Diagnostic Exam

Topic III: Fluid Mechanics/Dynamics

. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .

1. Oil flows through a 0.12 m diameter pipe at a veloc- 4. To measure low flow rates of air, a laminar flow
ity of 1 m/s. The density and the dynamic viscosity of meter is used. It consists of a large number of small-
the oil are 870 kg/m3 and 0.082 kg/s
m2, respectively. If diameter tubes in parallel. One design uses 4000 tubes,
the pipe length is 100 m, the head loss due to friction is each with an inside diameter of 2 mm and a length of
most nearly 25 cm. The pressure difference through the flow meter is
(A) 1.2 m 0.5 kPa, and the absolute viscosity of the air is
1.81  10–8 kPa
s. The flow rate of atmospheric air at

Fluid Mechanics/
(B) 1.5 m 20  C is most nearly

Dynamics
(C) 1.8 m (A) 0.1 m3/s
(D) 2.1 m (B) 0.2 m3/s
(C) 0.4 m3/s
2. A thin metal disc of mass 0.01 kg is kept balanced by
a jet of air, as shown. (D) 0.5 m3/s
disc 5. Carbon tetrachloride has a specific gravity of 1.56.
The height of a column of carbon tetracholoride that
supports a pressure of 1 kPa is most nearly
(A) 0.0065 cm
(B) 6.5 cm
(C) 10 cm
(D) 64 cm

6. A model of a dam has been constructed so that the

5 mm
diameter scale of dam to model is 15:1. The similarity is based on
Froude numbers. At a certain point on the spillway of
the model, the velocity is 5 m/s. At the corresponding
point on the spillway of the actual dam, the velocity
would most nearly be
(A) 6.7 m/s
The diameter of the jet at the nozzle exit is 5 mm. (B) 7.5 m/s
Assuming atmospheric conditions at 101.3 kPa and (C) 15 m/s
20  C, the velocity of the jet as it leaves the nozzle is
most nearly (D) 19 m/s
(A) 45 m/s
7. A 10 cm diameter sphere floats half submerged in
(B) 65 m/s 20  C water. The density of water at 20  C is 998 kg/m3.
(C) 85 m/s The mass of the sphere is most nearly
(D) 95 m/s (A) 0.26 kg
(B) 0.52 kg
3. Water flows at 14 m3/s in a 6 m wide rectangular
open channel. The critical velocity is most nearly (C) 0.80 kg
(A) 0.82 m/s (D) 2.6 kg
(B) 1.8 m/s
(C) 2.8 m/s
(D) 14 m/s

P P I * w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
 F L U I D P R O P E R T I E S 11-3

Table 11.1 Properties of Water (SI units)

kinematic vapor
temperature specific weight, density, viscosity, viscosity, pressure,
(  C)  (kN/m3)  (kg/m3)   103 (Pa
s)   106 (m2/s) pv (kPa)
0 9.805 999.8 1.781 1.785 0.61
5 9.807 1000.0 1.518 1.518 0.87
10 9.804 999.7 1.307 1.306 1.23
15 9.798 999.1 1.139 1.139 1.70
20 9.789 998.2 1.002 1.003 2.34
25 9.777 997.0 0.890 0.893 3.17
30 9.764 995.7 0.798 0.800 4.24
40 9.730 992.2 0.653 0.658 7.38
50 9.689 988.0 0.547 0.553 12.33
60 9.642 983.2 0.466 0.474 19.92
70 9.589 977.8 0.404 0.413 31.16

Fluid Mechanics/
80 9.530 971.8 0.354 0.364 47.34
90 9.466 965.3 0.315 0.326 70.10

Dynamics
100 9.399 958.4 0.282 0.294 101.33

Table 11.2 Properties of Water (customary U.S. units)

kinematic
viscosity, viscosity, vapor
temperature specific weight, density,   105   105 pressure,
(  F)  (lbf/ft3)  (lbm-sec2/ft4) (lbf-sec/ft2) (ft2/sec) pv (lbf/ft2)
32 62.42 1.940 3.746 1.931 0.09
40 62.43 1.940 3.229 1.664 0.12
50 62.41 1.940 2.735 1.410 0.18
60 62.37 1.938 2.359 1.217 0.26
70 62.30 1.936 2.050 1.059 0.36
80 62.22 1.934 1.799 0.930 0.51
90 62.11 1.931 1.595 0.826 0.70
100 62.00 1.927 1.424 0.739 0.95
110 61.86 1.923 1.284 0.667 1.24
120 61.71 1.918 1.168 0.609 1.69
130 61.55 1.913 1.069 0.558 2.22
140 61.38 1.908 0.981 0.514 2.89
150 61.20 1.902 0.905 0.476 3.72
160 61.00 1.896 0.838 0.442 4.74
170 60.80 1.890 0.780 0.413 5.99
180 60.58 1.883 0.726 0.385 7.51
190 60.36 1.876 0.678 0.362 9.34
200 60.12 1.868 0.637 0.341 11.52
212 59.83 1.860 0.593 0.319 14.70

Example Solution
A vessel is initially connected to a reservoir open to the From Eq. 11.7, for vacuum pressures,
atmosphere. The connecting valve is then closed, and a
vacuum of 65.5 kPa is applied to the vessel. Assume
standard atmospheric pressure. What is most nearly absolute pressure ¼ atmospheric pressure
the absolute pressure in the vessel?  vacuum gage pressure
reading
(A) 36 kPa
¼ 101:3 kPa  65:5 kPa
(B) 66 kPa
¼ 35:8 kPa ð36 kPaÞ
(C) 86 kPa
(D) 110 kPa The answer is (A).

P P I * w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
Diagnostic Exam
Topic IV: Thermodynamics
. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .

1. 2 m3 of an ideal gas is compressed from 100 kPa to 5. Refrigerant HFC-134a at 0.8 MPa and 70  C is cooled
200 kPa. As a result of the process, the internal energy and condensed at constant pressure in a steady-state
of the gas increases by 10 kJ, and 140 kJ of heat is lost to process until it is a saturated liquid. Cooling water
the surroundings. What is most nearly the work done by enters the condenser at 20  C and leaves at 30  C. If the
the gas during the process? mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.1 kg/s, the mass
(A)
150 kJ flow rate of the cooling water is most nearly
(A) 0.51 kg/s
(B)
130 kJ
(C)
85 kJ (B) 0.65 kg/s

(D)
45 kJ (C) 0.70 kg/s

(D) 0.75 kg/s
2. A cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston contains
an ideal gas at temperature T and pressure p. The gas 6. What is most nearly the melting temperature of

Thermodynamics
expands isothermally and reversibly until the pressure is sodium chloride, given that the latent heat of fusion
p/3. Which statement is true regarding the work done is 30 kJ/mol, and the associated entropy change is
by the gas during expansion? 28 J/molK?
(A) It is equal to the change in enthalpy of the gas. (A) 370K
(B) It is equal to the change in internal energy of (B) 880K
the gas. (C) 930K
(C) It is equal to the heat absorbed by the gas. (D) 1100K
(D) It is greater than the heat absorbed by the gas.
7. Most nearly, what is the volume of 0.05 kg of refrig-
3. Consider the following balanced actual combustion erant HFC-134a at 1.3 MPa with a quality of 37.5%?
reaction for propane. (A) 9.6  10–5 m3
C3 H8 þ 14:29ðairÞ ! 4H2 O þ 3CO þ 11:29N2 (B) 1.7  10–4 m3

Assume air is 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen by volume. (C) 3.1  10–4 m3
What is most nearly the percent theoretical air? (D) 2.2  10–3 m3
(A) 50%
8. Hot air at an average temperature of 100  C flows
(B) 60%
through a 3 m long tube with an inside diameter of
(C) 68% 60 mm. The temperature of the tube is 20  C along its
(D) 75% entire length. The average convective film coefficient is
20.1 W/m2K. What is most nearly the rate of convec-
tive heat transfer from the air to the tube?
4. In 1 hour, approximately how much black-body
radiation escapes a 1 cm  2 cm rectangular opening in (A) 520 W
a kiln whose internal temperature is 980  C? (B) 850 W
(A) 20 kJ (C) 910 W
(B) 100 kJ (D) 1100 W
(C) 130 kJ
(D) 150 kJ

P P I * w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
 B I O C H E M I S T R Y 24-3

Example . Passive diffusion in cells is similar to the transfer that

Destruction of the nuclear membrane of a cell would be occurs in nonliving systems. Material moves sponta-
LEAST lethal to which of the following cell types? neously from a region of high concentration to a
region of low concentration. The rate of transfer obeys
(A) eukaryotic animal cell Fick’s law, the principle governing passive diffusion in
dilute solutions. The rate is proportional to the con-
(B) eukaryotic plant cell centration gradient across the membrane. Since this
(C) prokaryotic animal cell form of diffusion is powered only by a concentration
gradient, it does not require the expenditure of chem-
(D) prokaryotic bacterium cell ical or biological energy (e.g., ATP).
Some cell walls are made up of lipid (fat) layers that
Solution
are hydrophobic (i.e., that are repelled by water).
All cells have a cell membrane that separates cytoplasm Passive diffusion through lipid cell walls proceeds
from the surrounding environment. However, only more easily when a nutrient (or other solute) is
eukaryotic cells have membranes surrounding their small, uncharged or un-ionized (including nonpolar),
nuclei. Not all prokaryotic cells have a nuclear mem- and lipid-soluble. Lipid-soluble substances include
brane. All animal cells are eukaryotic, so prokaryotic oxygen, carbon dioxide, fatty acids, and some ster-
animal cells do not exist. oidal hormones. Large, charged, polar, and water-
soluble nutrients must be carried through cell walls
by permeases (i.e., using facilitated diffusion). A
The answer is (D).
partition coefficient, Ka, or the solubility of the
solute in lipid relative to its solubility in water, can
Example
be used to describe the effect of lipid solubility on
transport.
What is the difference between a gram-positive cell and
a gram-negative cell? solubility in lipid
Ka ¼
solubility in water
(A) Gram-negative cell walls have more surface pro-
It is more common to report log Ka than Ka because
teins than gram-positive cell walls.
the relationship between pKa and permeability is
(B) Gram-negative cell walls have more lipid outer fairly linear.
layers than gram-positive cell walls.

solubility in lipid
pKa ¼ log Ka ¼ log

Chemistry
(C) Gram-negative cell walls are less hydrophobic solubility in water
than gram-positive cell walls.
(D) Gram-negative cell walls are less complex than The permeability of a molecule across a membrane of
thickness x is
the gram-positive cell walls. !
diffusion
pKa coefficient
Solution in water cm2 =s
permeabilitycm=s ¼
Gram-negative cells have more complex walls with x cm
hydrophobic, lipid outer layers than gram-positive cells.
The pH of a solution will have an effect on the
partition coefficient. Although the relationship is
The answer is (B). complex, for weakly acidic and basic solutions, pKa
and pH are approximately related by the Henderson-
Hasselbach equation. Square brackets designate the
2. METABOLISM/METABOLIC PROCESSES
. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .
molar concentration of component X.
Metabolism is a term given to describe all chemical The dissociation of a weak acid may be represented
activities performed by a cell. The cell uses adenosine in one of two ways.
triphosphate (ATP) as the principle energy currency in
all processes. Those processes that allow the bacterium HA þ H2 O Ð H3 Oþ þ A

to synthesize new cells from the energy stored within its HA Ð Hþ þ A

body are said to be anabolic. All biochemical processes
in which cells convert substrate into useful energy and The Henderson-Hasselbach equation for a weak
waste products are said to be catabolic. acid is
 
nonionized form
pKa
pH ¼ log
3. CELL TRANSPORT
. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .
ionized form
½HA
The transfer of nutrients and other solutes across mem- ¼ log
½weakly acidic
brane barriers occurs by means of several mechanisms. ½A 

P P I * w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m