λ = 30 W/m2
Thermal resistivity8 ohm m
Space factor Sf = 0.56
Solution:
θm = Q / Sλ = 40° C
ρ0 = ρi = (1- Sf½ ) = 2 Ωm (4 M)
Loss q = Q / ac lc = 31250 W/m2
θ0 = qpt2/8 = 19.5 °C
Temperature rise of hot spot = 59.5 °C (4 M)
What are the major considerations to evolve a good design of electrical machine?
(May2017) (7M) BTL1
Answer: Page: 1.1 to 1.4 – Dr. V. Balaji
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Given Data:
Ws = 12 mmm
9 Lg = 2 mm
Solution:
1
K c
= 0.545
lg
1 5
ws
Ys = ws + wt = 24 mm
Kgs = Ys/(Ys – KcsWs) = 1.37 (4 M)
Kgd = 1
Kg = Kgs * Kgd = 1.37
lgs =kg * lg = 2.74 mm (4 M)
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Calculate the apparent flux density at a section of the teeth from the following data:
slot width =10mm, tooth width = 12mm, Gross core length =0.32m, No. of ventilating
ducts=4 with each 10mm wide, real flux density =2.2Wb/m2.Permeability of teeth
corresponding to real flux= 3.14*10-6 H/m. Stacking factor=0.9. (Dec2016)(8 M) BTL6
Given Data:
Wt = 12 mm, ws = 10 mm, L = 0.32 m, nd = 4, wd = 10 mm, Breal = 2.2 wb/mm2, μ =
31.4*10-6 H/m, Sf = 0.9
10 Solution:
Bapp= Breal+ μ0 atreal (Ks – 1)
At real = Breal/μ = 70063 A/m
𝐿𝑌𝑠
Ks = 𝐿𝑖 𝑤𝑡
Ys = wt + ws = 22 mm (4 M)
Li = L’Sf = Sf (L – ndwd) = 0.252 m
Ks = 2.328
Bapp= 2.317 wb/m2 (4 M)
List the methods used for determining motor power rating for variable load drives.
Describe any two methods. (Dec2015&Dec2016) (13 M)BTL1
Answer: Page: 1.40 to 1.42 – Dr. V. Balaji
Methods: (2 M)
➢ Methods of average losses
➢ Equivalent current method
➢ Equivalent torque method
➢ Equivalent power method
Methods of average losses (2 M)
Qper = Qnom / Sλ
Qm = Qav / Sλ
11 Average losses Qam = (Q1t1 + Q2t2 +Q3t3 + …..+ Qntn) / (t1 + t2 +…..+ tn)
Equivalent current method (3 M)
The equivalent current method is based upon the assumption that the actual variable current
may be replaced by an equivalent current.
(𝐼12𝑡1+𝐼22𝑡2+⋯+𝐼𝑛2𝑡𝑛) 1/2
Ieq=[ ]
𝑡1+𝑡2+⋯_𝑡𝑛
For a triangular shaped diagram Ieq = (I1/3)1/2
For a trapezoidal diagrmIeq = √[(I12 + I1I2 + I22)/3]
Equivalent torque method (3 M)
(𝑇12𝑡1+𝑇22𝑡2+⋯+𝑇𝑛2𝑡𝑛) 1/2
Teq=[ ]
𝑡1+𝑡2+⋯_𝑡𝑛
Equivalent powermethod (3 M)
(𝑃12𝑡1+𝑃22𝑡2+⋯+𝑃𝑛2𝑡𝑛) 1/2
Peq=[ ]
𝑡1+𝑡2+⋯_𝑡𝑛
PART *C
1 Discuss about the factors that influence the choice of specific electric and magnetic
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loadings in the design of rotating machines. (Dec2015, Dec 2018) (15 M)BTL6
Answer: Page: 2.36 to 2.42 – Dr. V. Balaji
Specific magnetic loading: (7 M)
Iron loss:
➢ A high value of flux density in the air gap leads to higher value of flux in the iron
parts of the machine which results in increased iron losses and reduced efficiency.
Voltage:
➢ When the machine is designed for higher voltage space occupied by the insulation
becomes more thus making the teeth smaller and hence higher flux density in teeth
and core.
Transient short circuit current:
➢ A high value of gap density results in decrease in leakage reactance and hence
increased value of armature current under short circuit conditions.
Stability:
➢ The maximum power output of a machine under steady state condition is indirectly
proportional to synchronous reactance.
➢ If higher value of flux density is used it leads to smaller number of turns per phase in
armature winding.
➢ This results in reduced value of leakage reactance and hence increased value of
power and hence increased steady state stability.
Parallel operation:
➢ The satisfactory parallel operation of synchronous generators depends on the
synchronizing power.
➢ Higher the synchronizing power higher will be the ability of the machine to operate
in synchronism.
➢ The synchronizing power is inversely proportional to the synchronous reactance and
hence the machines designed with higher value air gap flux density will have better
ability to operate in parallel with other machines.
Specific Electric Loading:(8 M)
Copper loss:
➢ Higher the value of q larger will be the number of armature of conductors which
results in higher copper loss.
➢ This will result in higher temperature rise and reduction in efficiency.
Voltage:
➢ A higher value of q can be used for low voltage machines since the space required for
the insulation will be smaller.
Synchronous reactance:
➢ High value of q leads to higher value of leakage reactance and armature reaction and
hence higher value of synchronous reactance.
➢ Such machines will have poor voltage regulation, lower value of current under short
circuit condition and low value of steady state stability limit and small value of
synchronizing power.
Stray load losses:
➢ With increase of q stray load losses will increase.
➢ Values of specific magnetic and specific electric loading can be selected from Design
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the system.
➢ It is desired to design a series of machines having different ratings to fit into a single
frame size.
➢ But the finished designs of machines must be produced in groups, where all designs
within group are interdependent hence forms optimization of the system.
➢ Therefore, the optimal solution involves iterations wherein values of variables are
changed to satisfy both the performance and cost constraints.
➢ The evolution of design to meet the specified optimum criteria is a matter of long and
tedious iterations and this fact has led to the application of fast digital computers to the
design of electrical machines and transformers.
➢ The computer aided design has the advantages of eliminating tedious and time-
consuming hand calculations thereby realizing the designer from numerical drudgery to
allow grappling with physical and logical ideas.
➢ The use of computer makes possible more trial designs and enables sophisticated
calculations to be made without intolerable tedium and excessive time.
➢ It makes possible checking of Data at every stage, reduces empiricism, readily handles
non-linearities, and incorporates the designer’s ideas.
The temperature rise of a transformer is 25Degree Celsius after one hour and 37.5
Degree Celsius after two hours of starting from cold conditions. Calculate its final
steady temperature rise and heating time constant if its temperature falls from the final
steady value to 40 Degree Celsius in 1.5 hour when disconnected. Calculate its cooling
time constant. The ambient temperature is 30 Degree Celsius. (May 2015) (8 M) BTL1
Given Data:
θ = 25°C, t = 1 hour
θ = 37.5 °C, t = 2 hour
Solution:
4 For θ = 25°C, t = 1 hour
Temperature rise θ = θm(1 – et/Th)
25°C = θm(1 – e-1/Th) ----- (i) (4 M)
θ = 37.5 °C, t = 2 hour
37.5°C = θm(1 – e-2/Th) -----(ii)
From (i) and (ii)
Th = 0.5
θm = 50°C. (4 M)
A field coil has a heat dissipating surface of 0.15 m2 and a length of mean length of 1 m.
It dissipates loss of 10 W, the emissivity being 34 W/m2 C. Estimate the final steady
temperature rise of the coil and its time constant if the cross section of the coil is 100 x
50 mm2. Specific heat of copper is 390 J/kg C. The space factor is 0.56. Copper weight
5
8900 kg/m3. BTL 1 (8 M)
Answer: Page: 1.55– Dr. V. Balaji
Solution:
➢ Volume of copper = lc * ac * Sf = 2.7x10-3
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Output Equations – Main Dimensions – Choice of Specific Electric and Magnetic Loading –
Magnetic Circuits Calculations - Carter’s Coefficient - Net length of Iron –Real & Apparent
flux densities – Selection of number of poles – Design of Armature – Design of commutator
and brushes – performance prediction using design values.
PART * A
Q.
Questions
No
Define copper space factor for coil.(May 2015)BTL1
1
It is the ratio of area of copper in the field coil to the area of cross section of field coil.
How the design of armature is affected by choosing a lower value of air gap flux
density?BTL3
2
The dimensions of armature are increased, leading to magnetic material and cost hike,
however iron losses are reduced.
What are the effects of higher specific electric loading in dc machines?BTL6
3 Reduction in armature size, thus reducing in magnetic material and cost. Armature
copper losses are increased.
How main dimensions are calculated from D2L?BTL3
4
L = Pole arc; (L / Pole pitch) = 0.68 to 0.7, L = (0.68 to 0.7) * ( Π D ) / P.
Find out the cross-sectional area of armature conductor of a four-pole wave wound DC
machine with armature current 200 A and armature winding current density 4.5
5 A/mm2.BTL4
Current per conductor = 200/2 = 100 A
Cross sectional area of conductor = 100/4.5 = 22.2 mm2.
What are the losses occurring at commutator?BTL4
6 ➢ Brush friction loss
➢ Brush contact loss.
What are the advantages of designing a field system for a larger ratio of field mmf to
armature mmf?BTL4
7 ➢ Reduction in field distortion produced by armature reaction,
➢ In generators tendency of flash over is reduced
➢ Motors can be operated at a wide speed range.
What are the drawbacks of the large ratio of field MMF to armature MMF?BTL4
➢ Amount of copper for filled is increased.
8
➢ More winding space is required increasing pole height.
➢ Cost of field system is increased.
What is meant by the term reactance voltage?BTL6
9
The back EMF set up in the armature coil undergoing commutation, due to its self-
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➢ Number of segments
➢ Commutator Diameter
➢ Length of Commutator
Mention any two guiding factors for the choice of number of poles. (Dec2011, May
2013, May 2014 & Dec 2016) BTL5
➢ Frequency of flux reversal
23
➢ Weight of iron
➢ Weight of copper
➢ Length of commutator.
Mention the factors governing the length of armature core in a dc machine? (Dec2014)
24 BTL1
Cost and Ventilation
Why dc motors are preferred in general? (Dec2014)BTL4
➢ Speed control over a wide range both above and below the rated speed
Read
25 ➢ High starting torque
➢ Accurate steep less speed with constant torque
➢ Quick starting, stopping, reversing and acceleration and
➢ Free from harmonics, reactive power consumption.
Distinguish between real and apparent flux density? (Dec2015)(May 2016)(May2017)
BTL1
S. No Real flux density Apparent flux density
26 1 It is due to actual flux through a It is due to total flux that has to pass
tooth through the tooth.
2 It is always less than apparent It is always greater value than real
flux density flux density.
Write down the Carter’s coefficient of DC machine. (Dec2015) BTL1
1
Carter’s Co-efficient 𝐾𝐶 = 𝑙𝑔
1+5( )
𝑤𝑠
(or)
2
tan 1
y
1
log 1 y
2
27
ws wd
Where y for slots and y for ducts
2l g 2l g
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PART- B
Calculate the mmf required for the air-gap of machine having core length = 0.32m
including 4 ducts of 10mm each, pole arc = 0.19m, slot pitch = 65.4mm, slot opening =
5mm, air-gap length =5mm, flux per pole = 52mWb. Given carter’s coefficient is 0.18
for opening / gap= 1, and is 0.28 for opening / gap =
2(Dec2013,Dec2014,Dec2015&Dec2016)(8 M) BTL4
Answer: Page: 2.21 to 2.23 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
L = 0.32 m, nd =4, Wd = 10 mm, pole arc = 0.19 m, ys = 65.4 mm, w0 = 5 mm, lg = 5 mm,
ϕ = 52 mwb.
Solution:
1 ➢ Ratio (slot opening/Gap length) = 5/5 = 1
➢ Kcs = 0.18
➢ Ratio (Duct width/Gap length) = 10/5 = 2
➢ Kcd = 0.28
➢ Kgs = Ys/(Ys – KcsWs) = 1.014 ------------------- (4 M)
➢ Kgd = L/(L-Kcdndwd) = 1.036
➢ Kg = Kgs * Kgd = 1.05
➢ Flux density at the centre of pole = Bg = (flux/pole)/ (pole arc* core length) = 0.854
wb/m2
➢ Mmf required for air gap ATg = 800,000 Kg Bglg = 3587 AT ------------ (4 M)
A 5kW, 250V, 4 pole, 1500rpm DC shunt generator is designed to have a square pole
face. The specific magnetic loading and specific electric loading are 0.42 Wb/m2 and
15000AC/m respectively. Find the main dimensions of the machine. Assume full load
efficiency = 0.87 and pole arc to pole pitch ratio is 0.66.(May2011,May2012&
May2015)(13 M) BTL4
Answer: Page: 2.47 to 2.49 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
P = 5 kW, V = 250 V, p = 4, N = 1500 rpm, shut generator square pole face, Bav = 0.42
wb/m2, ac = 15000 ac/m, η = 0.87, ψ = 0.66
2 Answer:
➢ Pa = P[2+η]/3η = 5.5 kW
➢ C0 = π2Bav ac * 10-3 = 62.18
➢ n=N/60 = 25 rps
➢ D2L = Pa/C0n = 3.54 * 10-3 ---------------(6 M)
➢ Given square pole face L/τ = ψ
➢ L = ψ * πD/p
➢ L = 0.5184 D
➢ D = 0.1897 m
➢ L = 0.0983 m ------------------------(7 M)
A design is required for a 50kW, 4 pole, and 600 rpm DC shunt generator. The full load
terminal voltage being 220V. If the maximum gap density is 0.83 Wb/m2 and the
3
armature ampere conductors per meter are 30,000, calculate the suitable dimensions of
the armature core to give a square pole face. Assume the full load armature drop is 3%
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of the rated terminal voltage and the field current is 1% of the full load current. Ratio
of pole arc to pole pitch is 0.67.(13 M) BTL6
Answer: Page: 2.57 to 2.60 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
P = 50 kW, p = 4, N = 600 rpm, shunt generator, V = 220 V, Bg = 0.83 wb/m 2, ac =
30000 ac/m, square pole face, IaRa = 0.03 of V, If = 0.01 * IL, ψ = 0.67
Answer:
➢ Load current IL = P/V = 227.27 A
➢ Field current If = 2.27 A
➢ Armature current Ia = IL + If = 229.54 A
➢ Armature resistance drop Ia Ra = 0.03 * V = 6.6 V
➢ Generated EMF Eg = V + IaRa = 226.6 V
➢ Pa = Eg * Ia * 10-3 kW = 52 kW
➢ Bav = Bg *ψ = 0.5561 wb/m2
➢ C0 = π2Bav ac * 10-3 = 164.65 ------------- (6M)
➢ n=N/60 = 10 rps
➢ D2L = Pa/C0n = 0.0316
➢ Given square pole face L/τ = ψ
➢ L = ψ * πD/p
➢ L = 0.5262 D
➢ D = 0.3916 m
➢ L = 0.206 m ------------ (7 M)
Determine the diameter and length of armature core for a 55kW, 110V, 1000rpm, 4
pole shunt generator, assuming specific electric and magnetic loadings of 26000ac/m
and 0.5Wb/m2 respectively. The pole arc should be about 70% of pole pitch and length
of core about 1.1 times the pole arc. Allow 10 A for the field current and assume a
voltage of 4V for the armature circuit. Specify the winding used and also determine the
suitable values for the number of armature conductors &number of slots.(May2012,
Dec2013, Dec 2018&Dec2014)(13 M) BTL3
Answer: Page: 2.94 to 2.98 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
P = 55 kW, p = 4, N = 1000 rpm, shunt generator, V = 110 V, Bav = 0.5 wb/m 2, ac =
26000 ac/m, square pole face, IaRa = 4 V, If = 10 A, pole arc = 70 % pole pitch, L = 1.1
4 pole arc.
Answer:
➢ Eg = V + Ia Ra = 114 V
➢ IL = P/V = 500 A
➢ Ia = IL + If = 510 A
➢ Pa = Eg Ig *10-3 = 58.14 kW
➢ C0 = π2Bav ac * 10-3 = 128.3
➢ n=N/60 = 16.667 rps
➢ D2L = Pa/C0n = 0.0271
➢ L = 1.1 * pole arc = 1.1 * 0.7 * τ = 0.6047 D
➢ D = 0.3551 m
➢ L = 0.2147 m ------------- (7 M)
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If we choose wave winding, the current per parallel path Ia/2 = 510/2 = 255 A
➢ Lap winding, Ia/4 = 127.5 A < 200 A
Hence lap winding is used.
➢ Bav = pϕ/πDL, ϕ = 0.03 wb
For lap winding, Induced emf E = ZpϕN/60A
➢ Z = 288 conductor
The armature slot pitch should lie between 25 to 35 mm. Sa = πD/Ysa
➢ For Ysa = 25 mm, Sa = 44
➢ Ysa = 35 mm, Sa = 32
Therefore number of armature slots Sa = 32
➢ For lap winding, slot/pole slots/pole be multiple of pole pair.
➢ The allowable choice of slots are 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44
➢ If we select 36, slot/pole = Sa/p ±1/2 = 8.5 or 9.5
➢ If we choose 8.5, no. of slots = 8.5 * 4 = 34
➢ Conductor per slot = Z/Sa = 228/34 = 6.7
➢ If we choose 9.5, no. of slots = 9.5 * 4 = 38
➢ Conductor per slot = Z/Sa = 228/38 = 6
➢ Minimum No. of coil Cmin = Ep/15 = 30
➢ No. of coil C = ½ USa, If U = 2, C = 38 and If U = 4, C = 76
➢ Total no. of armature conductor Zs = 38 * 6 = 228
➢ No. of turns Tc = Z/2C = 3 ----------- (6 M)
Explain the various factors that are affected by the selection of poles in a DC machine.
(Dec2013, Dec 2014, May 2018&Dec2016)(8 M) BTL4
Answer: Page: 2.42 – Dr. V. Balaji
➢ Frequency:
The frequency of flux reversal is given by f = pn/2 Hz, F = 25 to 50 Hz
➢ Wight of pole:
• Yoke area
5 • Armature core area
➢ Weight of copper(4 M)
• Armature copper
• Field copper
➢ Length of commutator
➢ Labour charge
➢ Flash spark over
➢ Distortion of field form( 4 M)
Explain various steps involved in the design of shunt field winding of DC machine. (Dec
2013 & May 2015)(13 M) BTL4
Answer: Page: 2.104 – Dr. V. Balaji
The design of shunt field winding involves the determination of the following
6 ➢ Dimensions of the main field pole
➢ Dimensions of the field coil
➢ Dimensions of the field conductor
➢ Current in the shunt field winding
➢ Resistance of the field coil
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Explain the various steps involved in the design of armature winding of the DC
7
machine.May2014)(13 M) BTL4
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(i)Determine the air gap length of a dc machine from the following particulars: gross
length of core = 0.12m, number of ducts = one and 10mm wide, slot pitch = 25mm, slot
width = 10 mm, carter’s coefficient for slots and ducts =0.32,gap density at pole centre
= 0.7wb/m2;field mmf/pole =3900 AT,mmf required for iron parts of magnetic
circuit=800AT. (May2015, May2016, Dec 2018 & May2017)( 7 M) BTL4
Answer: Page: 2.94 to 2.98 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
L = 12 cm, nd = 1, wd = 1 cm, ys = 2.5 cm, ws = 1 cm, Kcs = Kcd = 0.32, Bg = 0.7 wb/m 2,
ATt = 3900 AT, ATi = 800 AT
Answer:
➢ Kgs = Ys/(Ys – KcsWs) = 1.146
➢ Kgd = L/(L-Kcd*nd*wd) = 1.027
8 ➢ Kg = Kgs * Kgd = 1.176
➢ ATg = ATt – ATi = 3100 AT
➢ lg = ATg / (800,000 KgBg) = 4.7 mm
(ii) Give the expression for torque develope by a D.C motor in terms of main
dimensions of the armature.(May2017)(6 M) BTL1
➢ P=T*ω.....(1)
➢ For motors Pa=P
➢ Pa=π2BavacD2Ln*10-3 .....(2)
➢ ω=2πn
➢ Sub 2 in 1
➢ T=0.5*πBavacD2L*10-3
9 i)Calculate the diameter and Length of armature for a 7.5Kw, 4 pole, and 1000 rpm DC
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shunt motor. The full load terminal voltage being 220V. If the maximum gap density is
0.9 Wb/m2 and the armature ampere conductors per meter are 30,000, Assume square
pole face. Assume that the maximum efficiency occurs at full load and the field current
is 2.5% of rated current. (Dec 2014).(6M) BTL4
Given Data:
P = 7.5 kW, Bg =0.9, N = 1000 rp, ac = 30000 ac/m, V = 220 V, Kf = 0.7 η = 0.83, If = 2.4
% of I, p = 4
Solution:
➢ Pa =C0D2Ln
➢ Pa = P + Mechanical losses and iron losses
➢ Pi = P / η = 9036 W
Since maximum efficiency occurs at full load, the constant losses and armature I2R losses are
equal at full load.
➢ Constant loses= 1536 / 2 = 768 W
➢ Full load current I = Pi / V = 9036/220 = 41.1 A
➢ If = 0.025 * 41.1 = 1.03 A
➢ Field copper losses = V * If = 220 * 1.03 = 227 W
➢ Mechanical losses, iron osses = 768 – 227 = 541 W
➢ Pa = 8041 W
➢ C0 = 186.5
➢ n = 16.67 rps
➢ D2L = Pa/C0n = 0.0026
➢ Given square pole face L/τ = ψ
➢ L = ψ * πD/p
➢ L = 0.55 D
➢ D = 0.17 m
➢ L = 0.09 m
ii) Derive the output equation of a DC machines. (Dec 2014, Dec2015 &May 2016)(7
M) BTL1
Answer: Page: 2.34– Dr. V. Balaji
The output of the machine can be expressed in its main dimensions, specific magnetic,
specific electric loadings & speed.
The equation which relates the power output D, L, Bav, ac and n of the machine is
known as output equation.
➢ Power developed by armature in kW,
➢ Pa =generated emf * armature current*10-3
=Eia*10-3
Generated emf,E=(φPnZ)/a
➢ Pa =[(φPnZ)/a]*Ia*10-3
=(φP)(IaZ/a)*n*10-3
=(φP)(IzZ)*n*10-3
➢
Pa=(total magnetic loading)*(total electric loading)*speed in RPS*10-3
➢ Specific magnetic loading, Bav=(φP)/(πDL) or φP= πDL Bav
➢ Specific electric loading, ac=(IZZ)/πD or IZZ= πD ac
➢ Sub above Eqn. in Pa , we get
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A 350 KW, 500V, 450rpm, 6-pole, dc generator is built with an armature diameter of
0.87m and core length of 0.32m. The lap wound armature has 660 conductors.
Calculate the specific electric and magnetic loadings.(8 M) (May 2012)BTL1
Given Data:
P = 350 Kw, p = 6 V = 500 V, N = 450 rpm D = 0.87 m, L = 0.32 m Lap wound, Z = 660
Solution:
10 ➢
P = Via * 10-3
➢ Ia = 700 A (if If is Negligible)
➢ For lap wound A = p ---- (4 M)
➢ Iz = Ia/A = Ia/p = 116.6 A
➢ ac = Iz Z/Πd = 28186 A/m ---- (4 M)
PART * C
(i)Explain the methods by which mmf for teeth are calculated.(May 2016)(7 M)BTL4
Answer: Page: 2.17 – Dr. V. Balaji
Mmf required for teeth depends on area of cross section of the tooth and fluxpassing through
it.
Methods:
➢ Graphical method
Flux density Bg = ϕ / nt At
Total mmf for tooth ATt = atmean * lt
ATt = atmean * ds
Atmean = ∫ 𝑎𝑡. 𝑑𝑙
➢ Three Ordinate method
➢ Flux density Bg = ϕ / nt At
Total mmf for tooth ATt = atmean * lt
1 ATt = atmean * ds
𝑎𝑡1+4𝑎𝑡2+𝑎𝑡3
Atmean = 6
➢ Bt1/3 method
Total mmf for tooth ATt = at1/2 * lt
(ii) Derive the expressions for reluctance of air gap in machines with smooth armature
and slotted armature. (8 M) (May 2017, Dec 2018). BTL1
Answer: Page: 2.06 – Dr. V. Balaji
➢ The rotating machines have a small air gap between armature and pole surface.
➢ Smooth armature surfaces are possible only if the armature has closed slot.
➢ Let L = length of the core
➢ Lg = air gap length
➢ Wt = width of tooth
➢ Ys = slot pitch
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➢ Ws = width of slot
➢ Reluctance of a magnetic path S = l/μA
➢ Reluctance of air gap Sg = lg/(μ0 Lys)
Reluctance of air gap neglecting fringing effect:
➢ Area of cross section of the air gap = L( ys – ws) = L wt
➢ Reluctance of air gap in machines with open armature slot S = lg /(μ0L(ys – ws))
Calculate the apparent flux density at a section of the teeth of an armature of a DC
machine from the following data at that section. Slot pitch = 24mm, slot width = tooth
width = 12mm, length of armature core including five ducts of 10mm each = 0.38m,
iron stacking factor = 0.92. True flux density in the teeth at that section is 2.2 T for
which the mmf is 70000AT/m. (May 2016).(8 M)BTL6
Given Data:
Ys = 24 mm, wd = 10 mm, ws = wt = 12 mm, Sf = 0.92, L = 0.38 m, Breal = 2.2 wb/m 2, nd
5, at real = 70000 AT/m
2 Solution:
➢ Bapp = Breal + μ0 at real [Ks – 1]
➢ Li = Sf * Ľ
➢ Ľ = L – nd wd = 0.33 ---- (4 M)
➢ Li = 0.3060
𝐿𝑌𝑠
➢ Ks = 𝐿𝑖 𝑤𝑡 = 2.503
➢ Bapp = 2.332 wb/m2 ------- (4 M)
Find the main dimensions and the number of poles of a 37kW, 230V, 1400 rpm shunt
motor, so that a square pole face is obtained. The average gap density is 0.5wb/m2 and
the ampere conductors per meter are 22000. The ratio of pole arc to pole pitch is 0.7
and the full load efficiency is 90%. (May 2016)(15 M) BTL4
Given Data:
P = 37 kW, V = 230 V, N = 1400 rpm, ac = 22000 ac/m, Bav = 0.5 wb/m2, square pole face,
η=90 %, b/τ = 0.7
Solution:
➢ Number of poles
➢ Frequency range between 25 to 50 Hz
f = 25 Hz = p = 120 f/N = 2
3
f = 35 Hz = p = 3
f = 50 Hz = p = 4
Number of poles should be even number. P = 2 or 4
Current per parallel path
➢ IL = P/V = 160.8 A
Assume lap winding, for p = 2 = IL/p = 80.4 A, for p=4 = IL/4 = 40.2 A
➢ Take p = 4
➢ Pa = 41.1 kW
➢ C0 = 108.656
➢ n = 23.33 rps
➢ D2L = Pa/C0n = 16.277*10-3 ------ (7 M)
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State and explain the factors which govern the choice of specific magnetic loading in a
DC machine. (May 2016)(8 M) BTL4
Answer: Page: 2.36 – Dr. V. Balaji
➢ Choice of Bav (4M)
• Frequency
• Flux Density
• Size of the Machine
➢ Choice of ac(4M)
4 • Cu-loss
• Voltage Rating
• Speed of Machine
• Size of the machine
• Armature reaction
• Reactance voltage
• Temperature rise
Explain the different methods adopted to reduce the effects of armature reaction.
(Dec2015)(7 M)BTL4
Answer: Page: 2.21 to 2.23 – Dr. V. Balaji
➢ Increase in length of the airgap at the pole tips
5
➢ Increasing the reluctance of the pole tips
➢ Compensating Windings
➢ Inter-poles
For a preliminary design of 50 HP, 230V, 1400rpm. DC shunt motor, Calculate the
armature diameter and core length, the number of poles and peripheral speed. Take
Bav=0.5 Wb/m2, ac/m=25000 and efficiency=0.9.(Dec 2016)(15 M) BTL1
Given Data:
P = 50 HP, V = 230 V, N = 1400 rpm, ac = 25000 ac/m, Bav = 0.5 wb/m2, η=90 %,
Solution:
Number of poles
6
Frequency range between 25 to 50 Hz
➢ f = 25 Hz = p = 120 f/N = 2
➢ f = 35 Hz = p = 3
➢ f = 50 Hz = p = 4
Number of poles should be even number. P = 2 or 4
➢ Current per parallel path
➢ IL = P/V = 162.17 A
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Assume lap winding, for p = 2 = IL/p = 81.085 A, for p=4 = IL/4 = 40.54 A
➢ Take p = 4 or 2 (current per parallel path should not exceed 200 )
➢ Pa = 41.44 Kw ---- (7 M )
➢ C0 = 123.3
➢ n = 23.33 rps
➢ D2L = Pa/C0n = 0.01440
Given square pole face L/τ = ψ, b/τ = 0.7
➢ L = ψ * πD/p (assume 4 poles)
➢ L = 0.549 D
➢ D = 0.297 m
➢ L = 0.163 m
➢ Peripheral speed Va = πDns = 21.74 m/s ---- (8 M)
Determine the main dimensions of 80kW, 4 pole, 600 rpm dc shunt generator, the full
load terminal voltage being 220V. The maximum gap density is 0.75Wb/m2 and ampere
conductors per metre are 27000. Assume square pole face. (May2017)(8 M)BTL4
Given Data:
P = 80 kW, V = 220 V, N = 600 rpm, ac = 27000 ac/m, Bg = 0.75 wb/m2, p = 4, square pole
face, DC shunt generator
Solution:
➢ Pa = 80 kW
7
➢ C0 = 199.85
➢ n = 10 rps
➢ D2L = Pa/C0n = 0.04
Given square pole face L/τ = ψ, b/τ = 0.7 -------- (4 M)
➢ L = ψ * πD/p
➢ L = 0.7853 D
➢ D = 0.37 m
➢ L = 0.29 m ------- (4 M)
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Output Equations – Main Dimensions - kVA output for single and three phase transformers –
Window space factor – Design of core and winding – Overall dimensions – Operating
characteristics – No load current – Temperature rise in Transformers – Design of Tank -
Methods of cooling of Transformers.
PART * A
Q.
Questions
No
What are the advantages of using higher flux density in core? BTL1
➢ Reduction in core and yoke section
1
➢ Reduction in mean length of LV and HV winding
➢ Reduction in mean cost.
What are the disadvantages of using higher flux density in core? BTL1
➢ Increased magnetizing current & Iron loss
2 ➢ Saturation of magnetic material
➢ Low efficiency
➢ Increased temperature Rise.
Why cross section of yoke is taken greater that of core? (May 2016) BTL3
3
To reduce flue density in yoke there by to reduce iron losses and no-load current.
How are LV and HV windings placed on the core of 1- Φ Transformer? BTL3
4 On each core, half the number of LV and HV turns are placed. LV windings are first
placed and HV windings are placed over LV winding.
What is meant by inter leaved winding? BTL4
5 When LV and HV coils are arranged alternately one over the other along with height of
limb, the winding is called interleaved winding.
Why tappingis provided in a Transformer? BTL3
1. To maintain constant voltage at consumer’s end.
6
2. To control active and reactive power over a line inter connecting two generating stations
3. To regulate voltage.
Give expression for EMF / turn. BTL3
7
Et = 4.44 f Bm Ai; where f - frequency; Bm - Maximum flux density; Ai - net core area
Give O/P equation of 1- Φ Transformer.BTL3
8 Q = 4.44 f Bm Ai δ Kw Aw X 10-3 kVA; Where f - Frequency; Bm - Max flux density; Kw -
window space factor; Aw- window area; δ- current density.
Give O/P equation for 3- Φ Transformer. BTL3
9
Q = 3.33 f Bm δ Kw Aw Ai * 10-3 kVA
Give expression for resistance of winding. BTL3
10
r =ρ lmT/a ; where ρ - resistivity ; lm -mean length, T - No. of turns; a - area of cross
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section.
Give expression for heat dissipated with cooling tubes. BTL3
11 Heat dissipated =12.5 St θ + (6.5 At θ) 1.35 Watts; where St=Cooling surface of tank;
θ=Maximum allowable temperature; At=Area of cooling tubes.
Give temperature rise Q in terms of tank area.BTL3
12
Q = (Total Losses to be dissipated)/(12.5 X tank area)
Mention the main functions of Transformer oil.BTL3
13 ➢ To transfer the heat by convection
➢ To create good level of insulation.
Give expression of Et in terms of KVA.(May 2011)BTL3
3
14 E
t
K KVA/Ph ; Where K 4.44fr10 ; r = Φm /AT, Φm – Maximum flux; AT –
Ampere conductor /m
What are the factors affecting the choice of flux density of core in a transformer?
(May2011)BTL1
➢ Core and yoke area
15 ➢ Overall size and weight of the transformer
➢ Magnetizing current
➢ Iron loss
➢ saturation and temperature rise.
Write the advantages of shell type transformer over core type transformer.
(May2012)BTL1
16 In shell type transformer the coils are well supported on all the sides and so they can
withstand higher mechanical stresses developed during short circuit conditions. Also the
leakage reactance will be less in shell type transformers.
What is meant by stacking factor? (May2012&Dec2014)BTL4
17 It is defined as the ratio of iron area to total area is called stacking factor. The usual value
of stacking factor is 0.9.
What are the cooling methods used for dry type transformers? (May2013)BTL4
18 ➢ Air Natural (AN) Cooling
➢ Air Blast (AB) Cooling
Define Window Space Factor. (May 2013,Dec2016&May2017)BTL1
19 The window space factor is defined as the ratio of copper area in the window to the total
window area.
Distinguish between core and shell type transformers. (Dec 2013)BTL4
Core Type Shell Type
20 Easy in design and construction Comparatively complex
Has low mechanical strength due to High mechanical strength
non-bracing of windings
Why are the cores of large transformers built-up of circular cross-section? (Dec2013&
Dec2014) BTL3
21
It has the smallest perimeter for a given area and, therefore, requires less copper than
rectangular cross section.
22 Define the term voltage regulation.(Dec 2011&May 2014)BTL1
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PART * B
A 1Φ, 400V, 50Hz transformer is built from stamping having a relative permeability of
1 1000. The length of flux path is 2.5m. Area of cross section of core is 2.5* 10-3 m2. The
primary winding has 800 turns. Estimate the maximum flux and no-load current of the
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transformer. The iron loss at working flux density is 2.6 Watts/kg. Density of iron is
7.8*103 kg/m3. Stacking factor is 0.9. (May 2013) (Dec2015)(8 M) BTL6
Answer: Page: 3.63 to 3.65 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
Vp = 400 V, Tp = 800 turns, f = 50 Hz, iron loss = 2.6 W/kg, μr = 1000, weight of iron = 7.8
*103 kg/m3, li = 2.5 m, Sf = 0.9, ai – 2.65*10-3
Solution:
➢ Φm = BmAi
➢ Net iron area Ai = Sf * ai = 2.25*10-3
➢ Ep = 4.44f ϕm Tp = 4.44 f Bm Ai Tp
➢ Bm = 1 wb/m2
➢ Φm = 2.25 m wb
➢ No load current Io = √( Im2 + Il2) ----------- (4 M)
𝐴𝑡𝑜
➢ Im = 𝑇𝑝
√2
➢ AT0 = li * Bm / (μ0 * μr) = 1989.4 AT
➢ Im = 1.75 A
➢ Volume of core = Ai * li = 5.625 * 10-3
➢ Weight of core = volume of core * weight of iron = 43.87 kg
➢ Pi = iron loss = 2.6 * 43.87 = 114 W
➢ Il= 114 / 400 = 0.285 A
➢ I0 = 1.77 A-------------- (4 M)
Calculate the approximate the overall dimension for a 200 kVA, 6600/440V, 50Hz, 3Φ
core type transformer. The following data may be assumed; emf per turn=10V,
maximum flux density=1.3Wb/m2 current density= 2.5A/mm2; window space factor=0.3;
0verall height=overall width; stacking factor=0.9; use a 3-stepped core.(13 M) BTL5
Answer: Page: 3.31 to 3.33 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
Q = 200 kVA, Vp = 6600 V, Vs = 440 V, f = 50 Hz, Et = 10 V, Bm = 1.3Wb/m 2, δ =
2.5A/mm2, Kw = 0.3, ki = 0.9, 3-stepped core.
Solution:
➢ Use 3-stepped core
➢ Height of yoke Hy = a = 0.216 m
2 ➢ Depth of yoke Dy = a = 0.216 m
➢ Q = 3.33 f Bm Kw δ Aw Ai * 10-3
➢ Aw = 0.0355 m2
➢ Hw * Ww = 0.0355
➢ The given condition is overall height =H = W -------- (6 M)
➢ H = Hw + 2 Hy = Hw + 0.432
➢ W = 2D + a = 2 (Ww + d) + a = 2Ww + 0.696
➢ H=W
➢ Hw Ww = 0.0355
➢ Hw = 0.428 m
➢ Distance between adjacent core center D = Ww + d = 0.323 m
➢ Overall height H = 0.86 m
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Given Data:
Q = 250 kVA, Vp = 6600V, Vs = 400 V, A = 4800 W, Ht = 1.25 m, Lt = 1m, θ = 35° C, d =
50 mm spaced 75 mm, h = 1.05 m, Wt = 0.5 m.
Answer:
➢ Dissipating surface are of tank S = 2 Ht (Lt + Wt) = 3.75 m2
➢ Heat dissipation of tank due to convection and radiation B= (x + y) S θ = 1640.625
W
➢ Dissipating surface area of each tube St = πdh = 0.1648 m2
➢ Heat dissipation of each tank due to convection Wt = 1.25 St * y * θ = 50.61 W
➢ Heat dissipation of all tube C = A – B = 3159.375 W
➢ No. of cooling tubes nt = C/Wt = 62 tubes. ------------- (7 M)
➢ Along the length of the tank, leave 7.5 cm space on both sides.
➢ Therefore space required for tubes along length of the tank = Length – (2 * spacing)
= 85 cm
➢ Total no. of tubes along length wise 85/7.5 = 11
➢ Total tubes provided in first row 11+1 = 12
➢ Total tubes provided in second row 11
➢ Along the width of the tank, leave 7.5 cm space on both sides.
➢ Therefore space required for tubes along width of the tank = Length – (2 * spacing) =
35 cm
➢ Total no. of tubes along width wise 35/7.5 = 5
➢ Total tubes provided in first row 5
➢ Total tubes provided in second row 4
➢ Total no. of tubes provided = 64 tubes. --------------- (6 M)
A 6600V, 60Hz single phase transformer has a core of sheet steel. The net iron cross-
sectional area is 22.6X10-3 m2. The mean length is 2.23m and there are four lap joints.
Each lap joints takes1/4 times as much reactive mmf as if required per meter of core. If
Bm=1.1 Wb/m2, determine (i) The number of turns on the 6600V winding (ii) The no
load current. Assume an amplitude factor of 1.52 and that for given flux density mmf
per meter = 232ac/m, specific loss 1.76W/kg. Specific gravity of plates =7.5.(Dec
2011&May 2014)(13 M)BTL3
Answer: Page: 3.63 to 3.65 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
Vp = 6600 v, f = 60 Hz, Ai = 22.6X10-3 m2, li = 2.23 m, lap joint, Bm = 1.1 Tesla, amplitude
5 factor = 1.52, at = 232 A/m, specific loss = 1.76 W/kg, specific gravity of plates = 7.5
Soulution:
➢ E = 4.44 f ϕm Tp = 4.44 f Bm Ai Tp
➢ Tp = 996 turns
➢ Total magnetizing mmf, AT0 = mmf required for iron parts + mmf required for joints
➢ Mmf required for iron part = at * li = 517 AT
➢ Mmf required for joints = 4 * ¼ *at = 232 AT
➢ AT0 = 749 AT ------ (6 M)
➢ Im = AT0 / Kpk Tp = 0.349 A
➢ Weight of core = li *nAi * specific gravity = 378 kg
➢ Total iron loss = 665 W
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Determine the dimensions of core and window for a 5 kVA, 50 Hz, 1-phase, core type
10
transformer. A rectangular core is used with long side twice as long as short side. The
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window height is 3 times the width. Voltage per turn = 1.8 V. Space factor = 0.2, δ= 1.8
A/mm2, Bm =1 Wb/m2 (Dec 2013)(13 M) BTL1
Answer: Page: 3.33 to 3.34 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
Q = 5 kVA, core type, rectangular core, f = 50 Hz, δ = 1.8 A/mm2, Et = 1.8 V, Hw = 3*Ww,
Kw = 0.2
Solution:
➢ Et = 4.44 f ϕm
➢ Φm = 0.0081 wb
➢ Ai = ϕm / Bm = 0.0081 m2
➢ Agi = Ai / ki = 0.009 m2
➢ Agi = length * breadth = a * b = b * b2 = 2b2 ------- (6 M)
➢ 2b2 = 0.009
➢ b = 0.067 m
➢ a = 2b = 0.134 m
➢ Q = 2.22 f Bm Ai Kw Aw δ * 10-3
➢ Aw = 0.0155 m2
➢ Aw = hw * Ww
➢ Aw = 3 Ww * Ww
➢ Ww = 0.0716 m
➢ Hw = 0.2148 m --------- (7 M)
PART * C
Estimate the main dimensions including winding conductor area of a 3-phase delta star
core type transformer rated at 300kVA, 6600/400V, 50Hz. A suitable core with 3 steps
having a circumscribing circle of 0.25m diameter and leg spacing of 0.4m is
available.EMF per turn is 8.5V, current density is 2.5A/mm2, Kw is 0.28, stacking fcator
Sf=0.9.(Dec 2016&May 2017)(13 M)BTL2
Answer: Page: 3.31 to 3.33 – Dr. V. Balaji
Solution:
➢ Vs = 440 / √3 = 254 V
➢ Emf per turn Et = Es / Ts
➢ Ts = Es / Et = 29.88 = 30 turns
➢ Number of primary turns Tp = Ts * Vp/Vs = 780 turns
1
➢ Q = √3 Vlp * Ilp * 10-3
➢ Ilp = 26.24 A
➢ Ip = Ilp / √3 = 15.15 A
➢ ap = Ip / δ = 6.06 mm2
➢ Ils = 393.65 A
➢ Is = Ils = 393.65 A
➢ As = 157.5 A ---------- (8 M)
➢ Total area in window = Ac = 2(apTp + as Ts) = 18903.6 mm2
➢ Window area = Aw = Ac / Kw = 0.0675 m2
➢ Area of circumscribing circle = π/4 * d2 = 0.049 m2
➢ For 3-stepped core, the ratio (gross core area/ Area of circumscribing circle) = 0.84
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➢ Agi = 0.041 m2
➢ Net core area Ai = Sf * Agi = 0.0369 m2
➢ Leg spacing = 0.45 m
➢ Width of window Ww = leg spacing = 0.45 m
➢ Height of window Hw = Aw / Ww = 0.15 m ----------- (7 M)
The tank of 1250 kV natural oil cooled transformer has the dimensions length, width
and height as 0.65*1.55*1.85m respectively. The load loss=13.1Kw, loss due to
radiations is 6 W/sq.m οC, loss due to convection= 6.5 W/sq.m οC improvement in
convection due to provision of tubes=40% , temperature rise is 40οC, length of each
tube is 1m, diameter of each tube is 50mm. Find the number of tubes for this
transformer. Neglect the top and bottom surface of the tank as regards the cooling.(Dec
2016, May 2018)(13 M)BTL5
Answer: Page: 3.75 to 3.77 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
Q = 1250 kVA, A = 13.1 kW, Ht = 1.85 m, Lt = 1.55m, θ = 40° C, d = 50 mm spaced 75
mm, h = 1 m, Wt = 0.65 m, x = 6W/sq.m οC, y = 6.5 W/sq.m οC
Answer:
➢ Dissipating surface are of tank S = 2 Ht (Lt + Wt) = 8.14 m2
➢ Heat dissipation of tank due to convection and radiation B= (x + y) S θ = 4.07 kW
➢ Dissipating surface area of each tube St = πdh = 0.157 m2
➢ Heat dissipation of each tank due to convection Wt = 1.25 St * y * θ = 57.148 W
2
➢ Heat dissipation of all tube C = A – B = 9.03 kW
➢ No. of cooling tubes nt = C/Wt = 158 tubes. (8 M)
➢ Along the length of the tank, leave 7.5 cm space on both sides.
➢ Therefore space required for tubes along length of the tank = Length – (2 * spacing)
= 170
➢ Total no. of tubes along length wise 170/7.5 = 23
➢ Total tubes provided in first row 20
➢ Total tubes provided in second row 19
➢ Total tubes provided in third row 20
➢ Along the width of the tank, leave 7.5 cm space on both sides.
➢ Therefore space required for tubes along width of the tank = Length – (2 * spacing)
➢ Total no. of tubes along width wise 8
➢ Total tubes provided in first row 8
➢ Total tubes provided in second row 7
➢ Total tubes provided in third row 6
➢ Total no. of tubes provided = 160 tubes. (7 M)
Differentiate the design feature of power and distribution type transformer.(May
2017)(8 M)BTL4
Distribution Transformer:(4 M)
➢ Transformer upto 200 kVA are used to step down distribution voltage to a standard
3
service voltage or from transmission voltage to distribution voltge are known as
distribution transformer.
➢ They are kept in operation all the 24 hours a day whether they are carrying any load
or not.
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Given Data:
Q = 500 kVA, V = 6600/400 V, dimension = 110 cm x 65 cm x 155 cm, A = 6.2 kW, θ =
35° C
4
Answer:
➢ Dissipating surface are of tank S = 2 Ht (Lt + Wt) = 5.4250 m2
➢ Heat dissipation of tank due to convection and radiation B= (x + y) S θ
➢ Dissipating surface area of each tube St = πdh = 0.1727 m2
➢ Heat dissipation of each tank due to convection Wt = 1.25 St * y * θ
➢ Heat dissipation of all tube C = A – B
➢ No. of cooling tubes nt = C/Wt = 72 tubes. (8 M)
➢ Diagram. (7 M)
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Output equation of Induction motor – Main dimensions – Choice of Average flux density –
Length of air gap- Rules for selecting rotor slots of squirrel cage machines – Design of rotor
bars & slots – Design of end rings – Design of wound rotor – Magnetic leakage calculations
– Leakage reactance of poly-phase machines- Magnetizing current - Short circuit current –
Operating characteristics- Losses and Efficiency.
PART * A
Q.
Questions
No
What is slot space factor?BTL3
The slot space factor is the ratio of conductor area per slot and slot area. It gives as
1
indication of the space occupied by the conductors and the space available for insulation.
The slot space factor for induction motor varies from 0.25 to 0.4.
Write the expression for length of mean turn of stator winding.BTL1
2
Length of mean turn of stator Lmts = 2L + 2.3ґ + 0.24
Which part of induction motor has maximum flux density?BTL1
3
The teeth of the stator and rotor core will have maximum flux density.
What are the factors to be considered for estimating the length of air gap in induction
motor? BTL3
➢ Power factor
➢ Overload capacity
4
➢ Pulsation loss
➢ Unbalanced magnetic pull
➢ Cooling
➢ Noise.
What are the methods adopted to reduce harmonic torques? BTL3
5 The methods used are chording, integral slot winding, skewing and increasing the length of
air- gap.
What are the different types of stator windings in induction motor? BTL3
6
Mush winding, lap winding and wave winding.
Write the expression for O/P equation and output co-efficient of induction
7 motor.(Dec2011,May2013 &May2014) BTL1
Q = Co D2L ns inkVA,Output coefficient Co = 11 KwBav ac x 10 -3 in kVA/m3- rps.
Give expression for stator current /Phase.BTL1
8 Iph=Is= (Q/η)/ (3Vph.Cosφ); where Q –output; η –efficiency;Vph – Volts/phase; cosφ- power
factor.
Why rotor slots are skewed?BTL1
9
➢ To reduce noise and vibrations
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of larger air gap length in induction
motor?(May 2012 & Dec 2015)BTL4
19 Advantages: A large gap length results in higher overload capacity better cooling,
reduction innoise and reduction in unbalanced magnetic pull.
Disadvantage: High valve of magnetizing current.
What are the factors to be considered for selecting the number of slots in induction
machine stator? (May 2012) BTL3
20 The factors to be considered for selecting the number of slots is tooth pulsation loss,
leakage reactance, magnetizing current, iron loss and cost. Also, the number of slots
should be multiple of slots per pole per phase for integral slot winding.
What is the function of end rings in the rotor of a cage induction motor?BTL2
21
End ring are provided to short circuit the rotor bars at both the ends.
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Discuss the factors to be considered in estimating the length of air gap of an induction
motor. Andalso discuss the step by step procedure to design the rotor of a squirrel cage
induction motor. (`13 M) (May 2011, Dec2015&May 2017) BTL3
Answer: Page: 4.20 to 4.22 – Dr. V. Balaji
Calculation of length of air gap: (7 M)
➢ In order to estimate the length of air gap of small induction motors, the following
expression can be used
lg = 0.2 + 2√𝐷𝐿 in mm for roller and ball bearings
lg = 0.15 + 0.35 D + L + 0.015γa in mm
lg = 0.2 + D in mm
lg = 1.6√𝐷 − 0.025 𝑚𝑚 for journal bearing
S.No D in Ig in S.No D in Ig in
. m mm . m mm
1 0.15 0.35 5 0.45 1.3
2 0.20 0.50 6 0.55 1.8
3 0.25 0.60 7 0.65 2.5
2 4 0.30 0.70 8 0.80 4.0
6 I sT s
➢ Rotor bar current, I b 0 . 85
Sr
Ib
➢ Area of rotor bars, ab
b
o where b
lies between 4 to 7 A/mm2.
SrIb
➢ End ring current, Ie
p
Ie
➢ Area of end ring, ae
e
Also a e d e xt e
where dedepth of endring
te thickness of endring
Rules for selecting rotor slots:
Summarizing, (Ss-Sr) ≠ 0, ±p, ±2p, ±5p, ±3p, ±1, ±2, ±(p±1), ±(p±2)
Describe the steps involved in the design of magnetizing current for an induction motor
3 from the design data. (Dec 2011)(8 M) BTL3
Answer: Page: 4.49 to 4.55 – Dr. V. Balaji
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➢ The flux produced by stator mmf turns passes through the following parts
o air gap
o rotor teeth
o rotor core
o stator teeth and
o stator core
➢ Relation between B60 and Bav
➢ Mmf required for air gap
➢ Mmf required for stator teeth
➢ Mmf required for stator core
➢ Mmf required for rotor core
➢ Magnetising current Im = 0.427 {P (AT60)/TSKWS}
D
➢ pole pitch, = p
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Describe the procedure for design of rotor bars and end rings of an induction motor.
(Dec 2013,May 2015, Dec 2018&Dec2016)(8 M) BTL3
Answer: Page: 4.37 to 4.41 – Dr. V. Balaji
Design of Squirrel cage rotor:
6 I sT s
➢ Rotor bar current, I b 0 . 85
Sr
Ib
➢ Area of rotor bars, ab
b
5
o where b
lies between 4 to 7 A/mm2.
SrIb
➢ End ring current, Ie
p
Ie
➢ Area of end ring, ae
e
Also a e d e xt e
where dedepth of endring
te thickness of endring
Describe the effect of dispersion co-efficient due to the following factors in an induction
motor:Overload capacity, (ii) Airgap Length, (iii) Number of poles and (iv) Frequency
(May 2013)(8 M) BTL3
Answer: Page: 4.20 to 4.22 – Dr. V. Balaji
➢ The overload capacity of induction motor decreases with increase in the value of
dispersion co-efficient.
6
➢ An increase in magnetising current means an increase in the value of dispersion
co-efficient and therefore an increase in air gap reduces the maximum obtainable
power factor. This reduces the output for a given current.
➢ An increase in number of poles decreases the ideal short circuit current and
therefore increases the dispersion co-efficient. Hence an increase in number of
poles results in decrease in maximum power factor.
Find the main dimensions, of a 15kW, 400V, 3Φ, 4 pole, 50Hz, 2810 rpm, Squirrel cage
Induction Motor having efficiency of 0.88 and full load power factor of 0.9. Assume:
Specific magnetic loading 0.5Wb/m2, Specific electric loading 25000 AC/m. Take the
rotor peripheral speed as approximately 20m/s at synchronous speed (Dec2014)(13 M)
BTL2
Answer: Page: 4.30 to 4.31 – Dr. V. Balaji
7
Given Data:
P = 15 kW, pf = 0.9, three phase, Bav = 0.5 wb/m2, V = 400 V, ac = 25000 A/m, f = 50 Hz,
Va = 20 m/s, N = 2810 rpm, η = 0.88
Solution:
➢ Input kVA = Q = kW/(η*pf) = 18.94 kVA
➢ C0 = 1.11*π2Bav ac Kw * 10-3 = 131.31 kVA
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➢ P = 120f/p = 2
➢ Ns = 120f/p = 3000 rpm
➢ ns = Ns/60 = 50 rps---- (6 M)
➢ D2L = 2.88*10-3
➢ Va = 20 m/s
➢ D = Va/πns = 0.1273 m ------ (7 M)
➢ L = 0.177 m
A 15kW, 400V,4 pole, 50 Hz, 3 phase induction motor is built with stator bore 0.25m
and a core length of 0.16m. The specific electric loading is 23000 ampere conductors
per metre. Using the data of this machine, determine the core dimensions, number of
stator slots and number of stator conductors for a 11 kW,460V,6pole,50Hz motor.
Assume a full load efficiency of 84 percent and power factor of 0.82 for each machine.
The winding factor is 0.955.(May 2015)(13 M)BTL2
Answer: Page: 4.33 to 4.37 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
Case I: 3ϕ, f = 50 Hz, p = 4, Es = 440 V, P = 15 kW, D = 0.25 m, L = 0.16 m, ac = 23000
A/m, η = 0.84, pf = 0.82, Kw = 0.955
Case II: p = 6, f = 50 Hz, EL = 460 V, P = 11 kW, η = 0.84
Solution: (For 15 kW motor)
➢ Input kVA = Q = kW/(η*pf) = 21.8 kVA
➢ ns = 2f / p = 25 rps
➢ C0 = kVA / (D2Lns) = 87.2
➢ Bav = C0/(1.11*π2 ac Kw * 10-3) = 0.36 wb/m2
➢ L/τ = 0.816
For 11 kW motor:
8
➢ Input kVA = Q = kW/(η*pf) = 15.97 kVA
➢ ns = 2f / p = 16.67 rps
➢ D2L = 10.98*10-3
➢ L/τ = 0.816
➢ L= 0.427 D
➢ D = 0.295 m
➢ L = 0.126 m ----- (7 M)
Assuming single layer winding,
➢ qs ≥ 2 and Yss = 1.0 to 1.5 cm
➢ Number of stator slots Ss = 3pqs
Let qs = 2, Ss = 36, Yss = 2.6 cm
qs = 3, Ss = 54, Yss = 1.7 cm
qs = 4, Ss = 72, Yss = 1.3 cm
qs = 5, Ss = 90, Yss = 1 cm
➢ Assuming Delta connected stator,Es = EL = 460 V
➢ Φm = Bav * (πDL/p) = 6.95 m wb
➢ Number of stator turns per phase Ts = Es / (4.44 fϕm Kw) = 312
➢ Number of stator conductors Zs = 6* Ts = 1872 ----- (6 M)
Describe the steps involved in the design of end rings.(13 M) (May 2014, Dec 2018)
9
BTL3
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➢ However, current is not maximum in all the bars at the same time but varies sine wave.
Hence, maximum value of current in the end ring is the average of current in the end
ring.
But bar current var ies sin usoidally
2 Sr
I b (m ax) 2Ib or I e (m ax) * * 2Ib
2p
The ring current also var ies sin usoidally
RMS valua of end ring current
I e (m ax) 1 2 Sr SrIb
Ie * * * 2Ib
2 2 2p p
Area of end rings: (7 M )
➢ Area of each end ring,
Ie SrIb
➢ ae in mm
2
e p e
➢ Area of ring, ae=depth of ring*thickness of ring
▪ =de*te.
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Given Data:
P = 11Kw, EL = 400 V, 3ϕ, p =4, f = 50 Hz, squirrel cage delta connected stator, Bav =
0.45 wb/m2, ac = 23000 A/m, η = 0.85, pf = 0.88 Kw = 0.955, L/τ = 1
Solution:
➢ Input Kva = Q = Kw/(η*pf) = 14.7 Kva
➢ C0 = 1.11*π2Bav ac Kw * 10-3 = 108.7
➢ ns = 2f / p = 23.75rps
➢ D2L = 5.694*10-3
➢ L/τ = 1
➢ L= 0.7853 D
➢ D = 0.193 m
➢ L = 0.151m --- (6 M)
Number of stator slots Ss = Πd/Yss , Ys lies between 15 mm to 25 mm
➢ Yss = 15 mm, Ss = 40
➢ Yss = 25 mm, Ss = 24
Number of stator slots = 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40
➢ When q = 2, Ss = 24
➢ q = 3, Ss = 36
➢ q = 4, Ss = 48
Large value of Ss can be selected Ss = 36
➢ Zs = Zss * Ss
➢ Zss = 6 Tph/Ss
➢ Bav = pϕ/(Πdl)
➢ Φm = 0.01 wb
➢ Eph = 400 V
➢ Tph = 188 turns
➢ Zss = 30 or 32
➢ Number of conductor Zs = 1080--- (7 M)
PART * C
Design a cage rotor for a 40Hp, 3- Phase, 400V, 50Hz, 6 pole delta connected induction
motor having a full load efficiency of 87% and a full load pf of 0.85. Take D= 33cm and
L= 17cm. Stator slots = 54, Conductors per slot = 14. Assume suitably the missing data
if any. (May 2016)(15 M) BTL5
Answer: Page: 4.41 to 4.42 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
P = 40 HP, V = 400 V, 3ϕ, p =6, f = 50 Hz, squirrel cage delta connected stator, η = 0.87,
pf = 0.85, D = 33 cm, L = 17 cm, Ss = 54, Zss = 14
1
Solution:
➢ For p = 6, Ss – Sr cannot be 0, ±6, ±12, ±18, ±30, ±1, ±2, ±7, ±6, ±8, ±4
➢ Hence Ss – Sr can be ±3, or ±9
➢ Ts = stator slot * conductor per slot /6 = 119
➢ Q = HP * 0.746 / (pf *η) = 40.35 kVA
➢ Is = Q /(3 Es *10-3) = 33.62 A
➢ Ib = 400 A ---- (7 M)
➢ ab = 100 mm2 (δ = 4 A/mm2)
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➢ ae = 270.56 mm2
➢ Lr = 17 cm
➢ lg = 0.2 + 2(√(DL)) = 0.673 m
➢ Dr = D – 2 lg = 0.3288 m ---- (8 M)
Calculate the magnetizing current of 450V,4pole, 3 phase, 50Hz, induction motor
having the following data. No of stator slots=36, No of stator conductors/slot=30, Stator
bore diameter=13cm, Axial length of stator =13cm, effective air gap length is 0.1cm,
winding is full pitched, phase spread angle is 60ο, gap contraction factor=1, Assume
that iron loss has infinite permeability.(Dec2016) (15 M) BTL5
Answer: Page: 4.60 to 4.63 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
V = 450 V, p = 4, 3-phase, f = 50 Hz, Ss = 36, Zss = 30 D = 13 cm, L = 13 cm, lg = 0.1cm
Solution:
0.427∗𝑝∗𝐴𝑇60
➢ Im = 𝑇𝑠∗ 𝐾𝑤𝑠
➢ Ts = Zs /6
2 ➢ Zs = Zss * Ss = 1080
➢ Ts = 180 turns
➢ AT60 = ATg60 + ATi
➢ ATg60 = 800000Bg60 Kg lg = 557 AT
➢ Assume Ati = 25% of ATg60 = 139.25 AT ------ (8 M)
➢ AT60 = 696.25 AT
➢ Im = 6.917 A
➢ Bg60 = 1.36 Bav
➢ Bav = pϕ/(πDL)
➢ Φ = 0.0068 wb
➢ Bav = 0.512 wb/m2
➢ Bg60 = 0.6963 wb/m2 ------- (7 M)
A 90kW,500V,50Hz, 3phase, 8 pole induction motor has a star connected stator
winding accommodated in 63 slots with 6 conductors per slot. If slip ring voltage on
open circuit is not to exceed400 volts, find the suitable rotor winding by estimating
number of slots, number of conductors per slot, coil span, slip ring voltage on open
circuit, approximate full load current per phase in rotor. Assume ղ=0.9 and
p.f=0.86.(May2017)(15 M) BTL5
Answer: Page: 4.30 to 4.33 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
3 P = 90 kW, f = 50 Hz, 3-phase, p = 8, V = 500 V, Ss = 63, Zss = 6, Vslip ring ≤ 400 V, pf =
0.86, η = 0.9
Solution:
➢ Rotor slots Sr = 3 pq
➢ q = 2, Sr =48
➢ q = 3, Sr = 72
➢ q = 4, Sr = 96
➢ to eliminate Ss – Sr should not be equal to 0, ±p, ±2p, ±3p, ±5p, ±1, ±2, ±(p±1),
±(p±2)
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➢ for Sr = 48, Ss – Sr = 63 – 48 = 15
➢ Sr = 48 can be selected
➢ Er = 400/√3 = 231 V,
➢ Es = 500 / √3 = 289 V
➢ Ts = SsZss/6 = 50 ------ (7 M)
➢ Zsr = 6.25 = 6
➢ Rotor coil span = 48 / 8 = 6 slots
➢ Er = Es * (Tr/Ts) =
➢ Tr = 48
➢ Er = 220 V
0.85 𝐼𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑄
➢ Ir = 𝑇𝑟 and Is = 3 𝐸𝑠∗10−3
➢ Q = 116.27 kVA
➢ Is = 134.12 A
➢ Ir = 149.63 A ------- (8 M)
Find the main dimensions, net length of iron of a 3.7kW, 400V, 3Φ, 4 pole, 50Hz,
Squirrel cage Induction Motor which is to be started by a star delta starter. Specific
magnetic loading 0.45Wb/m2, Specific electric loading 23000 AC/m, efficiency= 0.85.
power factor=0.84, winding factor=0.955, L/τ ratio is 1.5. (May 2011, Dec 2018)(15
M)BTL5
Answer: Page: 4.23 to 4.26 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
P = 3.7 kW, EL = 400 V, 3ϕ, p =4, f = 50 Hz, squirrel cage delta connected stator, Bav =
0.45 wb/m2, ac = 23000 A/m, η = 0.85, pf = 0.84 Kw = 0.955, L/τ = 1.5
Solution:
➢ Input kVA = Q = kW/(η*pf) = 5.18 kVA
➢ C0 = 1.11*π2Bav ac Kw * 10-3 = 108.28
➢ ns = 2f / p = 25 rps
➢ D2L = 1.91*10-3
4 ➢ L/τ = 1.5
➢ L= 1.178 D
➢ D = 0.117 m
➢ L = 0.13 m
➢ Net length of sator core Li = K (L – ndwd) = 0.108 m
➢ Bav = pϕ/πDL = ϕ = 5.5 * 10-3wb ---- (7 M)
As the machines is started by star delta starter, it is designed for delta connection.
➢ Es = EL = 400 V
➢ Es = 4.44 f ϕmTs Kw = Ts = 343
➢ Slot per pole per phase qs = 3
➢ Sator slots Ss = mpq = 36
➢ Stator slot pitch Yss = πD/Ss = 10.47 mm
➢ Number of stator conductors = 6 Ts = 2058
➢ Conductor per slot Zss = 57
➢ Actual number of turns per phase Ts = 342 --- (8 M)
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Output equations – choice of Electrical and Magnetic Loading – Design of salient pole
machines – Short circuit ratio – shape of pole face – Armature design – Armature parameters
– Estimation of air gap length – Design of rotor –Design of damper winding – Determination
of full load field mmf – Design of field winding – Design of turbo alternators – Rotor design.
PART * A
Q.
Questions
No
Give the output equation of synchronous machine.BTL1
Q = (11 Bav ac Kw x 10-3) D2 ns
➢ Bav = Specific Magnetic loading;
1 ➢ ac= Specific electric loading
➢ Kw= Winding factor;
➢ D= Diameter of stator
➢ L= length
List the advantages of higher value of gap flux. BTL1
➢ Reduced size and cost
2
➢ higher stability
➢ satisfactory parallel operation.
List the disadvantages of high Bav. BTL1
➢ Higher losses and temperature rise
3
➢ Reduced efficiency
➢ increased transient short circuit.
Name the two types of synchronous machines?BTL1
4 ➢ Salient pole machine
➢ Cylindrical rotor machines.
Define SCR of a Synchronous machine.(May2013,May2014,May2016&Dec 2015)BTL1
Ratio of excitation current needed to under rated voltage in the stator winding under no
5
load conditions to the excitation current needed to circulate rated current under rated
short circuit current. But the speed of the machine remains rated for both the tests.
What are the effects of SCR on machine performance?(May2017)BTL3
Increase in SCR value effects in following results:
6 ➢ Good regulation
➢ Good stability
➢ large short circuit current
How is cylindrical pole different from salient pole in a synchronous machine? (May
2015)BTL2
7
➢ Cylindrical pole is non-projecting pole whereas the salient pole machines are
projecting pole.
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➢ Cylindrical rotor construction is used for turbo alternators which are driven by high
speed steam or gas turbines whereas the salient pole construction is used for
generators driven by hydraulic turbine since these turbines operate at relatively low
speeds.
What are advantages of low values of SCR? BTL1
➢ Cost of control equipment’s is reduced
8
➢ Reduction in size of machines
➢ Reduction inoverall cost of machines
What are the disadvantages of low value of SCR? BTL1
➢ Poor stability limit
9
➢ Poor voltage regulation
➢ Unsatisfactory parallel operation
Define specific magnetic loading of a Synchronous machine. (May 2014) BTL1
The average flux density over the air gap of a machine is known as specific magnetic
10
loading.
Bav= Total flux around the air gap/Area of flux path at the air gap = PΦ/πDL
What is critical speed of alternator? BTL2
11 The rotor is a structure with mass and velocity and o has a natural frequency of
vibration. The speed of the machine at which this occurs is known as critical speed
How the value of SCR affects the design of alternator? (May 2012) BTL2
For high stability and low regulation the value of SCR should be high, which requires
12
larger airgap. When the length of airgap is large, the mmf requirement will be high and
so the field system will be large. Hence the machine will be costlier.
What is critical speed of alternator? BTL1
13 The rotor is a structure with mass and velocity and o has a natural frequency of
vibration. The speed of the machine at which this occurs is known as critical speed.
Why salient pole construction is rejected for high speed alternators? BTL6
➢ The rotor part is subjected to very high mechanical stress
14
➢ Excessive windage loss
➢ The machine would be very noisy
Give expression for armature ampere turns/ pole.BTL1
15 ATa =1.35 Tph. Iph. Kw / P
Tph = turns/phase; Iph = current/Phase: Kw = winding factor, P= Pair of poles.
What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific magnetic loading in
16 synchronous machine? (Dec 2011,May 2013&Dec 2015)BTL6
Iron loss, stability, voltage rating, parallel operation, transient short circuit current.
What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific electric loading in
17 synchronous machine?BTL6
Copper loss, synchronous reactance, temperature rise, stray losses, voltage rating.
What is the limiting factor for the diameter of synchronous machines? (Dec 2013)BTL1
18 Peripheral speed. The limiting value of peripheral speed is 175 m / sec for cylindrical
rotor machines and 80 m/sec for salient pole machines.
Write the expression for air gap length in cylindrical rotor machine?BTL1
19
lg= 0.5 (SCR) ac ґ Kf x 10 -6 / kg Bavg
20 What is the effect of high value of dispersion coefficient? BTL3
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Determine for a 250 kVA, 1100 V, 12 pole, 500 rpm, 3-phase alternator (i) air gap
diameter, (ii) core length, (iii) Number of stator conductors, (iv) Number of stator slots
and (v) cross-section of stator conductors. Assuming average gap density as 0.6
Wb/m2 and specific electric loading of 30,000-ampcond/m. L/ τ = 1.5. (May 2012,May
2015,May 2016&May 2017)(13 M) BTL5
Answer: Page: 5.23 to 5.26 – Dr. V. Balaji
Solution:
Q = C0 D2Lns, kVA
C0 = 11 Bav ac Kws *10-3
C0 = 189.09
ns = N/60 = 8.33 rps
D2L = 0.1587
L/τ = 1.5
L = 0.392 D
D = 0.7348 m
1 L = 0.2939 m
Number of stator sots = No. of phases * No. of pols * q
q = 2, Ss = 72
q = 3, Ss = 108
Yss = πD/Ss = 21 mm
Since Yss = 25 mm the choice is valid --- (6 M)
Number of stator conductors
Zs = 6 Ts
Φm = Bav πDL / p = 0.0338 wb
Ts = Eph / (4.44 f ϕmKws) = 88.6 = 88
Zs = 6 Ts = 528
Zss = Zs / Sf = 4.88 = 5
Area of cross section of stator conductors, as = Iph / δs
Iph = kVA / (3 Eph *10-3) = 131.21 A
δs may be from 3 to 5 A/mm2
as = 37.48 mm2 ------- (7 M)
Determine the output coefficient for a 1500 kVA, 2200V, 3-phase, 10-pole, 50 Hz, star
connected alternator with sinusoidal flux distribution. The winding has 600 phase
spread and full pitch coils. ac = 30000 amp.cond/m, Bav = 0.6 Wb/m2. If the peripheral
speed of the rotor must not exceed 100 m/sec and the ratio pole pitch to core length is to
be between 0.6 and 1, find D and L. Assume an air gap length of 6 mm. Find also the
approximate number of stator conductors. (13 M) (May2015)BTL3
Answer: Page: 5.23 to 5.26 – Dr. V. Balaji
2 Given Data:
Q = 1500 kVA, E = 2200, p = 10, f = 50 Hz, Bav = 0.6 wb/m2, ac = 30000 ac/m, Va not >
100 m/s L/τ = 06 to 1,lg = 6 mm
Solution:
N = 120f/p = 600 rpm
ns = N/60 = 10 rps
Q = C0 D2Lns, kVA
C0 = 11 Bav ac Kws *10-3
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C0 = 189.09
D2L = 0.7933
L/τ = 0.6 to 1
Choose L/τ = 0.85
L = 0.2669 D
D = 1.437 m
L = 0.3835 m
Bav = pϕm / (πDL)
Φm = 0.1038 wb
Es = EL/√3 = 1270.17 V
Es = 4.44 f ϕmKwsTs --- (6 M)
Ts = 58
Number of conductor Zs = 6 Ts = 348
Number of stator slots, s = 3pq
For q = 2, Ss = 60
For q = 2.5, Ss = 75
For q =3, Ss = 90
For q = 3.5, Ss = 105
We know that for voltage upto 6 kV
Yss = 4 to 6 cm
Ss =60, Yss = 7.5 cm
Ss = 75, Yss = 6 cm
Ss = 90, Yss = 5cm
Ss = 105, Yss = 4.3 cm
Considering Ss = 75 or 60
Zss = Zs/Ss
Ss = 90, Zss = 348/90 = 3.8667 = 4
For Ss = 75
Zss = 348/75 = 5
Actual number of stator conductor Zs = Zss * Ss = 360 ----- (7 M)
Find the main dimensions of a 100MVA, 11KV, 50Hz, 150rpm, 3 phase water wheel
generator. The average gap density is 0.65Wb/m2 and ampere conductors per meter are
40,000. The peripheral speed should not exceed 65m/s at normal running speed in
order to limit the run-away speed.(13 M) (Dec 2013&Dec 2014)BTL3
Answer: Page: 5.18 to 5.20 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
3 phase, Q = 100 MVA, N = 150 rpm, Bav = 0.65 wb/m2, ac = 40000 ac/m. Va not > 65m/s
Solution:
3
Q = C0 D2Lns, kVA
C0 = 11 Bav ac Kws *10-3
C0 = 273.13
ns = N/60 = 2.5 rps
D2L = 146
Va = πDN/60 = 65
D = 8.28 m
L = 2.136 m
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Or
L/τ = 0.65
p = 120f/N =40
L = 0.051 D
D = 14.19 m
L = 0.724 m
Check for peripheral speed Va= πDN/60 = 111.5 m/s --- (6 M)
Va> 65 m/s (not eligible)
Take L/τ = 4
L = 0.314 D
D = 7.544 m
L = 2.34 m
Va = 59.22 m/s
Therefore Va< 65 m/s accepted. ----- (7 M)
Explain the step by step procedure for the design of field winding of synchronous
machine. (Dec 2011,May 2013, Dec 2018&May 2014)(13 M) BTL3
Answer: Page: 5.45 to 5.49 – Dr. V. Balaji
DESIGN OF FIELD WINDING:
➢ With of conductor does not exceeds 6mm.
➢ Two layer of insulation between conductor, each thickness 2*0.18mm=0.36mm
➢ under pressure, thickness of lamination reduced to 0.26mm.
➢ Flanges of 10mm thickness.
➢ Pole body insulation is 4 to 5mm thick.
➢ Coil is under pressure of 4 to 12 MN/m2. Length of mean turn of field coil,
Lmtf=2Lm+π(bp+0.01+df) where, Lm=0.9L&e=0.05L
➢ Normally the exciter voltage varies between 50V to 400V. For small machine
125V and large machine 250V is the exciter voltage. Voltage across each field
coil, Ef=(0.8 to 0.85)Ve/p where, Ve-exciter voltage. --- (6 M)
4 ➢ Height of field winding, hf=hpl-h1-space taken for flanges, etc., where, hpl-
height of pole; h1-height of pole shoe; space taken for flanges, etc.,=20mm
➢ Voltage across each field coil Ef=field current*resistance of each field coil at
750c =IfRf=If(TfLmtfρ)/af. Where, ATfl=IfTf. Area of field conductors,
af=(ATflLmtfρ)/Ef. ------ (4 M)
➢ Diagram: (3 M)
A 100KVA, 3300V, 50Hz, 300rpm, 3-phase alternator has 180 slots with 5 conductors
per slot. Single layer winding with full pitch coils is used. The winding is star
5
connected with one circuit per phase. Determine the specific electric and specific
magnetic loadings, if the stator bore is 2.0m and the core length is 0.4m. Using the
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same loading, determine the corresponding data for a 1250kVA, 3300V, 50Hz,250 rpm,
3phase star connected alternator having 2 circuits per phase. The machine has 60˚
phase spread. (Dec 2011&Dec 2016)(13 M) BTL4
Answer: Page: 5.40 to 5.42 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
Machines – 1;Q = 1000 kVA, EL = 3300 V, Ns = 300 rp, f = 50 H, 3 phase, Ss = 180, Zss =
5, Machines – 2: Q = 1250 kVA, Vl = 3300 V, f = 50 Hz, N = 250 rpm, 3-phase, star
connected, two circuit per phase, 60 phase spread
single layer σ = 60, Kp = 1, star connected, a = 1, D = 2.0 m, L = 0.4 m
Solution:
ns = Ns /60 = 5 rps
p = 2f/p = 20
C0 = Q/(D2Lns) = 125 kVA
No. of stator slots/pole/phase qs = Ss/(mp) = 3
Distribution Factor kd = sin(σ/2) / (q sin (σ/2q)) = 0.96
Winding factor kw = kp * kd =1 * 0.96 = 0.96
Now, Bac * ac = C0 / (1.11 π2 kw *10-3) = 11885 ----- (6 M)
No. of stator conductors Zs = Zss * Ss = 5 * 180 = 900
Stator voltage / phase Es = EL/√3 = 1905 V
Stator current / phase Is = output kVA * 103/(3 * Es) = 175 A
Current / conductor in statoIz = Is / a = 175 A
ac = Iz * Z / πD = 25066 A/m
Bav = 0.54 wb /m2----- (7 M)
Derive the expression for length of air gap of a synchronous machine. (13 M)(May
2012)BTL1
Answer: Page: 5.36 to 5.37 – Dr. V. Balaji
LENGTH OF AIRGAP: ( 6 M)
A large airgap makes a high reluctance to the flux path produced by the armature mmf
and reduce the effect of armature reaction. Machine with large airgap has the following
advantages,
➢ small value of inherent regulation
➢ higher value of stability limit
➢ higher synchronising power.
while increasing the airgap length, a large value of field mmf is required it increase the cost
6 of machine.
For salient pole machines of normal construction and open type slots.
➢ Length of air gap / pole pitch = 0.01 – 0.015
➢ For turbo alternator with massive rotor
➢ Length of air gap / pole pitch = 0.02 – 0.025
➢ For synchronous motor designed with maximum output 1.5 times rated output
➢ Length of air gap / pole pitch = 0.02
ESTIMATION OF AIR GAP LENGTH: (7 M)
No load field mmf per pole is equal to the product of armature mmf per pole and the short
circuit ratio,
➢ ATf0=ATa*SCR
➢ The value of armature mmf per pole ATa=(2.7*IphTphKw1)/p
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Describe the construction of turbo alternator with neat sketch. (13 M) (May 2015)BTL1
Answer: Page: 5.45 & 5.52 – Dr. V. Balaji
Stator Design: (7 M)
➢ Number of stator slots per pole per phase lies between 2 to 4 but for turbo alternator
it is 8 or 9 slot pole per phase.
➢ Slot pitch may be 75 to 90 mm.
➢ Single layer concentric or two-layer short pitched winding s used.
➢ Higher stray load loss which leads to overhang running parallel to the end plates.
➢ Assembling two conductors per slot to reduce eddy current losses
8 ➢ Current density is 8 to 9 A/mm2.
➢ Winding is deliberately put in deep slots to increase the leakage reactance therefore
to reduce the force under short circuit condition.
Rotor design: (6 M)
➢ Windings are distributed in slots.
➢ The slot pitch should be chosen in such a way that harmonics are eliminated.
➢ Width of the slots is limited by stresses at the root and end of the rings.
➢ Thickness of insulation may be 0.25 to 0.33 mm per 100 V across the winding.
➢ Rotor current density is 2.5 A/mm2 and for direct cooled generator is 9.5 to 14
A/mm2.
Determine the suitable number of slots and conductors per slot,for the stator winding
of a 3 phase 3300V, 50Hz, 300rpm alternator. The diameter is 2.3m and the axial
length of core is 0.35m. The maximum flux density in the air gap should be
approximately 0.9Wb/m2.Assume sinusoidal flux distribution. Use single layer winding
and star connection for stator.(May2013,May2014&Dec 2015)(13 M) BTL5
Answer: Page: 5.23 to 5.26 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
V = 3300, f = 50 Hz, N = 300 rpm, D = 2.3 m, L = 0.35 m, Bav =0.9 wb/m2
Solution:
Number of stator slots, s = 3pq
p = 120f/N = 20
For q = 2, Ss = 120
9 For q = 2.5, Ss = 150
For q =3, Ss = 180
We know that for voltage upto 6 kV
Yss = 4 to 6 cm ---- (7 M)
For Yss = 4 cm, Ss = πD/Yss = 180
For Yss = 5 cm, Ss = 144
For Yss = 6 cm, Ss = 120
Bav = pϕ/(πDL)
Φm = 0.1137 wb
Ts = Eph / (4.44 f ϕmKws) = 79
Zs = 6 Ts = 474
Zss = Zs/Ss = 3.95 = 3
Since it is single layer winding. ---- (6 M)
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Find the main dimensions of a 2500 kVA, 3kV, 50Hz, 187.5rpm, 3 phase salient pole
synchronous generator. The generator is to be vertical wheel type. Use circular pole
with ratio of core length to pole pitch = 0.65. Specify the type of pole construction used
if the runaway speed is about 2 times the normal speed. (Dec 2014)(13 M)BTL5
Answer: Page: 5.23 to 5.26 – Dr. V. Balaji
Given Data:
3-phase salient pole generator, Q = 2500 kVA, E = 3 kV, Bav = 0.6 wb/m2, ac = 34000
ac/m, L/τ = 0.65, Kw = 0.955
Solution:
Q = C0 D2Lns, kVA
C0 = 11 Bav ac Kws *10-3
10 C0 = 214
ns = N/60 = 3.125 rps
p = 120f/N = 32
D2L = 3.74 ---- (7 M)
L/τ = 0.65
L = 0.0638 D
D = 3.885 m
L = 0.247 m
Va = πDns = 38.2 m/s
Runaway speed = 2 * Va = 76.4 m/s
The runaway peripheral speed will be about 80 m/s and therefore dove-tail construction is
used for attaching the rotor poles to the rim.M---- (6 M)
PART * C
Illustrate the steps required for the design of damper winding of synchronous machine
and show the position of damper bars in a diagram.(15 M)(Dec2015)BTL4
Answer: Page: 5.50 to 5.52 – Dr. V. Balaji
DESIGN OF DAMPER WINDING:
➢ In synchronous generator- damper winding use to suppress the negative sequence
field and reduce the oscillation.
➢ In synchronous motor-damper winding use to provide starting torque and reduce
1 hunting.
➢ The amplitude of fundamental of mmf AT1 of one phase of polyphase winding,
AT1=(4/π)ATmKw1. ------- (7 M)
➢ Amplitude of phase mmf, ATm=maximum conductor current*turns per pole per
phase =(√2)Iz(slot per pole per phase)*(conductor per slot/2) =(√2)Izq(Zs/2)=qZs
(Iz/√2)
➢ Where, current in each conductor, Iz=Iph and conductor per slot, Zs=2Tph/qp --
(8 M)
State and explain the main factors which influence the choice of specific magnetic
loading and specific electric loading in a synchronous machine. (May 2016)(15 M)BTL1
Answer: Page: 5.8 to 510 – Dr. V. Balaji
2 CHOICE OF SPECIFIC MAGNETIC LOADING: (7 M)
➢ Iron loss
➢ Voltage
➢ Transient short circuit current
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➢ stability
➢ parallel operation Value of average flux density for various machines are Salient
pole machines-0.52 to 0.65 Wb/m2. Turbo-alternators-0.54 to 0.65 Wb/m2.
Lower value normally applied to small size machines.
CHOICE OF SPECIFIC ELECTRIC LOADING: (8 M)
➢ copper loss and temperature rise
➢ voltage
➢ synchronous reactance
➢ stray load loss Value of specific electric loading for various machines are Salient
pole machines-20,000 to 40,000 A/m. Turbo-alternators-50,000 to 75,000 A/m.
Derive the output equation of synchronous machine. (15 M) (May 2016)BTL1
Answer: Page: 5.6 to 5.8 – Dr. V. Balaji
OUTPUT EQUATION:
Consider an ‘m’ phase machine having one circuit (parallel path) per phase, kVA rating of
machine.
➢ Q=number of phase*output voltage per phase*current per phase*10-3=mEphIph*10-3.
➢ Terminal voltage of each phase may be taken equal to the induced emf per phase.
➢ Induced emf per phase, Eph=4.44fΦTphKw.
➢ Therefore, Q=m*4.44fΦTphKwIph*10-3.
➢ Frequency, f=pns/2
➢ Then, Q=m*4.44(pns/2) ΦTphKwIph*10-3=m*2.22pnsΦTphKwIph*10-3
▪ =1.11(pΦ) 2mnsTphKwIph*10-3
➢ Current in each conductor, Iz=Iph (as there is one circuit per phase)
3 ➢ Total number of armature conductors
➢ Z=number of phases*(2*turns per phase) =2mTph. ---- (7 M)
➢ Therefore, total electric loading=IzZ=2mIphTph.
➢ Hence, Q=1.11Kw (pΦ) ns(2mTphIph) *10-3 =1.11Kw (pΦ) ns(IzZ)*10-3
=1.11Kw*(total magnetic loading) * (total electric loading) *(synchronous
speed)*10-3.
➢ Where, pΦ=ΠDLBav. and IzZ=ΠDac
➢ Substitute eqn.4.2in 4.1, we get
➢ Q = 1.11Kw (ΠDLBav) ns(ΠDac) *10-3 = (1.11 Π2BavacKw *10-3)D2Lns
• = (11BavacKw *10-3)D2Lns
➢ Q = C0D2Lns. Where, C0= 11BavacKw *10-3
➢ Output equation in terms of peripheral speed is
➢ Q = (1.11 Π2BavacKw *10-3)D2Lns= (1.11 BavacKw *10-3)Va2L/ns.
➢ Where, peripheral speed, Va= ΠDns. so, Π=Va/Dns. ---- (8 M)
Explain the construction of synchronous machines with neat diagram.(Dec2016)(15
M)BTL1
Answer: Page: 5.1 to 5.5 – Dr. V. Balaji
Stator
4 ➢ Stator stationary member.
➢ Cylinder inside which rotor rotates.
➢ Air gap between the stator and the rotor.
➢ Armature windings are housed in the slots cut the stator.
Rotor
JIT-JEPPIAAR/EEE/Mr. K. JAYAVELU/IIIrdYr/SEM 06 /EE6604/DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES/UNIT 1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
5.63
REGULATION:2013 ACADEMIC YEAR: 2018-2019
What are the factors to be considered for fixing the air gap length for synchronous
machines?(May2017) (7 M)BTL1
Answer: Page: 5.36 to 5.37 – Dr. V. Balaji
For turbo alternators: Lg/τ=0.02 to 0.025
5 For Synchronous motor designed with maximum output=1.5 times rated output
Lg/τ=0.02
For salient pole machine with open slot
Lg/τ=0.01 to 0.015
Lg= (ATa *SCR*Kf)/(Bav*Kg*106)
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