282014PhilippAgricScientist97 2repellencyoforganicvolatilesofkakawate PDF
282014PhilippAgricScientist97 2repellencyoforganicvolatilesofkakawate PDF
282014PhilippAgricScientist97 2repellencyoforganicvolatilesofkakawate PDF
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The behavioral and olfactory responses of male and female rice green leafhopper (GLH), Nephotettix
virescens (Distant), an important vector of tungro, was studied to elucidate the mechanism for reduced
green leafhopper populations in rice with kakawate (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.) trees growing near
rice fields as observed by farmers. The methods include leaf disc assay to determine possible effect of
organic chemical volatiles and the Y-tube olfactometric bioassays to be able to pinpoint the specific
organic component(s) among the extracted headspace volatiles responsible for the repellent property
of kakawate.
Our results demonstrated that only females of GLH were apparently repelled by the odors released
from the leaf discs of kakawate. ß-Farnesene and trans-2-hexenol repelled GLH in Y-tube olfactometric
bioassays and strongly suggest that repellency is a mechanism for reduced GLH populations in the rice
field. Kakawate planted along rice fields can be promoted for insect pest management in rice
production to promote sustainability and reduce dependence on synthetic insecticides. It can be a
useful pest management strategy in organic and low-input rice production.
Key Words: Gliricidia sepium, leaf disc, Nephotettix virescens, organic agriculture, Petri plate bioassay, rice green
leafhopper, volatile organic chemicals, visual cue, Y-tube olfactometer
pest management (IPM) component in crop used in many tropical and sub-tropical countries as a
production. For example, Filipino farmers in Infanta, live fence. That is, it is planted along the sides of
Quezon use the stalks of tagbak [Alpinia elegans (C. fields, and the trunks are used as fence posts. During
Presl.) K. Schum] staked into the rice paddies to the dry season, when much of the forage is gone, the
control rice insect pests. tree limbs are cut and the foliage is offered to
The green leafhopper (GLH), Nephotettix livestock. In sub-Saharan Africa, kakawate is
virescens (Distant), is an important vector of tungro, a intercropped with maize (Makumba et al. 2006).
major disease of rice. Olfactometric bioassays Kakawate is reported to have insecticidal properties
demonstrated the repellency of certain organic volatile (Grainge and Ahmed 1988; Méndez-Bautista et al.
chemicals emitted by tagbak against GLH; these are: α 1993; Montes-Molina et al. 2008). In particular, it is
-pinene, α-terpinene, linalool, β-pinene, cymene, reportedly used as a mosquito repellent (Nazli et al.
camphene, 1,8 cineole and citronellol (Calumpang et 2008) and also has antifungal and antimicrobial
al. 2013). This indigenous pest management practice is properties (Rahalison et al. 1993). A new isoflavan,
based on chemical ecology principles and can be used 7,4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxyisoflavan, has been isolated
in organic and low-input rice production. Another from the insecticidally active extract of the heartwood
farmer observation involved the lower incidence of of G. sepium (Herath et al. 1998).
corn borer infestation in corn fields with Ipomoea The essential oil of G. sepium leaves reportedly
triloba, a weed closely associated with corn. The contains the following major organic chemicals:
chemical basis for this phenomenon was due to the propylene glycol, coumarin, [Z]-3-hexenol, ß-
presence of a repellent compound in headspace farnesene, (E)-2-hexenol, thymol, benzyl alcohol,
emissions when corn was entwined by the weed caryophyllene and α-farnesene while the minor
(Calumpang et al. 2000). components include 2-pentene-1-ol, isovanillin,
Other volatile organic chemicals, e.g., toluene and isobutyl alsohol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenol and
ethylbenzene, which are present in the leaf of olive crotonic aldehyde at levels less than 1% (Jose and
and in half-ripe olive proved attractive, while (E)-2- Reddy 2010; Kaniampady et al. 2007).
hexenal emitted by crushed olives was found to be In the Philippines, kakawate is usually found along
very repellent to the olive fruit fly, Dacus oleae rice paddies and some farmers believe that it can
Gmelin. (E)-2-hexenal and hexanal displayed an reduce rice insect pests in their fields. Live kakawate
oviposition deterrent effect as well (Scarpati et al. as posts of trellises are also used in tomato in Laguna
1993). Alpha-pinene, limonene, citronellol, citronellal, and in string bean production in Batangas (Fig. 1),
camphor and thymol have been shown to possess high where farmers claim they encountered fewer pest
repellent activity and have the potential to provide problems. These farmer observations have not been
efficient and safer repellents for humans and the validated to elucidate the working mechanism in the
environment (Nerio et al. 2010). Alpha-terpineol, field.
nerolidol, δ-cadinene, β-eudesmol, terpinolene and In the current study, we examined the influence of
cedrol showed high repellent activity against kakawate leaf discs on the host-finding behavior of
Cryptomeria bark borer (Yatagai et al. 2002). GLH in Petri plate bioassays. Furthermore, we
Benzaldehyde (iso-vanillin), phenyl acetaldehyde determined the olfactory response of GLH to each of
and 2-phenylethanol have been detected in floral the volatile chemical components of kakawate.
fragrance constituents in cruciferous flowers (Tollsten
and Bergstrom 1988; Evans and Allen-Williams 1992;
Nielsen et al. 1995). Authentic 2- MATERIALS AND METHODS
phenylethanol elicited electroantennograms, single cell
responses and sexual excitation in the male cabbage Plants and Insects
looper moth, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Jacobson et al. Initial stock of GLH was obtained from the Field
1976). It is also an anti-aggregation pheromone for the Crops Laboratory, Crop Protection Cluster, of the
mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
Hopkins (Borden et al. 2004). It has also exerted Laguna. The stock was used in the laboratory in the
pronounced repellent effect against ticks and yellow bioassay of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) of
fever mosquitoes (Tunόn et al. 2006). kakawate. GLH adults were reared on TN1 rice
Kakawate, Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp., is a seedlings, planted in size-4 clay pots in the laboratory
leguminous tree and belongs to the family Fabaceae. (oviposition phase) and reared in cages in the
Gliricidia, which originated in Central America, is greenhouse until adulthood prior to testing.
140
No choice 2-choice
140 F e m a le
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